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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Atlantic Ocean Region »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Atlantic Ocean Region"

Walter, S., H. W. Bange, U. Breitenbach et D. W. R. Wallace. « Nitrous oxide in the North Atlantic Ocean ». Biogeosciences Discussions 3, n^o 4 (17 juillet 2006) : 993–1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-3-993-2006.

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Abstract. In order to investigate the role of the North Atlantic Ocean as a source of atmospheric nitrous oxide and to decipher the major formation pathways of nitrous oxide, measurements of dissolved nitrous oxide were made during three cruises in the tropical, subtropical and subpolar North Atlantic in October/November 2002, March/April 2004, and May 2002, respectively. Nitrous oxide was close to equilibrium or slightly supersaturated in the surface layers suggesting that the North Atlantic acts as a weak source of nitrous oxide to the atmosphere. Depth profiles showed supersaturation throughout the water column with a distinct increasing trend from the subpolar to the tropical region. Lowest nitrous oxide concentrations, near equilibrium and with an average of 11.0±1.7 nmol L−1, were found in the subpolar North Atlantic where the profiles showed no clear maxima. Highest values up to 37.3 nmol L−1 occurred in the tropical North Atlantic with clear maxima at approximately 400 m. A positive correlation of nitrous oxide with nitrate, as well as excess nitrous oxide with AOU, was only observed in the subtropical and tropical regions. Therefore, we conclude that the formation of nitrous oxide occurs in the tropical region rather than in the subpolar region of the North Atlantic and suggest nitrification is the dominant formation pathway in the subtropical and tropical regions.

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Formetta, Giuseppe, Jonghun Kam, Sahar Sadeghi, Glenn Tootle et Thomas Piechota. « Atlantic Ocean Variability and European Alps Winter Precipitation ». Water 13, n^o 23 (30 novembre 2021) : 3377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13233377.

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Winter precipitation (snowpack) in the European Alps provides a critical source of freshwater to major river basins such as the Danube, Rhine, and Po. Previous research identified Atlantic Ocean variability and hydrologic responses in the European Alps. The research presented here evaluates Atlantic Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs) and European Alps winter precipitation variability using Singular Value Decomposition. Regions in the north and mid-Atlantic from the SSTs were identified as being tele-connected with winter precipitation in the European Alps. Indices were generated for these Atlantic SST regions to use in prediction of precipitation. Regression and non-parametric models were developed using the indices as predictors and winter precipitation as the predictand for twenty-one alpine precipitation stations in Austria, Germany, and Italy. The proposed framework identified three regions in the European Alps in which model skill ranged from excellent (West Region–Po River Basin), to good (East Region) to poor (Central Region). A novel approach for forecasting future winter precipitation utilizing future projections of Atlantic SSTs predicts increased winter precipitation until ~2040, followed by decreased winter precipitation until ~2070, and then followed by increasing winter precipitation until ~2100.

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Dong, Shenfu, Silvia Garzoli et Molly Baringer. « The Role of Interocean Exchanges on Decadal Variations of the Meridional Heat Transport in the South Atlantic ». Journal of Physical Oceanography 41, n^o 8 (1 août 2011) : 1498–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jpo4549.1.

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Abstract The interocean exchange of water from the South Atlantic with the Pacific and Indian Oceans is examined using the output from the ocean general circulation model for the Earth Simulator (OFES) during the period 1980–2006. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the role of the interocean exchanges in the variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and its associated meridional heat transport (MHT) in the South Atlantic. The meridional heat transport from OFES shows a similar response to AMOC variations to that derived from observations: a 1 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) increase in the AMOC strength would cause a 0.054 ± 0.003 PW increase in MHT at approximately 34°S. The main feature in the AMOC and MHT across 34°S is their increasing trends during the period 1980–93. Separating the transports into boundary currents and ocean interior regions indicates that the increase in transport comes from the ocean interior region, suggesting that it is important to monitor the ocean interior region to capture changes in the AMOC and MHT on decadal to longer time scales. The linear increase in the MHT from 1980 to 1993 is due to the increase in advective heat converged into the South Atlantic from the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Of the total increase in the heat convergence, about two-thirds is contributed by the Indian Ocean through the Agulhas Current system, suggesting that the warm-water route from the Indian Ocean plays a more important role in the northward-flowing water in the upper branch of the AMOC at 34°S during the study period.

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Walter, S., H. W. Bange, U. Breitenbach et D. W. R. Wallace. « Nitrous oxide in the North Atlantic Ocean ». Biogeosciences 3, n^o 4 (1 décembre 2006) : 607–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-607-2006.

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Abstract. In order to get a comprehensive picture of the distribution of nitrous oxide (N2O) in the North Atlantic Ocean, measurements of dissolved nitrous oxide were made during three cruises in the tropical, subtropical and cold-temperate North Atlantic Ocean in October/November 2002, March/April 2004, and May 2002, respectively. To account for the history of atmospheric N2O, we suggest a new depth-dependent calculation of excess N2O (ΔN2O). N2O depth profiles showed supersaturation throughout the water column with a distinct increasing trend from the cold-temperate to the tropical region. Lowest nitrous oxide concentrations, near equilibrium and with an average of 11.0±1.7 nmol L−1, were found in the cold-temperate North Atlantic where the profiles showed no clear maxima. Highest values up to 37.3 nmol L−1 occurred in the tropical North Atlantic with clear maxima at approximately 400 m. A positive correlation of nitrous oxide with nitrate, as well as excess nitrous oxide with the apparent oxygen utilization (AOU), was only observed in the subtropical and tropical regions. Therefore, we conclude that the formation of nitrous oxide via nitrification occurs in the tropical region rather than in the cold-temperate region of the North Atlantic Ocean

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Yu, Wei, Weiqing Han et David Gochis. « Influence of the Madden–Julian Oscillation and Intraseasonal Waves on Surface Wind and Convection of the Tropical Atlantic Ocean ». Journal of Climate 25, n^o 23 (1 décembre 2012) : 8057–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00528.1.

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Abstract Atmospheric intraseasonal variability in the tropical Atlantic is analyzed using satellite winds, outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), and reanalysis products during 2000–08. The analyses focus on assessing the effects of dominant intraseasonal atmospheric convective processes, the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), and Rossby waves on surface wind and convection of the tropical Atlantic Ocean and African monsoon area. The results show that contribution from each process varies in different regions. In general, the MJO events dominate the westward-propagating Rossby waves in affecting strong convection in the African monsoon region. The Rossby waves, however, have larger contributions to convection in the western Atlantic Ocean. Both the westward- and eastward-propagating signals contribute approximately equally in the central Atlantic basin. The effects of intraseasonal signals have evident seasonality. Both convection amplitude and the number of strong convective events associated with the MJO are larger during November–April than during May–October in all regions. Convection associated with Rossby wave events is stronger during November–April for all regions, and the numbers of Rossby wave events are higher during November–April than during May–October in the African monsoon region, and are comparable for the two seasons in the western and central Atlantic basins. Of particular interest is that the MJOs originating from the Indo-Pacific Ocean can be enhanced over the tropical Atlantic Ocean while they propagate eastward, amplifying their impacts on the African monsoon. On the other hand, Rossby waves can originate either in the eastern equatorial Atlantic or West African monsoon region, and some can strengthen while they propagate westward, affecting surface winds and convection in the western Atlantic and Central American regions.

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Bremer, Jaime R. Alvarado, Allan J. Baker et Jaime Mejuto. « Mitochondrial DNA control region sequences indicate extensive mixing of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) populations in the Atlantic Ocean ». Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, n^o 8 (1 août 1995) : 1720–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f95-764.

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Pacific, Atlantic, and Mediterranean populations of the swordfish (Xiphias gladius) are currently considered as separate fisheries management units, and populations in different regions of the Atlantic are thought to constitute different stocks on the basis of recapture data. To test these hypotheses we sequenced hypervariable segments of the control region of mitochondrial DNA in 35 swordfish from three regions of the Atlantic, as well as in 8 and 7 individuals from the Pacific and Mediterranean regions, respectively. Sixty of the 81 variable sites were confined to a 280 base pair stretch in the left domain of the control region, indicating that this segment is a rich source of genetic markers. Thirty-three haplotypes were found that could be assigned to two clades differing by 3.8% on average, and that diverged approximately 550 000 years ago. Clade I haplotypes were ubiquitous, but haplotypes from clade II predominated in the Mediterranean, and thus likely originated there during Pleistocene marine regressions. Overall, we conclude that there is extensive mixing of swordfish within the Atlantic Ocean. Sister-group relationships of haplotypes from different oceans indicate historical gene flow between these populations, but the co-occurrence of the same haplotypes in different oceans must reflect recent or ongoing dispersal.

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Rus Hoelzel, A., Mahmood S. Shivji, Jennifer Magnussen et Malcolm P. Francis. « Low worldwide genetic diversity in the basking shark ( Cetorhinus maximus ) ». Biology Letters 2, n^o 4 (27 juin 2006) : 639–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0513.

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The basking shark ( Cetorhinus maximus ) is found in temperate waters throughout the world's oceans, and has been subjected to extensive exploitation in some regions. However, little is known about its current abundance and genetic status. Here, we investigate the diversity of the mitochondrial DNA control region among samples from the western North Atlantic, eastern North Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean and western Pacific. We find just six haplotypes defined by five variable sites, a comparatively low genetic diversity of π =0.0013 and no significant differentiation between ocean basins. We provide evidence for a bottleneck event within the Holocene, estimate an effective population size ( N e ) that is low for a globally distributed species, and discuss the implications.

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Pandey, Hemant Kumar, et Akhilesh Dwivedi. « STRATEGIC ROLE OF INDIAN NAVY IN IOR AT PRESENT ». SCHOLARLY RESEARCH JOURNAL FOR HUMANITY SCIENCE AND ENGLISH LANGUAGE 9, n^o 46 (25 mars 2021) : 11318–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21922/srjhsel.v9i46.1541.

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The Indian Ocean Region (IOR) turned out to be the most engaging region for global activities in recent years. The Indian Ocean consists of the most important trade routes of the world. The Indian Ocean provides a way to move through various regions of the world. World's huge economic players always keep an eye on the IOR for its strategic importance. The Indian Ocean is a gateway to the Atlantic Ocean through the Mediterranean Sea via the Red Sea and it also provides a way to the Pacific Ocean through the Strait of Malacca. It is the main shipping channel for the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. The Indian Ocean region is spread over 28 states, three continents and covers 17.5% of the global land area. The IOR is home to almost 36% of the population of the world. The region is proven to have a rich petroleum resources and other metals. Indian Ocean is also a rich source of fish and its export. Major Sea routes of the world pass through the Indian Ocean that connects the Middle East, Africa, and East Asia with Europe and the Americas. The Indian Ocean Region (IOR) has become a home for economic developments, disputes, conflicts, and competition for regional influence by regional and extra-regional powers. The Trade flow from IOR across the globe has its importance for the global economy as well as regional countries. The growing presence of regional power (China) is a major concern for India and other regional countries and that has compelled them to reshape their maritime strategies. This article aims to state the importance of IOR in Indian reference and Chinese presence in IOR and its strategies.

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Bellomo, Katinka, Amy C. Clement, Thorsten Mauritsen, Gaby Rädel et Bjorn Stevens. « The Influence of Cloud Feedbacks on Equatorial Atlantic Variability ». Journal of Climate 28, n^o 7 (27 mars 2015) : 2725–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00495.1.

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Abstract Observations show that cloud feedback over the Namibian stratocumulus region is positive because cloud cover is anticorrelated with local sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. Moreover, regressions of observed atmospheric fields on equatorial Atlantic SST anomalies indicate that cloud feedbacks over the Namibian stratocumulus region covary with Atlantic Niño. However, from observations alone, it is not possible to quantify the influence of regional cloud feedbacks on equatorial climate variability. To address this question, a set of sensitivity experiments are conducted using an atmospheric general circulation model (ECHAM6) coupled to a slab ocean in which the strength of positive cloud feedback is enhanced over several regions in the South Atlantic basin. Enhanced positive cloud feedback over the Namibian stratocumulus region increases local as well as equatorial SST variability, whereas enhanced cloud feedback over other regions in the South Atlantic increases local SST variability but exhibits negligible responses at the equator. The authors’ results indicate that the Namibian region plays a central role in enhancing equatorial SST variability because it is located where the SST anomalies associated with the simulated Atlantic Niño in the slab-ocean model develop. These results highlight the important role of the regional coupling of cloud cover over the Namibian region with local SSTs and its effects on equatorial Atlantic climate variability.

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Joshi, Manish K., Muhammad Adnan Abid et Fred Kucharski. « The Role of an Indian Ocean Heating Dipole in the ENSO Teleconnection to the North Atlantic European Region in Early Winter during the Twentieth Century in Reanalysis and CMIP5 Simulations ». Journal of Climate 34, n^o 3 (février 2021) : 1047–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-20-0269.1.

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AbstractIn this study the role of an Indian Ocean heating dipole anomaly in the transition of the North Atlantic–European (NAE) circulation response to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) from early to late winter is analyzed using a twentieth-century reanalysis and simulations from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). It is shown that in early winter a warm (cold) ENSO event is connected through an atmospheric bridge with positive (negative) rainfall anomalies in the western Indian Ocean and negative (positive) anomalies in the eastern Indian Ocean. The early winter heating dipole, forced by a warm (cold) ENSO event, can set up a wave train emanating from the subtropical South Asian jet region that reaches the North Atlantic and leads to a response that spatially projects onto the positive (negative) phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation. The Indian Ocean heating dipole is partly forced as an atmospheric teleconnection by ENSO, but can also exist independently and is not strongly related to local Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) forcing. The Indian Ocean heating dipole response to ENSO is much weaker in late winter (i.e., February and March) and not able to force significant signals in the North Atlantic region. CMIP5 multimodel ensemble reproduces the early winter Indian Ocean heating dipole response to ENSO and its transition in the North Atlantic region to some extent, but with weaker amplitude. Generally, models that have a strong early winter ENSO response in the subtropical South Asian jet region along with tropical Indian Ocean heating dipole also reproduce the North Atlantic response.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Atlantic Ocean Region"

Painting, Suzanne Jane. « Bacterioplankton dynamics in the Southern Benguela upwelling region ». Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23358.

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The role of heterotrophic bacteria in the carbon and nitrogen flux of the pelagic food web was investigated during laboratory and field-based studies of the temporal development of the planktonic community after upwelling. Bacterial community structure, activity and production were closely coupled to the upwelling cycle and to the dynamics of the phytoplankton community. The initial bacterial population (<l x 10⁶ cells ml⁻¹, 20 to 40 μg C l⁻¹) was metabolically dormant. Increased availability of phytosynthetically produced dissolved organic carbon (PDOC) stimulated bacterial growth (0.016 h⁻¹) and abundance (8 to 10 x 10⁶ cells ml⁻¹, 140 to 200 μg C l⁻¹). Rapid successions in the dominant plateable strains were attributed to substrate preferences and substrate availability. Significant correlations of bacterial biomass with total standing stocks of phytoplankton and particulate carbon provided evidence of close coupling between bacteria and PDOC, and between bacteria and recalcitrant substrates available during phytoplankton decay. These relationships were best described by power functions, suggesting that bacterial biomass was relatively reduced at high levels by predation. A microcosm study indicated that zooflagellate predation could control bacterial biomass. Low net growth yields (34 to 36%) of flagellates suggested inefficient transfer of carbon to higher trophic levels, but considerable nitrogen regeneration (ca 6 to 7 μg N mg dry weight⁻¹ h⁻¹). Thymidine-measured bacterial production (TTI, <0.1 to 1.25 mg C m⁻³ h⁻¹) was linearly related to phytoplankton growth. Non-uniform response of bacteria to added tracer substrates may result in underestimates of bacterial production by 2 to 34 times by TTI, particularly in deep or oligotrophic waters, or during phytoplankton decay. Close coupling of copepod (Calanoides carinatus) production to the upwelling cycle suggested co-existence of the microbial food web and the classical diatom-copepod food chain. Recently upwelled water was dominated by phytoplankton. Assuming that all phytoplankton carbon was available for utilisation, copepods and bacteria were calculated to consume approximately 12 and 22% of primary production respectively. As the bloom declined the planktonic community was increasingly dominated by bacteria, detritus and mesozooplankton. On average, copepods consumed 60% of primary production, while bacteria consumed 49%. Carbon consumption requirements of both bacteria and copepods were satisfied by resource partitioning and carbon cycling. Under food-limiting conditions herbivorous copepods may switch to omnivory, ingesting microzooplankton of the microbial food web, and stimulating enhanced remineralisation to further sustain primary production. A generic size-based simulation model of the dynamics of the plankton community indicated that bacteria and the microbial food web increase the overall productivity of the planktonic food web, and that heterotroph predation in the smaller size classes (<200 μm) is an important mechanism in nutrient recycling.

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Serradilla, Avery Dan Manuel. « Seville : between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, 1248-1492 : pre-Columbus commercial routes from and to Seville / ». St Andrews, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/340.

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Borchert, Leonard Friedrich [Verfasser], et Johanna [Akademischer Betreuer] Baehr. « Decadal Climate Predictions in the North Atlantic Region : The Role of Ocean Heat Transport / Leonard Friedrich Borchert ; Betreuer : Johanna Baehr ». Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1165227746/34.

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Jones, David R. « Frontiers, oceans and coastal cultures : a preliminary reconnaissance / ». Access restricted : SMU users only, 2007.

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Mezzina, Bianca. « Dynamics of the late-winter ENSO teleconnection to the North Atlantic-European region ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673236.

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The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a natural mode of climate variability in the tropical Pacific, which not only perturbs the local atmosphere, but whose impacts can also reach remote, extra-tropical regions through atmospheric teleconnections. While the atmospheric response to ENSO and the dynamics of its teleconnections are well assessed in certain locations, such as the North Pacific-American sector, it is not the case for the North Atlantic-European (NAE) sector. In this thesis, the dynamics of the ENSO-NAE teleconnection are assessed in late winter (January-March), the season in which a significant and robust ENSO-related signal has been reported in the literature. Part of this well-known late-winter ENSO signal is a sea-level pressure (SLP) dipole in the North Atlantic. In this thesis, it is assessed that this “canonical” dipole is mostly driven by tropospheric dynamics and is related to the large-scale Rossby wave train triggered from the tropical Pacific by the anomalous upper-level divergence associated with ENSO. The “canonical” SLP dipole is known to be reminiscent of the surface signature of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), which is the dominant mode of variability in the North Atlantic. The relationship between the ENSO-forced response in the NAE region and the NAO is examined: it is found that no further similarities are evident apart from the surface SLP signature, and it is suggested that ENSO and the NAO are largely unrelated. Another issue tackled in this thesis is the (a)symmetry of the atmospheric signal associated with the two phases of ENSO, El Niño and La Niña, which show roughly opposite patterns of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical Pacific but not necessarily a symmetric atmospheric response. It is noticed that, in a set of sensitivity experiments with three state-of-the-art models, the extra-tropical response in the troposphere is slightly asymmetric in amplitude and longitudinal location. However, it is highlighted that the mechanisms at play, in particular concerning the response in the NAE region, are the same for El Niño and La Niña. The ENSO impact on the Northern Hemisphere polar stratosphere is also studied, since a stratospheric pathway of the ENSO-NAE teleconnection has been suggested in the literature, and an ENSO signal in the polar stratosphere has been previously reported. In the same set of experiments, it is assessed that the stratospheric response to La Niña is symmetric in structure to that of El Niño, but with smaller amplitude. This response is found in both the lower and middle-upper stratosphere and is suggested to be related to the upward propagation of the ENSO-forced tropospheric Rossby wave train, and specifically to its center of action located over North America/Canada. In the middle-upper stratosphere, the anomalies project onto a wavenumber-1 pattern and show a westward tilt with height that indicates upward wave propagation rather than wave-breaking, as previously suggested. Finally, it is noticed that the well-established “canonical” dipole is mostly located over the North Atlantic, while less is known about the ENSO signal over the European continent. A novel ray-tracing approach that considers zonal asymmetries in the background flow is developed to examine potential tropospheric pathways of the ENSO teleconnection to Europe. In some cases, a SLP pattern featuring a single anomaly over Europe is present, which appears to be linked to the ENSO wave train emanated from the tropical Pacific via a split over northern North America or via reflection due to zonal inhomogeneities in the background flow. Alternatively, a wave-like pattern with two opposite-signed SLP anomalies over Europe is observed, which is suggested to be related to a secondary wave train emerging from the tropical Atlantic.
El Niño-Oscilación del Sur (por sus siglas en inglés, ENSO) es un modo de variabilidad climática natural del Pacífico Tropical, el cual, a través de teleconexiones atmosféricas, puede tener impactos a nivel global. El objetivo de esta tesis es explorar la dinámica de la teleconexión entre ENSO y la zona del Atlántico Norte y Europa a finales del invierno (de enero a marzo). Los resultados indican que la señal principal de ENSO en el Atlántico Norte, una anomalía dipolar de presión atmosférica a nivel del mar (SLP, en inglés), está principalmente asociada al tren de ondas de Rossby troposférico generado por ENSO. También se analiza la relación entre la respuesta forzada por ENSO y la Oscilación del Atlántico Norte (por sus siglas en inglés, NAO), principal modo de variabilidad interna regional; los resultados muestran que ENSO y la NAO parecen no estar relacionados dinámicamente. Otro aspecto tratado en esta tesis es la asimetría de la respuesta atmosférica relacionada con las dos fases de ENSO, El Niño y La Niña. En una serie de experimentos con modelos climáticos, se observa que la señal en la troposfera es ligeramente asimétrica en términos de amplitud y localización en longitud. No obstante, se ha encontrado que los mecanismos de la respuesta atmosférica son los mismos para El Niño y La Niña. También se estudia la asimetría de las anomalías en la estratosfera polar, y se observa que la respuesta a La Niña tiene una estructura simétrica a la de El Niño, pero con menor amplitud. Además, esta estructura parece estar relacionada con la propagación vertical del tren de ondas de Rossby troposférico. Finalmente, utilizando un algoritmo innovador de trazado de rayos, se investigan las potenciales rutas de la teleconexión troposférica entre ENSO y el continente europeo. Se encuentran dos patrones típicos de SLP. El primero parece estar relacionado con el tren de ondas del Pacifico Tropical bien a través de una bifurcación a la altura del norte de Norte América, o bien a través de una reflexión debida a inhomogeneidades en el flujo medio. El otro patrón, en cambio, parece estar asociado a un tren de ondas secundario procedente del Atlántico Tropical.

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Sperry, Brian J. « Analysis of acoustic propagation in the region of the New England continental shelfbreak ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9444.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Joint Program in Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Ocean Engineering; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 180-184).
During July and August of 1996, a large acoustics/physical oceanography experiment was fielded in the Mid-Atlantic Bight, south of Nantucket Island, MA. Known as the Shelfbreak Front PRIMER Experiment, the study combined acoustic data from a moored array of sources and receivers with very high resolution physical oceanographic measurements. This thesis addresses two of the primary goals of the experiment, explaining the properties of acoustic propagation in the region, and tomographic inversion of the acoustic data. In addition, this thesis develops a new method for predicting acoustic coherence in such regions. Receptions from two 400 Hz tomography sources, transmitting from the continental slope onto the shelf, are analyzed. This data, along with forward propagation modeling utilizing SeaSoar thermohaline measurements, reveal that both the shelfbreak front and tidally-generated soliton packets produce stronger coupling between the acoustic waveguide modes than expected. Arrival time wander and signal spread show variability attributable to the presence of a shelf water meander, changes in frontal configuration, and variability in the soliton field. The highly-coupled nature of the acoustic mode propagation prevents detailed tomographic inversion. Instead, methods based on only the wander of the mode arrivals are used to estimate path-averaged temperatures and internal tide "strength". The modal phase structure function is introduced as a useful proxy for acoustic coherence, and is related via an integral transform to the environmental sound speed correlation function. Advantages of the method are its flexibility and division of the problem into independent contributions, such as from the water column and seabed.
by Brian J. Sperry.
Ph.D.

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Wang, Xuezhu [Verfasser], Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Jung et Torsten [Gutachter] Kanzow. « Evaluation and application of Finite Element Sea Ice-Ocean Model (FESOM) for the Arctic-North Atlantic region in variable resolution global simulations / Xuezhu Wang. Betreuer : Thomas Jung. Gutachter : Thomas Jung ; Torsten Kanzow ». Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1106374517/34.

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Andrade, Lene da Silva. « Variabilidade decadal da zona de convergência intertropical e sua influência na pluviosidade da região norte do Brasil ». Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2007. http://repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/855.

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The present work focused on the possible influence of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) on the positioning and intensity of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) during its annual cycle over the Atlantic Ocean and its impact in the rainfall totals in the northern South American continent. For this purpose, the mean annual fields of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), sea surface temperature (SST), omega (ω), meridional wind (V) and precipitation rate (P) of Reanalysis data sets (NCEP/NCAR) were analysed. In addition, observed rainfall monthly mean series (INMET and HIDROWEB), the University of Delawere (UDEL) rainfall, interpolated in a 0.5°x0.5° grid, and the PDO indices found in the NOAA/ESRL/PSD site were used to support the analyses. The results were visualized with applets available in the ESRL/PSD/NOAA s site as well as GrADS software. The records period 1948-2005 was divided into PDO cold phase (1948-1976), warm phase (1977- 1998) and current phase (1999-2005), which was used to verify the climate tendency of the last seven years. The results suggested that the ITCZ remained farther north of its mean position during the PDO cold phase. Apparently, the ascending branch of the Hadley Cell was displaced farther north and the descendent branch of the Walker Circulation positioned farther west of their normal positions. This pattern led to a rainfall reduction in parts of Amazonia. In the PDO cold phase, the normalized rainfall indices showed a more noticeable rainfall reduction (increase) western (eastern) of 52°W, in the State of Pará. In the PDO warm phase, opposite circulation patterns and higher climate variability were observed. The results suggested that the PDO, in general, modified the SST patterns in the Atlantic and, as a consequence, the positioning and intensity of the ITCZ. There are evidences that the PDO is experiencing a new cold phase. Thus, one expects that the ITCZ and the Amazonian rainfall present a similar behaviour of previous cold phase. Particular attention should be paid to the Brazilian States of Roraima and Maranhão, eastern Pará State and western Amazonas State, including Colombia, Venezuela e north-eastern Bolivia, that may experience a sensible rainfall reduction during the next 10 years. Another relevant result was relative to a possible enhancement of convection and rainfall over the southern Saharan region (Sahel), Africa, during the present PDO phase. It was noticed that it rained more in the region till 1975, when the SST anomalies of Equatorial Guinea Gulf were negative and the wind south component was stronger. These conditions seem to be returning.
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No presente trabalho dissertou-se sobre as possíveis influências da Oscilação Decadal do Pacífico (ODP) no posicionamento e intensidade da Zona de Convergência Intertropical (ZCIT) em seu ciclo anual sobre o Oceano Atlântico e seus impactos na precipitação do norte da América do Sul. Para tanto, foram utilizados os campos médios de radiação de ondas longas emergentes (ROLE), temperatura da superfície do mar (TSM), omega, vento meridional e precipitação, elaborados a partir do conjunto de dados de Reanalises do NCEP/NCAR, além de índices de ODP do ESRL/PSD/NOAA e séries temporais da precipitação média observada de postos pluviométricos (INMET and HIDROWEB) e a interpolada pela University of Delawere (UDEL) numa grade de 0,5°x0,5°. Os aplicativos disponíveis no site do ESRL/PSD/NOAA, bem como o GrADS, foram utilizados para visualizar os resultados das análises. O período de 1948 a 2005, correspondendo às fases fria (1948- 1976), quente (1977- 1998) e atual (1999- 2005) da ODP, foi tomado como base, este último tendo sido utilizado para verificar tendências climáticas contemporâneas. Os resultados indicaram que, durante a fase fria da ODP, a ZCIT esteve mais ao norte de sua posição climatológica. O ramo ascendente da célula de Hadley permaneceu mais deslocado para norte e o descendente da circulação de Walker mais deslocado para oeste. Essa configuração foi responsável pelo decréscimo da precipitação observado em parte da Amazônia. Os índices de precipitação padronizada (IPP) mostraram redução (aumento) mais acentuada da chuva a oeste (leste) de 52°W, no Estado do Pará. Durante a fase quente da ODP, foram observadas configurações opostas e maior variabilidade climática interanual. De maneira geral, as análises mostraram que a ODP mudou a configuração das TSM no Atlântico e influenciou o posicionamento e intensidade da ZCIT. Sugeriram, também, que a ODP parece estar experimentando sua nova fase fria. Com base nesses resultados, espera-se que a ZCIT e a precipitação, apresentem variabilidade semelhante à fase fria anterior. Dessa forma, particular atenção, deve ser atribuída a regiões dos Estados de Roraima, Oeste do Amazonas, leste do Pará e Maranhão, além da Colômbia, Venezuela e nordeste da Bolívia, que deverão sofrer redução em sua precipitação média nos próximos 10 a 15 anos. Outro resultado relevante diz respeito aumento da convecção e precipitação que poderá ocorrer no Sul do Deserto de Sahara (Sahel), África, ao longo da atual fase da ODP. Nessa região, foi notado que choveu mais até 1975, quando o Golfo da Guiné apresentou anomalias negativas de TSM e a componente sul do vento esteve mais forte.Aparentemente, essas condições estão retornando.

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Manighetti, Barbara. « The glacial to holocene sedimentary regime in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308359.

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Semedo, Alvaro A. M. « The North Atlantic oscillation influence on the wave regime in Portugal : an extreme wave event analysis / ». Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Mar%5FSemedo.pdf.

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Livres sur le sujet "Atlantic Ocean Region"

Warren, Howarth Robert, dir. Nitrogen cycling in the North Atlantic Ocean and its watersheds. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996.

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Lefort, Jean-Pierre. Basement correlation across the North Atlantic. Berlin : Springer-Verlag, 1989.

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J, Graham Eric, et Ayrshire Archaeological and Natural History Society., dir. The early transatlantic trade of Ayr 1640-1730. Ayr : Ayrshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, 2005.

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True north : Journeys into the great Northern Ocean. Hinesburg, VT : Upper Access, Inc., Book Publishers, 2010.

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Sailing for home : A voyage from Antigua to Kinsale. Dublin : Penguin Ireland, 2004.

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Decoding neolithic Atlantic and Mediterranean island ritual. Philadelphia : Oxford Books, 2016.

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C, Morton A., et Parson Lindsay M. 1954-, dir. Early Tertiary volcanism and the opening of the NE Atlantic. Oxford : Published for the Geological Society by Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1988.

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Pink ice : Britain and the South Atlantic Empire. London : I.B. Tauris, 2002.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., dir. A regional analysis of cloudy mean spherical albedo over the marine strato cumulus region and the tropical Atlantic ocean. [Washington, DC : National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1993.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Atlantic Ocean Region"

Calado, Helena, Marta Vergílio, Fabiana Moniz, Henriette Grimmel, Md Mostafa Monwar et Eva A. Papaioannou. « The Diverse Legal and Regulatory Framework for Marine Sustainability Policy in the North Atlantic – Horrendograms as Tools to Assist Circumnavigating Through a Sea of Different Maritime Policies ». Dans Ocean Governance, 137–74. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20740-2_7.

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AbstractAlthough considerable progress has been made in the management and planning of the marine environment, important gaps still exist in streamlining policies across governance levels, maritime sectors, and between different countries. This can hinder effective Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) and prevent harmonious cross-sectoral cooperation, and importantly, cross-border or trans-boundary collaboration. These may in turn have serious implications for overall ocean governance and ultimately, marine sustainability. The North Atlantic presents an ideal case-study region for reviewing these issues: North Atlantic countries have different governance structures, and as such, different approaches to marine policy. Therefore, for an effective marine management, cross-sectoral and cross-border MSP in the region, there is a need to review marine and maritime policies in order to identify differences and commonalities among countries. This chapter reviews major policies for the marine environment in the North Atlantic and assesses where differences between countries exist and at which governance level they are being created. Key research questions include: (i) Are there significant differences in marine policy between North Atlantic countries? Moreover, are there any substantial geographical/political differences? (ii) Are there differences in implementation of key policies? Such an analysis requires a sound framework for comparison among countries. To that end, the use of “horrendograms”, a tool increasingly being used by the marine research and planning community to assess such issues, is adopted. Results indicate that key differences between countries are created primarily at a national level of marine governance. Although differences between countries exist, overall strategic targets are similar. For instance, whilst the political systems of certain North Atlantic countries may differ substantially, key objectives for major sectors, such as fisheries and conservation, are similar – even when such objectives are implemented at different levels. Findings from the study can enable targeted policy intervention and, as such, assist the development of future outlooks of ocean governance in the region. Results can also aid the development of future visions and scenarios for MSP in the Atlantic region.

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da Costa, Luis M., Hugulay Albuquerque Maia et Armando J. Almeida. « The Fishes of the Gulf of Guinea Oceanic Islands ». Dans Biodiversity of the Gulf of Guinea Oceanic Islands, 431–78. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06153-0_17.

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AbstractThis chapter reviews the current knowledge of the marine (including deep-sea species) and freshwater fishes of the Gulf of Guinea oceanic islands. Some biogeographic and conservation considerations are also presented. A total of 1045 species are likely present in the region, including 107 Elasmobranchii (37 confirmed, 65 potential, and 5 erroneous), one confirmed Holocephali, and 937 Actinopteri species (515 confirmed, 385 potential, 32 erroneous, and 5 questionable). Most of the coastal species are shared with the surrounding African continental shelf, while several species are amphi-Atlantic (present in both sides of the Atlantic Ocean), and some species have sister-species in the western Atlantic. A total of 15 species are endemic to the region, and 2 are introduced. Further studies are still needed to better understand the ichthyofauna of the Gulf of Guinea oceanic islands and help policymakers better define conservation and protection plans.

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Morozov, Eugene G., Alexander N. Demidov, Roman Y. Tarakanov et Walter Zenk. « Source Regions, Abyssal Pathways, and Bottom Flow Channels (for Waters of the Antarctic Origin) ». Dans Abyssal Channels in the Atlantic Ocean, 51–98. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9358-5_3.

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Morozov, Eugene G., Roman Y. Tarakanov et Dmitry I. Frey. « Source Regions ». Dans Bottom Gravity Currents and Overflows in Deep Channels of the Atlantic Ocean, 65–140. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83074-8_3.

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Hecht, Matthew W., et Richard D. Smith. « Toward a physical understanding of the North Atlantic : A review of model studies in an eddying regime ». Dans Ocean Modeling in an Eddying Regime, 213–39. Washington, D. C. : American Geophysical Union, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/177gm15.

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Staubes, Regina, et Hans-Walter Georgii. « Measurements of Atmospheric and Seawater DMS Concentrations in the Atlantic, the Arctic and Antarctic Region ». Dans Dimethylsulphide : Oceans, Atmosphere and Climate, 95–102. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1261-3_11.

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Batra, Geeta, et Trond Norheim. « Staying Small and Beautiful : Enhancing Sustainability in the Small Island Developing States ». Dans Transformational Change for People and the Planet, 73–91. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78853-7_6.

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AbstractSpread over the ocean regions of the Caribbean, the Pacific and Atlantic, the Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean, and the South China Sea, the small island developing states (SIDS) are a distinct group of developing countries often known for their rich biological diversity, oceans, tourism, and fisheries. The pressures on these and other natural resources is most immediate in the islands where the high vulnerability to the impacts of climate change, limited land and water resources, often unsustainable natural resource use, and other particular economic vulnerabilities are disrupting livelihoods. The COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated the SIDS economies and livelihoods. Over the past 25 years the Global Environment Facility (GEF) has supported interventions in SIDS through $578 million in financing, in critical areas such as biodiversity protection, climate resilience, and energy access through renewable energy. But how effective and sustainable have these interventions been? What factors influencing the sustainability of GEF interventions can provide insights for future project design and implementation? This chapter draws on findings from a recent country cluster evaluation on SIDS conducted by the Independent Evaluation Office (IEO) of the GEF. It presents the main environmental challenges in SIDS, the evidence on the relevance and effectiveness of GEF interventions in addressing these challenges, and the main risks to sustainability of outcomes. Important contextual factors that affect sustainability in SIDS include good policies and legal and regulatory frameworks, national ownership of projects, environmental awareness, institutional capacity, and strategic institutional partnerships. Project-related factors including good project design and adaptive project management, scaling-up and replication based on lessons learned, and a good exit strategy are also important for sustainability.

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Platzer, Paul, Bertrand Chapron et Pierre Tandeo. « Dynamical Properties of Weather Regime Transitions ». Dans Mathematics of Planet Earth, 223–36. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18988-3_14.

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AbstractLarge-scale weather can often be successfully described using a small amount of patterns. A statistical description of reanalysed pressure fields identifies these recurring patterns with clusters in state-space, also called “regimes”. Recently, these weather regimes have been described through instantaneous, local indicators of dimension and persistence, borrowed from dynamical systems theory and extreme value theory. Using similar indicators and going further, we focus here on weather regime transitions. We use 60 years of winter-time sea-level pressure reanalysis data centered on the North-Atlantic ocean and western Europe. These experiments reveal regime-dependent behaviours of dimension and persistence near transitions, although in average one observes an increase of dimension and a decrease of persistence near transitions. The effect of transition on persistence is stronger and lasts longer than on dimension. These findings confirm the relevance of such dynamical indicators for the study of large-scale weather regimes, and reveal their potential to be used for both the understanding and detection of weather regime transitions.

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Frère, A., C. Daubord, A. Gailler et H. Hébert. « Sea level surges of June 2011 in the NE Atlantic Ocean : observations and possible interpretation ». Dans Meteorological Tsunamis : The U.S. East Coast and Other Coastal Regions, 179–96. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12712-5_10.

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Andersen, B. G. « Cenozoic Glacier Fluctuations in Polar Regions — Terrestrial Records from Antarctica and the North Atlantic Sector of the Arctic ». Dans Geological History of the Polar Oceans : Arctic versus Antarctic, 245–54. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2029-3_13.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Atlantic Ocean Region"

Ponce de León, Sonia, João H. Bettencourt, Joseph Brennan et Frederic Dias. « Evolution of the Extreme Wave Region in the North Atlantic Using a 23 Year Hindcast ». Dans ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-41438.

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The IOWAGA data base for the North Atlantic region was used to identify the region where extreme values of significant wave height are more likely to occur. The IOWAGA database [1] was obtained from the WAVEWATCH III model [2] hindcast using the CFSR (Climate Forecast System Reanalysis) from NOAA [3,4]. The period of the study covers 1990 up to 2012 (23 years). The variability of the significant wave height was assessed by computing return periods for sea storms where the significant wave height exceeds a given threshold. The return periods of sea storms where the Hs exceeds extreme values for the north Atlantic region were computed allowing for the identification of the extreme wave regions which show that extreme waves are more likely to occur in the storm track regions of the tropical and extratropical north Atlantic cyclones.

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Kazakov, Sergey I., Vitaliya Metik-Diyunova, Sergey Mayboroda et Alexander Boguslavsky. « On the influence of Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and North Atlantic Oscillation on the temperature regime of the Black Sea region ». Dans 28th International Symposium on Atmospheric and Ocean Optics : Atmospheric Physics, sous la direction de Oleg A. Romanovskii et Gennadii G. Matvienko. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2644612.

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Paz Montelongo, Soraya, Carmen Rubio, Inmaculada Frías, Ángel Gutiérrez, Dailos González-Weller et Arturo Hardisson. « Trace Elements levels in Rhodophyta algae from Tenerife, Canary Islands (North Atlantic Ocean region) ». Dans The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Environmental Research and Public Health —Public Health Issues in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Basel, Switzerland : MDPI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecerph-3-09010.

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Ribeiro, Eric Oliveira, Marcelo Andrioni, Renato Parkinson Martins, Guisela Grossmann Matheson, Jose´ Henrique Alves et Luis Manoel Paiva Nunes. « Climatologically Modeled Wave Field Analyses in the Western South Atlantic ». Dans ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79457.

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Wave height, period and direction are basic parameters for designing off-shore structures. Besides this direct application, knowledge of the regional characteristics of a wave field can also help in the selection of optimal regions for wave power energy plant design and installation. A wave climatology based on data generated by a WAVEWATCH III model simulation (NOAA WW3) for the Brazilian coast was analyzed and validated against statistical values derived from opportunity vessel measurements. The hindcast covered the period from January 1997 to December 2005 in a region between 5°N – 40°S and 10°W – 65°W. The grid used was uniform with a 0.25° spacial resolution. The boundary conditions were obtained from NOAA WW3 operational model and the atmospheric forcing from NOAA GFS model. The model results were calibrated with field data and detailed information about the simulation can be obtained in Alves et al. (2008) and Alves et al. (in press). Monthly averages of significant height, period and wavelength were calculated using 3 hour time resolution fields. Since a simple mean direction has small physical representativeness, the predominant direction (moda) and associated persistency were obtained from the data. The results were then compared with values from the U.S. Navy Marine Climate Atlas of the World. This Atlas has four points located within the selected model grid region. These points showed good agreement with wave period, height and direction persistency based on the WW3 simulation results. The wave climatology showed that the predominant wave direction from April to July was from S and SE in southern Brazil, associated with swells related to cold fronts. The S and SE swells were also responsible for the largest mean wave height (2.1 m) observed in the climatology. Another result that was validated with the literature was the E and NE predominant wave direction during the austral summer. This phenomenon is associated with winds originated from the South Atlantic High Pressure Center, which is a semi permanent high pressure center near Trindade Island. The wave climate in northern Brazil showed a predominant direction from the N during January to March, associated with the northern hemisphere winter storms. During the remaining months of the year, the predominant wave direction is E and NE associated with trade winds. The model results are still in a processing phase to produce extreme values, which will be more useful for coastal and off-shore structure design.

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ILIE, Vlad-Alexandru, Adina-Eliza CROITORU et Titus-Cristian MAN. « NORD ATLANTIC CYCLONES TRACKS IN EUROPE AND THEIR INFLUENCE OVER AMOUNT OF PRECIPITATION RECORDED IN ROMANIA (1985-2015) ». Dans SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN THE AIR FORCE. Publishing House of "Henri Coanda" Air Force Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19062/2247-3173.2022.23.27.

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The region of Romania is characterized in terms of continental temperate climate with oceanic influences. Thus, the precipitation regime and the thermal regime in this part of Europe are strongly influenced by the frequency of cyclones whose trajectories cross Europe from west to east coming from the Atlantic Ocean. The present study analyzes the variation of the amount of precipitation in Romania depending on the frequency and variation of the geographical position of the trajectories of the North Atlantic cyclones in the area of the European continent. Using the classic method of identification and tracking, 1189 cyclones were found that crossed Europe north of the Alps in a period of 30 years between December 1, 1985 - November 30, 2015, of which 71% generated precipitation in Romania. Their influence on the amount recorded at meteorological stations in Romania varies between 43% in the northwest of the country to 13% in the southern regions.

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Danova, Tatiana E. « Evaluation of atmospheric circulation connections in the Atlantic-European region with moisture characteristics of the troposphere over the Black Sea ». Dans XXV International Symposium, Atmospheric and Ocean Optics, Atmospheric Physics, sous la direction de Gennadii G. Matvienko et Oleg A. Romanovskii. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2540621.

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Kotzé, Pieter, et Jürgen Matzka. « Evidence of an Abrupt Secular Variation Change during 2015 in Southern Africa and the Adjacent Atlantic Ocean Region ». Dans II PAN AMERICAN WORKSHOP ON GEOMAGNETISM – II PANGEO. Recife, Brazil : Even3, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.29327/2pangeo.a39.

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Lavidas, George, Vengatesan Venugopal, Daniel Friedrich et Atul Argawal. « Wave Energy Assessment and Wind Correlation for the North Region of Scotland, Hindcast Resource and Calibration, Investigating for Improvements of Physical Model for Adaptation to Temporal Correlation ». Dans ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-23935.

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Wave energy sites around Scotland, are considered one of the most energetic waters, as they are exposed to the Atlantic Ocean. The amount of energy reaching the shoreline provides an opportunity for wave energy deployments. Currently, considerations on wave devices expect them to be installed at nearshore locations. That means that the potential wave resource has to be investigated, since deep to shallow water interactions alter the shape of propagated waves. Resource assessment for these regions is essential in order to estimate the available and extractable energy resource. Although several numerical models exist for wave modelling, not all are suitable for nearshore applications. For the present work, the nearshore wave model SWAN has been used to simulate waves for the Hebridean region. The set-up, calibration and validation of the model are discussed. The resulting wave conditions are compared with buoy measurements. Results indicate that the modelling technique performed well.

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Woolf, David K., John Coll, Stuart Gibb et Peter G. Challenor. « Sensitivity of Ferry Services to the Western Isles of Scotland to Changes in Wave Climate ». Dans ASME 2004 23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2004-51427.

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The Western Isles of Scotland and the rest of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland is a remote, sparsely populated region with a high dependency on marine activities. In particular, ferry services are vital to the region. At the same time, the seas to the west and north of Scotland are among the roughest in the world during autumn and winter, making maintenance of a reliable ferry service both difficult and expensive. Ferry routes avoid the open ocean, but some waters are exposed to ocean waves. The inter-annual variability of the ocean wave climate to the west is very high, primarily in response to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). This sensitivity to NAO extends to partially sheltered waters and ferry routes. A deterioration in wave climate in response to either natural variability of the NAO, or as a regional response to anthropogenic climate change is distinctly possible. By analyzing the contemporary response to shifts in the NAO, there is predicted to be a disproportionately large increase in ferry service disruption in response to any deterioration in wave climate.

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Castro-Santos, Laura, Almudena Filgueira-Vizoso, Isabel Lamas-Galdo, Carlos Álvarez-Feal et Luis Carral-Couce. « Influence of the Discount Rate in the Economic Analysis of a Floating Offshore Wind Farm in the Galician Region of the European Atlantic Area ». Dans ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-78727.

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The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of the discount rate in some economic parameters which are relevant to study a floating offshore wind farm: the Net Present Value (NPV), the Levelized Cost Of Energy (LCOE) and the Discounted PayBack Period (DPBP). For this purpose, several maps have been created considering a particular location of the Atlantic Area: the Galician coast (North-West of Spain); and four alternatives, depending on the type of electric tariff or the type of discount rate. Results indicate the importance that the discount rate has in the economic feasibility of a floating offshore wind farm. In this context, the NPV is reduced when the discount rate is increased, the LCOE is reduced when the discount rate is increased, the IRR does not vary depending on the discount rate and the DPBP is increased with the discount rate. The discount rate can vary depending on the sector, the investor or the country where the floating offshore wind farm is installed. The motivation of this paper is to analyze the influence of one of the most important economic parameters in a floating offshore wind farm: the discount rate. Therefore, this type of analysis is very interesting in order to study its influence on the economic results, which are very important to take decisions for investors of the offshore renewable energy industry.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Atlantic Ocean Region"

Johns, William, Sabrina Speich et Lead Authors. Tropical Atlantic Observing System (TAOS) Review Report. CLIVAR, mai 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36071/clivar.rp.1.2021.

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The Tropical Atlantic Observing System (TAOS) review was proposed by the CLIVAR Atlantic Region Panel (ARP) and has been organized by the CLIVAR ARP in close cooperation with the PIRATA consortium. The review is intended to evaluate scientific progress since the last review and recommend actions to advance sustained observing efforts in the tropical Atlantic. The structure of the report is organized with an executive summary that introduces the main societal drivers and provides a summary of the recommendations and where in the report these are more thoroughly discussed. The core text of the report then proceeds in the following order: (1) a concise review of TAOS societal, scientific and operational drivers; (2) a summary of the current TAOS observing network; (3) recommendations on the evolution of the TAOS; (4) information on the actual TAOS data flow and products and recommendations for their evolution; and (5) recommendations on the future governance of the TAOS. More detailed information on the scientific and operational drivers are provided in the Appendices as well as a rationalization of all observing requirements in terms of Essential Ocean and Climate Variables.

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Bigorre, Sebastien P., et Raymond Graham. The Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS) : NTAS-20 Mooring Turnaround Cruise Report Cruise On Board RV Pisces November 4-28, 2021 Newport, RI - Pascagoula, MS. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, février 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/29647.

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The Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS) was established to address the need for accurate air-sea flux estimates and upper ocean measurements in a region with strong sea surface temperature anomalies and the likelihood of significant local air–sea interaction on interannual to decadal timescales. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring outfitted for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 15°N, 51°W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations are used to investigate air–sea interaction processes related to climate variability. The NTAS Ocean Reference Station (ORS NTAS) is supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing (GOMO) Program (formerly Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division). This report documents recovery of the NTAS-19 mooring and deployment of the NTAS-20 mooring at the same site. Both moorings used Surlyn foam buoys as the surface element. These buoys were outfitted with two Air–Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each system measures, records, and transmits via satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air–sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 160 m of the mooring line were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature, salinity and velocity. The mooring turnaround was done by the Upper Ocean Processes Group of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), onboard R/V Pisces, Cruise PC-21-07. The cruise took place from November 4 to 28, 2021. The NTAS-20 mooring was deployed on November 12, and the NTAS-19 mooring was recovered on November 13. Limited inter-comparison between ship and buoys were performed on this cruise. This report describes these operations and the pre-cruise buoy preparations. Other operations during PC-21-07 consisted of one CTD cast near the Meridional Overturning Variability Experiment (MOVE) subsurface mooring array MOVE 1-14. MOVE is designed to monitor the integrated deep meridional flow in the tropical North Atlantic.

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Plueddemann, Albert, Benjamin Pietro et Emerson Hasbrouck. The Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS) : NTAS-19 Mooring Turnaround Cruise Report Cruise On Board RV Ronald H. Brown October 14 - November 1, 2020. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, janvier 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/27012.

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The Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS) was established to address the need for accurate air-sea flux estimates and upper ocean measurements in a region with strong sea surface temperature anomalies and the likelihood of significant local air–sea interaction on interannual to decadal timescales. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring outfitted for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 15°N, 51°W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations will be used to investigate air–sea interaction processes related to climate variability. This report documents recovery of the NTAS-18 mooring and deployment of the NTAS-19 mooring at the same site. Both moorings used Surlyn foam buoys as the surface element. These buoys were outfitted with two Air–Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each system measures, records, and transmits via Argos satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air–sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 160 m of the mooring line were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature, salinity and velocity. Deep ocean temperature and salinity are measured at approximately 38 m above the bottom. The mooring turnaround was done on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Ship Ronald H. Brown, Cruise RB-20-06, by the Upper Ocean Processes Group of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The cruise took place between 14 October and 1 November 2020. The NTAS-19 mooring was deployed on 22 October, with an anchor position of about 14° 49.48° N, 51° 00.96° W in 4985 m of water. A 31-hour intercomparison period followed, during which satellite telemetry data from the NTAS-19 buoy and the ship’s meteorological sensors were monitored. The NTAS-18 buoy, which had gone adrift on 28 April 2020, was recovered on 20 October near 13° 41.96° N, 58° 38.67° W. This report describes these operations, as well as other work done on the cruise and some of the pre-cruise buoy preparations.

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Jansson, Anna, Arun Heer, Suzana Rice, Frank Buonaiuto, Danielle Tommaso, Lynn Bocamazo, Stephen Couch et Jodi McDonald. South Shore of Long Island, New York Regional Sediment Management Investigation : an overview of challenges and opportunities. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), avril 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43920.

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The US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is conducting the “South Shore of Long Island, New York Regional Sediment Management Investigation” to further understand sediment dynamics and to develop a comprehensive regional sediment management plan for the south shore of Long Island, New York. Regional sediment management is a systems approach using best management practices for more efficient and effective use of sediments in coastal, estuarine, and inland environments. This investigation seeks to characterize sediment movement on the south shore of Long Island as a holistic system across the entire study area. It focuses on the regional system post-Hurricane Sandy (October 2012) as the storm significantly altered the physical landscape with severe shoreline erosion, which resulted in the construction of projects to reduce the risk of future storms and stakeholder priorities with a new emphasis on bay-side sediment dynamics, such as channel shoaling and disappearing wetlands. Despite the fact the storm caused severe erosion, the equilibrium beach profile, depth of closure, and general shoreline orientation seem to be unaffected. Previous studies have characterized sediment movement at specific sections of the south shore, but these data have not been incorporated to create a system-wide perspective. Coordinating sediment management across the six Atlantic Ocean inlets, Great South Bay Channel, Intracoastal Waterway, and coastal storm risk management (CSRM) projects could save the federal government millions of dollars in dredging and sand placement actions. This technical note presents the progress the investigation has made to date and will be followed with a more in-depth technical report titled South Shore of Long Island, New York Regional Sediment Management Investigation: A Post-Hurricane Sandy Shoreline Evaluation, currently in preparation.

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Beck, Aaron. RiverOceanPlastic : Land-ocean transfer of plastic debris in the North Atlantic, Cruise No. AL534/2, 05 March – 26 March 2020, Malaga (Spain) – Kiel (Germany). GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cr_al534-2.

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Cruise AL534/2 is part of a multi-disciplinary research initiative as part of the JPI Oceans project HOTMIC and sought to investigate the origin, transport and fate of plastic debris from estuaries to the oceanic garbage patches. The main focus of the cruise was on the horizontal transfer of plastic debris from major European rivers into shelf regions and on the processes that mediate this transport. Stations were originally chosen to target the outflows of major European rivers along the western Europe coast between Malaga (Spain) and Kiel (Germany), although some modifications were made in response to inclement weather. In total, 16 stations were sampled along the cruise track. The sampling scheme was similar for most stations, and included: 1) a CTD cast to collect water column salinity and temperature profiles, and discrete samples between surface and seafloor, 2) sediment sampling with Van Veen grab and mini-multi corer (mini-MUC), 3) suspended particle and plankton sampling using a towed Bongo net and vertical WP3 net, and 4) surface neusten sampling using a catamaran trawl. At a subset of stations with deep water, suspended particles were collected using in situ pumps deployed on a cable. During transit between stations, surface water samples were collected from the ship’s underway seawater supply, and during calm weather, floating litter was counted by visual survey teams. The samples and data collected on cruise AL534/2 will be used to determine the: (1) abundance of plastic debris in surface waters, as well as the composition of polymer types, originating in major European estuaries and transported through coastal waters, (2) abundance and composition of microplastics (MP) in the water column at different depths from the sea surface to the seafloor including the sediment, (3) abundance and composition of plastic debris in pelagic and benthic organisms (invertebrates), (4) abundance and identity of biofoulers (bacteria, protozoans and metazoans) on the surface of plastic debris from different water depths, (5) identification of chemical compounds (“additives”) in the plastic debris and in water samples.

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Idris, Iffat. LGBT Rights and Inclusion in Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Institute of Development Studies (IDS), février 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.067.

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This review looks at the extent to which LGBT rights are provided for under law in a range of Small Island Developing States (SIDS), and the record on implementation/enforcement, as well as approaches to promote LGBT rights and inclusion. SIDS covered are those in the Caribbean, Pacific, and Atlantic-Indian Ocean-South China Sea (AIS) regions. The review draws on a mixture of grey literature (largely from international development agencies/NGOs), academic literature, and media reports. While the information on the legal situation of LGBT people in SIDS was readily available, there was far less evidence on approaches/programmes to promote LGBT rights/inclusion in these countries. However, the review did find a number of reports with recommendations for international development cooperation generally on LGBT issues. Denial of LGBT rights and discrimination against LGBT people is found to varying extents in all parts of the world. It is important that LGBT people have protection in law, in particular the right to have same-sex sexual relations; protection from discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation; and the right to gender identity/expression. Such rights are also provided for under international human rights conventions such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, while the Sustainable Development Goals are based on the principle of ‘leave no one behind'.

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Knowledge summary, A deep-sea experiment on carbon dioxide storage in oceanic crust. CDRmare, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cdrmare.20.

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On Iceland, water enriched with carbon dioxide has been injected into the upper ocean crust since 2014 – and successfully. The carbon dioxide mineralises within a short time and is firmly bound for millions of years. However, since ocean crust only rises above sea level in a few places on Earth, researchers are currently investigating the option of injecting carbon dioxide into ocean regions where huge areas of suitable basalt crust lie at medium to great water depths. One possible advantage: In the deep sea subsurface, the carbon dioxide would either be stable as a liquid or dissolve in the seawater circulating in the rock. Due to the high pressure, both the liquid carbon dioxide and the carbon dioxide-water mixture would be heavier than seawater, making leakage from the underground unlikely. But would carbon dioxide storage in the deep sea subsurface be technically feasible and ultimately also economically viable? The research mission CDRmare provides answers – with the help of the world's first deep-sea research experiment on carbon dioxide storage on cooled flanks of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

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A deep-sea experiment on carbon dioxide storage in oceanic crust. CDRmare, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cdrmare.21.

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On Iceland, water enriched with carbon dioxide has been injected into the upper ocean crust since 2014 – and successfully. The carbon dioxide mineralises within a short time and is firmly bound for millions of years. However, since ocean crust only rises above sea level in a few places on Earth, researchers currently investigate the option of injecting carbon dioxide into ocean regions where huge areas of suitable basalt crust lie at medium to great water depths. One possible advantage: In the deep sea subsurface, the carbon dioxide would either be stable as a liquid or dissolve in the seawater circulating in the rock. Due to the high pressure, both the liquid carbon dioxide and the carbon dioxide-water mixture would be heavier than seawater, making leakage from the underground unlikely. But would carbon dioxide storage in the deep sea subsurface be technically feasible and ultimately also economically viable? The research mission CDRmare provides answers – with the help of the world's first deep-sea research experiment on carbon dioxide storage on cooled flanks of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

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