Articles de revues : « Asian Regional Organisation »

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Bratajaya, Yogi. « ASEAN REFORM : TOWARDS A MORE COHESIVE REGIONAL INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATION ». Padjadjaran Journal of International Law 3, n^o 1 (31 janvier 2019) : 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.23920/pjil.v3i1.335.

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AbstractThe Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a regional intergovernmental organization that has seen exponential growth throughout the course of its lifespan ever since it was founded in August 8 of 1967. The organization comprises of 10 Member States with differing backgrounds in economy, culture and government. Its aims and purposes include “To promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law in the relationship among countries of the region and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter” based on the “Mutual respect for the interdependence, sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity, and national identity of all nations.” However, it seems that ASEAN’s fundamental principles are its main detriment to achieving and carrying out its aims and purposes. The organization has faced multiple criticisms regarding its failure to address pressing matters in the region, such as ongoing human rights violations committed by member states. The slowness in addressing these matters is due to its fundamental principles of non-intervention and mutual respect for political independence, which in turn causes the lack of comprehensive dispute settlement mechanisms within the organization. This journal aims to pinpoint and identify the root of the aforementioned problems and seeks to provide a comprehensive solution with reference to other regional organizations. Keywords: ASEAN, Legal Personality, Dispute Settlement, Human Rights AbstrakAssociation of SouthEast Asian Nations (ASEAN) merupakan sebuah organisasi antarnegara regional yang mengalami perkembangan pesat sejak terbentuknya pada 8 Agustus 1967. Saat sekarang ASEAN mengandung 10 anggota negara yang mempunyai latar-belakang ekonomi, budaya, dan sistem pemerintahan yang berbeda. Tujuan dari ASEAN adalah “To promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law in the relationship among countries of the region and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter” berdasarkan “Mutual respect for the interdependence, sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity, and national identity of all nations.” Namun, prinsip dasar ASEAN seakan-akan menghambat ASEAN untuk mencapai tujuannya. Kritik yang dihadapi oleh ASEAN meliputi statusnya dalam hukum internasional, kurangnya efektivitas sistem penyelesaian sengketa di dalam ASEAN, dan bagaimana ASEAN mengatasi permasalahan Hak Asasi Manusia. Jurnal ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi masalah tersebut dan memberi solusi komprehensif dengan meninjau kepada organisasi regional lain. Kata Kunci: ASEAN, Personalitas Hukum, Penyelesaian Sengketa, Hak Asasi Manusia

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Beeson, Mark. « Living with Giants : ASEAN and the Evolution of Asian Regionalism ». TRaNS : Trans -Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia 1, n^o 2 (juillet 2013) : 303–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/trn.2013.8.

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AbstractFrom its inception, ASEAN has been shaped by the evolving structure of the international system and the activities of more powerful external actors. This is still the case. What is different now is that the nature of the region of which ASEAN is a part has changed in significant ways. Indeed, the entire structure of the international system has undergone a number of profoundly important changes which have forced ASEAN to adjust and recalibrate its own policies. This paper explores this adjustment process and maps the most important forces and actors that are compelling change. By placing the ASEAN experience in a comparative conceptual framework, it becomes possible to identify the key drivers of change and to speculate about their future impact on an organisation that has proved remarkably resilient thus far. The nature of contemporary regional developments and the continuing evolution of the wider international system mean that ASEAN is currently facing major new challenges and questions about its relevance in an era when other regional organisations are emerging to challenge its authority and role.

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Oh, Jae K. « The Value of a Regional Asian-Pacific Organisation for Echocardiography ». Heart, Lung and Circulation 28, n^o 9 (septembre 2019) : 1447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2019.07.002.

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De Castro, Renato Cruz. « The Limits of Intergovernmentalism : The Philippines’ Changing Strategy in the South China Sea Dispute and Its Impact on the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) ». Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 39, n^o 3 (23 juillet 2020) : 335–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1868103420935562.

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Focusing on the Philippines’ changing foreign policy agendas on the South China Sea dispute, this article examines the limitations of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations’ (ASEAN) intergovernmental approach in addressing security challenges in the Indo-Pacific region. It contends that former President Benigno Aquino III tried to harness this regional organisation in his balancing policy vis-à-vis China’s maritime expansion in the South China Sea. On the contrary, President Rodrigo Duterte promoted his appeasement policy on China when he became the ASEAN’s chairperson in 2017, and pushed for the elusive passage of the ASEAN–China Code of Conduct in 2019. In conclusion, the article scrutinises the implications of this shift in the Philippines’ foreign policy for the ASEAN, and raises the need for this regional organisation to rethink its intergovernmental approach to the security challenges posed by the changing geopolitics of the Indo-Pacific region.

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Hoan, Truong Quang, Dong Van Chung et Nguyen Huy Hoang. « Taiwan–ASEAN Trade Relations : Trade Structure and Trade in Value Added ». China Report 55, n^o 2 (mai 2019) : 102–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009445519834371.

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How has the Taiwan–Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) trade evolved without having official diplomatic relations? Using several international commodity classification systems and trade pattern indices, we argue that despite political constraints, Taiwan–ASEAN trade has rapidly expanded with a significant concentration on manufacturing and intermediate goods, embodied with high-technological content. Also, by employing the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD) database on trade in value added (TiVA), we assess that Taiwan and ASEAN have become important partners in terms of trade in value addition. Nevertheless, Taiwan is seemingly lagging behind Northeast Asian economies in strengthening linkages with ASEAN over regional production networks and TiVA. This possibly results from the absence of a bilateral preferential trade agreement between Taiwan and ASEAN so far. Given the low possibility of reaching such an agreement in the near future, it is suggested that Taiwan and ASEAN should employ dynamic approaches to reap greater bilateral trade expansion and other economic benefits.

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Menon, Jayant, et Anna Fink. « The Fourth Industrial Revolution and Its Implications for Regional Economic Integration in ASEAN ». Journal of Asian Economic Integration 1, n^o 1 (avril 2019) : 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2631684618821566.

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This article explores the impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) on the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It argues that technologies of the 4IR can bring huge benefits such as empowerment for small- and medium-sized enterprises and opportunities for countries to leapfrog traditional pathways of development. It will also bring tremendous challenges such as deep disruption to labour markets and the potential of rising inequality. To address the challenges and seize the opportunities of the 4IR, ASEAN will need a new way of formulating policy and regulation that will require: (a) evolution of the ASEAN Secretariat to become a ‘platform organisation’, (b) greater delegation of key activities to affiliated functional bodies, (c) a shift from long-term blueprints to three-year rolling plans, (d) democratise and decentralise and (e) establish multi-country test beds. JEL Codes: F14, F15

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V. Muruganandham et Dr. M. Ragupathi. « A Study On Labour Welfare Measures In Chettinad Cement Corporation Limited - With Special Reference To Puliyur, Karur District, Tamilnadu ». Restaurant Business 118, n^o 12 (5 décembre 2019) : 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/rb.v118i12.12580.

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International Labour Organisation (ILO) at its Asian regional Conference, defined labour welfare as a term which is understood to include such services, facilities and amenities as may be established in o in the vicinity of undertaking to enable the person employed in them to perform their work in healthy, and high morale.

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Kuhrt, Natasha, et Filippo Costa Buranelli. « Russia and the CIS in 2018 ». Asian Survey 59, n^o 1 (janvier 2019) : 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2019.59.1.44.

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Russia’s “Asian pivot” remains focused on China, despite energetic Russian diplomacy in 2018 vis-à-vis Japan and India. The benefits of the enlargement of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation to include Pakistan and India remained unclear, and the overlapping memberships of regional organizations highlighted the challenges for security and economic cooperation in Central Asia.

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Dhungel, Dwarika. « South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC) : Prospects for Development ». Pakistan Development Review 43, n^o 4II (1 décembre 2004) : 933–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v43i4iipp.933-941.

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Recently, the South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC) completed two decades of its existence. The heads of states or governments of its member countries, viz. Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, once again would meet in Dhaka and reaffirm their faith in the organisation and its charter. Considering the political reality within the individual SAARC nations, and especially the relationship between the two biggest members of the association, one could feel satisfied that the association has survived so far. But its movement in terms of achieving the objectives for which it was formed has been slow and it is criticised as a house of cards or a house built on sand, which can fall apart any time. There is a big stress in the interrelationship between neighbours.

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Tickle, Matthew, Robin Mann et Dotun Adebanjo. « Deploying business excellence – success factors for high performance ». International Journal of Quality & ; Reliability Management 33, n^o 2 (1 février 2016) : 197–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijqrm-10-2013-0160.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to improve the understanding of how organisations successfully deploy business excellence (BE) by comparing the tools and strategies implemented by organisations at different levels of BE maturity. Design/methodology/approach – The study used a combination of a questionnaire, discussion groups and interviews with respondents including private sector organisations across India, Japan, Republic of China, Singapore and Thailand. These countries were selected due to them being considered as having the most advanced BE organisations in Asia by the Asian Productivity Organisation (APO) that commissioned the study. Once triangulated, the quantitative data were analysed through use of the IBM SPSS Statistical software package. Findings – The study has shown that on average, organisations with higher BE maturity outperform their less mature counterparts. The study also revealed that organisations with a high BE maturity were more likely to use specific tools and were more likely to use some of these tools more effectively. Finally, the study identified differences in strategic approaches to BE between organisations with high and low BE maturity. Research limitations/implications – Only five Asian countries were considered due to resource limitations. However, the study of 74 organisations represents one of the most comprehensive to date with 30 of these organisations being award winners. Practical implications – The findings offer guidance to those organisations wishing to progress from a low level of BE maturity to a more advanced level. The findings have already assisted the APO and its 20 member countries in the development and implementation of strategic interventions at a regional and national level. Originality/value – No other study in Asia has been conducted on such a large sample of BE-orientated organisations. The study was also unique in its focus on the tools and strategies that should be used for successful BE deployment. In addition, the study is one of only a few in Asia that has studied the results of BE on organisational performance.

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KATSUMATA, HIRO. « Mimetic adoption and norm diffusion : ‘Western’ security cooperation in Southeast Asia ? » Review of International Studies 37, n^o 2 (2 septembre 2010) : 557–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210510000872.

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AbstractThe members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have been pursuing new cooperative security agendas – namely, confidence-building measures (CBMs), preventive diplomacy (PD), conflict resolution and a set of agendas associated with security communities. The ASEAN members' pursuit of these agendas should be seen as a set of instances of their mimetic adoption of external norms for the sake of legitimacy. They have mimetically been adopting a set of norms associated with the collective management of conflicts, which have been practiced by the participant states of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). They have been doing so, with the intention of securing their identities as legitimate members of the community of modern states, and of enhancing the status of ASEAN and the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) as legitimate cooperative security institutions.

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Sidaway, James D. « The (Geo)Politics of Regional Integration : The Example of the Southern African Development Community ». Environment and Planning D : Society and Space 16, n^o 5 (octobre 1998) : 549–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d160549.

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Although mindful of the context of debates about a global tendency towards the formation of regional communities [of which the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), the North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA), and the European Union (EU) are examples] the author focuses on the nature of regional integration in Southern Africa. In turn, however, the example of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) is used to reflect on a number of broader theoretical issues concerning discourses and processes of regional integration. The author notes how, in the early 1980s, the forerunner to the SADC was born (in part) out of a struggle against the apartheid regime in South Africa. Today, the organisation includes the ‘new’ (postapartheid) South Africa and has accordingly shifted its avowed rationale away from an alliance against apartheid towards a scheme for regional integration, ‘development’, and reconstruction. Moving beyond these claims and drawing on interviews, journalistic sources, and official documentation the author seeks to understand the SADC's role as a diplomatic entity—and as operating within the same logics of power as the postcolonial African state.

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Parker, Lee D., et Lai Hong Chung. « Structuring social and environmental management control and accountability ». Accounting, Auditing & ; Accountability Journal 31, n^o 3 (19 mars 2018) : 993–1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-04-2016-2513.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the construction of social and environmental strategies and the related implementation of management control by a key organisation located in a pivotal Asian location in the global hospitality industry. In doing so, it sets out to elucidate the forms and processes of strategic social and environmental control as well their relationship to the traditional financial control system. Design/methodology/approach The study employs field-based case study of a single case operating in both regional and global context. Drawing upon documentary, survey and interview sources, the study employs structuration theory to inform its design and analysis. Findings The findings reveal the interaction of top-down global corporate framing and bottom-up local-level staff initiatives that combine to develop a locally focussed and differentiated social and environmental programme and expedite an associated management control and accountability system. The study also reveals the dominance of the traditional financial control system over the social and environmental management control system and the simultaneously enabling and constraining nature of that relationship. Practical implications Signification and legitimation structures can be employed in building social and environmental values and programmes which then lay the foundations for related discourse and action at multiple levels of the organisation. This also has the potential to facilitate modes of staff commitment expressed through bottom-up initiatives and control, subject to but also facilitated by the dominating influence of the organisation’s financial control system. Social implications This study reveals the importance of national and regional governmental, cultural and social context as both potential enablers and beneficiaries of organisational, social and environmental strategy and control innovation and implementation. Originality/value The paper offers an intra-organisational perspective on social and environmental strategising and control processes and motivations that elucidates forms of action, control and accountability and the relationship between social/environmental control and financial control agendas. It further reveals the interaction between globally developed strategic and control frameworks and locally initiated bottom-up strategic initiatives and control.

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Shenbrot, GI, KA Rogovin et EJ Heske. « Comparison of Niche-Packing and Community Organization in Desert Rodents in Asia and North-America ». Australian Journal of Zoology 42, n^o 4 (1994) : 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9940479.

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We compared patterns of species diversity, locomotory morphology, feeding modes, and spatial organisation for rodent communities in four Asian deserts (Kyzylkum, Gobi, ?Thar, Negev) and one North American (Chihuahuan) desert. Deserts were similar in gamma and alpha diversity. A positive relationship between regional species diversity (and biomass) and mean annual precipitation was found. The Asian deserts showed a greater degree of divergence and specialisation between bipedal and quadrupedal forms. The range of feeding modes was similar in deserts on both continents, but the Negev was the only Asian desert in which granivory was as important as in the Chihuahuan. Temperate Asian desert rodents were organised into spatial guilds, separated primarily by characteristics of the soil and perennial vegetation. North American desert rodent species overlapped more extensively in habitat use. The similarities and differences between these deserts can be explained by their biogeographic histories.

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Fidenko, Yulia L. « National Versions of Worship as a Basis for a New Mass to Come ». Observatory of Culture, n^o 6 (28 décembre 2014) : 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2014-0-6-92-97.

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Deals with the regional aspects in the musical organisation of Mass related to the reforms of the Second Vatican Council. The author concretises the features of liturgical music reform and notes the specificity of its realisation in the practice of Catholic commons of the Asian part of Russia, from the Urals to the Far East. It is argued that a combination of musical material integrated in a holistic canonical invariant gives original features to worship in each parish.

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Caiden, Gerald E., et Yoshikazu Kitaguchi. « Promoting Good Governance ». Korean Journal of Policy Studies 14 (31 décembre 1999) : 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps14001.

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From May 31 to June 4,1999 over eight hundred participants from al1 levels of government and nongovernmental organisations attended the World Conference on Governance held in the Philippines. It had been organised by the Eastern Regional Organisation for Public Administration (EROPA), the Philippine Civil Service, and the National College of Public Administration and Governance at the University of the Philippines, in cooperation with numerous international and regional organisations, including the Asian Development Bank, the Canadian International Development Agency, the Economic Development Institute of the World Bank, the United Nations Development Programme and the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Its theme was From Government to Governance with emphasis on public finance, capacity building and partnerships. But its major concern was promoting good governance, a topic which has been attracting increasing international attention since the late 1980s and has become a key objective of many technical assistance programmes. The World Conference can be seen as a culmination of these efforts to focus on good governance in institutional development and to prepare an agenda for future action by taking account of current ideas and opinions of all those involved. What follows is a brief overview of some major issues that run through the notion of promoting good governance.

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Mir Sherbaz Khetran. « SCO Membership and Pakistan : Prospects of Relations with Central Asia ». Strategic Studies 39, n^o 2 (25 juillet 2019) : 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.039.02.00113.

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In June 2017, Pakistan gained the permanent membership of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) in its 16th Heads of State Summit in Astana. As its permanent member, Pakistan hopes to attain immense support to address its economic, security and social issues. By sharing a membership with two major regional powers, Russia and China, in SCO, Pakistan sees itself an elevated contributor to the regional development. Moreover, full membership of the SCO has the potential to improve the image of Pakistan in the international arena. This paper is an endeavour to look into the potential benefits of SCO membership, as well as Pakistan’s relationship with the Central Asian Republics (CARs).

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Raghurampatruni, Radha, M. Senthil et N. Gayathri. « The Future Potential and Prospects of SAARC Regional Grouping : A Study ». India Quarterly : A Journal of International Affairs 77, n^o 4 (26 octobre 2021) : 579–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09749284211047722.

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The renewed and reinvigorated engagement of India with the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) over the past few years has been one of the significant factors leading to the gradual and irreversible transition of the regional organisation from a declaratory phase to one of implementation (Bhagwati, 2008). The new growth momentum in the South Asian region and its increasing openness encourages a fresh look at the economic integration of the region. In this context, the study examines the opportunities and commodity potential of trade between India and the SAARC countries by adopting a variety of trade indices of export intensity index and import intensity index along with Gini coefficient. The authors further study the commodity trade potential between India and the SAARC countries by adopting the revealed comparative advantage index and revealed import dependency index. The study concludes an increasing export intensity and import intensity of trade between India and the other SAARC member countries. Finally, the values of Gravity coefficient and commodity analysis find a high trade potential between them and the untapped trade and investment scenario that could be tapped by strengthening the regional block of SAARC.

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KURODA, Tomoya. « EC–ASEAN Relations in the 1970s as an Origin of the European Union–Asia Relationship ». Journal of European Integration History 25, n^o 1 (2019) : 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0947-9511-2019-1-65.

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Today, the relationship between EU and Asian countries is at a turning point. During the Cold War, there was quite a large gap in status between the EC and ASEAN. The EC was highly institutionalised and the most advanced regional organisation, while ASEAN was simply an association of developing countries. However, in the post-Cold War era, Asia has gained a more important status compared to Europe. A striking example is the establishment of the Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) in 1996, where heads of states were treated as ‘equal partners’. This article addresses the following question as the main point of its research: Why and how did the EC establish institutional bonds with ASEAN countries? Despite this corpus of research, studies of the factors behind the EC’s shift towards institutionalised relationships with ASEAN have not examined the geopolitical interests at stake. This paper, thus, aims to give an overall picture of EC-ASEAN institutional relations in the 1970s, with particular attention to the global strategies of EC member states, based on a multi-archival approach. Thus, this paper analyses a neglected origin of the EU-Asia relationship.

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Snyder, Francis. « China, Regional Trade Agreements and WTO Law ». Journal of World Trade 43, Issue 1 (1 février 2009) : 1–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2009001.

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China’s policy towards regional trade agreements (RTAs) will have a major impact on the international trading system, the debate about regionalism and multilateralism, and the policy of the WTO concerning RTAs. This article analyses China’s RTAs, identifies many reasons underlying them, and proposes a three–fold typology for China’s RTAs: economic integration agreements, standard regional trade agreements with other countries in the Asia–Pacific region, and bilateral free trade agreements with non–Asian countries. It then compares rules of origin, safeguards, and dispute settlement mechanisms in selected RTAs and evaluates them from the standpoint of WTO law. The article concludes, first, that the basic three–fold typology helps us to understand the objectives, organisation, and operation of China’s RTAs and their relations to China’s domestic structures, policy processes, legal and political culture and international and regional policies. Second, China’s RTAs are generally WTO–compatible since they are drafted in the shadow of WTO law, even though WTO law does not always provide a detailed normative template. Finally, China has the challenge and the opportunity of contributing to the development of a new role for the WTO in managing RTAs.

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Kin, Leong Chee. « Educating the Educators : Technology-Enhanced Mathematics Teaching and Learning ». Southeast Asian Mathematics Education Journal 5, n^o 1 (28 décembre 2015) : 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.46517/seamej.v5i1.33.

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Educational research has shown that teaching quality is one of the most important factors in raising student achievement. There is a compelling need for educators to keep abreast of the important developments that are taking place in educational arena. One of the educational areas that has massive development is the use of technology to enhance teaching and learning especially in mathematics. This development needs professional developmentamong educators. Being a regional science and mathematics education centre, the Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organisation Regional Centre for Education in Science and Mathematics (SEAMEO RECSAM) has always been cognizant of the importance of these developments. Its training programmes are planned to incorporate these developments for in-service teachers, teacher educators and ministry of education mathematics officers. As the Centre's mandate aims to ensure that these participants from Southeast Asians countriesas well as those from outside the region are equipped with emerging educationaltechnology tools which can enhance teaching and learning of mathematics. This paper will share the Centre’s experiences in continuing professional development among mathematics teacher, teacher educators and officers from the ministry of education on educational innovation and technology.

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Rehman, Javaid. « Institutions of International Law and the Development of Regional Forum for Peaceful Dialogue in South Asia ». Asian Journal of Comparative Law 1 (2006) : 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s219460780000082x.

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AbstractSince 11 September 2001, international law and the community it governs are at a crossroads. While the world appears to be besieged by terrorist threats from non-state actors such as the Al-Qaeda, there is also a substantial risk of super-power unilateralism and arrogance. Amidst these crises, South-Asia occupies a sensitive and vulnerable position. The region is also beset with ethnic, religious, and domestic political conflicts which provide substantial threats to regional peace and security. Against the backdrop of the enormous complications faced by South Asia, the present article considers the role of international and regional institutions in developing forums for establishing peace and security for the region, as well greater promotion of human rights. A particular focus is upon the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) which, it is contended, is an organisation capable of providing a suitable platform for peaceful dialogue within South-Asia.

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M. Khalid, Ahmed, et Gulasekaran Rajaguru. « Financial Market Linkages in South Asia : Evidence Using a Multivariate GARCH Model ». Pakistan Development Review 43, n^o 4II (1 décembre 2004) : 585–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v43i4iipp.585-603.

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The economic and social benefits of more openness and internationalisation are well supported by both academics and policy-makers. Many countries are also trying to become part of the world trade bloc such as the World Trade Organisation (WTO) or AFTA. Efforts are also made to strengthen the existing regional economic and trade coordination or establish new regional economic and financial integration. Unfortunately, at the time (during the 1980s and 1990s) when many emerging economies in East Asia were involved in openness, internationalisation and regional economic and financial integration, the South Asian countries wasted their resources in dealing with political crisis (such as Bangladesh), internal conflicts (such as Sri Lanka) or border issues (such as India and Pakistan). It is only recently that regimes have realised that a peaceful economic environment is essential to attract foreign investment, pursue a pro-growth policy and achieve a sustainable growth. The recent dialogue between Pakistan and India and some progress in SAARC consultation are a few steps towards these goals.

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Campbell, Peter N. « African Biochemists Plan More Collaboration ». Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2000) : 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2000.16.

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The Federation of European Biochemical Societies (FEBS) was the first regional organisation of biochemists, holding its first congress in London in 1964. There followed the creation of the Pan American Association of Biochemical Societies (PAABS) and then the Federation of Asian and Oceanian Biochemists (FAOB). An obvious development was the formation of a similar organisation to take care of Africa, but this proved impossible so long as apartheid survived in South Africa. With the removal of the latter, the way was clear for the foundation of the Federation of African Societies of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (FASBMB). The first congress of the new federation was held in Nairobi in September 1996 under the Presidency of Prof. Dominic Makawiti of Nairobi University. Among the 300 participants were representatives from 19 countries in Africa. The second congress was held at Potchefstroom in South Africa in 1998 and the third was just held in Cairo.

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Daniels, Christian. « Nanzhao as a Southeast Asian kingdom, c.738–902 ». Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 52, n^o 2 (juin 2021) : 188–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463421000424.

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This article sets out to demonstrate the Southeast Asian nature of Nanzhao as a Sinitic state similar to Dai Viet. Previous studies have focused on Nanzhao's relations with Tang China, and emphasised the heavy Tang influence on its political organisation. Examining Nanzhao's expansion of governance into the Upper Ayeyarwady and Upper Mekong river regions during the eighth and ninth centuries, I argue that it was a kingdom characterised by a combination of Sinitic-style bureaucracy with indigenous Southeast Asian allegiance ties. I demonstrate how Nanzhao utilised these features to broaden its entire power base by administering conquered peoples and maintaining trade routes in the Upper Ayeyarwady and the Upper Mekong from a network of walled-cities. Though Confucianism exerted limited influence at the local level, the elite invoked Confucian civilising ideology to morally justify their governance of conquered peoples. The authority of the king extended beyond the core area, and his bureaucracy was powerful enough to loosely administer regional areas and to shift subdued peoples to populate strategic points within the kingdom, while governing Mon-Khmer polities at the southern periphery indirectly through their own leaders.

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Morris, David. « Geopolitical shift at a time of Covid-19 and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank : A case study of Chinese innovation in multilateralism ». Society and Economy 43, n^o 3 (31 août 2021) : 208–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2021.00003.

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Abstract How China will contribute to global governance has become a critical question in international relations, amplified by the linkages between the Covid-19 pandemic, escalating geopolitical contest and multilateralism in crisis. China has been doubling down on its authoritarian model of domestic governance while becoming more internationally assertive, including in existing and new multilateral institutions. Meanwhile, the United States appeared in recent years to be undermining the institutions, norms and rules of the liberal international order that it, itself, built. The subsequent decline in international cooperation poses grave risks to public health, economic and other forms of security. Can China cooperate with other actors to contribute public goods and stabilisation of global governance in such a deteriorating international environment? While there is a wide range of institutions in which to examine China's growing role in international governance, from United Nations bodies such as the World Health Organisation and World Trade Organisation to regional initiatives such as the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, this paper examines the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), an example of Chinese innovation in multilateralism. Established amidst geopolitical contest, the new institution seeks to address the Asian deficit of financing for sustainable development. The bank challenges a number of prevailing norms, including replacing the disproportionate power of the US and the advanced economies in the multilateral system with a more proportionate role for China and other developing countries; a new focus on infrastructure-led development which is built on Chinese confidence in the East Asian development model; and a shift away from the Bretton Woods practices of using financing conditions to drive liberal democratic and neo-liberal economic reforms. At the same time as representing a challenge to the traditional order, the bank exhibits – at least to date – best practices in implementation and addresses previously unmet concerns of the developing world. While it is not possible to extrapolate from only one initiative to draw comprehensive conclusions about China's likely future role in global governance, the AIIB case nonetheless suggests that, at least in some fields, China will challenge liberal norms to reform rather than revolutionise the international order.

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Areeba Arif. « Energising SAARC : Options for Pakistan ». Strategic Studies 38, n^o 2 (9 août 2018) : 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.038.02.00151.

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South Asia has a chequered history, as it has confronted great crisis and problem, such as poverty, bad governance, corruption, illiteracy and terrorism. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was established in 1985, in Bangladesh, with the objective to promote economic development and prosperity of the South Asian people. It is not considered as a successful organisation due to the authoritative role of India and apprehensive behaviour of small states. The member countries are not ready to accept the superiority of India as it never agreed on negotiating on an equal basis with its neighbours. The recent example is the cancellation of the 19th SAARC summit. India pulled out of the summit, which was to be held in Islamabad in November 2016. Cancellation of this summit is a bad omen for the entire region and particularly for Pakistan. This paper is aimed to highlight the different aspects of strategic and economic cooperation that can be useful for energising SAARC. In the backdrop of recent events in the region, when India’s hegemony is increasing and Pakistan’s economic standing has improved substantially, it is imperative that this platform should be utilised to bring these countries closer. In this age of regional connectivity and harmonious economic growth, the SAARC nations should use this forum to forge long-lasting ties and for the peace and stability of the entire region.

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Nurmatov, Temirbek. « Perspectives of the Kyrgyz Republic on Eurasia ». India Quarterly : A Journal of International Affairs 75, n^o 1 (21 janvier 2019) : 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974928418821472.

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The Kyrgyz Republic was a co-founder of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), one of the first countries to sign the Collective Security Treaty (CST). Participation in the Treaty is a guarantee of its own security for Kyrgyzstan. The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), becoming the culmination of the formal economic integration of Russia and Central Asian countries, set as its primary goal the creation of common regional markets for goods, services, capital and labour, which implies unrestricted freedom of trade and labour migration between member countries and unified customs procedures. The participation of Kyrgyzstan in the EAEU is a historically conditioned need for the revival and strengthening of trade and economic ties. Kyrgyzstan’s road, rail and air links mainly pass through the EEU countries.

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Sayapin, Sergey. « International Law in Central Asia : Practices and Doctrines ». Review of Central and East European Law 47, n^o 3-4 (22 décembre 2022) : 322–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15730352-bja10072.

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Abstract Since their independence in 1991, the states of Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan) have become increasingly important as regional and international actors. They have joined the United Nations (UN) as well as regional organizations, such as the Commonwealth of Independent States (cis), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (csto), the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (sco), and the Eurasian Economic Union (eaeu). International law has played an important role in the processes of state-building and integration these countries have undergone, yet it has not always been consistently accepted as a policy tool and academic discipline. In particular, building a stable nexus between the practice of international law and academic research on the subject remains a challenge. This article provides an overview of Central Asian practices and doctrines of international law with a focus on international peace and security, international organizations, international environmental law, human rights, international humanitarian and criminal law, and international investment arbitration. It concludes with recommendations for more successful promotion and implementation of international law in the region.

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Clayton, J. S., F. A. Gapparov, A. V. Latchininsky, F. A. Nurjonov et B. A. Duissembekov. « Benefits of ULV Application to Control Locusts in Caucasus and Central Asia ». Outlooks on Pest Management 35, n^o 2 (1 avril 2024) : 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1564/v35_apr_02.

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This paper discusses the state-of-the-art of Ultra-Low Volume (ULV) spray application with rotary atomisers in the Caucasus and Central Asian (CCA) region to control locusts. The technology is widely used around the world for locust control and promoted by the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) as an effective and efficient control intervention that meets the scale and challenge posed by large area locust outbreaks. The technology utilises precisely controlled spray droplets in the range 50–100um using ready-to-use oil-based ULV formulations to target locusts more efficiently. Volume rates as low as 0.5-1.0 l/ha are utilised which greatly improves productivity of ground and aerial spray applications, timeliness, and reduces cost and waste of pesticide and water. ULV has become more widely adopted in CCA during recent years to control major economic pests such as Moroccan, Italian, and Asian migratory locusts. Its further adoption is hampered by the lack of available ULV formulations in the region and need for investment and training in the technology. ULV technology is highly appropriate for use of biological products to reduce risks to operators and the environment and efforts to increase regional cooperation and the registration of safer pesticides across the region present opportunities for its wider adoption.

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Wong, Diana, et Ik Tien Ngu. « A “Double Alienation” ». Asian Journal of Social Science 42, n^o 3-4 (2014) : 262–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04203004.

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Scholarship on Christianity in Malaysia has been dominated by denominational church history, as well as the study of urban, middle-class and English-speaking church congregations in the post-Independence period. In focusing on the vernacular Chinese Protestant church in Malaysia, and one of its most prominent para-church organisations, called The Bridge, this paper draws attention to the variegated histories of Christian conversion and dissemination in Malaysia, and the various modes and meanings of Christian identity as incorporated into different local communities and cultures. The history of the Chinese Protestant church suggested in the first part of the paper takes as its point of departure the distinction between mission and migrant churches, the latter being the origin of the vernacular Chinese churches in Malaysia. The second part of the paper traces the emergence of a Chinese para-church lay organisation called The Bridge, and the Chinese Christian intellectuals behind it, in their mission to engage the larger Chinese and national public through literary publications and other media outreach activities. In so doing, these Chinese Christian intellectuals also drew on the resources of an East Asian and overseas Chinese Christian network, while searching for their destiny as Chinese Christians in the national context of Malaysia. By pointing to the importance of regional, Chinese-language Christian networks, and the complexity of vernacular Christian subjectivity, the paper hopes to fill a gap in the existing literature on Christianity in Malaysia, as well as make a contribution to on-going debates on issues of localisation, globalisation and authenticity in global Christianity.

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Peng, Daniel Chan Kok. « BUILDING PREPAREDNESS IN ASIA : A PARTNERSHIP APPROACH ». International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, n^o 1 (1 mai 2008) : 187–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-187.

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ABSTRACT The International Maritime Organization'S (IMO) “International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation, 1990” (OPRC 90) has been in force for more than 12 years now. IMO has been instrumental in setting up and providing both technical support and funding for various regional arrangements that provide the platform to achieve the objectives laid out by the Convention, both at the regional and national level. These efforts were sometimes carried out through the IMO/International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA) Global Initiative (GI) Programme with strong support from national government and industry. Generally across Asia, national governments have to take preparedness to the provincial government level where the operational issues and challenges lie, often beyond the remit of existing technical support and funding from external organisations. The task of developing an integrated preparedness and response solution often involves inter-agency cooperation both at the national and local government level that may have competing priorities that outstrips available resources. A possible solution to this is through “Partnerships” among stakeholders, as the new paradigm that seeks to involve relevant stakeholders at the local provincial level where most of the practical challenges are. In East Asia Seas region, PEMSEA NETWORK OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS FOR SUSTAINABLE COASTAL DEVELOPMENT (PNLG) formed on 13 December 2006 recognises that oil spill preparedness and response is an integral part of the sustainable coastal development. This provides a platform for such “Partnerships” that integrate the different elements of preparedness between local government and industry at the provincial level. Oil Spill Response and East Asia Response Ltd (OSRL/EARL) is a ‘not for profit’ Tier 3 response organisation with a regional base in Singapore for the Asia Pacific Region. Recognising the importance and issues surrounding oil spill preparedness and response we had been proactively involved in the region for the past six years through our advocacy activities that seek to address these challenges with the support of the oil industry. OSRL/EARL on 16 December 2006 joined the East Asian Seas (EAS) Partnership Council as a member to provide the technical support and operational expertise to enhance oil spill preparedness in high risk areas in the region.

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COOPER, RANDOLF G. S. « Afghanistan's Future as Seen from Hindustan's Military Past ». Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 24, n^o 4 (9 juin 2014) : 573–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186314000121.

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AbstractThis article stems from an informal inquiry into how military history was employed in British and North American centres for higher military education to prepare officers for deployment to Afghanistan. The discussions were conducted with professional military educators who were actively teaching in institutions tasked with educating middle and senior ranking officers. When questioned about course reading materials and texts, there was little commonality of approach between the three North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) allies. There was, however, a common working assumption that the only applicable military history lessons were those drawn from the three Anglo-Afghan Wars fought in 1839–1842, 1878–1880 and 1919 respectively.When asked about the linkages of Afghanistan to Pakistan and the wider South Asian region, there was a begrudging admission that the war in Afghanistan could not be fought in isolation and that any lasting peace had to be considered within a greater regional framework. Yet when it was posited that there may be benefit to a wider approach to the applicability of regional military history, those queried could see little to no benefit in considering any military history lessons but those derived from the three previously cited Anglo-Afghan Wars. This paper suggests that if military history has a useful role to play in contemporary conflict analysis and, more importantly, professional military education, then there is merit in considering a wider historic canvas and that the events of Hindustan's military past lend themselves to such an application.

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Tilak, Jandhyala B. G. « Behrmann, Jere R. : Human Resource Led Development : Review of Issues and Evidence. New Dehli : International Labour Organisation?Asian Regional Team for Employment Promotion 1990, 105 pp. » Kyklos 44, n^o 4 (novembre 1991) : 635–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.1991.tb01803.x.

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Nishiyama, Saki, et Mamoru Narukawa. « Impact of the Economic Status of the Patient’s Country of Residence on the Outcome of Oncology Clinical Trials ». Oncologist 27, n^o 3 (26 février 2022) : e244-e250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oncolo/oyab060.

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Abstract Background Prolongation of overall survival (OS) is commonly evaluated as a primary endpoint in confirmative oncology clinical trials; however, it is potentially affected by subsequent treatments carried out in practice. To design and implement multi-regional clinical trials properly, we compared survival outcomes between Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and non-OECD countries. Materials and Methods Individual patient data from industry-sponsored multi-regional phase III oncology trials were obtained from the Project Data Sphere. Patients of each arm were divided into several subgroups based on race and country where patients were enrolled. We defined the member countries of the OECD. Cox regression analysis was conducted to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) for progression-free survival (PFS) and OS between the different subgroups in each trial, followed by a meta-analysis to estimate the summary HR and its confidence interval with a random-effect model. Results Eleven arms from 10 clinical trials were eligible for the analysis. No statistically significant difference was observed in PFS and OS between Caucasian and Asian. A prolongation of OS was observed in patients enrolled in the OECD group compared with non-OECD group, while no statistically significant difference was observed in PFS. Conclusion The economic status and healthcare environment of countries where patients reside have an impact on the outcome of OS. Clinical trial sponsors are recommended to consider carefully how to properly design oncology clinical trials including the selection of countries and data management of subsequent treatments.

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Yeung, Henry Wai-Chung. « Embedding Foreign Affiliates in Transnational Business Networks : The Case of Hong Kong Firms in Southeast Asia ». Environment and Planning A : Economy and Space 32, n^o 2 (février 2000) : 201–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a31173.

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The author aims to examine the nature and organisation of transnational business networks. From an empirical study of some 111 parent Hong Kong transnational corporations (TNCs) and 63 of their foreign affiliates in Southeast Asia, he argues that the role and functions of TNC affiliates are critically dependent on their embeddedness in transnational business networks. These transnational business networks can be organised either within TNCs (intrafirm) or with local firms (interfirm). This network embeddedness of TNC affiliates is socially organised and can be strategically deployed to facilitate the extension of network associations through time and space. Two detailed case studies of business networks of Hong Kong TNCs (HKTNCs) in Southeast Asia present several interesting illustrations. First, the strategic strength and spatial reach of intrafirm networks determine the competitive advantage of Hong Kong TNCs in the regional economy. Better integration and regional coverage are the winning strategies of Hong Kong firms in Southeast Asia. Second, the embeddedness of foreign affiliates in the business networks of HKTNCs are socially constructed. Personal relationships and business association among leading actors in HKTNC networks provide the underlying organising principles of such network formation. Third, the functions and contributions of local Southeast Asian affiliates to overall group performance are related to their access to local business and other forms of interfirm networks. Local affiliates with strong networking capabilities tend to receive more support and coordination from parent TNCs. In the concluding section the author offers some implications for recent developments in network theory in economic geography and geographies of Chinese business networks in Asia.

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Forsyth, Stewart, Sheila Gautier et Norman Salem Jr. « Global Estimates of Dietary Intake of Docosahexaenoic Acid and Arachidonic Acid in Developing and Developed Countries ». Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 68, n^o 4 (2016) : 258–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000446855.

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Background/Aim: For international recommendations on docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) dietary intake to be valid, there needs to be a greater understanding of dietary patterns across both the developed and developing world. The aim of this investigation was to provide a global overview of dietary intake of DHA and ARA. Methods: Food balance sheets from the Food and Agriculture Organisation Statistics Division and fatty acid composition data from Australian food composition tables in Nutrient Tables 2010 were utilised to generate median per capita intake estimates for DHA and ARA in 175 countries worldwide. Results: Estimated dietary intake per capita for DHA and ARA in 47 developed and 128 developing countries demonstrated that 48% of the 175 countries have an ARA intake of <150 mg/day and 64% have a dietary DHA intake of <200 mg/day. There was a direct relationship between dietary ARA and DHA intake and the per capita gross national income of the country. Regional analysis showed the lowest ARA and DHA dietary intake in Sub-Saharan Africa and Central and Southern Asian populations. Conclusions: This study demonstrates there are many populations worldwide that have ARA and DHA intake that do not reflect current international recommendations, and the public health consequences of this global inadequacy need to be urgently considered.

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Müller, Lukas Maximilian. « Pre-Eminent or Subordinate ? An Organisational Environment Perspective on the EU’s Security Cooperation with asean and ecowas ». European Review of International Studies 8, n^o 3 (13 décembre 2021) : 413–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21967415-08030002.

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Abstract Security cooperation with other regional organisations (ros) has long been a facet of EU foreign policy. The EU’s relationships with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (asean) and the Economic Community of West African States (ecowas) illustrate the variety of the EU’s engagement. In West Africa, the EU is a pre-eminent actor, occasionally dictating an agenda and marginalising ecowas. In Southeast Asia, the EU remains subordinate, facing an uphill battle for relevance in the security sphere and a closer relationship to asean. Prevailing explanations focus on the EU’s internal characteristics or bilateral cooperation dynamics, but fail to fully explain this discrepancy. Based on new interview information, this article argues that the organisational environment also affects the EU’s security cooperation with asean and ecowas. The presence of competitive environments limits the EU’s role in security cooperation and relegates it to a subordinate role. In the absence of competition, the EU is allowed to become pre-eminent.

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Wang, Bin, Ao Sun, Qiuxia Zheng et Dianting Wu. « Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of Green Development Cooperation Network among Belt and Road Initiative Regions and Countries ». Sustainability 13, n^o 20 (12 octobre 2021) : 11216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011216.

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There is a global need to jointly build the green Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in order to develop a philosophy of ecological civilisation and achieve sustainable development. This paper aims to analyse the temporal and spatial characteristics of the green development cooperation (GDC) network among BRI regions and countries and explore the reasons for its formation. To this end, the first step was to analyse the spatial and temporal characteristics of green development capability in six regions of 104 BRI countries from 2013 to 2019 using the synthetic evaluation model and entropy method. Next, social network analysis was used to analyse three characteristics of the GDC network: network structure, node structure, and community structure. Moreover, the indicators of network strength and network correlation were used to estimate the structural characteristics of the entire GDC network, while degree centrality, betweenness centrality, and closeness centrality were used to estimate the role and status of countries in the GDC network. In addition, modularity optimisation was used to analyse the community structure and regional effects of the GDC network. The results show that (1) the green development capability of the BRI countries has spatial and temporal heterogeneity. (2) The GDC network among the BRI countries has been initially formed, and has the characteristics of high connectedness, high efficiency, low density, and low hierarchy. (3) The GDC network has community structure and regional effect, showing polycentric and hierarchical characteristics. (4) China, Russia, and the European countries have stronger radiating and controlling power. Central Asian countries along the land Silk Road and Indian Ocean countries along the maritime Silk Road play a significant role as intermediaries and bridges, while the BRICS and Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) countries play a vital role as the central actors. Finally, some theoretical and practical implications are put forward to provide a blueprint for jointly achieving the sustainable development goals.

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Janssens-Maenhout, G., M. Crippa, D. Guizzardi, F. Dentener, M. Muntean, G. Pouliot, T. Keating et al. « HTAP_v2 : a mosaic of regional and global emission gridmaps for 2008 and 2010 to study hemispheric transport of air pollution ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, n^o 8 (29 avril 2015) : 12867–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-12867-2015.

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Abstract. The mandate of the Task Force Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (HTAP) under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) is to improve the scientific understanding of the intercontinental air pollution transport, to quantify impacts on human health, vegetation and climate, to identify emission mitigation options across the regions of the Northern Hemisphere, and to guide future policies on these aspects. The harmonization and improvement of regional emission inventories is imperative to obtain consolidated estimates on the formation of global-scale air pollution. An emissions dataset has been constructed using regional emission gridmaps (annual and monthly) for SO2, NOx, CO, NMVOC, NH3, PM10, PM2.5, BC and OC for the years 2008 and 2010, with the purpose of providing consistent information to global and regional scale modelling efforts. This compilation of different regional gridded inventories, including the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s for USA, EPA and Environment Canada's for Canada, the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) and Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)'s for Europe, and the Model Inter-comparison Study in Asia (MICS-Asia)'s for China, India and other Asian countries, was gap-filled with the emission gridmaps of the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGARv4.3) for the rest of the world (mainly South-America, Africa, Russia and Oceania). Emissions from seven main categories of human activities (power, industry, residential, agriculture, ground transport, aviation and shipping) were estimated and spatially distributed on a common grid of 0.1° × 0.1° longitude–latitude, to yield monthly, global, sector-specific gridmaps for each substance and year. The HTAP_v2.2 air pollutant gridmaps are considered to combine latest available regional information within a complete global dataset. The disaggregation by sectors, high spatial and temporal resolution and detailed information on the data sources and references used will provide the user the required transparency. Because HTAP_v2.2 contains primarily official and/or widely used regional emission gridmaps, it can be recommended as a global baseline emission inventory, which is regionally accepted as a reference and from which different scenarios assessing emission reduction policies at a global scale could start. An analysis of country-specific implied emission factors shows a large difference between industrialised countries and developing countries for all air pollutant emissions from the energy and industry sectors, but not from the residential one. A comparison of the population weighted emissions for all world countries, grouped into four classes of similar income, reveals that the per capita emissions are, with increasing income group of countries, increasing in level but also in variation for all air pollutants but not for aerosols.

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Carment, David, et Martin Fischer. « R2P and the Role of Regional Organisations in Ethnic Conflict Management, Prevention and Resolution : The Unfinished Agenda ». Global Responsibility to Protect 1, n^o 3 (2009) : 261–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187598409x450776.

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AbstractThe Responsibility to Protect (hereafter R2P) agendas have established a fairly high threshold for engagement by third parties in ethnic conflict when seen through the lens of direct intervention by means of force or coercion in order to mitigate overt forms of ethnic conflict such as ethnic cleansing and genocide. The absence of regional organisation activity in this area is understandable given the enormous political and financial costs associated with intervention. Yet the R2P agenda also carries with it a preventive component, and in this regard there is reason to be a little more optimistic. Ten years ago on the advice of the Brahimi Report, investments were made by most regional organisations to strengthen capacity for preventive action. In this article, we return to the question of whether and how regional organisations can or do conduct themselves in a manner consistent with the R2P's preventive component. The article unfolds in four sections. In the first part, we assess the role of regional organisations in implementing the R2P agendas. We begin with an identification of each regional organisation that either implicitly or explicitly references the R2P framework in their mandates, charters and doctrine. These organisations include the OSCE, the AU, the OAS, SAARC, ECOWAS, and ASEAN among others. Second, we provide a comparative framework that specifies the ways in which R2P is reflected in the activities of each regional organisation, with reference to capacity building, charter development, preventive diplomacy, direct engagement, and conflict management. This evaluative framework allows us to determine if there has been any shift in the way in which these organisations conduct themselves with respect to R2P principles. In the third part of the article we assess the Darfur case to illustrate our evaluative framework. The question we ask is: are the actions of the organisations involved in these conflicts consistent with R2P in its preventive as well as its interventionist interpretations? In the fourth and final section we conclude with implications for theory and policy and make some recommendations for future research.

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Opiniano, Jeremaiah M., Aira L. Bagtas, Karl C. Basco, Ralph J. Hernandez, Elyssa C. Lopez, Michael C. Rodolfo et Anne Kathleen K. Vicho. « Journalism, journalism education and a region's integration : The case of Southeast Asia ». Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 24, n^o 2 (2 novembre 2018) : 189–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v24i2.28.

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The 50-year-old Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is now in its third year implementing the mechanics of regional integration. How does this region-wide development affect journalism in individual countries and in the region? This qualitative research sought to find out the meaning and implications of regional integration to journalism practice and education in Southeast Asia. There is enthusiasm over developing a model on ‘ASEAN-centered journalism and journalism education’, however there are country-level realities that news organisations and journalism schools face before proceeding to even attuning reportage and journalism instruction to the needs of ASEAN.

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Janssens-Maenhout, G., M. Crippa, D. Guizzardi, F. Dentener, M. Muntean, G. Pouliot, T. Keating et al. « HTAP_v2.2 : a mosaic of regional and global emission grid maps for 2008 and 2010 to study hemispheric transport of air pollution ». Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, n^o 19 (15 octobre 2015) : 11411–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11411-2015.

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Abstract. The mandate of the Task Force Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (TF HTAP) under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) is to improve the scientific understanding of the intercontinental air pollution transport, to quantify impacts on human health, vegetation and climate, to identify emission mitigation options across the regions of the Northern Hemisphere, and to guide future policies on these aspects. The harmonization and improvement of regional emission inventories is imperative to obtain consolidated estimates on the formation of global-scale air pollution. An emissions data set has been constructed using regional emission grid maps (annual and monthly) for SO2, NOx, CO, NMVOC, NH3, PM10, PM2.5, BC and OC for the years 2008 and 2010, with the purpose of providing consistent information to global and regional scale modelling efforts. This compilation of different regional gridded inventories – including that of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for USA, the EPA and Environment Canada (for Canada), the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) and Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) for Europe, and the Model Inter-comparison Study for Asia (MICS-Asia III) for China, India and other Asian countries – was gap-filled with the emission grid maps of the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGARv4.3) for the rest of the world (mainly South America, Africa, Russia and Oceania). Emissions from seven main categories of human activities (power, industry, residential, agriculture, ground transport, aviation and shipping) were estimated and spatially distributed on a common grid of 0.1° × 0.1° longitude-latitude, to yield monthly, global, sector-specific grid maps for each substance and year. The HTAP_v2.2 air pollutant grid maps are considered to combine latest available regional information within a complete global data set. The disaggregation by sectors, high spatial and temporal resolution and detailed information on the data sources and references used will provide the user the required transparency. Because HTAP_v2.2 contains primarily official and/or widely used regional emission grid maps, it can be recommended as a global baseline emission inventory, which is regionally accepted as a reference and from which different scenarios assessing emission reduction policies at a global scale could start. An analysis of country-specific implied emission factors shows a large difference between industrialised countries and developing countries for acidifying gaseous air pollutant emissions (SO2 and NOx) from the energy and industry sectors. This is not observed for the particulate matter emissions (PM10, PM2.5), which show large differences between countries in the residential sector instead. The per capita emissions of all world countries, classified from low to high income, reveal an increase in level and in variation for gaseous acidifying pollutants, but not for aerosols. For aerosols, an opposite trend is apparent with higher per capita emissions of particulate matter for low income countries.

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Munusamy, M. Miandy, et Azirah Hashim. « The ASEM Education Process : Implications for higher education internationalization in Malaysia ». AEI Insights : An International journal of Asia-Europe relations 7, n^o 1 (30 janvier 2021) : 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37353/aei-insights.vol7.issue1.2.

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The education process of the Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) has played an important role in higher education internationalisation since the establishment of ASEM in Bangkok, Thailand in 1996. The ASEM Education Process (AEP) consists of 53 ASEM partners and more than 15 ASEM education stakeholders who meet regularly for discussions on policies and reform measures. There are four priority areas and two transversal themes introduced in the AEP for policy direction and strategy implementation in the field of higher education. Malaysia has participated in the AEP since 2008 and has led and organised various initiatives and meetings on the internationalisation of higher education and global recognition. This study aims to explore the implications of the AEP for the process of internationalisation of higher education in Malaysia. A qualitative study with semi-structured interviews was conducted with fifteen senior officers of the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia and five Malaysian research universities. The data were analysed by employing the Qualitative Data Analysis software, the Nvivo version 11, to identify themes and categories. The findings reveal that the AEP can play a major role in internationalising Malaysian higher education through effective networking and strategic alliances. The four priority areas of the AEP has provided opportunities for Malaysia to work closely with European and Asian counterparts in the field of higher education. The findings can assist the Malaysian higher education stakeholder to participate actively in the inter-regional organisation to learn and share best practices and to formulate and revise policies on higher education internationalisation.

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Rautakivi, Tuomo, et Maurice Yolles. « Diagnosing Complex Organisations with Diverse Cultures—Part 2 : Application to ASEAN ». Systems 12, n^o 3 (21 mars 2024) : 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems12030107.

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In this paper, the second part of a two-part series, we explore the cultural stability of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The analytical framework adopted, formulated on a background of social cybernetics, uses Mindset Agency Theory (MAT) within a metacybernetic framework. Our exploration involves a thorough investigation of signs pointing to cultural instability, identification of potential pathologies, and the provision of insights into the underlying dynamics within ASEAN. Expanding on the theoretical foundation established in the first part, we explore the notion that regional organisations (ROs) like ASEAN can be viewed as complex adaptive systems with agency. Heterogeneity of RO membership can be both beneficial and detrimental, especially when this delivers cultural diversity. If detrimental, pathologies can arise that affect both ROs’ institutional dynamics and their affiliated regional organisations, a significant interest of this paper. In response to certain cybernetic aspects introduced in part 1 of the research, MAT is shown to be a specialised framework imbued with systemic and reflexive elements. Through this, the analysis sheds light on how an agency’s mindset connects with its behaviour and performance. ROs exhibit coherence in their operations when they successfully achieve adaptive goals. ROs, as agencies defined through a population of state agents, have mutual relationships and are encouraged to pursue shared regional objectives, such as economic growth, social welfare, security, and democracy. However, in highly diverse cultural environments, this poses unique challenges to achieving and maintaining cultural stability. The analysis scrutinises ASEAN’s behaviour, relating it to manifestations of cultural instability, and deduces conditions that encompass an inability to undertake collective action, covert narcissism, and a lack of authority. Employing MAT as a diagnostic tool to comprehend ASEAN’s intricate nature, the paper concludes with practical recommendations aimed at enhancing ASEAN’s cultural health and sustainability. The ultimate vision is to foster a more integrated and proactive regional entity.

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Mallik, D. C. V. « India’s participation in IAU over the years ». Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 13, S349 (décembre 2018) : 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921319000334.

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AbstractIndia was still a British colony when the International Astronomical Union was born in 1919. India did not have a national science academy nor a national research council at the time. The Royal Society, London, which was the adhering body of Great Britain to IAU, handled matters of the colony too. India formally joined the IAU in 1948 as an independent nation through an initiative taken by the Government of India. In 1968, the National Institute of Sciences of India (NISI) became the adhering organisation to the IAU, as did the other affiliate Unions of ICSU. Soon after, its name was changed to Indian National Science Academy (INSA).Till the nineteen-sixties, individual Indian membership in the IAU grew rather tardily but the situation changed with the rapid growth of astronomical activities in the country. In 1967, M.K. Vainu Bappu, the then Director of the Kodaikanal Observatory, was elected a Vice-President of the Union. In 1979, he was elected the President of IAU for the triennium 1979–1982, and during the same period, V. Radhakrishnan and Govind Swarup were elected Presidents respectively of the Commisions 34 and 40. In 1985, the General Assembly of the Union was held in New Delhi. It was dedicated to the memory of Vainu Bappu who had initiated the process of inviting the Union to hold its GA in India. A few years later the Sixth Asian-Pacific Regional IAU Meeting was held in Pune. A number of IAU symposia and colloquia have also been held in the country. During the last three decades, the engagement of the Indian astronomers with IAU has increased a great deal with a large number of them taking on important official roles in the IAU. Currently, India has close to 300 individual members.

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Schembera, Kerstin. « Understanding ASEAN’s approach to sanctions against norm breakers ». International Political Science Review 42, n^o 4 (1 avril 2021) : 531–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192512120972583.

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Regional organisations (ROs) increasingly act as promoters of democracy by applying sanctions against members who do not comply with collectively agreed norms. Despite the absence of an official sanctions policy, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) does interfere in certain ways into member states’ internal issues in some cases of norm violations. This study empirically explores how and why ASEAN decides to interfere or not in such situations. The findings derived from case studies on Cambodia and Myanmar, drawing on evidence from documents, media, and interview data reveal novel insights on ASEAN regionalism in the context of non-compliant member behaviour. I argue that the informal approach to regionalism provides ASEAN with a lot of room for discretion in responding to members’ norm violations. The article identifies geopolitical preferences, extra-regional interference, and legitimation as explanatory factors for the RO’s varying punitive actions.

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Müller, Lukas Maximilian. « Beyond Actorness ». European Journal of East Asian Studies 15, n^o 2 (2016) : 257–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700615-01502005.

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This paper is concerned with the determining factors of the interregional relationship between the European Union (EU) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), specifically its institutional proliferation on the three institutional levels of EU-to-ASEAN relations (bi-regionalism), relations inside ASEM (trans-regionalism) as well as relations between the EU and individual ASEAN member states (region-to-state). Commonly, interregional relations are seen as depending on the actorness of the regional organisations involved. This paper proposes an alternative approach, focusing on structural interdependence and agency on the part of both regional actors as the two main determinants of the institutional proliferation. The analysis suggests that levels of political and economic interdependence are low at the bi-regional level and higher at both the trans-regional and region-to-state level, leading to a proliferation of institutional structures at these levels. Additionally, the analysis reveals three unique strategies by ASEAN and the EU contributing to the design of their interregional relationship. For ASEAN, these strategies consist of (1) omni-enmeshment, (2) vertical and horizontal hedging, and (3) the rule of relative institutionalisation. For the EU, these strategies consist of (1) a pragmatic approach towards ASEAN, (2) a widening of interest towards East Asia, and (3) capacity-building bi-regionalism.

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Davies, Mathew. « Regional organisations and enduring defective democratic members ». Review of International Studies 44, n^o 1 (2 août 2017) : 174–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210517000365.

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AbstractInstead of asking whether regional organisations can promote democracy, a well-established conclusion, this article asks what type of democracy regional organisations can promote. Where their commitments to democracy are weak, regional organisations can promote the transition away from authoritarianism but cannot drive that process to completion with the creation of embedded liberal democracies. Under such circumstances regional organisations serve as regimes of bounded toleration, and can provide regional linkages that sustain defective democracies. Through examining the relationship between the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and Myanmar, three supporting roles are identified; regional legitimacy, defence from external pressure, and future-oriented accommodation. The presence of these linkages between defective democracies and regional organisations provides a caveat to the positive assessments of regional organisations as socialisers of democracy.

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Wang, Caiyan. « The Challenge of Cultural Diversity in Regional Integration : A Comparative Analysis of the EU and ASEAN ». International Journal of Social Sciences and Public Administration 2, n^o 2 (18 mars 2024) : 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.62051/ijsspa.v2n2.37.

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With the trend towards globalisation and increasing economic, political and cultural interconnectedness, the need for regional integration has become more pressing. However, cultural differences between member states, including differences in ethnicity, background and values, often pose an obstacle to regional integration. The European Union (EU) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) are two very important regional organisations, although they both aim to promote regional integration and thereby develop regional economies and provide the region with international competitiveness. However, the different historical backgrounds, economic structures and political formations between the two regions have led to different models and objectives for regional integration, and thus the challenges of cultural diversity are similar as well as different in many ways. With the trend towards globalisation and the prominence of cultural diversity issues in the region, comparing the challenges and opportunities of cultural diversity in the regional integration process between the EU and ASEAN, both regions, helps to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the different models of regional integration and why policies related to cultural diversity need to be tailored, rather than copied, to the local context.

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