Articles de revues : « Associated Milk Producers »

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Andrighi, Daniela, Adriane Ferreira Frizzo, Iucif Abrão Nascif Junior et Karina Ramirez Starikoff. « Milk consumption habits on dairy for farmers of family farming ». Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science 56, n^o 2 (21 août 2019) : e155455. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2019.155455.

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Brazil is one of the largest milk producers in the world and most establishments are small producers of family farming. Milk is a perishable product and due to its nutritional characteristics provides a favorable environment for the growth of bacteria. The objective of this research was to evaluate the consumption habits of milk in family farms, identifying the consumption forms, evaluating the risks and the perception of risk by the producers, besides evaluating the sanitary management adopted in the properties with respect to the diseases transmitted by the milk and milk products. One hundred eleven producers from the city of Realeza-PR were interviewed. Almost half (48.64%, 54/111) had a small production with up to 10 lactating animals. Most of the producers had animals with a low productivity, and the average milk production per animal was less than 10 liters. The milk produced was consumed internally by 93.67% (104/111) of those interviewed, and 7.2% (8/111) claim to ingest raw milk without any previous heat treatment. Some producers(18%, 20/111) still made dairy products, like cheese and dulce de leche. Although 82.87% (92/111) reported having knowledge about the transmission of diseases through milk, only 49.54% (55/111) named the diseases. Not all producers conducted tests in the herd for disease control. The present study also found that only 4 people interviewed (3.6%, 4/111) associated the consumption of raw milk with some illness and reported having some symptoms, such as vomiting, nausea, skin allergy, colic and gas. Thus, it is necessary to inform and guide producers about the risks associated with raw milk consumption, so that not only the health of the producer is assured, but also the family and the population that may acquire this product informally.

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Mwini, Grace Annagmeng, et Sarah Darkwa. « Microbial Contamination Associated with “Wagashi-Cheese” Production in Sissala East District- Ghana ». Journal of Food Research 5, n^o 4 (27 juin 2016) : 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v5n4p11.

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The purpose of the study was to identify the possible sources of microbial contamination in the production of Wagashi-Cheese in the Sissala East District, Upper West Region of Ghana. Also, the hygienic practices involved were examined. A survey, observation and experiment were used to collect data. Eighty (40 raw cow milk producers and 40 Wagashi-Cheese producers) were randomly selected for the survey. Six (3 milk producers and 3 Wagashi –Cheese producers) were purposively sampled for the experimental part. Microbial analysis of the milk and Wagashi-Cheese were carried out using the ISO and NMKL Analytical Standard procedures. Findings from the study revealed that milk and Wagashi-Cheese producers do not practice optimal personal, food and environmental hygiene. Coliform, fecal coliform, Escherichia coli, Total mesophilic (PCA), yeast and mould were identified in both the milk and Wagashi-Cheese. Dirty cow teat, unclean containers for receiving milk and improper handling of milk while transporting to Wagashi-Cheese centers were identified as Critical Control Points along the production line of Wagash-Cheese. Post interventions showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) reduction in microbial levels in the samples analyzed. In conclusion, the application of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) improved the quality of the final product. HACCP education and training for milk and Wagashi-Cheese producers is highly recommended. In conclusion, there is a significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) in the microbial load of wagashi from the selected producers and thus the alternate hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the microbial loads of wagashi from different producers.

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Grasseni, Cristina. « Re-localizing Milk and Cheese ». Gastronomica 14, n^o 4 (2014) : 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2014.14.4.34.

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The reinvention of food is also a matter of re-localization. This means rethinking food chains in terms of their spatiality. This article deals with milk and cheese and their reinvention in Italy through two distinct, even opposing, strategies: automatization and face-to-face involvement of critical consumers with producers. Each of these strategies associates trust with different spatial arrangements. In the case of raw milk automated distributors (locally named the equivalent of “milk ATMs”), trust is associated with the short distance to the raw milk producer, with whom, however, there is no direct interaction. In the case of food activist circles, notably Italy’s Solidarity Purchase Groups or GAS, trust lies in actual interaction with the producer. This acquires a specific meaning in a culture that assigns added social significance to the act of food provisioning and cultivates plural practices of social interactions that are mediated through food.

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Reis, Beatriz, Adrieli Casado, Elaine Bernardes, Celso Miasaku, DeAnja A. McLain, Otavio France et Jhones O. Sarturi. « 41 Social and institutional trust : A comparison between non-associated and associated producers in Southeast Brazil ». Journal of Animal Science 102, Supplement_1 (1 mars 2024) : 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae019.006.

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Abstract The social and institutional trust between two groups of dairy producers in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil was evaluated. The entity used in this comparison was the Rural Producers Association (RPA), in which two groups were formed: a) RPA members (AG); and b) RPA non-members (NAG). The questionnaire developed used model questions from the World Values Survey. Among a total of 38 producer-members of the RPA, 22 (58%) responded to the questionnaire. For the non-member producers, 44 were identified, while 39 (89%) responded to the questionnaire. To assess social trust, the following question was asked: "Generally speaking, would you say that people can be trusted or that we need to be very careful when dealing with people?". In AG, 81.8% of the producers responded that we need to be very careful when dealing with other people, and among the NAG producers, 87.2% also agreed with such a statement. Despite the lack of social trust in AG, 77.1% of the members fully or partially trust their association. To assess levels of trust in national institutions by producers, a question was asked as follows: "To what extent do you trust the institutions listed below?". For more than 50% of the NAG group, none of the institutions presented deserved full trust, reinforcing the lack of trust, as indicated in the previous question. For those in the NAG group that chose the option "I trust completely", the institutions opted were as follows: religious (46.2%), research institutions (43.6%), public universities (38.5%), and rural extension services (33.3%); while those opted as “I do not trust" were represented by political parties (82.1%), the municipal government (64.1%), and the national congress (61.5%). In the AG group, the institutions with the greatest levels of trust were the rural extension services (54.5%) and the RPA (54.5%), religious institutions (40.9%), public universities (40.9%), and research institutes 36.4%. Moreover, the institutions least trusted were political parties (63.6%), national congress (63.6%), municipal government (36.4%), and land organizations (36.4%). None of the producer groups were officially affiliated with political parties. An open-ended question was asked as follows: "What do you think about the current situation of the association, cooperative, or dairy in which you participate or commercialize milk with?" In the AG, 81.75% see RPA positively, and 18.25% believe that the association was in a bad situation and could even end. In the NAG, 59% of the producers commercialize milk in some type of organization (other than the RPA); in which among these, 43.47% have a negative image of such an organization in general. It is suggestive that regardless of the RPA participation, producers interviewed lack social trust. Future analysis is warranted to involve a multi-location and a broader population sampling.

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Miller, Gay Y., et Paul C. Bartlett. « Economic effects of mastitis prevention strategies for dairy producers ». Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 198, n^o 2 (15 janvier 1991) : 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1991.198.02.227.

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Summary For efficient disease management in dairy production, the influence of disease prevention strategies on farm profitability must be known. A survey of mastitis control practices, milking machine function and maintenance, and cow environmental conditions was conducted with 406 dairy producers on the Michigan Dairy Herd Improvement-somatic cell counting program responding. These survey data, in conjunction with Dairy Herd Improvement production data, were used to develop a model estimating the marginal value products of mastitis control practices. Lost milk production associated with increased somatic cell count was calculated for each herd. Mastitis control practices, milking machine function and maintenance, and cow environmental conditions were used as independent variables in an analysis of covariance model with lost milk production as the dependent variable. Variables significant in explaining changes in production from increased somatic cell count were the use of teat dip, use of sanitizer in the wash water, milking cow bedding, summer nonlactating cow housing, summer calving locations, type of regulator, alternating pulsation, and rolling herd average milk production. The marginal value product (change in revenues received) from the use of iodine, chlorhexidine, and quaternary ammonium-type teat dips were $13.79, $16.09, and $22.17/cow/year, respectively, and these changes were statistically significant. However, sanitizer in the wash water was associated with a decrease in production. Management practices that have previously been shown to be economical and did not appear in the final model included nonlactating cow therapy and single-use paper towels.

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Lipińska, Izabela. « Wpływ rozporządzenia UE nr 2017/2393 na prawną organizację rynku mleka i przetworów mlecznych ». Przegląd Prawa Rolnego, n^o 1(22) (1 juin 2018) : 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ppr.2018.22.1.6.

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The aim of this article was to answer the question whether and to what extent the amendments to the legal organisation of the milk and milk products market introduced as of 1 January 2018 contribute to improving the lives of milk producers and the development of the market. This refers to certain legal solutions adopted by the EU legislator which aim to strengthen the role of agricultural producers and their organisations in the agri-food supply chain. The amendments to Regulation 1308/2013 have not changed the organisational framework of the market, but addressed basically two issues – the obligation to conclude raw milk delivery contracts and contractual negotiations in this sector. The legal solutions adopted by the legislator are very positive. Written contracts, which are mandatory in many Member States, define and guarantee the producers’ rights and clearly indicate the obligations associated with the production process. In turn, entrusting the role of a negotiator of contract terms to producers’ representatives should be seen as recognition of their significant role in shaping the market in a manner adequate to its needs.

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Losinger, Willard C. « Welfare effects of the use of recombinant bovine somatotropin in the USA ». Journal of Dairy Research 73, n^o 2 (14 février 2006) : 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029905001585.

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The welfare effects of increased milk production associated with the use of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST) on dairy operations in the USA were examined for 1996. Results that derived from three different estimates of the milk-production response to rBST were evaluated and compared. One estimate, derived from a survey of dairy producers in Connecticut, led to economic-impact estimates that were not statistically significant. A second, derived from a national survey that concentrated on the health and management of dairy cattle, led to estimates that were unbelievably high. A third, derived from a national survey that concentrated on the economics of dairy producers, provided the most reasonable estimates of economic impacts. Results of economic analysis, using the latter results, indicated that if rBST had not caused milk production to increase, then the market price of milk would have been 2·2±1·5 cents/kg higher, and the total value of the milk produced would have risen from $23·0±0·6 billion to $24·1±1·0 billion. A welfare analysis demonstrated that the increased milk production (and the reduced market price) associated with the use of rBST in the USA caused the economic surplus of consumers to rise by $1·5±1·0 billion, while the economic surplus of dairy producers fell by $1·1±$0·8 billion. Increased milk production associated with rBST yielded a total gain to the US economy of $440±280 million. An analysis of annual percent changes in the number of dairy cows per operation, milk production per cow, total milk production, total number of dairy cows, and total number of dairy operations in the USA suggested that the dairy industry's long-term economic growth path was stable from 1989–2001 inclusive, and did not receive a shock resulting from the introduction of rBST.

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Vroegindewey, Ryan, Robert B. Richardson et Véronique Thériault. « Key factors for increasing farmer participation in markets : evidence from the Malian dairy sector ». Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 74, n^o 2 (30 juin 2021) : 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.36331.

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Substantial growth in Malian milk supply is necessary to meet rising demand for dairy products while also improving the livelihoods of milk producers and strengthening the competitiveness of the Malian dairy sector against imports. We applied a Cragg two-tiered model to a nationally representative dataset of dairy farming households to examine factors influencing market participation decisions. Four key findings and corresponding policy implications emerged. Firstly, dairy herd size was positively associated with market entry and milk sales. Improving the dissemination of higher-yielding improved breeds, to which less than 10% of households had access, should result in an increase in milk supply. Secondly, herd access to water, feed, and veterinary care also had the positive effect of increased milk supply, highlighting the importance of increased investment in animal health and nutrition. Thirdly, female-headed households were more likely to enter milk markets and they sold greater volumes than male-headed households. Because women typically face inequitable access to productive resources, gender-responsive policies and programs in the dairy sector should help to stimulate milk supply. Fourthly, an increase in milk price was associated with an increase in milk sales. This provides evidence that Malian milk producers are responsive to price incentives, while underlining the importance of incorporating dairy products into existing market information systems.

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Olga, Laurentya, Janna A. van Diepen, Maciej Chichlowski, Clive J. Petry, Jacques Vervoort, David B. Dunger, Guus A. M. Kortman, Gabriele Gross et Ken K. Ong. « Butyrate in Human Milk : Associations with Milk Microbiota, Milk Intake Volume, and Infant Growth ». Nutrients 15, n^o 4 (11 février 2023) : 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15040916.

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Butyrate in human milk (HM) has been suggested to reduce excessive weight and adipo-sity gains during infancy. However, HM butyrate’s origins, determinants, and its influencing mechanism on weight gain are not completely understood. These were studied in the prospective longitudinal Cambridge Baby Growth and Breastfeeding Study (CBGS-BF), in which infants (n = 59) were exclusively breastfed for at least 6 weeks. Infant growth (birth, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months) and HM butyrate concentrations (2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months) were measured. At age 6 weeks, HM intake volume was measured by deuterium-labelled water technique and HM microbiota by 16S sequencing. Cross-sectionally at 6 weeks, HM butyrate was associated with HM microbiota composition (p = 0.036) although no association with the abundance of typical butyrate producers was detected. In longitudinal analyses across all time points, HM butyrate concentrations were overall negatively associated with infant weight and adiposity, and associations were stronger at younger infant ages. HM butyrate concentration was also inversely correlated with HM intake volume, supporting a possible mechanism whereby butyrate might reduce infant growth via appetite regulation and modulation of HM intake.

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Lauková, Andrea, Lenka Micenková, Monika Pogány Simonová, Valentína Focková, Jana Ščerbová, Martin Tomáška, Emília Dvorožňáková et Miroslav Kološta. « Microbiome Associated with Slovak Traditional Ewe’s Milk Lump Cheese ». Processes 9, n^o 9 (7 septembre 2021) : 1603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9091603.

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Worldwide consumers increasingly demand traditional/local products, to which those made from ewe’s milk belong. In Slovakia, dairy products made from ewe’s milk have a long tradition. A total of seventeen farmhouse fresh ewe’s milk lump cheeses from various local farm producers in central Slovakia were sampled at farms and then analyzed. Based on the sequencing data analysis, the phylum Firmicutes dominated (60.92%) in ewe’s lump cheeses, followed with the phylum Proteobacteria (38.23%), Actinobacteria (0.38%) and Bacteroidetes (0.35%). The phylum Firmicutes was represented by six genera, among which the highest amount possessed the genus Streptococcus (41.13%) followed with the genus Lactococcus (8.54%), Fructobacillus (3.91%), Enterococcus (3.18%), Staphylococcus (1.80%) and the genus Brochotrix (0.08%). The phylum Proteobacteria in ewe’s lump cheeses involved eight Gram-negative genera: Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Ewingella, Escherichia-Shigella, Pantoea and Moraxella. The phylum Bacteroidetes involved three genera: Bacteroides, Sphingobacterium and Chrysobacterium. Results presented are original; the microbiome of Slovak ewe’s milk lump cheese has been not analyzed at those taxonomic levels up to now.

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Małażewska, Sylwia, et Edyta Gajos. « Zmiany dochodowości gospodarstw mlecznych w Polsce i wybranych krajach europejskich należących do Europejskiego Stowarzyszenia Producentów Mleka w latach 2006–2012 ». Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, n^o 111 (14 octobre 2015) : 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2015.111.37.

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The aim of the article was to present the changes in the profitability of milk production in farms associated in EDF and situated in Poland and selected European countries in 2006–2012. It was found that after the Polish accession to the EU, the situation has improved for milk producers – economic and production results have risen. In 2008–2009, there was a significant deterioration in the profitability of milk production due to, among others, significant declines in milk prices. Since 2010, gradual improvement of the situation is observed. Similar changes occur in dairy farms in other European countries, such as Germany, France and the United Kingdom. This shows how big the interconnectedness between countries is and that the situation of agricultural producers in Poland does not depend only on the local and national market fluctuations, but primarily on fluctuations in the European and global markets.

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B, Tesfaye. « Review on California Mastitis Test (CMT) ». Open Access Journal of Veterinary Science & ; Research 3, n^o 3 (2018) : 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajvsr-16000160.

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The California Mastitis Test (CMT) is a quick, simple test that accurately predicts the somatic cell count of milk from individual quarters or on composite milk samples [1]. The California Mastitis Test is a simple, inexpensive, rapid screening test for mastitis. The test is based upon the amount of cellular nuclear protein present in the milk sample. Since inflammatory cells associated with mastitis are the predominant cell type present in milk the CMT reflects the SCC level quite accurately and is a rel iable indicator of the severity of infection. The test is appropriate for cow - side evaluation of udder health and the procedure can be taught quickly to producers and the milking crew. With proper training test results are very repeatable among those condu cting the test. It is necessary that producers also be made aware of the limitations of the CMT and the proper application of management decisions based on CMT results.

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Losinger, Willard C. « Economic impact of reduced milk production associated with Johne's disease on dairy operations in the USA ». Journal of Dairy Research 72, n^o 4 (9 mai 2005) : 425–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029905001007.

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Accurately assessing the economic impacts of diseases and other factors that affect milk production requires that the demand for milk be taken into account. Because demand for milk in the USA is relatively inelastic (i.e., consumers generally purchase a somewhat fixed amount over a given time frame, regardless of fluctuations in price), consumers tend to reap much of the benefit of enhanced production. An examination of the economic impacts of Johne's disease indicated that reduced milk production, associated with the determination of dairy operations as Johne's-positive, reduced consumer surplus by $770 million ± $690 million, and resulted in a total loss of $200 million ± $160 million to the US economy in 1996. Most of the economic surplus lost by consumers was transferred to producers, whose economic surplus increased by $570 million ± $550 million as a result of the reduced milk production associated with Johne's disease. Uncertainty analysis showed that the estimated reduction in milk production on Johne's-positive dairy operations accounted for most of the uncertainty in the economic-impact estimates. If Johne's disease had not been present on US dairy operations, then an additional 580 million ±460 million kg of milk would have been produced, but the price would have fallen by 1·1±1·0 cents/kg, and the total value of the milk would have decreased by $580 million ± $560 million.

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KURWIJILA, L. R., A. OMORE, S. STAAL et N. S. Y. MDOE. « Investigation of the Risk of Exposure to Antimicrobial Residues Present in Marketed Milk in Tanzania ». Journal of Food Protection 69, n^o 10 (1 octobre 2006) : 2487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.10.2487.

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Concerns about food safety are increasing in developing countries where urbanization and changing life styles are associated with greater dependence on marketed foods. Ensuring the safety of animal products supplied from smallholder and pastoral systems in these countries presents a great challenge. The risk of consumer exposure to marketed milk containing antimicrobial residues was investigated by testing 986 samples of unpasteurized milk collected in dry and wet seasons from market agents along milk supply chains in and around Mwanza and Dar es Salaam in Tanzania during 1999 and 2000 and estimating the frequency of consuming such milk. With the Charm-AIM screening test kit, antimicrobial residues were detected in 36% of marketed milk samples, suggesting an average risk of about 11 exposures per month for a daily consumer of milk. The higher prevalence levels of the residues were not significantly different by site or season, as had been hypothesized. Recommendations to address this problem are (i) creation of awareness among policy makers, who are currently unaware of the milk safety problem, and development of potential interventions to address the problem, (ii) testing for the residues at milk collection centers, and (iii) further investigation of milk production practices used by the predominantly smallholder producers and market agents. Risks should be characterized and estimated to provide a basis for designing appropriate extension messages and effective management strategies for protecting the health of consumers without unnecessarily jeopardizing the livelihood benefits derived from dairying by producers and market agents.

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Losinger, Willard C. « Economic impacts of reduced milk production associated with papillomatous digital dermatitis in dairy cows in the USA ». Journal of Dairy Research 73, n^o 2 (29 mars 2006) : 244–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029906001798.

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The goal of this study was to measure the economic impacts of reduced milk production associated with papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD) in dairy cows in the USA, and of specific risk factors for PDD, in 1996. The method applied was an economic-welfare analysis of producer and consumer surplus, with the GUM Workbench used to analyse uncertainties in the measurements. Reduced milk production associated with PDD was found to reduce consumer surplus by $750 million±$580 million, and to increase the economic surplus of producers by $560 million±$470 million, with a net economic loss of $190 million±$130 million. An examination of the economic effects of specific epidemiologic risk factors for PDD showed that having dairy cows that were not born on the operation had important economic consequences associated with the disease, as did the type of land to which dairy cows had access during the winter months and the type of flooring on which cows walked. Washing hoof-trimming equipment between cows was an important biosecurity measure that was associated with reduced PDD. The epidemiologic model used also implicated hoof trimmers who trimmed cattle hooves on other operations as having an important economic impact associated with this disease, although this finding may have been erroneous.

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Emukule, Justus I., Mary J. Kipsat et Caroline C. Wambui. « Determinants of Households’ Market Participation around Community Milk Cooling Plants, Western Kenya ». Journal of Agricultural Science 10, n^o 3 (9 février 2018) : 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n3p204.

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Market participation in sub-Saharan Africa has been assessed mainly based on already producing households by looking at whether they sold or not, and if they sold, what quantities. The objective of this study was to determine the socio economic factors that influenced households’ decisions on market participation in terms of dairy cow ownership and quantity of milk sold while taking into consideration the non-producers using Heckman two stage model. The model allowed for not only determination of the effects of household characteristics on volume of milk surplus sold by already producing households but also drew inferences on the effect of household characteristics on probabilities of dairy cow ownership whileadding new information to literature by generating the truncation effect. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 544 producer and non-producer households and primary data collected using a semi structured interview schedule through personal interviews. From the results, probit marginal effects for dairy cow ownership were associated positively and statistically significant with household size, the level of education and land size owned by the households. The Heckman selection estimates revealed that increased number of dairy cows per household positively influenced the volumes of milk sold, while household size influenced negatively the quantity of milk sold. In conclusion, milk sales conditional on dairy cow ownership suffered from negative selectivity bias whereby a household with sample average characteristics who selected into dairy cow ownership secured 40% lower quantity of milk sold than would a household drawn at random.

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von Gastrow, Lucas, Marie-Noëlle Madec, Victoria Chuat, Stanislas Lubac, Clémence Morinière, Sébastien Lé, Sylvain Santoni, Delphine Sicard et Florence Valence. « Microbial Diversity Associated with Gwell, a Traditional French Mesophilic Fermented Milk Inoculated with a Natural Starter ». Microorganisms 8, n^o 7 (30 juin 2020) : 982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8070982.

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Gwell is a traditional mesophilic fermented milk from the Brittany region of France. The fermentation process is based on a back-slopping method. The starter is made from a portion of the previous Gwell production, so that Gwell is both the starter and final product for consumption. In a participatory research framework involving 13 producers, Gwell was characterized from both the sensory and microbial points of view and was defined by its tangy taste and smooth and dense texture. The microbial community of typical Gwell samples was studied using both culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches. Lactococcus lactis was systematically identified in Gwell, being represented by both subspecies cremoris and lactis biovar diacetylactis which were always associated. Geotrichum candidum was also found in all the samples. The microbial composition was confirmed by 16S and ITS2 metabarcoding analysis. We were able to reconstruct the history of Gwell exchanges between producers, and thus obtained the genealogy of the samples we analyzed. The samples clustered in two groups which were also differentiated by their microbial composition, and notably by the presence or absence of yeasts identified as Kazachstania servazii and Streptococcus species.

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Warvrin, William J. « Organizing milk harvest : A producer perspective on infrastructure and human resources ». American Association of Bovine Practitioners Conference Proceedings, n^o 56 (10 mai 2024) : 77–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21423/aabppro20238856.

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One of the major considerations in operating a dairy production enterprise is the development and execution of a strategy for milk harvest. The production of milk as a business enterprise is generally governed by commodity based financial considerations. That is, the price of the final product is driven by the relationship between supply and demand. Both price and cost associated with the final product will be cyclical, and producers with lowest cost will, on average, gain market share over time just as those with high cost will lose market share over economic cycles and may exit the business. Thus, the major consideration in organizing milk harvest is how strategic decisions will affect the final cost of the product. Some of the costs associated with the milking center can be considered direct costs while other aspects of the strategy can be considered indirect costs or opportunities. There are still other less tangible aspects of the harvest strategy that may not impact costs directly or indirectly at the milking center, but nonetheless have a bearing on what may be considered success in dairy production on a broader human scale.

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Cottrill, B. R., H. Biggadike, C. A. Collins et S. B. Drew. « The relationship between milk urea content and fertility in dairy cows ». Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1999 (1999) : 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200002234.

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A number of studies have shown that milk urea levels above about 350 mg/l are associated with reduced fertility in dairy cows (Ropstad and Refsdal, 1987; Gustafsson and Carlsson, 1993). A significant and increasing proportion of UK milk producers receive regular information on the urea content of bulk milk as part of routine milk testing. Two studies were undertaken to examine whether the urea content in bulk milk (Study 1) or in milk from individual cows at about the time of service (Study 2) could be used as a management aid to improve fertility status.In Study 1, the milk urea (MU) contents in bulk milk samples from 475 farms in England and Wales were determined by NIRS. Fertility data for each farm was obtained from National Milk Records. Analysis of the data for each month of the study was restricted to those herds in which ≥15 cows were served.

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KELLY, E., L. SHALLOO, U. GEARY, A. KINSELLA, F. THORNE et M. WALLACE. « The associations of management and demographic factors with technical, allocative and economic efficiency of Irish dairy farms ». Journal of Agricultural Science 150, n^o 6 (4 avril 2012) : 738–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859612000287.

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SUMMARYThe phasing out of the European Union (EU) milk quota will create opportunities for producers to expand without the constraint of quota which has limited expansion since 1984. Therefore, it will be necessary for Irish dairy producers to become more competitive by increasing performance using the least amount of inputs per unit of output and maximizing the level of technical and economic efficiency. The objectives of the current study were to measure technical, allocative and economic efficiency, and to investigate the associations of key management, qualitative and demographic characteristics on efficiency. Efficiency scores were calculated using the non-parametric methodology data envelopment analysis (DEA). The DEA results showed that on average the sample of Irish dairy producers were not fully efficient in 2008 with technical, allocative and economic efficiency results under variable returns to scale (VRS) of 0·771, 0·740 and 0·571, respectively. In a second stage analysis, Tobit regressions were used to determine the associations of key variables with the technical, allocative and economic efficiency scores. The efficiency scores were included as dependent variables and the key independent variables were a variety of management and demographic variables. Mean calving date, number of grazing days, breeding season length, milk quality, discussion group membership and soil quality were all associated with technical and economic efficiency. Milk recording, use of artificial insemination (AI) and level of dairy specialization were associated with allocative and economic efficiency only. Age and age squared were the only significant demographic associations with the efficiency scores.

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Hough, GM, et GJ Sawyer. « Aspects of heifer management which limit productivity on dairy farms in Western Australia : a survey ». Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, n^o 7 (1993) : 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930833.

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In 1989, a survey of 53 producers from the major dairy areas of the south-west of Western Australia was conducted to determine current management practices for dairy heifers and to identify of areas of heifer management which could be improved to increase overall farm productivity. Total farm size averaged 220 ha, with an average market milk quota of 699 L/day (50% of total milk produced). One-third of producers described their farm activity as dairying only. Some 116 calves were born per farm, with a year-round calving distribution. Calves were fed 5.4 L whole milk/day, with an average age at weaning of 13 weeks (range 5-26 weeks). Mortality recorded to 3 months of age was 4% and the most important health problem associated with calf rearing was scours. Of those properties with a health problem, 25% used antibiotics on a regular basis. All producers provided supplementary feed pre-weaning. In the period between weaning and mating, more than half the producers ran heifers on paddocks 3-80 km distant from the main farm, with hay the most common form of supplementary feed. Most dairy heifers were naturally mated to Hereford, Friesian, or Angus sires; hence, few heifers from first calvers were kept as dairy replacements. Average age at first calving was reported to be 30 months, with 1 in 9 heifers culled post-calving, generally for low milk production. The survey highlighted several aspects of heifer management with the potential to improve overall productivity of dairy farms in Western Australia. They include earlier weaning, strategic use of antibiotics to prevent the development of antibiotic resistance, greater use of artificial insemination, and a reduction in age at first calving.

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Němečková, I., M. Pechačová et P. Roubal. « Problems with detection of proteolytic microorganisms and their undesirable activities in milk ». Czech Journal of Food Sciences 27, Special Issue 2 (3 janvier 2010) : 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/666-cjfs.

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Occurrence of proteolytic enzymes in milk is often associated with technological problems and sensory, rheological and functional defects of final dairy products. Thus, the simple, cost-effective and available laboratory method for evaluation of undesirable proteolysis risk is needed. In our work we have tested cultivation plate methods and chemical methods (formol titration, ammonium reflectometric determination, the Kjeldahl method, the agar-well diffusion assay and spectrofotometry after cleavage of azo-casein) to choose the proper ones which can provide information on undesirable proteolytic changes especially in raw milk. Although the microbiological analyses cannot detect enzymes indigenous to milk, but only the quantity of producers of microbial enzymes, they seem to be the most acceptable, particularly usage of the Glucose-Trypton-Yeast Extract agar with 10% vol. of sterile milk added before pouring onto plates (incubation at 30°C for 72 h). The chemical methods are not sensitive enough to analyse the real milk samples.

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ROHRBACH, BARTON W., F. ANN DRAUGHON, P. MICHAEL DAVIDSON et STEPHEN P. OLIVER. « Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Salmonella in Bulk Tank Milk : Risk Factors and Risk of Human Exposure ». Journal of Food Protection 55, n^o 2 (1 février 1992) : 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-55.2.93.

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Milk samples (n=292) from farm bulk tanks were analyzed for selected bacteria. Frequency of bacterial isolation was Listeria monocytogenes 12 (4.1%), Campylobacter jejuni 36 (12.3%), Yersinia enterocolitica 44 (15.1%), and Salmonella 26 (8.9%). The presence of one or more selected bacteria was not associated with grade classification of dairy, barn type, milking hygiene, reported incidence of clinical mastitis among cows, or the number of cows on the farm. Consumption of raw bulk milk was reported by 68/195 (34.9%) dairy producers, and of bulk tanks from which raw milk was consumed, 17/68 (25%) were contaminated with one or more species of pathogenic bacteria.

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Dey, Tushar Kumar, Johanna Frida Lindahl, Åke Lundkvist, Delia Grace, Ram Pratim Deka, Rajeswari Shome, Samiran Bandyopadhyay, Naresh Kumar Goyal, Garima Sharma et Bibek Ranjan Shome. « Analyses of Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase, Metallo-β-Lactamase, and AmpC-β-Lactamase Producing Enterobacteriaceae from the Dairy Value Chain in India ». Antibiotics 12, n^o 9 (14 septembre 2023) : 1449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12091449.

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The consumption of milk contaminated with antibiotic-resistant bacteria poses a significant health threat to humans. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae producing β-lactamases (ESBL, MBL, and AmpC) in cow and buffalo milk samples from two Indian states, Haryana and Assam. A total of 401 milk samples were collected from dairy farmers and vendors in the specified districts. Microbiological assays, antibiotic susceptibility testing, and PCR-based genotyping were employed to analyze 421 Gram-negative bacterial isolates. The overall prevalence of β-lactamase genes was 10% (confidence interval (CI) (7–13)), with higher rates in Haryana (13%, CI (9–19)) compared to Assam (7%, CI (4–11)). The identified β-lactamase genes in isolates were blaCMY, blaMOX, blaFOX, blaEBC, and blaDHA, associated with AmpC production, while blaCTX-M1, blaSHV, and blaTEM were detected as ESBL producers. While blaVIM, blaIMP, blaSPM, blaSIM, and blaGIM were identified as MBL producers. Notably, Shigella spp. were the dominant β-lactamase producers among identified Enterobacteriaceae. This study highlights the presence of various prevalent β-lactamase genes in milk isolates, indicating the potential risk of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in dairy products. The presence of β-lactam resistance raises concern as this could restrict antibiotic options for treatment. The discordance between genotypic and phenotypic methods emphasizes the necessity for comprehensive approaches that integrate both techniques to accurately assess antibiotic resistance. Urgent collaborative action incorporating rational and regulated use of antibiotics across the dairy value chain is required to address the global challenge of β-lactam resistance.

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LITTLE, C. L., et J. de LOUVOIS. « Health risks associated with unpasteurized goats' and ewes' milk on retail sale in England and Wales. A PHLS Dairy Products Working Group Study ». Epidemiology and Infection 122, n^o 3 (juin 1999) : 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268899002307.

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A pilot study to determine the microbiological quality of unpasteurized milk from goats and ewes sampled from farm shops, health food shops, and other retail premises found that 47%, (47/100) of goats' and 50% (13/26) of ewes' milk samples failed the standards prescribed by the Dairy Products (Hygiene) Regulations 1995. In addition, Staphylococcus aureus, haemolytic streptococci or enterococci, were present in excess of 102 c.f.u./ml in 9 (7%) 2 (2%) and 19 (15%) samples, respectively. Salmonella, campylobacter, verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7 and Listeria monocytogenes were not detected in the samples. At the time of purchase approximately half of the milk samples (58%) were frozen, the rest were liquid. Farm outlets sold predominantly liquid milk, other retail premises sold a frozen product. The microbiological quality of goats' and ewes' milk, whether frozen or liquid, was not significantly different. Milk sold from farm shops was of lower quality than that from health food shops and other retail premises. In this pilot study most producers (92%) supplied, and most retailers (76%) sold unpasteurized goats' and ewes' milk that contained unacceptable levels of indicator organisms. The study was carried out during the winter when goats' milk production is reduced. The results indicate the need for a full representative study of unpasteurized goats' and ewes' milk on retail sale throughout the year.

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AI-Abri, A. S., C. D. Lu, R. J. Early, A. Srikandakumar, O. Mahgoub, A. Ritche et K. Annamalai. « Performance of Lactating Dairy Cows Fed Dried Sardines ». Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 4, n^o 1 (1 janvier 1999) : 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol4iss1pp35-42.

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To utilize locally available feed resources with livestock production in hot climates, dried sardines were incorporated into diets for lactating dairy cows. Fourteen Holstein and 13 Australian Milk Zebu multiparous cows were used in a 70-day continuous feeding experiment. lsonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets containing either soybean meal or dried sardines (supplied 40% of dietary crude protein) were fed ad - libitum. Comparisons between diets were made during the 7-week experimental period. The experiment was conducted as a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatment, with diet and breed as main factors. Ruminal pH, ammonia N, total and individual volatile fatty acids concentrations were not altered by the feeding of dried sardines. Intakes of dry matter, energy, crude protein, and acid detergent fiber were lower (P<0.05) in both breeds of cows fed dried sardines. Intakes of ether extract and ash were higher (P<0.05) in cows fed dried sardines. Although it was not statistically significant, milk production was higher (P>0.05) in Holstein cows fed dried sardines than those fed the control diet (16.2 vs 15.1 kg/d). Feeding of dried sardines did not affect milk composition and compositional yields. Milk production was higher (P<0.01) in Holstein than Australian Milk Zebu cows. Effect of diet and breed interaction on milk production was significant (P<0.01 ). Potential of feeding marine proteins may be higher for higher milk producers (Holstein) than lower producers (Australian Milk Zebu). Reproduction parameters, body condition scores, and heat-stress associated parameters were not affected by the feeding of dried sardines. This study suggests that dried sardines could be incorporated into diets of lactating dairy cows without affecting milk production.

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Beral, Mbaïgolmem Valery, Bessimbaye Nadlaou et Tidjani Abdelsalam. « Profile of pathogenic bacteria isolated from cow's milk in N'Djamena : associated risk factors and antibiotic resistance ». Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 14, n^o 5 (15 mai 2024) : 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v14i5.6535.

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Raw milk and its derivatives are foodstuffs vulnerable to contamination by microorganisms including pathogenic bacteria and failure to comply with hygiene rules. The objective of this study was to determine the profile of pathogenic bacteria isolated from cow's milk and to evaluate the effectiveness of antibiotics commonly used in veterinary and human medicine against these bacteria in Chad. This was a prospective and analytical study based on bacteriological examination including 180 milk samples collected in 10 districts of N'Djamena. The isolation, identification and testing of sensitivity of isolated bacteria to antibiotics were carried out under standard food bacteriology conditions. Among 180 milk samples which were screened by bacteriological examination, 71 (34.44%) cases were positive. The bacterial strains isolated were: Staphylococcus aureus (38.03%), Streptococcus agalactiae (18.31%), Staphylococcus hyicus (11.27%), Streptococcus uberis (7.04%), Escherichia coliO157H7 (7.04%), Streptococcus pyogenes (5.63%), Aeromonas hydrophila (5.63%), Listeria monocytogenes (4.22%) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2.81%). The risk factors most frequently associated with milk contamination were hand milking (100%) followed by unsanitary environment (65%), 35% of milks were sold in reused bottles and 58% of vendors and producers were uneducated. The antibiogram of the 69 isolated bacterial agents showed reduced sensitivities to beta-lactams and aminoglycosides, and varied resistance to cyclins and fluoroquinolones. Streptomycin remains an aminoglycoside most sensitive to all strains of pathogenic bacteria with an average level of 95.7%. Staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus hyicus) developed an average resistance of 80.15% to methycillin, 80.1% to vancomycin and all bacteria showed an average resistance of 85% to metronidazole. Streptococci strains (Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus pyogenes) were very sensitive (76.3%) to vancomycin. The isolated Listeria monocytogenes strains were 100%sensitive to aminoglycosides and beta-lactams. The two-strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis detected by GeneXpert had a profile of 50%sensitivity and 50%resistance to rifampicin. This study not only made it possible to know the high rate and frequency of pathogenic bacteria in cow's milk as well as the associated risk factors, but also showed a reduction in sensitivity of bacteria to aminopenicillins and aminoglycosides, a strong resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to methicillin and vancomycin and a high sensitivity of streptococci to vancomycin.

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O’Hara, Kathleen C., Juliana Ranches, Leslie M. Roche, Tracy Kay Schohr, Roselle C. Busch et Gabriele U. Maier. « Impacts from Wildfires on Livestock Health and Production : Producer Perspectives ». Animals 11, n^o 11 (12 novembre 2021) : 3230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11113230.

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Wildfires are increasing in frequency and severity across the Western United States. However, there is limited information available on the impacts these fires are having on the livelihood of livestock producers and their animals. This work presents the results of a survey evaluating the direct and indirect impacts of the 2020 wildfire season on beef cattle, dairy cattle, sheep, and goat, producers in California, Oregon, and Nevada. Seventy completed surveys were collected between May and July 2021. While dairy producers reported no direct impacts from the fires, beef, sheep, and goat producers were impacted by evacuations and pasture lost to fires. Only beef producers reported losses due to burns and burn-associated deaths or euthanasia. Dairy, beef, sheep, and goat producers observed reduced conception, poor weight gain, and drops in milk production. All but dairy producers also observed pneumonia. Lower birthweights, increased abortion rates, and unexplained deaths were reported in beef cattle, sheep, and goats. This work documents the wide-ranging impacts of wildfires on livestock producers and highlights the need for additional work defining the health impacts of fire and smoke exposure in livestock, as well as the policy changes needed to support producers experiencing direct and indirect losses.

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Veríssimo, Cecília José, Flávia Vasques, Keila Maria Roncato Duarte, Valdinei Tadeu Paulino et Luis Alberto Ambrósio. « Management and control of parasites on dairy farms in northwestern region of São Paulo state ». Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 25, n^o 3 (25 août 2016) : 306–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016050.

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Abstract Dairy cattle farming is of great economic and social importance in all Brazilian’s regions. Parasites can reduce milk productivity, especially the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. This study consisted of a questionnaire answered by 40 milk producers in the northwestern region of the State of São Paulo. The aim was to ascertain how these producers controlled ticks and other parasites. Very many of them knew nothing about the biological cycle of the cattle tick or about strategic control or acaricide efficacy tests. The majority (87.5%) controlled ticks at a high frequency, without technical criteria and care to apply the acaricide. Spraying was the most used mode of acaricide application (95%) and endectocides were used by 45%. Cattle tick fever was the harm most associated with ticks (87.5%) followed closely by screwworm (77.5%). However, 65% were satisfied with their tick control. About the control of others parasites, all dewormed at least twice a year their animals; 65% were controlling horn fly; 40% had problems with screwworm. The interviewers had in general good level of education and the farms generally exhibited a high degree of technology for milk production on pasture because half of them received technical assistance frequently.

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Ladyka, V. I., Y. I. Sklyarenko et Y. M. Pavlenko. « ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX GENOTYPES OF BETA- AND KAPPA CASEIN OF BULLS OF DAIRY BREEDS ». Animal Breeding and Genetics 60 (23 novembre 2020) : 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.60.13.

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Marker-dependent breeding is one of the most relevant areas for improving the dairy productivity of cattle. It allows the selection of parent forms at the gene level. The growing demands of the market for milk quality make it necessary to select dairy herds using genetic markers associated with qualitative characteristics of milk productivity. A topical issue in dairy cattle breeding today is the study of the relationship between hereditary factors that determine the types of proteins in milk. Casein is the main component of milk proteins and is represented by three fractions – alpha (CSN1S1), beta (CSN2) and kappa (CSN3). The content of individual casein fractions depends on the breed of cows. Genetic variants of beta-casein significantly affect human health, while kappa-casein is associated with the quality of milk and the greater suitability of milk for processing and cheese production. The aim of this work is to evaluate the genotype of sires approved for use in Ukrainian farms in 2020 based on beta- and kappa-casein genes. Materials and methods. The research was conducted by analyzing the catalog of bulls of dairy and dairy-meat breeds for breeding stock reproduction in 2020. Bulls were analyzed according to the genotype of beta – and kappa-casein of Holstein (n = 872), Simmental (n = 17), Montbellard (n = 3), (wro.synel.net; motbeliarde.org) Jersey (n = 59), Red Danish (n = 8), Red Norwegian (n = 7), Schwyz (n = 17), Aishir (n = 8) breeds, evaluated by offspring quality and genomic assessment. The website DairyBulls.com is used to analyze the results of the evaluation of bulls-producers on a set of characteristics. The research results were processed by mathematical statistics methods using the "Statistica-6.1" package in a Windows PC environment. It was found that the majority of bulls-producers approved for use were evaluated based on these genotypes. Depending on the breed, the number of bulls estimated by the studied characteristics ranged from 43 to 85%. Depending on the breed, from 2 to 16 different combinations of beta- and kappa-casein genotypes were identified. The frequency of occurrence of the desired complex genotype A2A2/BB, depending on the breed, was in the range of 0.0 to 75.0%. Holstein bulls of the desired A2A2/BB genotype were estimated to be superior to bulls of some other complex genotypes in terms of daughter milk yield, the amount of milk fat, milk protein, lifetime profit indices, cheese profit, and milk profit. Therefore, the use of sperm production of bulls with the A2A2/BB genotype will improve the economically useful characteristics of offspring, and will further increase the number of livestock with the desired complex genotype. Summary. 1. Taking into account the data of many domestic and foreign scientists who claim that the genotype of animals by the beta – and kappa-casein polymorphism affects the qualitative composition of milk, it is necessary to have in herds the necessary number of animals carrying the A2 allele of beta-casein and the B allele of the kappa-casein gene. The desired breeding parameters of the herd can be achieved by using bulls with BB genotypes for kappa-casein and A2A2 for beta-casein. Correction of the bulls-producers selection system can only be carried out if the breeding stock of the herd is genotyped according to the polymorphism of the beta-and kappa – casein genotypes. Holding this event will increase the protein content and will improve cheese suitability of milk of cattle of future generations. The use of bulls-producers without taking into account their genotypes for the casein fractions described above and the lack of polymorphism control of these genes among cows can lead to a decrease in the frequency of desired genotypes in the herd and a decrease in the technological qualities of milk as raw materials. 2. The created database of bulls-producers approved for use in Ukraine, evaluated by the beta-and kappa – casein genotypes, allows us to establish a positive perspective on the possibility of forming staffed herds of animals with the desired complex A2A2/BB genotype in Ukraine. 3. It was found that bulls of dairy breeds have different frequencies of beta – and kappa casein alleles. The part of bulls-producers of the desired complex genotype A2A2/BB of Holstein breed is 8.49%, Holstein Red-pockmarked – 2.94%, Schwyz – 75%, Jersey – 13.79%, Red Danish – 12.5%, Red Norwegian – 20.0%, Montbellard – 25%. Among animals of Simmental and Aishir breeds – bulls with the desired complex genotype A2A2/BB were not detected. 4. Bulls of the desired complex genotype A2A2/BB according to the indicators of milk yield of daughters, the amount of milk fat, milk protein, indices of lifetime profit, profit for cheese, profit for milk were dominated bulls with separate complex genotypes CSN2-CSN3

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Zapata-Salas, Richard, José F. Guarín et Leonardo A. Ríos-Osorio. « Consumption and Informal Trade of Milk in the North of Antioquia (Colombia) ». Veterinary Medicine International 2024 (22 mars 2024) : 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/6644328.

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The excessive and irrational use of antibiotics to control bovine mastitis and the informal trade in milk with antibiotic residues are objects of great interest for public health, due to the problems associated with the consumption of milk with antibiotic residues on human, animal, and environmental health, and antibiotic resistance. The objective of this study was to understand the attitudes of dairy farmers towards the self-consumption of milk on the farm, the use of milk with antibiotic residues, and the formal and informal milk trade that generates risks for public health. Mixed methods: cross-sectional and grounded theory. Convergent triangulation design. The study was carried out in 9 dairy municipalities in the North of Antioquia, where 216 dairy farmers participated in the quantitative component; and 17 milk producers and 9 veterinarians took part in the qualitative component. A dairy farmer characterization survey was conducted, as well as a survey on the use and marketing of milk from cows with udder health problems and/or under antibiotic treatment. Semistructured interviews were conducted on the same subject. The variable “Intention to sell milk in the village when the dairy industry does not buy it due to high BTSCC” is associated with the BTSCC variable. The variable “Type of marketing reported” is associated with the CFU variable. 5 categories: self-consumption of milk, use of milk with antibiotics, informal milk trade, control of the dairy industry, and beliefs about the elimination of antibiotics in milk, were constructed to theorize about udder health and public health. Sociocultural, political, and economic factors affect decision making in dairy farmers regarding the use and marketing of milk from cows with mastitis and antibiotic residues. These attitudes and behaviors have public health implications.

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Aliyo, Alqeer, et Zelalem Teklemariam. « Assessment of Milk Contamination, Associated Risk Factors, and Drug Sensitivity Patterns among Isolated Bacteria from Raw Milk of Borena Zone, Ethiopia ». Journal of Tropical Medicine 2022 (20 juin 2022) : 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3577715.

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Background. The contamination of raw milk depends on the number and type of organisms that can cause health risks, which can be judged by the presence of microorganisms and bacterial pathogens. This study evaluated bacterial contamination, the risk factor, and drug sensitivity patterns. Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out on conveniently selected 95 milk producers. Data were collected using the structured pretest questionnaire and the observation control list. Subsequently, 15 to 20 ml of milk samples were taken for laboratory analysis. The milk samples have been diluted and continuously inoculated on the number of standard plates and the blue Eosin methylene germs for the total number of bacteria and coliforms counted. Biochemical and drug sensitivity tests have been done. The version 21 Statistical Package for the Social Sciences was used for analysis. Analysis of the associated factors using binary logistical regression analysis and a P value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results. The total bacteria (TBC) and coliform count (CC) average with the standard deviation were 7.57 ± 0.83 log10 and 6.54 ± 1.53 log10 CFU/mL, respectively. The prevalence of raw milk contaminated with TBC and TCC was 84 (88.4%) and 75 (78.9%), respectively. Lack of handwash practice before milking (AOR = 2.4 [95% CI: 0.35–16.4]) and using unclean milk containers (AOR = 7.47 [95% CI: 0.0023–28.64]) were found to be significantly associated with bacterial contamination of raw milk. The bacteria isolated were E. coli (30.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (16.7%), and Salmonella spp. (1.2%). Among isolated bacteria, 76.3% were extensive drug resistant, 13.2% were multidrug resistant, and 2.6% were resistant to all drugs tested in the current study. Conclusion. Guaranteed appropriate hygiene exercise during time of milking and clean containers reduced milk contamination. Doctors should consider resistance to drugs during the treatment of patients with milk disease.

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Salamanca-Carreño, Arcesio, Mauricio Vélez-Terranova, Diana Patricia Barajas-Pardo, Rita Tamasaukas, Raúl Jáuregui-Jiménez et Pere M. Parés-Casanova. « Environmental and Breed Risk Factors Associated with the Prevalence of Subclinical Mastitis in Dual-Purpose Livestock Systems in the Arauca Floodplain Savannah, Colombian Orinoquia ». Animals 13, n^o 24 (11 décembre 2023) : 3815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13243815.

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The aim of this study was to assess the environmental and breed risk factors associated with the prevalence of subclinical mastitis (SCM) in cows in the dual-purpose livestock system of Arauca, Colombian Orinoquia. Milk samples were taken from 1924 mammary quarters, corresponding to 481 cows on 28 different farms, and the California Mastitis Test (CMT) was applied. Risk factors associated with SCM were determined using multiple logistic regression analysis. The response variable was the presence (1) or absence (0) of SCM. Breed was included as a genetic risk factor, and daily milk production, number of cows in production, lactation month, calving number, cow age, climatic period, and body condition were included as environmental risk factors. The analysis of the odds ratio (OR) of significant effects indicated that the factors significantly associated with the presence of SCM were the number of cows (OR = 2.29; p = 0.005), milk production (OR = 0.88; p = 0.045), and the Taurus-Indicus breeds (OR = 1.79; p = 0.009) and composite breed (OR = 3.95; p = 0.005). In this study, the occurrence of SCM was determined by the following risk factors: number of cows, milk production, and breed. Likewise, the highest prevalence seemed to occur on farms with less technological development and sanitary management of producers from the lowest socioeconomic stratum.

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Sadeghi-Sefidmazgi, A., et P. R. Amer. « Milk losses and quality payment associated with somatic cell counts under different management systems in an arid climate ». Canadian Journal of Animal Science 95, n^o 3 (septembre 2015) : 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas-2014-128.

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Sadeghi-Sefidmazgi, A. and Amer, P. R. 2015. Milk losses and quality payment associated with somatic cell counts under different management systems in an arid climate. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 351–360. The objectives of this research were (1) to estimate the economic benefits or new marketing opportunities due to a reduction in milk somatic cell count (SCC) for dairy producers through improved management practices and (2) to quantify the production loss associated with SCC under different management systems. A total of 38 530 average lactation SCC records for 10 216 Holstein cows gathered on 25 dairy farms from January 2009 to October 2012 in Isfahan (Iran) were analyzed under 13 types of herd management practices including 40 levels of health, milking and housing conditions. The results show that there are many well-established management practices associated with higher-quality payment for SCC that have not yet been applied in Isfahan dairy farms. The lowest and highest economic premium opportunity (US$) from SCC were estimated to be for production systems applying washable towels for teat cleaning (5.69) and production systems with no teat disinfection (31.07) per cow per lactation. Results indicate that any increase of one unit in average lactation somatic cell score is expected to cause a significant reduction in average lactation 305-d milk yield from 36.0 to 173.4 kg, depending on the level of management practices employed. In general, farmers with higher milk yield and well-managed practices for mastitis control would lose more milk when an increase occurs in SCC.

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Alembo, Edget Abayneh, et Tomas Tonjo Torka. « Prevalence, Contamination Level, and Associated Factors of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Raw Cow Milk at Selected Districts of Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia ». Veterinary Medicine International 2023 (15 avril 2023) : 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6238754.

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Staphylococcus aureus is pathogenic bacterium contaminating milk and milk products causing bacterial food poisoning. In the current study sites, there is no information on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Thus, the current study sought to assess the risk factors that contribute to the contamination of raw cow milk, the bacterial load, and the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aurous. A cross-sectional study was conducted, January to December, 2021, on randomly selected 140 milk samples from selling point of Arba Minch Zuria and Chencha districts. Fresh milk samples were processed and tested for bacterial load, bacterial isolation, and methicillin susceptibility patterns. Questionnaire survey was conducted on 140 producers and collectors to assess hygienic factors attributed to contamination of raw cow milk with Staphylococcus aureus. The overall prevalence of S. aureus was 42.1% (59/140) (95% confidence interval (CI): 34.80–51.40%). About 15.6% (22/140) of the milk samples assessed had the viable count and total S. aureus count higher than 5log cfu/mL with 5.3 + 1.68 and 1.36 + 1.7log cfu/ml−1 bacterial loads, respectively. The rate of isolation of S. aureus was significantly high in milk from highland than lowland ( p = 0.030 ). The multivariable logistic regression revealed that educational status (OR: 6.00; 95% CI: 4.01–8.07), picking one’s nose while working on milk (OR: 1.41; 95% CI: 0.54–2.25), cleaning the milk can (OR: 4.5; 95% CI: 2.61–5.17), hand washing activities (OR: 3.4; 95% CI: 1.670–6.987), check for abnormal milk (OR: 2; 95% CI: 1.55–2.75), and container for milk (OR: 3; 95% CI: 0.12–0.67) were risk factors significantly associated with the occurrence of S. aureus in milk. In conclusion, the highest rate of resistance was observed to ampicillin (84.7%) and cefoxitin (76.3%). All isolates are resistant to at least two types of antimicrobial drugs, while 65.0% of the isolates were found to be multidrug-resistant. The higher prevalence, high load, and antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus indicate the higher public health risk due to the widespread consumption of raw milk in the area. Furthermore, consumers in the study area should be aware of the risks associated with consuming raw milk.

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Kumari, Sarita, et Prabir Kumar Sarkar. « In vitro production of diarrhoeal enterotoxin by Bacilus cereus isolates from milk and dairy products ». NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 10, n^o 1 (2016) : 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2016.v10i01.005.

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Bacilius cereus is a great safety concern for dairy industry as it is associated with incidences of food poisoning by producing enterotoxins. In the present study, growth temperature profile and enterotoxin production potental of 144 strains of Bacalus cereus isolated from milk and dairy products were investigated. Out of them, 107 (74.36) were able to grow at s7 oC. Presence of such a large number of psychrotolerant/psychotrophic strains in dairy environment is of major concern mainly because of their potential for growth, spoilage and ton production in chilled products. Out of 144 isolates, 134 (93%) exhibited haemalysis. While 98% of the solates from milk and 899% from. cheese were positive for diarhoeal enterotoxin, all the isolates from milk powder, ice cream, paneer and butter were positive. The prevalence of potent producers of enterotoxin among dairy isolates pases a high health risk.

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Yıldırım, İbrahim, Mustafa Terin, Kenan Çiftçi, Melike Ceylan et Bekir İlban. « Determination of Factors Effective on the Organization of Dairy Cattle Farms : A Case Study of Van Province of Tuşba District ». Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 6, n^o 12 (17 décembre 2018) : 1827. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v6i12.1827-1832.2198.

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The study aims at estimating the effect of producers’ socio-economic characteristics and the farm structure on the probability of becoming a member of an agricultural organization. For this aim Ordered Probit Model was applied. The data of 2010 production period was collected from 66 dairy cattle farms through questionnaires based on stratified random sampling method. While 74.2% of producers were not a member to any organization, the remaining 18.2 and 7.6% were members of one and more than one organizations, respectively. The result of study showed that the variables of experience, education level, milk yields, milking machine existence, and record keeping rate increased the probability of becoming a member to any agricultural organization. Government financial, technical and educational supports towards increasing the number of cattle farms, with high educated and experienced labor and high productivity levels, which are associated in an agricultural organization, could promote the willingness of producers in the region in participating of agricultural organizations as a member.

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Valieva, E. R., А. А. Unzhakova et N. N. Kochnev. « Assessment of the influence of the maternal genotype on the realization of the productive potential of Holstein cattle in the conditions of the Novosibirsk region ». Bulletin of NSAU (Novosibirsk State Agrarian University), n^o 4 (31 décembre 2020) : 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2072-6724-2020-57-4-56-64.

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An analysis of the productive qualities of mothers cows and their offspring, obtained from different fathers, showed that the contribution of parents to the formation of milk productivity is unequal. Intensive selection of bulls-producers leads to fixation of homozygotes at the loci associated with traits of milk production, which increases their influence on offspring. The strength of the influence of the father’s factor on milk yield, milk protein and live weight of daughters was 6, respectively; 14 and 16%. The productivity level of mothers did not significantly affect the productivity of their daughters. High-yielding offspring can be obtained from low-yielding cows. Daughters surpassed their mothers in milk yield, but inferior in fat milk. The proportion of deviation from the theoretically expected productivity of daughters (milk yield per 305 days), which is caused by the influence of the maternal genotype, in the groups of Auckland No. 426436885, Showman No. 831842 and Euclid No. 831491, respectively, was 15.8; 27.5 and 30.4%. The correlation coefficient between the milk yield of mothers and daughters was + 0.25 (p <0.05), and body weight correlated at the level of +0.3 (p <0.01). In the groups of daughters, butterfat is associated with milk yield (r = - 0.5) and milk protein (from +0.34 to +0.67). For mothers, the relationship between these indicators was lower. It is possible that half-siblings have stronger genetic links between traits than unrelated mothers. Genetic diversity in milk yield (h2 = 0.6) and live weight (h2 = 0.5) was established. Repeatability coefficients for fat and milk protein were at the level of 0.35. The productive potential of the breed depends on the combinational compatibility of the parents, their contribution to the formation of complex quantitative characteristics of productivity.

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Valieva, E. R., А. А. Unzhakova et N. N. Kochnev. « Assessment of the influence of the maternal genotype on the realization of the productive potential of Holstein cattle in the conditions of the Novosibirsk region ». Bulletin of NSAU (Novosibirsk State Agrarian University), n^o 4 (31 décembre 2020) : 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2072-6724-2020-57-4-56-64.

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An analysis of the productive qualities of mothers cows and their offspring, obtained from different fathers, showed that the contribution of parents to the formation of milk productivity is unequal. Intensive selection of bulls-producers leads to fixation of homozygotes at the loci associated with traits of milk production, which increases their influence on offspring. The strength of the influence of the father’s factor on milk yield, milk protein and live weight of daughters was 6, respectively; 14 and 16%. The productivity level of mothers did not significantly affect the productivity of their daughters. High-yielding offspring can be obtained from low-yielding cows. Daughters surpassed their mothers in milk yield, but inferior in fat milk. The proportion of deviation from the theoretically expected productivity of daughters (milk yield per 305 days), which is caused by the influence of the maternal genotype, in the groups of Auckland No. 426436885, Showman No. 831842 and Euclid No. 831491, respectively, was 15.8; 27.5 and 30.4%. The correlation coefficient between the milk yield of mothers and daughters was + 0.25 (p <0.05), and body weight correlated at the level of +0.3 (p <0.01). In the groups of daughters, butterfat is associated with milk yield (r = - 0.5) and milk protein (from +0.34 to +0.67). For mothers, the relationship between these indicators was lower. It is possible that half-siblings have stronger genetic links between traits than unrelated mothers. Genetic diversity in milk yield (h2 = 0.6) and live weight (h2 = 0.5) was established. Repeatability coefficients for fat and milk protein were at the level of 0.35. The productive potential of the breed depends on the combinational compatibility of the parents, their contribution to the formation of complex quantitative characteristics of productivity.

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Losinger, Willard C. « Economic impacts of reduced milk production associated with epidemiological risk factors for Johne's disease on dairy operations in the USA ». Journal of Dairy Research 73, n^o 1 (22 septembre 2005) : 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029905001378.

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An examination of the economic effects of epidemiologic risk factors for Johne's disease identified regional and herd size differences as having the greatest impact. Having dairy cows that were not born on the operation was the most important factor over which individual producers had the most immediate control. Economic consequences associated with using multiple-cow-maternity housing and multiple-preweaned-calf housing were not statistically significant. Economic welfare analysis was applied, and the GUM Workbench was used to analyse uncertainties in the estimates of the economic impacts.

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Jost, Ted, Christophe Lacroix, Christian Braegger et Christophe Chassard. « Assessment of bacterial diversity in breast milk using culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches ». British Journal of Nutrition 110, n^o 7 (14 mars 2013) : 1253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114513000597.

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Initial neonatal gut colonisation is a crucial stage for developing a healthy physiology, beneficially influenced by breast-feeding. Breast milk has been shown not only to provide nutrients and bioactive/immunological compounds, but also commensal bacteria, including gut-associated anaerobic Bifidobacterium spp. The aim of the present study was to investigate bacterial diversity in breast milk, with emphasis on identifying gut-associated obligate anaerobes. Breast milk collected from seven mothers at three sampling points (days 3–6, 9–14 and 25–30 postpartum) was analysed by combined culture-dependent and state-of-the-art, culture-independent methods (Sanger sequencing and 454-pyrosequencing). In addition to the predominance of facultative anaerobes such as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Propionibacterium (>90 % of isolated strains and 23·7 % relative abundance using pyrosequencing), significant populations of obligate anaerobes, including Bifidobacterium and Veillonella, were detected using pyrosequencing and confirmed by the isolation of viable strains (3·4 % of isolates and 1·4 % relative abundance). Pyrosequencing also revealed the presence of DNA of multiple major gut-associated obligate anaerobes (6·2 % relative abundance) such as Bacteroides and, for the first time, several members of the Clostridia, including butyrate producers, such as Faecalibacterium and Roseburia, which are important for colonic health. The present study suggests that breast milk may be a major source of bacterial diversity to the neonatal gut, including gut-associated obligate anaerobes, and may thus significantly influence gut colonisation and maturation of the immune system.

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Kasalica, A., V. Vukovic, A. Vranjes et N. Memisi. « Listeria monocytogenes in milk and dairy products ». Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 27, n^o 3 (2011) : 1067–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1103067k.

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Listeria monocytogenes is ubiquitous bacteria. It causes listeriosis, a serious infectious disease which occurs as consequence of consumption of food contaminated with this pathogen bacterium. The frequency of incidence of listeriosis is low (1%), but with high mortality rate (30%). In certain countries (USA and Switzerland) large outbreaks of listeriosis were associated with consumption of fresh cheeses and milk. Studies on presence of L.monocytogenes in raw milk, carried out in Europe, have shown that 2,5-6% of samples can be contaminated with L.monocytogenes. In the process of production of milk and dairy products, it most commonly occurs as consequence of post-pasteurization contamination. L.monocytogenes has the ability to multiply and grow at low temperatures (40C) and to survive even on freezing temperatures, and as such poses risk for health of consumers, if found in milk, cheese, ice-cream and other dairy products. In order to prevent the contamination of product with this bacterium, producers much implement prevention measures, and special attention must be focused on critical points in the production process and adequate sanitation. The general characteristics of L.monocytogenes, are presented in the study, also its resistance to environment, some listeriosis outbreaks, its presence in milk and dairy products and major hygiene measures.

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Katlishin, Oleg Ilyasovich, et Anatoly Ivanovich Panyshev. « The competitiveness evaluation of milk trademarks on the market of Chelyabinsk region ». Revista Amazonia Investiga 10, n^o 44 (29 septembre 2021) : 126–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2021.44.08.12.

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The milk market in the quarantine conditions associated with the pandemic and the spread of COVID-19 is going through a difficult period, superimposed on a number of pre-existing problems. In particular, the production of raw milk by agricultural producers is growing, while this contradicts the fact that the consumption of milk in the country is falling, and incomes of the population are decreasing. All these factors lead to increased competition in the drinking milk market and determine the relevance of the issues of studying its competitiveness, especially in a specific regional market. Today there is a lack of a comprehensive scientific understanding of methods for assessing the competitiveness of drinking milk presented on the local market. As the purpose of the study, the article stated the assessment of the competitiveness of drinking milk brands, the most common in the market of Chelyabinsk region. As a result of scientific research, a quantitative expert assessment of quality was determined and an assessment of competitiveness from a professional objective point of view was carried out by taking into account the quality per unit of money paid. The result of the study was the development of recommendations separately for different target audiences, who can benefit from the results of the study: consumers, retailers and manufacturers.

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Katlishin, Oleg Ilyasovich, et Anatoly Ivanovich Panyshev. « The competitiveness evaluation of milk trademarks on the market of Chelyabinsk region ». Revista Amazonia Investiga 10, n^o 44 (29 septembre 2021) : 126–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2021.44.08.12.

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The milk market in the quarantine conditions associated with the pandemic and the spread of COVID-19 is going through a difficult period, superimposed on a number of pre-existing problems. In particular, the production of raw milk by agricultural producers is growing, while this contradicts the fact that the consumption of milk in the country is falling, and incomes of the population are decreasing. All these factors lead to increased competition in the drinking milk market and determine the relevance of the issues of studying its competitiveness, especially in a specific regional market. Today there is a lack of a comprehensive scientific understanding of methods for assessing the competitiveness of drinking milk presented on the local market. As the purpose of the study, the article stated the assessment of the competitiveness of drinking milk brands, the most common in the market of Chelyabinsk region. As a result of scientific research, a quantitative expert assessment of quality was determined and an assessment of competitiveness from a professional objective point of view was carried out by taking into account the quality per unit of money paid. The result of the study was the development of recommendations separately for different target audiences, who can benefit from the results of the study: consumers, retailers and manufacturers.

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Sanz, A., J. Alvarez, E. Balmisse, R. Delfa, R. Revilla et M. Joy. « Sheep production in Spanish dry mountain areas : 1. Effects of Spring management on ewe live weight, milk yield and lamb performance in Churra Tensina breed ». Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005) : 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200010565.

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Traditional sheep producers in the South European countries fed lambs with concentrate, in order to obtain light carcasses of young animals. As a consequence of this lamb production system, large grazing areas have been abandoned. However, some producers are taking into consideration the extensive grazing systems to reduce costs and at the same time to obtain subsidies established by the Common Agricultural Policy of the EU. Moreover, the increasing demand of healthy and safe meat products is stimulating the interest in pasture-based production systems. However, in our dry mountain conditions, this grazing system can be associated to poorer ewe and lamb performances. The present study sought to compare the productive parameters of ewes and lambs obtained in four different management strategies.

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Litwińczuk, Zygmunt, Jolanta Król et Aneta Brodziak. « Factors Determining the Susceptibility of Cows to Mastitis and Losses Incurred by Producers Due to the Disease – A Review ». Annals of Animal Science 15, n^o 4 (1 octobre 2015) : 819–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2015-0035.

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Abstract The aim of the paper was to discuss the factors determining the susceptibility of cows to mastitis, the most important for breeders, including losses incurred by milk producers due to the disease. Inflammations of mammary gland are common and the most awkward problem which dairy farmers face around the world. In the case of clinical udder inflammation, it is estimated that the cost of mastitis is about 200 € per cow with fluctuations from 100 even up to 1000 €. Resistance, i.e. the susceptibility of cows to mastitis, is conditioned genetically. The possibility of BoLA and lactoferrin gene polymorphism, using in the selection cows resistant to mastitis, is indicated. Bacteria inhabiting the mammary gland, and the living environment of animals are primarily the main etiological factor. Moreover, many authors indicate the differences between breeds of cows in resistance to mastitis. High-productive breeds are generally more susceptible to the udder inflammation, in comparison to the local breeds. The greatest reduction in milk yield is observed in the case of these breeds, and especially in Holstein-Friesian breed, in which the decline of daily yield at somatic cell count (SCC) amounting above 500,000 per ml of milk can reach 25%. The probability of mastitis occurrence increases with an age of cows and following lactation, and dry period is a time of increased risk. Higher incidence of inflammation is also associated with abnormalities in the construction of the udder (unevenly developed quarters, too long or too short teats). In recent years, a possible relationship between feeding system of cows with their resistance to udder infections has been reported. It is emphasized that a deficiency of selenium and vitamins A and E in the ration may contribute to the increase in the number of mastitis incidences. There are, however, unclear opinions of various authors on the effect of automatic milking system on udder health.

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MURUGAIYAH, M., P. RAMAKRISHNAN, A. R. SHEIKH OMAR, C. H. KNIGHT et C. J. WILDE. « Lactation failure in crossbred Sahiwal Friesian cattle ». Journal of Dairy Research 68, n^o 2 (mai 2001) : 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029901004848.

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Milk producers in Malaysia make extensive use of crossbred Sahiwal Friesian dairy cattle. These animals have, however, been found susceptible to lactation failure. A survey of cows in an experimental herd of F1 Sahiwal Friesian animals indicated that, in 30% of animals, milk yield decreased to negligible levels within the first 8 weeks post partum. Lactation failure was associated with a progressive increase in the amount of residual milk left in the udder after normal milking. By week 3 of lactation, residual milk volume was significantly greater than that in animals that, based on previous lactation history, were not susceptible to lactation failure, and accounted for up to 30% of milk available at the morning milking. The cellular consequences of residual milk accumulation were evident in the activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthetase and galactosyltransferase, key enzyme markers of cellular differentiation, which decreased in glands undergoing lactation failure and were lower than values measured in tissue of control cows. Mammary cell number, estimated by tissue DNA content, was also reduced in animals undergoing lactation failure. These indices of mammary development indicate that lactation failure is the result of premature involution in susceptible animals. Premature involution is a predictable consequence of progressive milk stasis in failing lactation, and attributable to an increase in autocrine feedback by inhibitory milk constituents. The progressive increase in residual milk is, on the other hand, unlikely to be attributable to impaired mammary development. Measurements of milk storage during milk accumulation showed no differences between control and lactation failure cows in the distribution of milk between alveolar and cisternal storage compartments. We conclude that lactation failure in Sahiwal Friesian cows is due to a failure of milk removal, and probably the result of an impaired milk ejection reflex rather than to the glands' milk storage characteristics.

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MacLachlan, D. J., et R. Bhula. « Estimating the residue transfer of pesticides in animal feedstuffs to livestock tissues, milk and eggs : a review ». Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, n^o 5 (2008) : 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07196.

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The through chain approach to livestock production places increased emphasis on on-farm management systems for addressing pesticide residues. The current risk management paradigm assumes the user of animal feeds has the ability to assess, or at least profile, risks to trade in animal commodities associated with feeding livestock material containing residues of pesticides. The paper details some approaches that may be used by livestock producers, focusing on simple calculations, and summarises available information needed as inputs. Calculated factors for the transfer of pesticides from feed to animal commodities (transfer factors) are summarised for about 150 pesticides.

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Matos, Rodrigo A. T., Sandra B. Santos, Renato V. Alves, Ednaldo J. Silva, Melânia L. Marinho, José Wilton P. Júnior, Rinaldo A. Mota et Felicio Garino Júnior. « Ocurrence and risk factors associated with Mycoplasma agalactiae infection in dairy goat herds of Paraíba State, Brazil ». Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 39, n^o 2 (février 2019) : 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5538.

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ABSTRACT: Mycoplasmosis is a disease that may cause severe economical losses in goat and sheep herds, and it is associated with mastitis, polyarthritis, agalactia, conjunctivitis, pneumonia and reproductive failure. The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of Mycoplasma agalactiae in milk samples and investigate the main risk factors associated with infection in goats from farms of the state of Paraíba, Brazil. For Mycoplasma agalactiae diagnosis, 251 milk samples were submitted to DNA extraction using a commercially available kit, following the manufacturer’s instructions and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed. In addition, questionnaires were applied to identify the main risk factors associated with contagious agalactia. Out of the two hundred fifty-one samples analyzed, 50 (19.9%, I.C. 15.1-25.4%) were PCR positive for M. agalactiae. In the risk factors analysis, some associations were observed for the following variables: size of the herd (P<0.001, OR=7.1, I.C. 2.4-20.6), replacement of farm animals (P<0.001, OR=4.7, I.C. 1.8-12.2) and participation of animals in fairs and exhibitions (P=0.029, OR=2.0, I.C.1.0-3.9). The results allowed confirming the occurrence of Mycoplasma agalactiae in milk samples of goats from Paraíba. Therefore, it is strictly necessary to monitor dairy goat flocks and to raise the awareness of farmers about the economic importance of the disease, since it causes severe economic losses for producers of the state. Identification of risk factors is essential for adoption of control measures and for the correction of the management factors in farms where there are animals with positive diagnosis, avoiding, so, pathogen dissemination.

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ElAshmawy, Wagdy R., Emmanuel Okello, Deniece R. Williams, Randall J. Anderson, Betsy Karle, Terry W. Lehenbauer et Sharif S. Aly. « Effectiveness of Intramammary Antibiotics, Internal Teat Sealants, or Both at Dry-Off in Dairy Cows : Milk Production and Somatic Cell Count Outcomes ». Veterinary Sciences 9, n^o 10 (11 octobre 2022) : 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100559.

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Mastitis is the greatest disease challenge for dairy producers, with substantial economic impacts due to lost milk production. Amongst the approaches implemented to control and prevent mastitis on dairies are vaccination, pre- and post-milking teat dips, and treatments at dry-off including intramammary antibiotics and teat sealants. The objectives of our study were to evaluate the effect of different treatments at dry-off on the subsequent lactation’s milk production and somatic cell count (SCC). A single-blinded controlled block randomized clinical trial was conducted between December 2016 and August 2018 on eight herds from four of the top ten milk-producing counties in California: Tulare, Kings, Stanislaus, and San Joaquin. The trial was repeated with cows enrolled during the winter and summer seasons to account for seasonal variability. Eligible cows were treated at dry-off with either intramammary antibiotics (AB), internal teat sealant (TS), AB + TS, or did not receive any treatment (control), and were followed through 150 days in milk (DIM) post-calving. The milk production and SCC data were extracted from monthly test day milk records (Dairy Comp 305, Valley Ag Software, Tulare, CA, USA). Two-piece spline linear mixed models were used to model the milk production (kg) and natural logarithm-transformed SCC. After accounting for parity, breed, season, and dry period duration, the milk model showed a significant increase in milk production (1.84 kg/day) in cows treated with AB + TS at dry-off in comparison to controls. There was no significant difference in the milk produced by cows that received either AB or TS (0.12 kg/day, and 0.67 kg/day, respectively) in comparison to the untreated cows. Different dry cow treatments were associated with a significant reduction in ln SCC during the first 150 DIM. The greatest reduction was associated with using AB + TS, followed by AB, and finally TS in comparison to controls. Dairies with high SCC may benefit from treating cows at dry-off with AB, TS, or both.

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