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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Atlantic Ocean Region – History – 18th century »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Atlantic Ocean Region – History – 18th century"

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Jeffery, Bill, Jennifer F. McKinnon et Hans Van Tilburg. « Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Pacific : Themes and Future Directions ». International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies 17, no 2 (30 juillet 2021) : 135–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/ijaps2021.17.2.6.

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This article focuses on the underwater cultural heritage (UCH) located across the Pacific Ocean by sampling three temporal themes: living heritage and traditional indigenous cultural heritage, the global connections of the Manila Galleon trade, and the modern warfare of World War II (WWII). Many of the traditional cultural practices (living heritage) and tangible cultural heritage related to indigenous people of the Pacific are coastal and sea related. Their world encompasses the sea, which was not seen as a barrier as but a much-used connection to people occupying the thousands of islands. The Pacific contains an extensive maritime cultural heritage, including UCH, which reflects the cultural identity of people living in the region. From the 16th to 18th centuries, the Spanish Empire prospered through an elaborate Asia-Pacific trade network. The Manila Galleon trade between Manila, Philippines, and Acapulco, Mexico, connected into the existing Atlantic trade transporting commodities such as porcelain, silver, spices and textiles from Asia to the Americas and Spain. Of the 400 known voyages between 1565 and 1815, approximately 59 shipwrecks occurred, of which only a handful of galleons have been investigated. The scale of WWII heritage in the Pacific region reflects the intensity and impacts of global conflicts fought across the world’s largest ocean. Associated UCH includes near shore defensive infrastructure, landing and amphibious assault craft, submerged aircraft, and a wide range of ships and submarines, auxiliary, combatant and non-military casualties alike. Twentieth century warfare involved massive losses of material. The legacy of submerged battlefields in the Pacific is complex. Interest is high in the discovery of naval UCH, but critical aspects are often intertwined. Archaeology, history, reuse, memorialisation (gravesites), tourism, unexploded ordnance, environmental threat (fuel oil), ownership and salvage all shape what we can learn from this resource.
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Shumway, Durland L., Marc D. Abrams et Charles M. Ruffner. « A 400-year history of fire and oak recruitment in an old-growth oak forest in western Maryland, U.S.A. » Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no 8 (1 août 2001) : 1437–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-079.

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We document the fire history and associated ecological changes of an old-growth forest stand in western Maryland, U.S.A. The study area is located on the side slopes of a ridge system (Savage Mountain). Twenty basal cross sections were obtained from old trees cut in 1986, which provided evidence of 42 fires from 1615 to 1958. Nine fires were recorded in the sample trees in the 17th century, 13 in the 18th century, 12 in the 19th century, and eight in the early to mid-20th century. However, there were no major fire years after 1930. The Weibull modal fire interval was 7.6 years. Oaks recruited consistently from the early 1600s to the early 1900s, but there was increased Acer rubrum L. and Betula lenta L. recruitment with fire suppression after 1930. Species recruitment patterns and long-term fire history reported in this study offer important direct support for the hypothesis that periodic fire played an important role in the historical development and perpetuation of oak forests of the mid-Atlantic region before and after European settlement.
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Dowsett, Harry J., Mark A. Chandler et Marci M. Robinson. « Surface temperatures of the Mid-Pliocene North Atlantic Ocean : implications for future climate ». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A : Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 367, no 1886 (13 octobre 2008) : 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2008.0213.

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The Mid-Pliocene is the most recent interval in the Earth's history to have experienced warming of the magnitude predicted for the second half of the twenty-first century and is, therefore, a possible analogue for future climate conditions. With continents basically in their current positions and atmospheric CO 2 similar to early twenty-first century values, the cause of Mid-Pliocene warmth remains elusive. Understanding the behaviour of the North Atlantic Ocean during the Mid-Pliocene is integral to evaluating future climate scenarios owing to its role in deep water formation and its sensitivity to climate change. Under the framework of the Pliocene Research, Interpretation and Synoptic Mapping (PRISM) sea surface reconstruction, we synthesize Mid-Pliocene North Atlantic studies by PRISM members and others, describing each region of the North Atlantic in terms of palaeoceanography. We then relate Mid-Pliocene sea surface conditions to expectations of future warming. The results of the data and climate model comparisons suggest that the North Atlantic is more sensitive to climate change than is suggested by climate model simulations, raising the concern that estimates of future climate change are conservative.
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Švambarytė, Dalia. « Georg Forster in Vilnius : Reverberations of the great age of ocean navigation ». Acta Orientalia Vilnensia 10, no 1-2 (1 janvier 2009) : 139–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/aov.2009.3666.

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Vilnius University This article discusses the contribution to the studies of the ‘Eastern’ and ‘Southern’ lands in the 18th century by naturalist, travel writer, and ethnologist George Forster, who had accompanied his father, Johann Reinhold Forster, on Captain James Cook’s expedition of 1772–5 to circumnavigate the globe and who was a professor of natural history at Vilnius University from 1784 to 1787. The paper presents the background of European long-distance navigation, examines Forster’s contribution to Cook’s second voyage, and reconsiders his work completed at the Vilnian Academy against the broader perspective of the European notions of travel literature and ethnography of the Pacific region, as well as the prospect of Oriental studies, gradually emerging as an academic field in Western Europe and, later on, in Vilnius.
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Seager, Richard, Neil Pederson, Yochanan Kushnir, Jennifer Nakamura et Stephanie Jurburg. « The 1960s Drought and the Subsequent Shift to a Wetter Climate in the Catskill Mountains Region of the New York City Watershed* ». Journal of Climate 25, no 19 (27 avril 2012) : 6721–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00518.1.

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Abstract The precipitation history over the last century in the Catskill Mountains region that supplies water to New York City is studied. A severe drought occurred in the early to mid-1960s followed by a wet period that continues. Interannual variability of precipitation in the region is related to patterns of atmospheric circulation variability in the midlatitude east Pacific–North America–west Atlantic sector with no link to the tropics. Associated SST variations in the Atlantic are consistent with being forced by the anomalous atmospheric flow rather than being causal. In winter and spring the 1960s drought was associated with a low pressure anomaly over the midlatitude North Atlantic Ocean and northerly subsiding flow over the greater Catskills region that would likely suppress precipitation. The cold SSTs offshore during the drought are consistent with atmospheric forcing of the ocean. The subsequent wet period was associated with high pressure anomalies over the Atlantic Ocean and ascending southerly flow over eastern North America favoring increased precipitation and a strengthening of the Northern Hemisphere storm track. Neither the drought nor the subsequent pluvial are simulated in sea surface temperature–forced atmosphere GCMs. The long-term wetting is also not simulated as a response to changes in radiative forcing by coupled models. It is concluded that past precipitation variability in the region, including the drought and pluvial, were most likely caused by internal atmospheric variability. Such events are unpredictable and a drought like the 1960s one could return while the long-term wetting trend need not continue—conclusions that have implications for management of New York City’s water resources.
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Luiz, Bernardo. « Transatlantic Relations Among Radical Republican Circles During the Age of Revolutions : The Centrality of Women ». International Journal of Science and Society 2, no 4 (10 novembre 2020) : 523–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v2i4.235.

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Migratory movements between the two shores of the Atlantic have been of great relevance, both due to their quantity and their heterogeneity, from the moment these territories came into contact. The constant flow of people, as well as goods and ideas in this oceanic environment, caused that in the second half of the 18th century the English and American republican circles strengthened their ties, with some women as notable activists. The English writer Catharine Macaulay (1731-1791), in addition to writing about the crucial events of the moment, crossed the ocean with the desire to be close and experience them in the first person. On the other hand, due to common interests, she maintained an intense epistolary relationship for more than twenty years with the American writer Mercy Otis Warren (1728-1814). Despite the limitations that they found in primarily male areas, such as history and politics, the contribution of these women was not limited to the expected support, but their concerns were reflected in some important writings for the Republican cause. Despite this and paradoxically, these revolutionary movements did not bring about significant changes in the situation and the rights of women.
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Bernardo Luiz. « Transatlantic Relations Among Radical Republican Circles During the Age of Revolutions : The Centrality of Women ». ENDLESS : International Journal of Future Studies 1, no 1 (3 juin 2018) : 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/endless.v1i1.2.

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Migratory movements between the two shores of the Atlantic have been of great relevance, both due to their quantity and their heterogeneity, from the moment these territories came into contact. The constant flow of people, as well as goods and ideas in this oceanic environment, caused that in the second half of the 18th century the English and American republican circles strengthened their ties, with some women as notable activists. The English writer Catharine Macaulay (1731-1791), in addition to writing about the crucial events of the moment, crossed the ocean with the desire to be close and experience them in the first person. On the other hand, due to common interests, she maintained an intense epistolary relationship for more than twenty years with the American writer Mercy Otis Warren (1728-1814). Despite the limitations that they found in primarily male areas, such as history and politics, the contribution of these women was not limited to the expected support, but their concerns were reflected in some important writings for the Republican cause. Despite this and paradoxically, these revolutionary movements did not bring about significant changes in the situation and the rights of women.
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Bernardo Luiz. « Transatlantic Relations Among Radical Republican Circles During the Age of Revolutions : The Centrality of Women ». ENDLESS : International Journal of Future Studies 1, no 1 (3 janvier 2018) : 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/endlessjournal.v1i1.2.

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Migratory movements between the two shores of the Atlantic have been of great relevance, both due to their quantity and their heterogeneity, from the moment these territories came into contact. The constant flow of people, as well as goods and ideas in this oceanic environment, caused that in the second half of the 18th century the English and American republican circles strengthened their ties, with some women as notable activists. The English writer Catharine Macaulay (1731-1791), in addition to writing about the crucial events of the moment, crossed the ocean with the desire to be close and experience them in the first person. On the other hand, due to common interests, she maintained an intense epistolary relationship for more than twenty years with the American writer Mercy Otis Warren (1728-1814). Despite the limitations that they found in primarily male areas, such as history and politics, the contribution of these women was not limited to the expected support, but their concerns were reflected in some important writings for the Republican cause. Despite this and paradoxically, these revolutionary movements did not bring about significant changes in the situation and the rights of women.
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Kretzschmar, Imogen, Ousman Nyan, Ann Marie Mendy et Bamba Janneh. « Mental health in the Republic of The Gambia ». International Psychiatry 9, no 2 (mai 2012) : 38–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600003076.

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The Republic of The Gambia, on the west coast of Africa, is a narrow enclave into Senegal (which surrounds the nation on three sides), with a coastline on the Atlantic Ocean, enclosing the mouth of the River Gambia. The smallest country on mainland Africa, The Gambia covers 11 295 km2 and has a population of 1705 000. There are five major ethnic groups: Mandinka, Fula, Wolof, Jola and Sarahuleh. Muslims represent 95% of the population. English is the official language but a miscellany of minor languages are also spoken (Serere, Aku, Mandjago, etc.). The Gambia has a history steeped in trade, with records of Arab traders dating back to the ninth century, its river serving as an artery into the continent, reaching as far as Mauritania. Indeed, as many as 3 million slaves were sold from the region during the trans-Atlantic slave trade. The Gambia gained independence from the UK in 1965 and joined the Commonwealth of Nations.
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Harries, Patrick. « MIDDLE PASSAGES OF THE SOUTHWEST INDIAN OCEAN : A CENTURY OF FORCED IMMIGRATION FROM AFRICA TO THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE ». Journal of African History 55, no 2 (29 mai 2014) : 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853714000097.

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AbstractForced immigration from the Southwest Indian Ocean marked life at the Cape of Good Hope for over a century. Winds, currents, and shipping linked the two regions, as did a common international currency, and complementary seasons and crops. The Cape's role as a refreshment station for French, Portuguese, American, and Spanish slave ships proved particularly important in the development of a commerce linking East Africa, Madagascar, and the Mascarenes with the Americas. This slave trade resulted in the landing at the Cape of perhaps as many as 40,000 forced immigrants from tropical Africa and Madagascar. Brought to the Cape as slaves, or freed slaves subjected to strict periods of apprenticeship, these individuals were marked by the experience of a brutal transhipment that bears comparison with the trans-Atlantic Middle Passage. The history of the Middle Passage occupies a central place in the study of slavery in the Americas and plays a vital role in the way many people today situate themselves socially and politically. Yet, for various reasons, this emotive subject is absent from historical discussions of life at the Cape. This article brings it into the history of slavery in the region. By focusing on the long history of this forced immigration, the article also serves to underline the importance of the Cape to the political and economic life of the Southwest Indian Ocean.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Atlantic Ocean Region – History – 18th century"

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Layton, Simon. « Commerce, authority and piracy in the Indian Ocean world, c. 1780-1850 ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608198.

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Kohr, Andrew D. « A terrace typology : a systematic approach to the study of historic terraces during the eighteenth century in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States ». Virtual Press, 2005. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1314220.

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Terraces have been a common design element in Mid-Atlantic formal landscapes during the eighteenth century. Their roots in recorded Western history can be traced back to the Roman Empire and the Italian Renaissance. Because of the scattered research and a lack of a systematic approach to the study of historic landscapes, terraces have been an overlooked design feature. This thesis serves to synthesize research into a terrace typology that can be used to systematically document a terrace site, determine its significance, choose a preservation strategy, and interpret the landscape. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed terrace typology and its components. this project studied the Virginia plantation Menokin and its terraced landscape. The terrace typology is one possible tool to be employed as a first step in the examination of systematic approaches to the study of historic landscapes that can contribute to the development of the profession and expand the knowledge of the cultural environment.
Department of Landscape Architecture
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HOONHOUT, Bram Michael. « The West Indian web : improvising colonial survival in Essequibo and Demerara, 1750-1800 ». Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/45449.

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Defence date: 22 February 2017
Examining Board: Professor Jorge Flores, European University Institute; Professor Regina Grafe European University Institute; Professor Cátia Antunes European University Institute; Professor Gert Oostindie, KITLV/Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies
When, in 1796, the British invasion fleet approached the Demerara River, its commanders were in for an unpleasant surprise. The expedition, arriving from Barbados with some 1,300 men, aimed to take possession of the Dutch colonies of Essequibo and Demerara on the Guiana coast of South America. Theoretically the British came to offer “protection” to the colonies in the name of the Dutch Stadtholder, in practice they were also keen on taking these lucrative colonies for themselves. The Dutch colonies of Essequibo and especially Demerara already had a high percentage of British planters, and their fertile soils carried the promise of great riches. The coffee, sugar and cotton planters could fuel the unfolding Industrial Revolution in Britain with the raw material for its machines and the consumer goods for its workforce.
Thesis chapter 4 'The commercial web : mercantilism, cash crops and captives as contraband' was previously published as and article in Tijdschrift voor Zeegeschiedenis (2013) and as a chapter in the book 'Beyond empires : global, self-organizing, cross-imperial networks, 1500-1800' (2016)
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Livres sur le sujet "Atlantic Ocean Region – History – 18th century"

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B, Flanders Alan, dir. Wolf at the door : The World War II antisubmarine battle for Hampton Roads. Richmond, Va : Brandylane Publishers, 2004.

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Coclanis, Peter A., et CONFERENCE THE EMERGENCE OF THE ATLANTI. The Atlantic Economy During The Seventeenth And Eighteenth Centuries : Organization, Operation, Practice, And Personnel (The Carolina Lowcountry and the Atlantic World). University of South Carolina Press, 2005.

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A path in the mighty waters : Shipboard life and Atlantic crossings to the New World. Yale University Press, 2015.

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Marshall, P. J. Remaking the British Atlantic : The United States and the British Empire after American Independence. Oxford University Press, 2015.

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Remaking the British Atlantic : The United States and the British Empire after American Independence. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2012.

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Flanders, Alan B., et James R. Jr Powell. Wolf at the Door : The World War II Antisubmarine Battle for Hampton Roads, Virginia. Brandylane, 2003.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Atlantic Ocean Region – History – 18th century"

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Sharief, Salah M. « The Influence of Sufism on the Sudanese Belt ». Dans Orientālistika. Cilvēkzināšana un Āzijas aktualitātes, 80–95. LU Akadēmiskais apgāds, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/luraksti.os.819.05.

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As of the last decade of the 20th century, the Middle East and Africa have been the birthplace of extremist organizations espousing a radical ideology, which encourages violence against the dissenters and branding them apostates. Organizations like Al-Qā’ida and Dā’ish/ISIL performed numerous terrorist acts around the world, but especially in the Middle East. Other Salafi organizations like Boko Haram also gained recognition in international media disproportionate to their actual size. This discourse was behind the coinage of the term ‘Islamic Terrorism’, which casts a shadow of suspicion on any member of the Muslim community worldwide and served as an impetus for the writing of this paper as a means of shedding light on other Muslim organizations, which arguably are much larger in scope and influence. At the same time, these organizations are peaceful in nature and characterized by an incomparable level of tolerance. In my quest for sources of both narratives, I traced the history of the advent and dissemination of Islam in Africa – such a diverse geographic, cultural, ethnic and religious setting. I discovered that whereas the advent of Islam in the northern part of the region (North Africa) unfolded relatively quickly through invasion, it entered the Sudanese Belt (an area from the red sea shore of modern-day Sudan in the East to today’s Mauritania by the Atlantic Ocean in the West) more gradually via trade relations and the influence of Sufi sheikhs. They lived with the people indigenous to the area and seamlessly weaved themselves into the fabric of the societies they came to counsel. This paper argues that the areas where Sufi Islam is present have been largely shielded from extremist ideologies, and the reverse is true for North Africa, where Islam arrived in a relatively short period of invasion. The argument is presented by looking at the example of modernday Sudan, which leads me to examine the phenomenon of Sufi orders entering political life through direct involvement by establishing political parties, which propelled them into direct confrontation with representatives of a different branch of the Islamic movement in politics, namely, the Islamists. Arguably, the strongest Islamist party in the Middle East and Africa of today is the Muslim Brotherhood. I look at the diverging values of the two. Where the Muslim Brotherhood is arguably seeking absolute political power through a rigid organizational structure, the Sufi orders have been integrating into the political life of the country of residence. I argue that this example constitutes an opportunity to renegotiate the social contract between different factions of the society and lay the foundation for a different Islamic narrative. One based on pluralism, tolerance and understanding, which has the potential to gradually transform the sociopolitical environment of the entire Sudanese Belt in this direction.
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