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1
Theurich, Melissa Ann, et Veit Grote. « Are Commercial Complementary Food Distributions to Refugees and Migrants in Europe Conforming to International Policies and Guidelines on Infant and Young Child Feeding in Emergencies ? » Journal of Human Lactation 33, no 3 (21 juin 2017) : 573–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334417707717.
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In 2015, more than one million migrants and refugees arrived in Europe. Commercial complementary foods, processed foods marketed for infants and young children 6-23 months of age, were distributed by various humanitarian actors along migrant routes and in European refugee camps. Unsolicited donations and distributions of commercial complementary food products were problematic and divergent from international policies on infant and young child feeding during humanitarian emergencies. Interim guidance regarding commercial complementary foods was published during the peak of the emergency but implemented differently by various humanitarian actors. Clearer and more technical specifications on commercial complementary foods are needed in order to objectively determine their suitability for operational contexts in Europe and emergency nutrition assistance in the future.
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Akhtyrska, Nataliia. « OBTAINING OF EVIDENCE IN ELECTRONIC FORM UNDER THE SECOND ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL TO THE CONVENTION ON CYBERCRIME ». Criminalistics and Forensics, no 67 (9 août 2022) : 188–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2022.67.21.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of international cooperation in the collection of evidence in electronic form, in accordance with the Second Additional Protocol to the Cybercrime Convention approved by the Council of Europe, which provides a legal basis for disclosure of domain name registration traffic, cooperation in emergencies, updates the video conferencing procedure. The analysis of the Second Additional Protocol shows that it created a legal basis for direct cooperation with service providers, accelerated forms of cooperation for disclosure of subscriber information and traffic data, accelerated cooperation and disclosure of information in emergency situations, additional instruments of mutual assistance, data protection and other guarantees of the rule of law. Taking into account the above and the provisions of the Second Additional Protocol, it is advisable to supplement Art. 541 of the CPC of Ukraine, the term “transferring party”, hould be understood as the state that transmits data in response to a request or within a joint investigation team in which the data service provider or organization providing domain name registration services, as well as a state that provides evidence on its own initiative without request. The purpose of the Second Additional Protocol was, inter alia, to increase cooperation in the fight against cybercrime and the collection of evidence in any criminal proceedings electronically using additional tools to facilitate mutual assistance and other forms of cooperation between competent authorities. According to the Second Additional Protocol, the following shall not be recognized as grounds for refusal of international cooperation: 1) the absence of such an offense in the legislation of the requested State; 2) another terminological definition of the act; 3) assignment of the act to another category of severity. Key words: evidence in electronic form, data on the movement of information, transcription.
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Mărășescu, Cristina. « The Emergence of an European Union Cultural Diplomacy ». Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Negotia 65, no 3 (30 septembre 2020) : 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbnegotia.2020.3.03.
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"On 16 April 2020, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) released preliminary figures according to which the collective Official Development Assistance (ODA) from the European Union (EU) and its Member States to developing countries amounted to 75.2 billion in 2019, representing 55.2% of global assistance. The EU and its Member States therefore maintain their position as the largest international aid donor. In spite of the vast amount of resources spent annually by the EU, there is widespread perception that the EU punches below its weight. Notwithstanding the undeniable positive impact that the EU external policies have on the ground, the EU’s role in international development remains mostly invisible. This paper presents the perception of the EU and EU’s policies abroad and makes the case for the necessity of an integrated and fully coordinated EU Public Diplomacy (PD) capable of communicating effectively and strengthening EU’s role as a global actor. It argues that culture has a substantial potential in Europe’s international relations, making the case for the necessity of an integrated and tailor-made EU Cultural Diplomacy. This paper shows that culture is a worthwhile investment in driving economic growth. Failure to capitalise on this would be a huge missed opportunity for Europe. Keywords: European Union, Economic Support to Developing Countries, Economic Growth, Public Diplomacy, Cultural Diplomacy, European External Action Service JEL classification: O10, Z10 "
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Candel, Francisco Javier, Jesús Canora, Antonio Zapatero, Raquel Barba, Juan González del Castillo, Gonzalo García-Casasola, Jesús San-Román et al. « Temporary hospitals in times of the COVID pandemic. An example and a practical view ». Revista Española de Quimioterapia 34, no 4 (22 mars 2021) : 280–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37201/req/041.2021.
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We describe the most widely used temporary hospital in Europe during the first pandemic wave, its structure, function, and achievements. Other models of care developed during the pandemic around the world were reviewed including their capacity, total bed/ICU bed ratio and time of use. We particularly analyzed the common and differential characteristics of this type of facilities. IFEMA Exhibition Center was transformed into a temporary 1,300-bed hospital, which was in continuous operation for 42 days. A total of 3,817 people were treated, generally patients with mild to moderate COVID-19, 91% of whom had pneumonia. The average length of stay was 5 to 36 days. The most frequent comorbidities were hypertension (16.5%), diabetes mellitus (9.1%), COPD (6%), asthma (4.6%), obesity (2.9%) and dementia (1.6%). A total of 113 patients (3%) were transferred to another centers for aggravation, 19 (0.5%) were admitted to ICU and 16 patients (0.4%) died. An element of great help to reducing the overload of care in large hospitals during peaks of health emergencies could be these flexible structures capable of absorbing the excess of patients. These must be safe, breaking domestic transmission and guarantee social and emotional needs of patients. The success of these structures depends on delimitation in admission criteria taking into account the proportion of patients who may require, during admission, assistance in the critical care area.
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Crookes, Paul C. Irwin. « EU Soft Power with China : Technical Assistance in the Field of Intellectual Property Rights ». European Foreign Affairs Review 19, Special Issue (1 août 2014) : 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2014022.
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This article argues that the technical assistance programmes of the EU have been amongst the most effective soft power instruments in shaping the influence that Europe has had within key actor communities during China's re-emergence. The IPR2 project is one such example of this phenomenon. The article locates this initiative within the context of joint interests as an intersection between the EU's motivations in embedding a more sophisticated approach across China towards the importance of intellectual property protection and China's needs to improve her own domestic level of innovation. This method of cooperation is an illustration of normative transference through diffusion and shows how engagement can move beyond a narrow notion of soft power to encompass more wide-ranging interpretations that highlight the importance of a nation's technological capability and the influence possessed by a country's scientific achievement. The success of IPR2 is examined in two ways: first, through qualitative analysis of political dimensions in its formation and outcome, and second, in quantitative terms through reviewing increased IP activism by Chinese institutional and corporate actors. The article concludes by maintaining that engagement strategies of this kind offer a model for future relations and deserve sustained political support.
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Ippolitov, Sergei Sergeevich. « Russian Emigration of the First Wave in Germany : Humanitarian and Legal aspects of Adaptation, 1917-1920s ». Исторический журнал : научные исследования, no 1 (janvier 2020) : 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2020.1.31909.
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The article discusses the activities of Russian humanitarian, professional and public organizations in determining the legal status of Russian migrants in Europe and providing legal assistance to refugees and Russian legal entities in exile in 1917 - 1920s, as well as the trade unions of Russian lawyers in exile and their activities of legal assistance to their compatriots. The author examines the foreign policy of different states concerning the legal discrimination of Russian refugees and the geopolitical context in which the legal integration of Russian emigration took place in the societies of host countries. The study views the Russian humanitarian and legal activity as a factor in preserving the civic identity of these emigrants. The methodological basis on which this research is based is the principles of historicism and systematicity, which imply the application of the chronological method in the research process, as well as the methods of retrospection, periodization and actualization. The article explores for the first time in historiography the little-studied page in the history of Russian emigration: the creation in Germany in the 1920s of an effective system of humanitarian and legal assistance to Russian refugees aimed at clarifying their legal status and restoring the legal existence of Russian commercial enterprises in exile. For the first time in historiography, the author examines the ability of the emigrant community to self-organize in order to assert its rights in a foreign language and foreign culture society.The factors that significantly complicated the Russian emigrants' humanitarian and legal status, thereby also hindering their integration into European society, included: the long irresolution of their legal status; the significant number of legal obstacles; the ineffectiveness of officials with respect to the refugees' actual lack of rights; the legal conflict in international law that arose with the emergence of the Russian emigration phenomenon; and the unprecedented humanitarian and legal crisis of the post First World War period in Europe. Under these conditions, the Russian emigrant community nonetheless managed to develop effective mechanisms to help its compatriots in the legal sphere.
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Jinga, Luciana. « Gendered Dynamics of the Humanitarian Commitment for Children in the Postsocialist Context. A Case Study : France (initiator)‑ Romania (beneficiary) (1989‑2007) ». History of Communism in Europe 10 (2019) : 67–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/hce2019104.
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The paper explores the extent to which “gender”, as category of analysis, can be a useful tool in explaining the nature and the impact of humanitarian aid of western organizations towards children in Europe, between 1980 and 2007, using as case study the relation France (initiator)‑Romania (beneficiary). By Humanitarian aid I refer to the material or logistical assistance provided for humanitarian purposes, as it evolved during the twentieth century and culminated with the emergence of a new, transnational humanitarianism, with permanent, professional actors.”. For this study gender is understood as social construction and the assignment of specific roles, responsibilities and expectations to women and to men in the social sector, which includes the policies regarding health, education and sanitation.
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Anderson, Jeffrey J. « Skeptical Reflections on a Europe of Regions : Britain, Germany, and the ERDF ». Journal of Public Policy 10, no 4 (octobre 1990) : 417–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00006073.
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ABSTRACTEuropean Community policymaking has been predicated upon the member governments acting as gatekeepers which mediate between their respective domestic political systems and EC institutions. However, the sweeping changes associated with Project 1992 threaten the gatekeeping status of the Twelve. This article explores the domestic and international consequences, which are cast in terms of three scenarios: the maintenance of the status quo, the emergence of a ‘Europe of Regions’, and a variegated set of outcomes. As an attempt to move beyond the realm of pure speculation, concrete lessons are culled from the reform of the European Regional Development Fund since 1979 and its effect on national and subnational interests in Britain and the Federal Republic of Germany. The theoretical premise is that national and subnational actors respond to Community initiatives within a structured context, the domestic policy networks in which they are embedded. These clusters of interorganizational relationships at the domestic level reflect the underlying distribution of resources among actors, and endow them with different capabilities and vulnerabilities as they seek to cope with changes administered to their policy environment by the EC. The findings suggest skepticism of the image of strengthened regions breaking out of the orbit of weakened states with the assistance of the EC. While the ability of member states to retain their roles as gatekeepers varies, this capacity remains strong. Moreover, subnational actors often view the EC as yet another exogenous institutional constraint on action.
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Falaleev, P. I. « The Marshall Plan and the European Integration : The Stance of Great Britain and France (1947–1948) ». Moscow University Bulletin of World Politics 12, no 3 (20 novembre 2020) : 165–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.48015/2076-7404-2020-12-3-165-190.
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The development and implementation of the Marshall Plan has been studied quite thoroughly in both Russian and foreign academic literature. Nevertheless, certain aspects of this problematique require further examination, particularly the reaction of the Western European countries to the initiative of the Secretary of State G. Marshall, as well as the impact of the Plan on the process of the European integration in general. The paper demonstrates that this reaction was far from simple and often contradictory since the key Western states had very different views on the future of mutual relations, as well as on the prospects for post-war recovery and development of Europe. The paper examines the evolution of the French and British leaders’ views on these issues from the first discussions of the projects to provide US aid to Western Europe to the implementation of the Marshall Plan. The negotiations revealed significant points of disagreement among the parties particularly regarding the relations with the USSR, the German question, and conditions for receiving assistance from the United States. The author stresses that the need to defend their interests during the course of negotiations with the US representatives contributed greatly to the rapprochement of Britain and France and, at the same time, catalyzed debates on the integration of Western Europe. In this regard the author emphasizes that the idea of regional economic integration received mixed reaction in the American elites. While some considered this process as an effective means of bringing the Western countries together, particularly, over the German question, others feared that integration of Western Europe could potentially lead to the emergence of a new competitor to the USA. The author concludes that the growing popularity of integration projects in Europe in 1947–1948 stemmed from a range of factors, including both a combination of internal European political processes and short-term and long-term consequences of the Marshall Plan. Whereas in terms of economic development of Western Europe the latter were rather ambiguous and are still the subject of controversy, in terms of world politics the Marshall Plan exacerbated block-to-block confrontation in Europe, characteristic of the Cold War period.
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Carter, Stephen, Fraser Hunter, Andrea Smith, Mhairi Hastie, Steven Lancaster, Magnar Dalland, Robert Hurford, Edward Bailey, Gerry McDonnell et Tony Swiss. « A 5th CenturybcIron Age Chariot Burial from Newbridge, Edinburgh ». Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 76 (2010) : 31–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x0000044x.
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The remains of the first Iron Age chariot burial in Britain outside Yorkshire were discovered during the winter of 2000–1, near the Bronze Age burial mound of Huly Hill, at Newbridge, Edinburgh. Excavated by Headland Archaeology (UK) Ltd with the assistance of the National Museums Scotland, the chariot proved unique beyond just its burial location. The Newbridge chariot was buried intact, a method consistent with the burial practices of Continental Europe rather than Yorkshire, where they were predominantly buried disassembled. Detailed post-excavation analysis revealed a history of repair and reuse, and construction techniques that indicate links with the chariot building traditions of both Yorkshire and Continental Europe. Fifth centurybcradiocarbon dates for the burial place it firmly within La Tène A, consistent with its similarities to European examples and indicating that it pre-dates the known Yorkshire examples. This indicates the emergence of a British tradition of chariot construction by this time, familiar with Continental habits and technology but distinctively different in such areas as wheel construction and suspension fittings. Based on the findings, a reconstruction of the chariot was built for display in the National Museums Scotland, providing an opportunity further to understand and confirm the construction techniques observed or hypothesised during excavation.
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Palmer, Tom. « “For Your Freedom and Ours” ». Moving the Social 68 (20 décembre 2022) : 83–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/mts.68.2022.83-113.
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Across Western Europe the emergence of Poland’s Solidarność, the first independent trade union in a communist state, elicited varied responses. While the assistance pro- vided to Polish workers from continental European has been addressed, the solidar- ity effort in Britain is scarcely understood. Building on Stefan Berger and Norman LaPorte’s previous work, this article investigates the response of the British labour movement across the UK. While the British Left’s response is typically considered lukewarm, this article exposes the discrepancy between the efforts of rank-and-file labour activists and the leadership of key institutions. Drawing upon oral histories with contemporaneous activists, trade union archives, and prominent left-wing publi- cations, it is apparent that this distinction was present in the Trades Union Congress, large trade unions, and the Labour Party. Understanding British solidarity with So- lidarność ultimately elucidates the permeability of the Iron Curtain and contributes to an understanding of the role East-West socio-political interactions played in the demise of the Soviet Union.
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Kita, Etsuko. « Complex Emergencies and Humanitarian Assistance ». Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 17, S1 (mars 2002) : S23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00059112.
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Gumenna-Derij, Mariia, Nadiya Khorunzhak, Olena Zharikova, Viktoriia Rozheliuk et Raisa Tsyhan. « Information model of material and technical and financial resources in housing in Ukraine and Europe : accounting and management aspect ». Independent Journal of Management & ; Production 12, no 6 (1 novembre 2021) : s495—s515. http://dx.doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v12i6.1764.
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The purpose of the study is to form an information model of material, technical and financial resources in construction, based on identifying and taking into account the existing initial conditions and developing proposals for their improvement at the level of accounting and management by improving the documentation process. The article examines the relationship between material, technical and financial resources in housing construction. It is proposed to consider the information resource as the main resource, because it has an impact on the formation of all other resources, and therefore, in fact, manages them. This gives rise to new types of resources that are somewhat changing the pace and direction of governance and the global economy as a whole. The potential possibility of the working population of Ukraine to purchase housing by making two hypotheses is calculated. The first hypothesis concerns the ability of the working population to save money from wages, if the working person can live according to the subsistence level. The second hypothesis calls into question the first. At the junction of these hypotheses, appropriate conclusions are formed regarding the improvement of sources of financing for housing construction. Due to the study of problematic aspects of housing construction, a model of material, technical and financial resources in the context of digitalization has been formed. The derivative conditions of such resources are singled out here, namely: assistance in the restoration of natural resources; search for alternative resources; saving time; optimization of material costs; the emergence of a new type of currency; speed of calculations. Based on their research, it is proposed to improve financial and management accounting for the formation of new synthetic and analytical accounts, internal and intermediate management documents and the methodology of financial accounting.
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Chrisella, Sharleen Dessyhana. « KOMITMEN UNI EROPA DALAM PEMENUHAN PRINSIP NON-REFOULEMENT TERHADAP NEGARA-NEGARA ANGGOTA (Studi Kasus Krisis Pengungsi di Yunani Pascakebakaran Kamp Moria) ». BELLI AC PACIS 7, no 2 (11 mars 2022) : 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/belli.v7i2.59996.
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One of the countries in Europe with the biggest refugee crisis is Greece and triggers the emergence of refoulement. The non-refoulement principle is an absolute form protection for a refugee and must be obeyed by all ratifying countries. On that basis, Greece needs an additional assistance from the European Union as a regional organization that houses most European countries. This study aims to explain the commitment of the European Union in fulfilling the principle of non-refoulement to the refugee crisis in Greece, especially after the fire incident at Camp Moria. This research is a normative legal research with a statute approach and a conceptual approach. The sources of legal materials used are based on 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees also the non-refoulement principle. The technique of collecting legal materials used is library research and analyzed through inductive analysis techniques. The results showed that the condition of the refugee crisis in Greece especially after the fire at Camp Moria was so alarming where the refugees are in danger of being refoulemented. In dealing with the refugee crisis that occurred in Greece, the European Union has tried to issue policies and decisions but the policies have not been implemented optimally.
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Hanchuk, Olena, Olga Bondarenko, Iryna Varfolomyeyeva, Olena Pakhomova et Tetyana Lohvynenko. « Couchsurfing as a virtual hospitality network and a type of sustainable youth tourism ». E3S Web of Conferences 166 (2020) : 09005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016609005.
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The modern tourism diversity coursed by the emergence of its new varieties is sure to evolve with a view to the goals of sustainable future. The article is dedicated to couchsurfing, a kind of sustainable youth tourism, a global hospitality network, as an online service used for transcultural communication of tourists through the organization of various assistance during joint travel. It helps meet tourists’ recreational needs and travelling at no charge. The article considers the organizational structure of couchsurfing as a network managed by regional units. The authors identify the factors that influence the development of this type of tourism (globalization of the world economy, the development of the Internet, the growth of human wellbeing, democratization of society and etc.). They offer a comprehensive classification of types of couchsurfing by several criteria (age of tourists, number of participants, purpose of the trip and direction, length of stay, intensity of tourist flow). The regional peculiarities of the couchsurfing development are identified, and the regions with high (Europe, Anglo-American, Australia and New Zealand), middle (Asia and Latin America) and low levels of its development (Africa, Oceania and Central America) are distinguished. The map material illustrating the spread of couchsurfing around the world is created.
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Garfield, Richard. « Measuring Humanitarian Emergencies ». Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 1, no 2 (novembre 2007) : 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/dmp.0b013e318158a436.
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ABSTRACTThe ability to monitor assistance, define humanitarian needs, and approach equity in the distribution of assistance has lagged behind the world’s growing commitment to responding to humanitarian emergencies. This article highlights relevant data sources to elucidate elements of an operational definition of humanitarian need. New and refined measures are proposed to assist in assessing the level of need among affected populations. An original measure that combines data on conflict and disasters to summarize the cumulative magnitude of 4 types of humanitarian threats is presented. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2007;1:110–116)
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Coelho, Monica Franco, Bethania Ferreira Goulart et Lucieli Dias Pedreschi Chaves. « Clinical emergencies : profile of hospital assistance ». Rev Rene 14, no 1 (2013) : 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15253/2175-6783.2013000100007.
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Changes in the morbidity and mortality profile from chronic non-communicable diseases affect the urgency/emergency care services. We aimed to characterize the profile of emergency clinical care, according to demographic and epidemiological variables and length of stay in a teaching hospital in the interior of São Paulo, 2007. This is a descriptive, exploratory and documentary research that used official data, analyzed by descriptive statistics, discussed based on the theoretical framework of reorganization of urgency and emergency clinical care. In this period there were 5,285 clinical assistances, most were male (54.1%), with elementary education (73.9%), aged from 18 to 59 years (62.8%). Diseases of the circulatory system were the most frequent and the average length of stay in the unit was less than 6 hours (39.8%). The characterization of clinical care in the urgency/emergency service enables the work organization in the study unit and in the hospital.
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Surgova, Svitlana, et Olena Faichuk. « STATE POLICY OF SOCIAL PROTECTION OF CHILDREN AS A SOCIAL SAFETY FACTOR : HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES FROM THE 17th to 21th CENTURIES. » Public Administration and Regional Development, no 13 (8 septembre 2021) : 752–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.34132/pard2021.13.09.
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The historical aspect of the development of state social policy of social protection of children in Europe from the 17th to 21th centuries is considered in the article. The purpose of the article is to highlight the peculiarities of the historical development of the state policy of social protection of children in European countries of the 17th to 21th centuries and learning from the experience of social protection of children in the context of Ukraine's European integration. The regulatory framework of the system of social protection of children in Ukraine has been studied. The statistic on different categories of children in need of social protection by the state is analyzed. The structure of the system of social protection of children in Ukraine is considered. The research methodology is based on the principle of priority of universal human values. As part of the tools of the proposed work the theoretical one is the analysis and generalization of scientific sources, educational and methodological publications on the theme and synthesis, as well as comparison and generalization of data. Based on the analysis of materials on the peculiarities of social protection in the UK, Germany, France, Sweden and Norway, it was determined that the social protection of children in Europe is characterized by assistance to them in providing conditions for the realization of their rights and freedoms. Equally important is the setting up of various charitable institutions, schools, penal colonies that help children change, as well as the emergence of social services that protect the rights and interests of children. The authors suggest that in the course of the studying the history of the issue of state policy of children’s social protection, there is an opportunity for analogies, the implementation of already proven steps on the path of democratization of national social protection policy. The researchers see the prospects for further research in the study of global innovative forms of social protection and support for at-risk children.
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Rafaely, Daniella, et Kevin A. Whitehead. « Extraordinary emergencies ». Pragmatics and Society 11, no 1 (30 mars 2020) : 45–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ps.17001.raf.
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Abstract This report uses audio recorded telephone calls and textual data from an emergency medical services call center to examine the interactional practices through which speakers produce what we call “extraordinary emergencies”, treating the events concerned as requiring moral, as well as medical, attention. Since one of the overarching institutional aims of emergency call centers is to facilitate the efficient provision of medical services, call-takers typically treat reported emergencies as routine events. However, in some instances speakers produce practices that do not contribute toward the institutional agenda of providing medical assistance, thereby treating them as extraordinary cases. These practices occurred recurrently in calls involving reports of emergencies relating to child sexuality, including sexual assaults against children and obstetric emergencies where the mother was particularly young. We discuss the implications of these findings for the situated reproduction of particular moral norms, especially with respect to the category of the child in society.
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Lautze, Sue, Jennifer Leaning, Angela Raven-Roberts, Randolph Kent et Dyan Mazurana. « Assistance, protection, and governance networks in complex emergencies ». Lancet 364, no 9451 (décembre 2004) : 2134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17555-7.
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Baruah, Minoti. « Oncologic emergencies : a review ». International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 6, no 5 (25 avril 2018) : 1484. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20181492.
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Cancer and its treatment include many medical emergencies. Hence taking care of these emergencies presents a challenge not only to the clinicians but also to the medical oncologists. Cancer patients may have complex medical problems in addition to cancer such as coronary heart diseases, diabetes mellitus, and respiratory diseases. Such patients require immediate medical assistance and emergency care facilities to improvise their health condition. The present review paper focuses on more commonly confronted emergencies in cancer patients and their related management.
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Shoygu, Yuliya, L. Timofeeva et N. Tolubaeva. « Features of the Organization and Provision of Emergency Psychological Assistance in Various Emergency Situations on the Territory of the Russian Federation ». Scientific Research and Development. Socio-Humanitarian Research and Technology 10, no 1 (21 avril 2021) : 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2306-1731-2021-10-1-74-83.
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Emergency situations, due to the suddenness of occurrence and catastrophic consequences, have an extremely high degree of danger to the mental health of people. The authors are of the opinion that effectively implemented measures to provide emergency psychological assistance to victims in emergency situations in an acute period contribute to the preservation of human mental health and are an important component of the ability to return to normal life after experiencing tragic events.
This article analyzes the experience of the specialists of the psychological service of the Russian Emergencies Ministry in eliminating the consequences of six large-scale emergencies that occurred in the period from 2009 to 2019 in the territory of the Russian Federation. Based on the examples of liquidation of the consequences of specific large-scale emergencies, the basic principles of organizing the activities of the psychological service of the Ministry of Emergencies of Russia are considered, the directions of work and tasks faced by specialists when working in emergency situations, as well as the technologies of organizing work to provide emergency psychological assistance to victims, used by specialists of the psychological service of the Ministry of Emergencies Russia. General approaches to the provision of emergency psychological assistance to victims and relatives of those killed and injured are outlined, two groups of objective parameters that have a direct impact on the organization of the work of specialists and how the specifics of the situation and the region can affect the planning and implementation of measures to provide emergency psychological assistance are described. The authors describe the groups of objective characteristics inherent in a particular emergency situation and determine the importance of taking them into account when planning, organizing and implementing emergency psychological assistance measures.
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Ippolito, Giuseppe, Carla Nisii et Maria R. Capobianchi. « Networking for infectious-disease emergencies in Europe ». Nature Reviews Microbiology 6, no 7 (juillet 2008) : 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1896-c1.
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Anon. « Announcement. Assistance to Eastern Europe ». European Journal of Orthodontics 20, no 5 (1 octobre 1998) : 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/20.5.609.
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Gough, Ian. « Social assistance in Southern Europe ». South European Society and Politics 1, no 1 (juin 1996) : 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13608749608454714.
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Cohen, Roberta, et Kimberly A. Maynard. « Healing Communities in Conflict : International Assistance in Complex Emergencies ». International Migration Review 34, no 3 (2000) : 978. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2675954.
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Wong, Marcus. « Doctor in the sky : Medico-legal issues during in-flight emergencies ». Medical Law International 17, no 1-2 (mars 2017) : 65–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968533217705693.
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More people are travelling by air and in-flight medical emergencies are becoming more common. Some in-flight emergencies require assistance from passenger doctors who act as good Samaritans in the sky. Their liability and the associated medico-legal issues of providing assistance in mid-flight emergencies are unknown. Although provisions exist in theory about good Samaritans on the ground, it is unclear to what extent these doctrines are applicable to good Samaritans in the sky. This article examines the obligations, liability and legal protection of doctors when acting as good Samaritans in mid-flight emergencies, regardless of their nationalities. It examines the jurisdiction, existing legislations, case law in the United Kingdom and compares with their equivalence in the United States and to some extent, with the legal provisions in France. In addition to in-flight emergencies, this article reviews airlines’ liability for injuries sustained by passengers during flight. It is concluded that doctors’ liability is unclear and uncertain, their legal protection is inadequate and inconsistent; airlines’ liability is restricted by the courts. Reforms proposed include legislative enactment and extension of commercial airliners’ insurance to accord the deficient legal protection.
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Binaisse, Pierre, Emilie Dehours, Céline Bodéré, Valérie Chevalier et Anaïs Le Fur Bonnabesse. « Dental emergencies at sea : A study in the French maritime TeleMedical Assistance Service ». Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 26, no 5 (15 janvier 2019) : 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1357633x18818736.
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Introduction The aim of the study was to assess the frequency, features and management of dental emergencies at sea in France. Methods A descriptive study was carried out by retrospectively examining medical records of patients who were assisted by the French maritime TeleMedical Assistance Service (TMAS) from 2012 to 2016. Data were ranked in different categories: socio-demographic data, diagnosis, prescription, and monitoring or treatment prescribed. Results The TMAS recorded 9122 medical files for all medical emergencies. Among these medical records 135 concerned oral diseases. The main causes for dental emergencies are dental abscess (51.8%), tooth decay (33.3%), and dental fracture (8.9%). Even where teledentistry is validated for remote screening and oral lesion diagnosis, management of dental emergencies mostly requires a dental procedure. On board, without special equipment and/or specifically trained healthcare workers, this management often results in the prescription of medication. Discussion The International Medical Guide for Ships published by the World Health Organization could be updated to suit the latest recommendations of dental emergency management. This could facilitate the addition of a medical act to dental management, resulting in more effective treatment. Furthermore, simple and specific equipment could be added to the medical supplies.
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Drummond, Robert, et Alan J. Drummond. « On a wing and a prayer : medical emergencies on board commercial aircraft ». CJEM 4, no 04 (juillet 2002) : 276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s148180350000751x.
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ABSTRACT: Medical emergencies sometimes arise in the isolated and confined environment of a commercial aircraft. Because a physician passenger may be on board in 40% to 90% of all commercial flights, it follows that this physician may be asked to render assistance to an acutely ill passenger. Although data suggest that the incidence of such emergencies is low, the potential for serious events necessitates a degree of familiarity with the nature of emergencies in the air and with the options available to the travelling physician.
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Dhillon, BA, MB BCh BAO, LRCPSI, DRCOG, Paul Singh. « Health Emergencies in Large Populations : A disaster medicine learning experience ». American Journal of Disaster Medicine 6, no 3 (1 mai 2011) : 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2011.0053.
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The Health Emergencies in Large Populations course, organized by the International Committee of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, is delivered in a decentralized manner by a number of academic centers around the world. It was one of the first formal educational opportunities developed for those in humanitarian assistance organizations, and its initial aim was to upgrade professionalism in humanitarian assistance programs conducted in emergency situations.This article summarizes the history and describes the current content, structure, and costs of the course.
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Aneja, Urvashi. « India, R2P and Humanitarian Assistance ». Global Responsibility to Protect 6, no 2 (12 juin 2014) : 227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875984x-00602008.
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This article examines how India understands and negotiates norms for the provision of humanitarian assistance and R2P in political emergencies. Looking at these two related but distinct spheres of action together helps illuminate India’s understanding of international order, and the nature and scope of domestic and international responsibility in protecting populations from harm and deprivation. The article argues that while R2P and humanitarian assistance have both pluralist and solidarist underpinnings, India attempts to contain the meaning and practice of these spheres of action in a manner that is consistent with a pluralist view of international order.
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Weinlich, Michael, Nadine Nieuwkamp, Uwe Stueben, Ingo Marzi et Felix Walcher. « Telemedical assistance for in-flight emergencies on intercontinental commercial aircraft ». Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 15, no 8 (30 novembre 2009) : 409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jtt.2009.090501.
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VanRooyen, Michael J., M. James Eliades, Jurek G. Grabowski, M. E. Stress, Josip Juric et Frederick M. Burkle. « Medical Relief Personnel in Complex Emergencies : Perceptions of Effectiveness in the Former Yugoslavia ». Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 16, no 3 (septembre 2001) : 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00025899.
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AbstractHumanitarian medical assistance and intervention during the civil war in Bosnia and Croatia was felt by national health workers to be relatively ineffective (2.8 on a 5-point Likert scale), compared to other forms of humanitarian assistance such as medical supplies (4.4/5) and non-medical materials (3.9/5). Bosnian physicians treating civilians noted that the most helpful types of personnel were surgeons and emergency physicians. This study suggests that assessment of personnel needs at the recipient level, in addition to standard relief assessments, is required early in models of complex emergencies. This study supports existing epidemiological models of complex emergencies, especially when high trauma-related mortality and morbidity are likely to occur.
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Gillies, J. « Dealing with emergencies in rural areas of Europe : proceedings from WONCA Europe 2000 ». Emergency Medicine Journal 18, no 4 (1 juillet 2001) : 305–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emj.18.4.305.
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Bertazzoni, G., I. Genuini et F. Aguglia. « Telecar : an Italian telecardiology project ». Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2, no 3 (1 septembre 1996) : 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/1357633961929943.
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The Telecar tele-assistance car diology project was an example of tele-assistance between health centres of the Regione Lazio in Italy. The project was approved by the Ministry of Health, financed with 500,000,000 lire and carried out by an operative station within La Sapienza' University (Rome). About 40 of the health centres in Lazio that did not have cardiologists or electrocardiography (ECG) equipment were provided with telematic instruments Cardiophone and fax . With this equipment, they were able to transmit ECG signals and receive copies of ECG reports. The 40 health centres included first-aid clinics, guardia medica' surgeries and community centres. The project was carried out between 1989 and 1992. During these three years the health centres transmitted a total of 4807 ECGs, 2057 (43%) of which were routine, the remaining 2750 (57%) being suspected emergencies. Of the suspected emergencies, 681 cases (25%) had a confirmed abnormality. We can confirm that telematic aids are very important for an operative station, where all kinds of emergencies must be dealt with.
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Drebot, Oksana, Natalia Zinovchuk, Mariya Vysochanska et Lyudmyla Sakharnatska. « Analysis of existing models of climate change and identification of zones which are suitable for agricultural production in the context of rural territories ». Technology audit and production reserves 1, no 4(63) (28 février 2022) : 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2022.253904.
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The object of research is the methodology of existing models of climate change and the identification of areas that are suitable for agricultural production. The consequences of natural disasters (floods, tornadoes, tornadoes, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions etc.) are the destruction of local ecosystems and the local economy, the emergence of threats to food and water supply, the creation of social conflicts, internal and external migration. Damage from natural disasters is estimated at billions of dollars. The economies of countries in which natural disasters are being synchronized cannot recover on their own and need international assistance, especially the placement of climate refugees in other countries. An analysis of recent research and publications shows that its authors do not even pose such a problem. In the period from 2011 to 2020 alone, the number of natural disasters in the world increased 7 times, in particular in Europe – 41 times. The study shows that the concept of anthropogenic impact on climate change, sustainable development and possible adaptation through environmental and energy and resource conservation measures must be considered erroneous. International spending on climate change adaptation programs around the world is inefficient. The theoretical basis on which these concepts have been built so far needs to be revised, and the environmental policy of all countries of the world is subject to radical transformation. The practical significance of research is to improve the model of climate change, which is used to develop forecast scenarios for world events, based on the dependence of CO2 emissions. from anthropogenic human activity. Since the results of any mathematical model depend on the input data and the correlation of the relationships embedded in such a model, the percentage of reliability and probability of implementation of such a model is also estimated. Therefore, climate models developed at the initiative of the International Group of Experts on Climate Change cannot be used as a basis for substantiating recommendations for the transformation of agriculture in accordance with climate change.
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Kasuga, Fumiko. « Special Issue on Understanding Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases ». Journal of Disaster Research 6, no 4 (1 août 2011) : 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2011.p0371.
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Recent developments in medicine and anti-microbial treatment based on intensive research on basic microbiology have successfully been controlling many infectious diseases to be nonfatal. As stated by Dr. Nobuhiko Okabe in the first section of this issue, emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases still threaten human lives and health both in developing and industrialized countries. A multiprefectural outbreak of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) O111 and O157 due to raw beef consumption took the lives of victims, including young children, earlier this year in Japan, following which people worldwide were panicked by news from Europe of a huge outbreak of EHEC O104. Infectious diseases result from interaction between pathogens and humans including our behaviors. The Journal of Disaster Research has already drawn readers’ attention to infectious diseases in its special issue on “Our Social Activities Are Always Related to Outbreaks of Infectious Diseases,” with Guest Editor Dr. Masayuki Saijo in JDR Vol.4, No.5, October, 2009. That issue reviewed the background behind infectious disease emergence and reemergence using examples of viral diseases that could cause serious public health concerns, and emphasized the need for preparedness and responses, including against bioterrorism. The present issue again reminds readers of the threat of infectious diseases by demonstrating bacterial and viral infections, focusing more on basic knowledge about these pathogens. Disease history, and epidemiology and the microbiological nature of pathogens and infection pathways are summarized. Treatment, vaccination and other control measures, and law and other social systems for controlling disease are also reviewed. We believe that a better understanding of pathogens will enable society to build better strategies for overcoming problems with emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, such as appropriate preventive measures, treatment and control for preventing outbreaks from expanding. We also hope that such considerations are also useful to disaster control experts in other areas. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the authors and reviewers for their great contributions to this issue, and to the Editorial Board and the Secretariat of the Journal of Disaster Research for their continuous encouragement and assistance.
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Forsythe, David P. « The International Committee of the Red Cross and humanitarian assistance : A policy analysis ». International Review of the Red Cross 36, no 314 (octobre 1996) : 512–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400076117.
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In today's armed conflicts and complex emergencies more civilians suffer than combatants. After the Cold War one could identify a zone of turmoil in which civilian suffering was acute. But one could also identify a zone of stability from which operated a complicated system of humanitarian assistance designed to respond to civilian suffering. Media coverage emphasized the suffering, but never before in world history had such a kaleidoscope of humanitarian actors tried to provide emergency relief during armed conflicts and complex emergencies. Inevitably calls were heard for better organization and coordination, and in 1991–92 the United Nations created a Department of Humanitarian Affairs (DHA).
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Poplavskaya, Irina A. « The Kingdom of Naples and Russia at the Beginning of the 19th Century : Based on the Correspondence of the Bulgakov Brothers ». Imagologiya i komparativistika, no 17 (2022) : 170–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/24099554/17/9.
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The article examines the activities of the Russian diplomatic mission in Naples in 1802-1808 based on the correspondence between brothers Alexander and Konstantin Bulgakov. In accordance with the tropological methodology of the historian Hayden White, tragic and novel metanarratives are distinguished in describing the relationship between the Kingdom of Naples, Russia, and the countries of Western Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. The narration of the events in accordance with the tragic plot reveals the confrontation between the hero and the world, Napoleon and the coalition of European states led by Austria, Britain, and Russia. At the same time, the transformation of the tragedy into the novel in historical terms presupposes a change in the established world order after the end of the era of the Napoleonic Wars, which the decisions of the Congress of Vienna consolidated in 18141815. The basis of the plot in the selected metanarratives is the life of Ferdinand IV, the king of Naples, and his family; Napoleon’s military actions in Italy; diplomatic and military assistance to Naples from Russia and the life of Russians in Naples and Palermo; the events of the Patriotic War of 1812; the messianic role of Emperor Alexander in the victory over Napoleon’s army. The influence of the actions of the allied forces in 1813-1815 and the decisions of the Congress of Vienna on the emergence of national liberation movements in Italy and the subsequent unification of the country is revealed. The spatial centers of the Bulgakovs’ epistolary works are Naples, Palermo, Rome, the capitals of four empires (Paris, Vienna, London, Petersburg), and related historical figures (King Ferdinand IV and his wife Maria Carolina of Austria (sister of Marie Antoinette, the French queen), Napoleon, Joseph Bonaparte, Joachim Murat, Austrian Emperor Francis II, Russian Emperor Alexander I, Pope Pius VII, Admiral and Secretary of State of the Kingdom of Naples John Acton, Russian envoys in Naples and Rome A.Ya. Italinsky and sine, and others. The article analyzes the conceptual sphere and poetics of the “Neapolitan” text of Russian literature. In the letters, the image of Naples is presented through the situation of a meeting of Southern and Northern Europe, Naples and Petersburg, monarchy and republic, Catholicism and Orthodoxy, history and modernity. Naples is perceived as a special communicative space associated with the diplomatic activities of both brothers, with their circle of communication, and aesthetically with a private letter as a kind of an ego-document. The perception of Naples as an island state, as an “earthly paradise at the foot of a volcano”, as a city of the Lazzaroni and carnival culture brings the correspondence between the Bulgakov brothers close with descriptions of this city in Russian travelogues of the late 18th - first third of the 19th centuries. The author declares no conflicts of interests.
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Bradt, David A., Christina M. Drummond et Mark Richman. « Complex Emergencies in Indonesia ». Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 16, no 4 (décembre 2001) : 294–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00043454.
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AbstractRecently, Indonesia has experienced six major provincial, civil, armed conflicts. Underlying causes include the transmigration policy, sectarian disputes, the Asian economic crisis, fall of authoritarian rule, and a backlash against civil and military abuses. The public health impact involves the displacement nationwide of >1.2 million persons. Violence in the Malukus, Timor, and Kalimantan has sparked the greatest population movements such that five provinces in Indonesia each now harbor > 100,000 internally displaced persons. With a background of government instability, hyperinflation, macroeconomic collapse, and elusive political solutions, these civil armed conflicts are ripe for persistence as complex emergencies.Indonesia has made substantial progress in domestic disaster management with the establishment of central administrative authority, strategic planning, and training programs. Nevertheless, the Indonesian experience reveals recurrent issues in international humanitarian health assistance. Clinical care remains complicated by absences of treatment protocols, inappropriate drug use, high procedural complication rates, and variable referral practices. Epidemiological surveillance remains complicated by unsettled clinical case definitions, non-standardized case management of diseases with epidemic potential, variable outbreak management protocols, and inadequate epidemiological analytic capacity. International donor support has been semi-selective, insufficient, and late.The militia murders of three UN staff in West Timor prompted the withdrawal of UN international staff from West Timor for nearly a year to date. Re-establishing rules of engagement for humanitarian health workers must address security, public health, and clinical threats.
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Lim, Sang Moo. « National System of Medical Assistance for Radiation Emergencies and Relevant Researches ». Journal of the Korean Medical Association 46, no 10 (2003) : 910. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2003.46.10.910.
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Cohen, Roberta. « Book Review : Healing Communities in Conflict : International Assistance in Complex Emergencies ». International Migration Review 34, no 3 (septembre 2000) : 978. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791830003400315.
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Tresalti, E., A. Cicchetti, G. Rossi et P. Contegiacomo. « Organization of Hospital for Intra-Hospital Emergencies ». Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1, no 3 (1985) : 285–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00065857.
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The need to arrange the assistance beforehand and therefore prepare for the prevention of damage to people and property that may result from accidents or events of considerable magnitude occurring inside the University Hospital, “A. Gemelli,” has led to several laws of the Constitution of the Italian Republic (Article 35), the Criminal Code (Articles 437 and 451), and the Civil Code (Article 2087): The law of Feb 12, 1955, #51 (Official Gazette 54, March 7, 1955); Decree 547 of April 27, 1955 “Regulations for the prevention of industrial accidents” and Decree 302 of March 19, 1956.The study of these assistance procedures has led to the formulation of an emergency plan divided into two basic parts: prevention of accidents, and rescue operations.By prevention we mean: a) The training of all staff and Managing Bodies of our Faculty/Staff to take effective action in the case of an intra-hospital accident, b) The need for detailed information on the various procedures to be used depending on the gravity of the event, c) Awareness of the civil and criminal responsibilities relating to the various management and non-management levels in case of emergency.The training plan for the whole staff, approved by the management administrative, technical and medical bodies, consists of theoretical and practical courses. These courses, which started in June 1983 are “modular.” The staff will take part in them as homogeneous groups, for a period of time which will vary, in regard to the number of hours and kind of instruction, and in relation to what each group has to learn about work safety, fire prevention and emergency measures.
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Vikhristyuk, O. V., O. A. Ulyanina, L. A. Gayazova, A. V. Ermolaeva, K. A. Faizullina et E. A. Loginova. « The Model of Providing Emergency Psychological Assistance to Victims in Emergencies and Crisis Situations : Foreign and Domestic Experience ». Вестник практической психологии образования 19, no 1 (2022) : 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/bppe.2022190108.
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The article analyzes foreign and domestic experience in providing emergency psychological assistance to victims. The review of models of emergency psychological assistance in the practice of the USA, Korea, France is presented. In domestic practice, the model of providing emergency psychological assistance to the anti-crisis unit of the city of Ryazan is disclosed in more detail. The actual structural components are determined, the presence of which must be provided for in the model of providing emergency psychological assistance to subjects of educational relations. A three-level approach to building an integral integrated system for providing emergency psychological assistance to participants in educational relations is presented, including the federal, regional and local levels of the model. The development of new models for the provision of emergency psychological assistance within the framework of a three-level approach has established the need for organizational and procedural aspects of interdepartmental interaction in the provision of emergency psychological assistance on key issues of modern childhood.
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Brandt, Martina. « INTERGENERATIONAL HELP AND PUBLIC ASSISTANCE IN EUROPE ». European Societies 15, no 1 (février 2013) : 26–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2012.726733.
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Emery, Thomas. « Public and private financial assistance in Europe ». European Societies 18, no 1 (janvier 2016) : 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2016.1139157.
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Kent, George. « Rights and obligations in international humanitarian assistance ». Disaster Prevention and Management 23, no 3 (27 mai 2014) : 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-07-2013-0122.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a framework for understanding the rights and obligations of different parties in relation to international humanitarian assistance. Design/methodology/approach – Past discourse on rights and obligations of the parties in various types of humanitarian emergencies is critically reviewed. Various moral and legal principles are used to assess that discourse. Findings – Many governments emphasize their right to provide international humanitarian assistance, but appear reluctant to acknowledge any obligation to provide such assistance. Claims regarding the right to provide assistance under some conditions should be accompanied by acknowledgment of obligations to provide assistance under some conditions. Originality/value – This analysis encourages national governments and international agencies to go beyond asserting their rights to assist to also recognize obligations to assist under some conditions.
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Rossi, Luca, Paolo Tizzani, Luisa Rambozzi, Barbara Moroni et Pier Giuseppe Meneguz. « Sanitary Emergencies at the Wild/Domestic Caprines Interface in Europe ». Animals 9, no 11 (5 novembre 2019) : 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9110922.
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Population density and distribution of the four native European wild Caprines (Rupicapra rupicapra, Rupicapra pyrenaica, Capra ibex, Capra pyrenaica) have increased in recent decades. The improved conservation status of this valuable wildlife, while a welcome event in general terms, is at the same time a matter of concern since, intuitively, frequent and tighter contacts with sympatric livestock imply a greater risk of cross-transmission of emerging and re-emerging pathogens, and offer unexpected opportunities for pathogens to spread, persist and evolve. This article recalls the transmissible diseases that are perceived in Europe to be of major significance from a conservation perspective, namely brucellosis (BRC) by Brucella melitensis, infectious kerato-conjunctivitis (IKC) by Mycoplasma conjunctivae, pestivirosis (PV) by the border disease virus strain 4 and mange by Sarcoptes scabiei. Special emphasis has been put on the epidemiological role played by small domestic ruminants, and on key knowledge needed to implement evidence-based prevention and control strategies. Remarkably, scientific evidence demonstrates that major demographic downturns in affected wild Caprinae populations in recent decades have often been triggered by pathogens cross-transmitted at the livestock/wildlife interface.
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Longhurst, Richard. « Nutrition and Care of Young Children during Emergencies ». Food and Nutrition Bulletin 16, no 4 (décembre 1995) : 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659501600414.
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Emergencies are not only sudden events with natural causes that can be ameliorated with resources from outside. The causes and consequences of emergencies with sudden or slow onset, those that are complex and involve conflict, or are permanent emergencies are all deeply rooted in the vulnerability of people to hazards and their incapacity to recover. This will have implications for care behaviours and practices in the feeding, health, hygiene, and psychosocial areas. Families react to slow-onset emergencies by managing a declining resource with inevitable negative impacts on child care. Food intake declines. At the extreme of destitution, families may migrate to refugee camps where children face health crises as large displaced populations congregate around contaminated water sources. Breastfeeding may cease. In war situations, children face extreme psychosocial stresses. The importance of care for young children is given insufficient attention by those providing assistance from outside. Care interventions should improve the effectiveness of health, food, and psychosocial support
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Mataganis, Manos. « Social assistance in Southern Europe : the case of Greece revisited ». Journal of European Social Policy 10, no 1 (1 février 2000) : 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/a011399.
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Social assistance is a largely neglected part of the welfare state in Greece. Recent surveys of social assistance arrangements in developed countries from a comparative perspective tend to portray Greece as the most 'rudimentary' member of the 'rudimentary' group of countries or social assistance regimes, i.e. Southern Europe. While not entirely unfounded, this view rests on a less than complete account of social assistance in Greece, and also ignores the latest developments that further challenge this position. This article aims to 'map' social assistance benefits in Greece, describe recent developments and discuss current debates on future directions of welfare reform in the country. This review suggests that although social assistance remains a 'poor relation' within Greece's social protection system as a whole, its relative weight is much greater than previously thought. Moreover, the profile of social assistance is set to rise due to a renewed emphasis on notions of selectivity and targeting, but also in connection with the revival of the debate on the merits and practicalities of introducing a minimum guaranteed income scheme in the country. The article concludes that the search for the proper place of social assistance within a reconstructed welfare state in Greece has only just begun.