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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Assassination Targeted »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 9 mars 2023

Mis à jour le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Assassination Targeted"

Molloy, Taran. « Qassem Soleimani, Targeted Killing of State Actors, and Executive Order 12,333 ». Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 52, n^o 1 (27 juin 2021) : 163–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v52i1.6849.

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The targeted killing of the Iranian military leader Qassem Soleimani in an American drone strike in January 2020 marked a novel development in the operation of the United States' drone programme; targeting a member of a state's armed forces as opposed to a member of a non-state armed group. Soleimani's killing offers an opportunity to re-examine the scope of Executive Order 12,333, which prohibits employees of the United States Government from committing assassinations. This article applies Executive Order 12,333's "assassination ban" to the Soleimani strike. The assassination ban's scope varies depending on whether it is applied in a wartime or peacetime context. This article concludes from the surrounding factual and legal context that the strike should be analysed according to the peacetime definition of assassination, which necessitates an analysis of the strike's compliance with the jus ad bellum, the legal framework applicable to uses of interstate force. It finds that the strike's non-compliance with the jus ad bellum, in addition to its likely political motive create a strong argument that the strike would constitute a prohibited assassination under the terms of the Executive Order, but the legal framework surrounding the Executive Order limits its direct enforceability with respect to presidentially authorised uses of force. It ultimately concludes that, despite the assassination ban's lack of direct enforceability, it nevertheless creates a strong normative counterbalance against an increasing tendency toward expansive uses of extraterritorial force.

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Gross, Michael L. « Fighting by other Means in the Mideast : A Critical Analysis of Israel's Assassination Policy ». Political Studies 51, n^o 2 (juin 2003) : 350–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00428.

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Israel's efforts to quell violence during the recent conflict with the Palestinians include targeted assassinations of militia leaders. The international community permits the use of lethal force in only two cases, law enforcement and just war, and assassination cannot be justified in either. In the context of law enforcement, assassination remains prohibited as a form of extra-legal execution, regardless of Israel's status as an occupying power. In the context of just war, assassination violates the proscription against perfidious and treacherous means of warfare. In the current conflict, assassination cannot be accomplished without collaborators, a practice that not only is prohibited by convention but seriously undermines Palestinian society. As a result, assassination provokes violent retaliation and corrodes the basis necessary to renew peace negotiations. Nevertheless, assassination may be defensible as a last resort in some cases. These include tyrannicide, killing a murderous and brutal leader to protect innocent civilians, together with instances of ‘ticking bombs’ – that is, immediate and otherwise unavoidable grievous threats to noncombatants. In each case a modified argument from necessity offers grounds for the defensible, although limited, use of assassination.

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Young, Joseph K. « Morality, Efficacy, and Targeted Assassination as a Policy Tool ». Criminology & ; Public Policy 16, n^o 1 (février 2017) : 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12276.

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Aloyo, Eamon. « Just assassinations ». International Theory 5, n^o 3 (novembre 2013) : 347–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752971913000237.

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I argue that widely accepted just war theory precepts morally allow and require the assassination of politically powerful individuals under some circumstances instead of waging a just war or implementing any other policy such as non-targeted economic sanctions that would very likely severely harm more innocents. While all just war theory precepts permit just assassinations under certain circumstances, proportionality, necessity, and last resort make just assassinations required whenever they would cause severe harm to the fewest innocents. There are several implications of my argument. First, there are fewer circumstances when wars and other policies that foreseeably but unintentionally harm innocents are just than is commonly thought. Second, the realm of morally permissible violent and non-violent action for powerful individuals is more limited than many presume and politicians are more often morally liable to actions that would mitigate or end objectively unjust serious threats for which they are culpable, although this does not always include lethal force.

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Grayson, Kyle. « The ambivalence of assassination : Biopolitics, culture and political violence ». Security Dialogue 43, n^o 1 (février 2012) : 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010611431078.

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This article begins by presenting a biopolitical account of assassination and targeted killing events carried out by liberal regimes. It argues that forms of political violence are understood and made meaningful beyond the administrative frameworks and technical rationalizations often privileged in biopolitical analyses. Deploying Alan Feldman’s (1991) argument that political violence is an ‘emplotted action’ alongside William Connolly’s (2005 ) notion of resonance, it provides a genealogical account of how forms of assassination have been positioned within Western cultural understandings of political violence. The focal point of examination is the biblical heroine Judith, whose story has resonated as a preferred narrative structure for understanding and (de)legitimating acts of assassination among Western publics. Through its reading of the book of Judith, the article highlights the importance of ambivalence for understanding assassination as a form of political violence. The legacy of the moral problematique enabled by Judith is then illustrated in relation to US President Barak Obama’s May 2011 speech announcing the killing of Osama Bin Laden. The article concludes by suggesting that although the story of Judith may underpin contemporary assassination practices, it also offers a means of critically engaging with them.

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GROSS, MICHAEL L. « Assassination and Targeted Killing : Law Enforcement, Execution or Self-Defence ? » Journal of Applied Philosophy 23, n^o 3 (août 2006) : 323–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5930.2006.00347.x.

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Rogers, APV, et Dominic McGoldrick. « III. ASSASSINATION AND TARGETED KILLING—THE KILLING OF OSAMA BIN LADEN ». International and Comparative Law Quarterly 60, n^o 3 (juillet 2011) : 778–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589311000327.

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Osama Bin Laden was killed on 2 May 2011 in the course of an operation by US special forces (Navy Seals) in Abbottabad, Pakistan.1 The US forces were flown by helicopter from neighbouring Afghanistan. The death of Bin Laden renewed questions about the legality of such operations during armed conflicts and during peacetime.2 The potentially applicable law includes international humanitarian law, international human rights law, jus ad bellum and the domestic law of the US and Pakistan.3

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Pratt, Simon Frankel. « Norm transformation and the institutionalization of targeted killing in the US ». European Journal of International Relations 25, n^o 3 (28 novembre 2018) : 723–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354066118812178.

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This article explains the emergence and institutionalization of the US’s targeted killing practices as a case of norm transformation. I argue that international and domestic US prohibitions on assassination have not disappeared, but have changed as a result of practitioner-led changes in the conventions, technologies, and bureaucratic structures governing the use of force in counterterrorism activities. After discussing the limits of alternative explanations, and drawing inspiration from practice theory, pragmatist social theory, and relational sociology, I posit three causal mechanisms as responsible for the transformation: convention reorientation, which was the redefinition of targeted killing to distinguish it from assassination; technological revision, which was the development and use of unmanned aerial vehicles (“drones”) to bypass normative and strategic concerns over precision; and network synthesis, which was the support of the Bush administration and especially of the Obama administration, overruling dissenters from within the Central Intelligence Agency (who were often very highly placed). I trace the processes by which these mechanisms operated and interacted in simultaneous and mutually reinforcing ways from the start of the millennium until now. Finally, I discuss some of the ways in which this contributes to institutional analysis and the study of norm change more generally, and, in particular, how it considers the role of technology and the reciprocity of means and ends.

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Banka, Andris, et Adam Quinn. « Killing Norms Softly : US Targeted Killing, Quasi-secrecy and the Assassination Ban ». Security Studies 27, n^o 4 (19 juillet 2018) : 665–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2018.1483633.

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Aaron, Paul Gaston. « The Idolatry of Force : How Israel Embraced Targeted Killing ». Journal of Palestine Studies 46, n^o 4 (2017) : 75–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2017.46.4.75.

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Not until the Second Intifada did assassination emerge as an explicit, legally codified, and publicly announced doctrine of so-called targeted killing in Israel. This study, the first of a two-part series, explores the doctrine's historical roots and ideological lineage and tracks its rise under the premiership of Ariel Sharon. Targeted killing became institutionalized not just to reduce direct and imminent threats against Israelis but also to mobilize electoral support, field-test weapons and tactics, and eliminate key figures in order to sow chaos and stunt the development of an effective Palestinian national movement. The study frames the analysis within a wider meditation on Israel's idolatry of force. As much symbolic performance as military technique, targeted killing reenacts and ritualizes Palestinian humiliation and helplessness in the face of the Zionist state's irresistible power, making this dynamic appear a fact of life, ordained and immutable.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Assassination Targeted"

Boyden, Andrew W. Menard Phillip P. Ramirez Robert. « Making the case what is the problem with targeted killing ? / ». Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Dec/09Dec%5FBoyden%5FMenard%5FRamirez.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2009.
Thesis Advisor(s): Tucker, David ; Everton, Sean. "December 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 28, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: targeted killing, assassination, counterterrorism, Second Intifada, al-Aqsa Intifada, irregular warfare, counterinsurgency, Anti-Terrorist Fence, Palestinian-Israeli Conflict. Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-91). Also available in print.

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Banka, Andris. « US targeted killing, secrecy, and the erosion of the assassination norm ». Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7443/.

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The objective of this thesis is twofold. First, by employing the norm ‘life’ and ‘death’ cycles grounded in constructivist scholarship, the research aims at determining to what extent the domestic norm against assassination in the United States has been weakened in the light of the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the advent of new technologies, namely Predator drones. To that end, the study conceptualizes the norm and provides a historical look of targeted killings as a foreign policy tool. It traces and evaluates normative assumptions about assassination as a tool of state policy from the 1970s to the end phases of Barack Obama presidency, concluding that there has been substantial erosion to this normative prohibition. Secondly, the presented thesis also attempts to make a more theoretical contribution by observing mechanisms by which the normative change transpired, demonstrating that in the case of targeted drone strikes, the government relied on quasi-secrecy in order to avoid overt justification. The study concludes that there is a strong link between government initiated quasi-secrecy – a tool that was applied deliberately and strategically, and successful legitimization of a practice that otherwise might have appeared highly controversial.

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Melzer, Nils. « Targeted killing in international law / ». Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press, 2009. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=018603773&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Teilw. zugl.: Zürich, University, Diss., 2006 u.d.T.: Melzer, Nils: Targeted killing under the international normative paradigms of law enforcement and hostilities.
Includes bibliographical references (p. [445]-458) and index.

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Kanter, Abraham. « Democratic assassination the morality and efficiency of targeted killings as a policy tool / ». Connect to resource, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/28452.

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Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2007.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages: contains 53 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 47-49). Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.

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GERVASONI, LUCA. « Assassination and Targeted Killing in Times of Armed Conflict : A Clash of Theory and Practice ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/129669.

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“Assassination” has acquired the lineage of a term of art since the very origins of today’s laws of armed conflict. Its practice was abhorred by States and early codifications of the laws of war show that it was deemed unlawful under the law of nations as a matter of custom. Its exact contours, nonetheless, have always been blurred and no agreed upon definition of the forbidden conduct is anywhere to be found under international law. The sudden rise, in recent years, of pre-meditated killings of pre-selected individuals as a method of warfare opens the question of whether such conduct fully complies with the norms of international law applicable in times of armed conflict. Hence, the question underlying the present research: may the customary prohibition of assassination still play a critical role in the conduct of hostilities? Taking steps from these considerations, this work explores in its first part the historical roots of the prohibition of assassination in order to identify the reasons that led to its outlawing and thus better clarify its scope, also establishing a parallelism with the recently introduced notion of targeted killing. The second section takes into account the laws of armed conflict traditionally associated with the prohibition of assassination as well as relevant provisions belonging to the legal regime of international human rights law, in an attempt to explore their systemic integration and its impact on the notion of assassination. The third and final part of the work is devoted to an analysis of state practice and its comparison with the theoretical conclusions reached in the previous section. A rigorous interpretation of the relevant laws of armed conflicts augmented by proper reference to human rights law makes it possible to identify a silver lining leading to a refinement of the notion of wartime assassination and, with it, to an enhanced pro persona approach strictly limiting the possibility to resort to pre-meditated lethal force against pre-selected individuals also in times of armed conflict. However, such theory seems to partly clash with an ever-increasing trend in State practice, where resort to techniques of targeted killing has constantly been on the rise in these last years.

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Nguyen, Ba Nguyen. « Targeted killing : How and when intelligence agencies eliminate their targets and the impact of emerging technologies ». Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-384743.

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History has shown that assassination could be wielded as an effective weapon in the pursuit of interest, security and power. As the feudal age neared its end in Europe, nation states emerged. Despite its pragmatic usefulness, assassination was considered unfit for this new form of governance. States no longer sought to destroy one another as predicted by Thomas Hobbes, but adhered to John Locke's proposed values, which believed that states could mutually exist as rivals. In this system which favored negotiation and settlements, it was difficult for assassination to have a place. Yet at the start of the 21st century, assassination once again saw employment. As of today, it is preferably referred to as targeted killing by its employers and has become somewhat of a 'new normal.' Clearly, there must be certain permissive catalysts that allowed this to happen. This master's thesis firstly explores the ways the United States, Israel and Russia conduct their assassination/targeted killing operations to present the unique ways these states eliminate their enemies, and secondly pinpoints the permissive causes that allowed these three super and great powers of assassination to transform the international norm against assassination and turn a dishonest, immoral practice into something more acceptable and fit...

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Preto, Rita Isabel Maurício. « O assassinato de QASSEM SOLEIMANI e o direito internacional : análise à luz da norma imperativa da proibição da ameaça ou do uso da força ». Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/36243.

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A proibição da ameaça e do uso da força (art. 2º(4) CNU) constitui uma sólida norma jus cogens de direito internacional geral, que há muito se encontra sob severo ataque, principalmente no que concerne às ocasiões tidas como suas exceções ao abrigo do art. 51º CNU. As tentativas de desconstruir este quadro normativo atingiram um novo e chocante limiar a 3 de janeiro de 2020, quando a Administração TRUMP tomou a decisão estratégica de recorrer preemptivamente à metodologia dos assassinatos seletivos, por meio de drone, para matar um membro do governo iraniano, QASSEM SOLEIMANI, no território do Iraque – uma ação inédita que surpreendentemente ficou marcada pelo silêncio da maioria dos Estados: aceitação ou objeção tácita? Falta de interesse ou receio e relutância? Após vários esforços para justificarem a sua decisão – desde a iminência à doutrina da acumulação de eventos – os EUA caíram num vazio jurídico que levou a assunção do seu ataque como uma represália armada. Mas, nesta queda, foi acompanhado pelo Irão que optou por seguir o mesmo caminho. Nesta encruzilhada, o Iraque viu a sua soberania ser, por duas vezes, violada. Ações retaliativas não se coadunam com o quadro do jus ad bellum em vigor, sendo este um caso que perfeitamente elucida como tentativas indiscriminadas de expansão do instituto de legítima defesa podem, em última instância, significar um abuso de poder estadual.
Under General International Law, the prohibition of the use of force (Article 2(4) of the UN Charter) is a solid jus cogens norm, which has been under severe attack for a long time, especially concerning the exceptions established under Article 51 of the UN Charter. Attempts to change this legal framework reached a new and shocking threshold on January 3rd, 2020, when the TRUMP Administration undertook the strategic decision to kill a top member of the Iranian government, QASSEM SOLEIMANI, in the territory of Iraq, by means of a pre-emptive application of the targeted killings methodology through an armed drone. This represented an unprecedented action that was surprisingly met by the sound of the silence of most States: tacit acquiescence or objection? Lack of interest or fear and reluctance? After several efforts to justify its decision, from imminence to the accumulation of events doctrine, the US fell into a legal void that resulted in its attack being regarded as an armed reprisal. However, Iran followed suit the U.S in this fall, with this crossroads meaning that Iraq would have its sovereignty violated, twice. Retaliatory actions do not fit into the jus ad bellum framework and this case perfectly shows how indiscriminate attempts of expansion of the right of self-defence can ultimately amount to an abuse of state power.

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Livres sur le sujet "Assassination Targeted"

Targeted killing in international law. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2008.

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asṭraṭegiyim, Merkaz Besa le-meḥḳarim, dir. Fatal choices : Israel's policy of targeted killing. Israel : Bar-Ilan University, 2002.

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Targeted violence : A statistical and tactical analysis of assassinations, contract killings, and kidnappings. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2010.

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Kretzmer, David. Targeted killing of suspected terrorists : Extra-judicial executions or legitimate means of defence ? [Toronto] : Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 2006.

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Schmitz-Elvenich, Heiko F. Targeted killing : Die völkerrechtliche Zulässigkeit der gezielten Tötung von Terroristen im Ausland. Frankfurt, M : P. Lang, 2007.

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Ḥarakat Fatḥ bayna al-muqāwamah wa-al-ightiyālāt. ʻAmmān : al-Ahlīyah, 2014.

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al-Raṣāṣah wa-al-ẓalām : Al-ightiyālāt al-Isrāʼīlīyah lil-qiyādāt al-Filasṭīnīyah. al-Riyāḍ : ʻĀdil Abū Hāshim, 2009.

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Baldacci, David. The Target. London : Macmillan, 2014.

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The accidental victim : JFK, Lee Harvey Oswald, and the real target in Dallas. New York, NY : Zola Books, 2013.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Assassination Targeted"

Ekhomu, Ona. « Targeted Assassinations ». Dans Boko Haram, 167–80. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2019. : CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203710838-11.

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van der Blom, Henriette. « Character Attack and Invective Speech in the Roman Republic : Cicero as Target ». Dans Character Assassination throughout the Ages, 37–57. New York : Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137344168_3.

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Makhovskaya, Olga. « The Traumatic Psychological Impact of Character Attacks on Targets ». Dans Routledge Handbook of Character Assassination and Reputation Management, sous la direction de Eric Shiraev, 36–44. New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. : Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315150178-4.

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« TARGETED ASSASSINATION OF PALESTINIANS, 2002 ». Dans The Routledge Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 164. Routledge, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203074527-164.

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« TARGETED ASSASSINATION OF PALESTINIANS, 2003 ». Dans The Routledge Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 167. Routledge, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203074527-167.

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Meisels, Tamar. « For ». Dans Debating Targeted Killing, 9–145. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190906917.003.0002.

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This chapter opens the debate with Meisels’ defense of targeted killing as a legitimate and desirable defensive anti-terrorism strategy, in keeping with both just war theory and international law. Meisels’ unequivocal starting point regarding counter-terrorism is that a state of continuous armed struggle exists between states and various terrorist organizations and their affiliates. Meisels unreservedly defends the named killing of irregular combatants, most notably terrorists, in the course of armed conflict, distinguishing sharply between this wartime practice and the related illicit practice of political assassination. Later in this chapter, the author offers a possible moral justification for rare instances of assassination outside that framework, specifically with reference to recent cases of nuclear scientists developing weapons of mass destruction for the Iranian and Syrian governments.

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Waldron, Jeremy. « Reply to Professor Meisels ». Dans Debating Targeted Killing, 270–82. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190906917.003.0005.

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Waldron’s reply focuses on several difficulties in the account given by Meisels, mostly concerning arguments raised against targeted killing to which a proper response has not been given. The first such argument is the element of manhunting that targeted killing involves—an element that distinguishes it sharply from ordinary combat. One must also consider the role of intelligence operatives, in these killings, as opposed to soldiers. Secondly, Waldron insists again on the importance of the problem of possible abuse of this practice, particularly given the tendency to use the word “terrorist” to describe any insurgent or opponent. Thirdly, Waldron considers problems of effectiveness. And fourthly, he addresses some of the specific issues about the assassination of nuclear scientists raised in the account given by Professor Meisels.

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Waldron, Jeremy. « Against ». Dans Debating Targeted Killing, 146–257. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190906917.003.0003.

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The debate continues with Waldron’s presentation of several arguments against targeted killing. Most of these arguments focus on the killing itself and the difference that is made by the fact that the individuals on the government’s death lists are hunted down by name, often well away from any area of combat or imminent responsibility for terrorist attack. Though Waldron’s arguments, like Meisels’, focus on the actions of American and Israeli forces, it is important also to consider the likely proliferation of targeted killing as a standard technique of statecraft throughout the world. And that leads us to the possibility of governmental abuse of targeted killing authority. The term “terrorist” is easily extended just as the term “imminent” is being stretched by defenders of targeted killing to ensure that targets are available. There is a danger that targeted killing might be used against insurgents as well as terrorists, not to mention successful criminals and political opponents. And the practice of targeted killing tends to weaken the inhibition against assassination that until now has characterized civilized political life.

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Rabe, Stephen G. « Mass Murder and International Assassination ». Dans Kissinger and Latin America, 118–51. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501706295.003.0005.

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This chapter examines the grotesque policies of the military commanders of Argentina and Chile. Argentina emulated its South American neighbors when the military seized power in March of 1976. Argentina's military rulers thought it would be in the nation's best interest to eliminate 50,000 Argentines. Secretary Henry Kissinger was made aware of the Argentine military's campaign of mass murder by U.S. officials in Washington and Buenos Aires. His aides further warned him that Argentina's murderers and torturers targeted Argentina's Jewish population. The chapter then looks at Secretary Kissinger's response to Operation Condor, a conspiracy of South American military dictatorships that perpetrated international assassinations and terrorism.

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« Rival networks and the conflict over assassination/targeted killing ». Dans Norm Antipreneurs and the Politics of Resistance to Global Normative Change, 86–102. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315707341-11.

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