Articles de revues : « Arthropods Production »

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Sayuthi, Muhammad, et Hasnah Hasnah. « Arthropods in Different Vegetation in Nutmeg Plantation in Aceh Province ». International Journal of Tropical Veterinary and Biomedical Research 6, n^o 2 (19 avril 2022) : 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21157/ijtvbr.v6i2.25196.

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Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Hout) is a leading commodity from Aceh Province. The high yield of nutmeg oil and its distinctive aroma makes it in demand by the world market. The production of nutmeg plants is currently decreasing due to the disturbance of nuisance organisms so that nutmeg plants get sick and die. Appropriate agro eco-management of the nutmeg system is thought to overcome these problems. Such as by conserving the diversity of arthropod communities. Information regarding the presence of arthropods in nutmeg cultivation is very limited in South Aceh District. This study investigates the abundance of arthropods in nutmeg cultivation in different vegetation to detect the causes of the decline in nutmeg production in the South Aceh district. Sampling was carried out at 2 locations with different vegetation conditions, using the determining sub-samples. Each location consisted of 200 individual nutmeg plants, and at each location, several 20 individual nutmeg plants were assigned as samples. The results showed that the total collection of arthropod populations at the location I found nine orders, namely Araneae, Coleoptera, Dermaptera, Diptera, Homoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Isoptera, and Orthoptera. Location II found 12 orders, namely Araneae, Blattodea, Coleoptera, Dermaptera, Diptera, Embioptera, Homoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Isoptera, Orthoptera, and Phasmatodea). The class of insects and arachnids found at these two locations is part of the Phylum Arthropoda.

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Gkisakis, V. D., D. Kollaros et E. M. Kabourakis. « Soil arthropod biodiversity in plain and hilly olive orchard agroecosystems, in Crete, Greece ». ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA 23, n^o 1 (1 juin 2017) : 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/eh.11531.

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Soil arthropod biodiversity was monitored in 24 olive orchards located in eight different sites in Messara, Crete, covering the two main agroecological zones of olive oil production, hilly and plain. Monitoring was done weekly for five weeks per season, from autumn 2011 to summer 2012, using pitfall traps. Subgroups of functional taxa were defined with respect to services of biological pest control and of nutrient cycling. Comparison of the different agroecological zones in terms of abundance and diversity of soil arthropods and functional subgroups was performed. Coleoptera (39.52%), Formicidae (27.3%), Araneae (8.77%) and Collembola (5.32%) were the most abundant taxa found in the olive orchards. Hilly orchards presented higher total arthropod diversity, but lower abundance due to family Tenebrionidae. Arthropod richness did not differ between agroecological zones. Functional arthropods were a major part of total abundance (76.7%) and presented a trend of higher catches abundance in the hilly orchards arthropods with seasonally statistically significant differences. Shannon Index of Diversity showed higher arthropod diversity in the hilly orchards, being significantly higher in spring. The less intensive olive production in hilly areas appeared to favour soil arthropod diversity.

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Vankosky, M. A., H. A. Cárcamo, H. A. Catton, A. C. Costamagna et R. De Clerck-Floate. « Impacts of the agricultural transformation of the Canadian Prairies on grassland arthropods ». Canadian Entomologist 149, n^o 6 (6 octobre 2017) : 718–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2017.47.

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AbstractThe prairie grasslands have been transformed to become the primary source of agricultural production in Canada. Soon after its establishment, the Biological Survey of Canada recognised the urgent need to document the arthropods of the prairie grasslands, especially in the few pristine remnants. Although this initiative has yielded considerable progress in documenting the species present in the Prairies Ecozone, comprehensive ecological studies are sparse. Landscape effects on arthropods are well studied elsewhere, but no equivalent studies have been published for the Canadian Prairies. Crop rotation varies landscape composition annually, changes host plant resources in fields, and interacts with other agricultural inputs to disturb pest and beneficial arthropods. Despite only a handful of studies on grazing, there is an emerging pattern: moderate grazing increases arthropod diversity and benefits certain arthropod guilds. Abiotic inputs elicit variable responses from different arthropod taxa; Carabidae (Coleoptera) are best studied, with some information available for ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and aquatic arthropods. Biotic inputs include arthropods released for biocontrol of weed and insect pests; evidence indicates that biocontrol agents of insects have a greater potential for impact on native communities of arthropods. The studies reviewed here reveal important trends and research gaps to be addressed in the future.

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Amprako, Louis, Kathrin Stenchly, Martin Wiehle, George Nyarko et Andreas Buerkert. « Arthropod Communities in Urban Agricultural Production Systems under Different Irrigation Sources in the Northern Region of Ghana ». Insects 11, n^o 8 (1 août 2020) : 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11080488.

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Urban and peri-urban agricultural (UPA) production systems in West African countries do not only mitigate food and financial insecurity, they may also foster biodiversity of arthropods and partly compensate for structural losses of natural environments. However, management practices in UPA systems like irrigation may also contribute to disturbances in arthropod ecology. To fill knowledge gaps in the relationships between UPA management and arthropod populations, we compared arthropods species across different irrigation sources in Tamale. During a 72-h sampling period, 14,226 arthropods were caught with pitfall traps and pan traps from 36 fields. These specimens comprised 13 orders, 103 families, 264 genera, and 329 taxa (243 identified species, 86 unidentified species) and categorized into five feeding guilds (carnivores, decomposers, herbivores, omnivores, and pollinators). Species richness, species accumulation curves, and diversity functions (richness, evenness, and dispersion) were calculated to characterize the arthropod community. Non-metric multidimensional scaling was applied to examine structural similarity of arthropod communities among sites. To account for the effects of soil-related data, we furthermore applied a redundancy analysis. Arthropods grouped according to the irrigation water source, whereby the dipterans were most dominant under wastewater conditions. Here, particularly the eye gnat, Hippelates pusio, a disease-causing vector for humans, accounted for the dipterans. The occurrence of three alien ant species suggested community shifts through invasive species, while the occurrence of seven ant species (at least one ant species occurred under each water source) that form mutualistic relationships with aphids highlighted future risks of aphid pest outbreak. Future studies on these taxa should specifically target their ecological and economic effects and potential countermeasures.

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Goosey, Hayes B., Joseph T. Smith, Kevin M. O’Neill et David E. Naugle. « Ground-Dwelling Arthropod Community Response to Livestock Grazing : Implications for Avian Conservation ». Environmental Entomology 48, n^o 4 (24 juin 2019) : 856–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz074.

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Abstract Terrestrial arthropods are a critical component of rangeland ecosystems that convert primary production into resources for higher trophic levels. During spring and summer, select arthropod taxa are the primary food of breeding prairie birds, of which many are imperiled in North America. Livestock grazing is globally the most widespread rangeland use and can affect arthropod communities directly or indirectly through herbivory. To examine effects of management on arthropod community structure and avian food availability, we studied ground-dwelling arthropods on grazed and ungrazed sagebrush rangelands of central Montana. From 2012 to 2015, samples were taken from lands managed as part of a rest-rotation grazing program and from idle lands where livestock grazing has been absent for over a decade. Bird-food arthropods were twice as prevalent in managed pastures despite the doubling of overall activity-density of arthropods in idle pastures. Activity-density on idled lands was largely driven by a tripling of detritivores and a doubling in predators. Predator community structure was simplified on idled lands, where Lycosid spiders increased by fivefold. In contrast, managed lands supported a more diverse assemblage of ground-dwelling arthropods, which may be particularly beneficial for birds in these landscapes if, for example, diversity promotes temporal stability in this critical food resource. Our results suggest that periodic disturbance may enhance arthropod diversity, and that birds may benefit from livestock grazing with periodic rest or deferment.

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Hackstein, J. H., et C. K. Stumm. « Methane production in terrestrial arthropods. » Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 91, n^o 12 (7 juin 1994) : 5441–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.12.5441.

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Mitcham, E., T. Martin et S. Zhou. « The mode of action of insecticidal controlled atmospheres ». Bulletin of Entomological Research 96, n^o 3 (juin 2006) : 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2006424.

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AbstractArthropods cope with reduced oxygen and elevated carbon dioxide atmospheres with a reduction in metabolic rate, also called metabolic arrest. The reduction in metabolism lessens the pressure on the organism to initiate anaerobic metabolism, but also leads to a reduction in ATP production. The natural permeability of cellular membranes appears to be important for the survival of the arthropod under low oxygen or high carbon dioxide atmospheres. Despite the similarities in response, arthropod mortality is generally greater in response to high carbon dioxide as apposed to low oxygen atmospheres. There appears to be a greater decrease in ATP and energy charge in arthropods exposed to high carbon dioxide as compared with low oxygen atmospheres, and this may be due to greater membrane permeability under carbon dioxide leading to an inefficient production of ATP. Reduced oxygen and elevated carbon dioxide atmospheres can have an additive effect in some cases, depending on the concentrations used. The effect of these atmospheres on arthropods depends also on temperature, species and life stage. Additional work is needed to fully understand the mode of action of controlled atmospheres on arthropod pests.

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Childers, Anna K., Scott M. Geib, Sheina B. Sim, Monica F. Poelchau, Brad S. Coates, Tyler J. Simmonds, Erin D. Scully et al. « The USDA-ARS Ag100Pest Initiative : High-Quality Genome Assemblies for Agricultural Pest Arthropod Research ». Insects 12, n^o 7 (9 juillet 2021) : 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12070626.

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The phylum Arthropoda includes species crucial for ecosystem stability, soil health, crop production, and others that present obstacles to crop and animal agriculture. The United States Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service initiated the Ag100Pest Initiative to generate reference genome assemblies of arthropods that are (or may become) pests to agricultural production and global food security. We describe the project goals, process, status, and future. The first three years of the project were focused on species selection, specimen collection, and the construction of lab and bioinformatics pipelines for the efficient production of assemblies at scale. Contig-level assemblies of 47 species are presented, all of which were generated from single specimens. Lessons learned and optimizations leading to the current pipeline are discussed. The project name implies a target of 100 species, but the efficiencies gained during the project have supported an expansion of the original goal and a total of 158 species are currently in the pipeline. We anticipate that the processes described in the paper will help other arthropod research groups or other consortia considering genome assembly at scale.

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TRIPATHI, G., S. RAM, B. M. SHARMA et G. SINGH. « Soil faunal biodiversity and nutrient status in silvopastoral systems of Indian desert ». Environmental Conservation 32, n^o 2 (juin 2005) : 178–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892905002109.

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Decrease in productivity of pastureland is a common problem in dry areas and needs to be enhanced through conservation and management of soil biodiversity and available plant resources. Diversity and population dynamics of soil arthropods, and soil nutrients were studied in different silvopastoral (tree-integrated grassland) systems for effective management and enhancement of grassland productivity. The most prominent combinations of trees and grasses in silvopastoral systems of the selected sites were Prosopis cineraria with Cenchrus ciliaris and C. biflorus (PC), Acacia nilotica with Elusine compressa and C. ciliaris (AN), Zizyphus nummularia with C. ciliaris and E. compressa (ZN), Capparis decidua with C. biflorus and Digitaria marginatus (CD) and A. senegal with C. ciliaris and D. marginatus (AS). Pure grass blocks outside tree canopy were selected as control plots. Acari, Myriapoda, Coleoptera, Isoptera, Collembola and other soil arthropods were the major soil faunal groups. Relative densities of Acari, Myriapoda and other arthropods were highest in silvopastoral systems and those of Coleoptera, Isoptera and Collembola were highest in pure grass plots. Variations in soil arthropod populations in response to rainfall, soil water content and soil temperature indicated greater sensitivity of these groups to environmental factors. The highest densities and negative relative tree effect (RTE) values of Acari, Myriapoda and other soil arthropods in the ZN, Coleoptera in the AS, Isoptera in the CD and Collembola in the AN systems indicated that these soil arthropods preferred the silvopastoral systems involved. Seasonal variations in soil organic matter and available NH4-N, NO3-N and PO4-P were similar to those of soil arthropods. The concentrations of soil nutrients were highest in the ZN system, which had the highest densities of soil arthropods. The other systems with high populations and soil nutrient status were the CD and AS. Silvopastoral systems based on Z. nummularia, C. decidua and A. senegal promoted soil arthropod populations and enhanced soil nutrient status, highlighting the positive role of tree presence and the need for proper management to promote soil biodiversity, nutrient cycling and sustained production in a fragile environment.

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DeVaney, J. A. « Arthropods in Livestock and Poultry Production ». Poultry Science 66, n^o 1 (janvier 1987) : 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0660192.

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Soroka, J. J., et B. D. Gossen. « Phytophagous arthropods and silvertop levels associated with post-harvest residue treatments in three turfgrass species grown for seed ». Canadian Journal of Plant Science 85, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2005) : 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-144.

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Silvertop, which is characterized by whitish, completely sterile seed heads produced on green tillers, is a common symptom in many perennial grasses. A 3-yr study of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) and creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra subsp. rubra) grown for seed production was conducted at Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, to investigate the cause(s) of silvertop, the impact of residue management strategies on silvertop incidence, and the impact of silvertop on seed yield. Three residue management practices were applied in the fall of the first harvest year and again the next fall, as follows: (i) burned after harvest; (ii) clipped to 1–2 cm in height and the residue removed; or (iii) mowed to 20 cm and the residue retained. Arthropods in each plot were collected weekly from May until July by sweep sampling, counted, and identified to family level or lower, and the incidence of seed heads with and without silvertop were assessed. The majority of arthropods were thrips, leafhoppers, plant bugs, mites, or grass-dwelling flies. Grass species and residue treatment strongly affected the number of reproductive tillers and levels of silvertop. Levels of silvertop were lowest in creeping bentgrass in all 3 yr of the study, while they were similar for Kentucky bluegrass and creeping red fescue. Mown plots had fewer reproductive tillers, fewer heathy seed heads, and higher levels of silvertop than burned or clipped plots. However, arthropod species composition was generally similar across grass species and residue treatments. This indicates that a specific arthropod taxon may not be a critical factor in silvertop expression. The relationship between the number and composition of arthropods found and incidence of silvertop is discussed. Key words: Festuca rubra subsp. rubra, Poa pratensis, Agrostis palustris, seed production, arthropods, silvertop

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Menta, Cristina, Federica Delia Conti, Carlos Lozano Fondón, Francesca Staffilani et Sara Remelli. « Soil Arthropod Responses in Agroecosystem : Implications of Different Management and Cropping Systems ». Agronomy 10, n^o 7 (9 juillet 2020) : 982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10070982.

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The EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP 2014–2020) on soil management points to the combination of sustainable food production with environmental protection, reduction of CO2 emissions, and safeguarding of soil biodiversity. In this study, three farms (in the Emilia-Romagna region), managed with both conventional and conservation practices (the last ones with and without sub-irrigation systems), were monitored from 2014 to 2017 to highlight the impact of different crops and soil managements on soil arthropods, in terms of abundance, composition, and soil biological quality (applying QBS-ar index). To do this, linear mixed models were performed, whereas arthropods assemblages were studied through PERMANOVA and SIMPER analysis. Soil communities varied among farms, although most differences were found among crops depending on management practices. Nonetheless, conservation systems and a wider reduction in anthropogenic practices provided better conditions for soil fauna, enhancing QBS-ar. Moreover, arthropod groups responded to soil practices differently, highlighting their sensitivity to agricultural management. Community assemblages in corn and wheat differed between managements, mainly due to Acari and Collembola, respectively. In conservation management, wheat showed the overall greatest abundance of arthropods, owing to the great number of Acari, Collembola, and Hymenoptera, while the number of arthropod groups were generally higher in crop residues of forage.

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López-Guillén, Guillermo, Jaime Gómez-Ruiz et Juan F. Barrera. « Arthropod pests and their management, natural enemies and flora visitors associated with castor (Ricinus communis), a biofuel plant : a review ». Revista Colombiana de Entomología 46, n^o 1 (31 août 2020) : e8604. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/socolen.v46i1.8604.

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Interest in bioenergetic crops, such as the castor oil plant Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae), for production of biodiesel has increased in recent years. In this paper, phytophagous arthropods, their natural enemies and floral visitors associated with this plant in the world are reviewed. Despite its insecticidal properties, arthropods have been reported feeding on R. communis plants. The arthropod pests of R. communis damage all parts of the plant, including the seeds, where some toxic compounds are even more concentrated. In the scientific databases, we found reports of 193 arthropods associated to R. communis in different parts of the world. This information obtained in the scientific databases was concentrated in a database and analyzed according to the coevolutive hypothesis, which allows us to predict that the greatest wealth and abundance of phytogenic arthropods is found in the center of origin by R. communis. According to this review, Achaea janata, Spodoptera litura, Edwardsiana flavescens, Liriomyza trifolii, L. sativae, Spilosoma obliqua, Cogenethes punctiferalis, Oxyrhachis taranda, and Helicoverpa armigera are the most devastating pests in Asia. In Africa, Agrotis ipsilon, S. exigua, Nezara viridula, Trialeurodes ricini, and Tetranychus urticae were mentioned as the most important. In Central and South-America, Phyllophaga sp., Agrietes sp., Erinnyis ello, N. viridula, Corythucha gossypii, Falconia antioquiana, and S. marima are reported as pests of economic importance. The most commonly reported natural enemies of some of these arthropod pests were species of Bacillus thuringiensis, B. cereus, B. popilliae, Trichogramma achaeae, T. chilonis, T. minutum, T. australicum, T. dendrolimi, T. pretiosum, T. evanescens, Microplitis rufiventris, M. maculipennis, M. ophiusae, Telenomus remus, T. proditor, Stethorus siphonulus and S. histrio. Apis mellifera is recorded as the main insect pollinator of R. communis. Pest management methods used against the arthropod pests of R. communis include biological, ethological, mechanical, cultural, genetic, and chemical control.

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Adnan, Muflih, et W. Wagiyana. « Keragaman arthropoda herbivora dan musuh alami pada tanaman padi lahan rawa di Rowopulo Kecamatan Gumukmas Kabupaten Jember ». Jurnal Proteksi Tanaman Tropis 1, n^o 1 (6 janvier 2020) : 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jptt.v1i1.15586.

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Rowopulo is one of the swamps in Gumukmas, Jember Regency with its unique soil in the form of peat soil that floats on water and by the community used for rice cultivation, whose production is influenced by the presence of Plant Pests, which is dominated by the Herbivod Arthropods. The presence of herbivorous Arthropods in the swampland rice ecosystem can be suppressed by the presence of useful Arthropod populations such as predators, parasitoids, and pollinators. Related to this, a study was conducted to find out the diversity of Arthropods found in swampy rice plantations. The study began with a land survey, then the determination and marking of observation plots on the map and matching these locations using GPS (Global Positioning System). Observations were made on plots that were made based on the extent of rice plants that were still in one stretch and the same irrigation flow. Each plot was observed ten times at 7-day intervals from rice plants aged 14 days after 77 days after planting. Arthropod sampling using sweep net method. Catching arthropods are put into vials of 5 ml size and then identified up to family level, and the diversity, evenness, and wealth index of the species is calculated. The results of research on swamp rice plants contained 37 families. Ten families act as herbivorous Arthropods, 15 families as predators, six families as parasitoids, one family as pollinators, and five families as detritivores. The highest diversity index in plot 1 was 2.95, while the lowest in plot 2 was 2.70, with the medium category for all observation plots. The magnitude of the diversity index is due to the dominance of only a few orders, such as Orthoptera and Diptera; the highest species wealth index in plot 3 with a value of more than 4 in the high category; Evenness index of all observation plots has a value of less than 1 with uneven categories. Keywords: arthropods, diversity, natural enemies, swamp land

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Ciaccia, Corrado, Francesco Giovanni Ceglie, Giovanni Burgio, Suzana Madžarić, Elena Testani, Enrico Muzzi, Giancarlo Mimiola et Fabio Tittarelli. « Impact of Agroecological Practices on Greenhouse Vegetable Production : Comparison among Organic Production Systems ». Agronomy 9, n^o 7 (11 juillet 2019) : 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9070372.

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In greenhouses, where intensive systems are widely used for organic production, the differences between “conventionalized” and agroecological approaches are especially evident. Among the agronomic practices, green manure from agroecological service crops (ASCs) and organic amendments represent the main tools for soil fertility management with respect to the substitution of synthetic fertilizer with organic ones (the input substitution approach). Over a two-year organic rotation, we compared a conventionalized system (SB) and two agroecological systems, characterized by ASC introduction combined with the use of manure (AM) and compost (AC) amendments. A system approach was utilized for the comparison assessment. For this purpose, agronomic performance, soil fertility and the density of soil arthropod activity were monitored for the entire rotation. The comprehensive evaluation of the parameters measured provided evidence that clearly differentiated SB from AM and AC. The drivers of discrimination were soil parameters referring to long term fertility and soil arthropod dynamics. The study confirmed the higher productivity of SB but also no positive impact on soil fertility and soil arthropods, as highlighted by AM and AC. Based on the results, a trade-off between productivity and the promotion of long-term ecosystem diversity and functioning is needed for the assessment of systems of organic production.

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Yamada, Marcia, Simone Mundstock Jahnke et Gilmar Schäfer. « Incidence of arthropods and phytotechnical characteristics of lisianthus under different greenhouse conditions ». Ornamental Horticulture 25, n^o 4 (décembre 2019) : 374–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2447-536x.v25i4.1755.

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Abstract The use of color shading meshes is presented as a new technological approach to manage flowers and ornamental plants. Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinners is a flower that excites interest of producers and consumers. However, there is little technical and scientific information on its production and management. We evaluated the incidence of arthropods and phytotechnical characteristics in two cultivars of cut lisianthus, under the influence of different color shading meshes in commercial greenhouse. The experiments were conducted in the company Floricultura Florist, Dois Irmãos-RS, Brazil. The experiment took place from August to December 2012 and tested the influence of shading meshes with different colors (gray, red, black, and blue) on two varieties of cut lisianthus (Mariage and Bolero White). In each treatment, the phytotechnical characteristics of the plants assessed and arthropod samples were collected. Red mesh produced the best results, and blue, the worst. Nine orders of arthropods from 24 families with different habits were observed. Diptera was the most abundant. The shading screens did not influence the number of arthropods in plants.

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Kramer, M. G. « Recent advances in transgenic arthropod technology ». Bulletin of Entomological Research 94, n^o 2 (avril 2004) : 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2003290.

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AbstractThe ability to insert foreign genes into arthropod genomes has led to a diverse set of potential applications for transgenic arthropods, many of which are designed to advance public health or improve agricultural production. New techniques for expressing foreign genes in arthropods have now been successfully used in at least 18 different genera. However, advances in field biology are lagging far behind those in the laboratory, and considerable work is needed before deployment in nature can be a reality. A mechanism to drive the gene of interest though a natural population must be developed and thoroughly evaluated before any field release, but progress in this area has been limited. Likewise, serious consideration of potential risks associated with deployment in nature has been lacking. This review gives an overview of the most promising techniques for expressing foreign genes in arthropods, considers the potential risks associated with their deployment, and highlights the areas of research that are most urgently needed for the field to advance out of the laboratory and into practice.

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Vitanović, Elda, Marija Ivezić, Sonja Kačić, Miro Katalinić, Paula Durbešić et Jasminka Igrc Barčić. « Arthropod communities within the olive canopy as bioindicators of different management systems ». Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 16, n^o 2 (11 juillet 2018) : e0301. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2018162-12385.

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Arthropods, within the olive tree canopy, which can act as bioindicators of different management systems (conventional, integrated and organic), were collected in costal Croatia during 2007-2009. The aim of the research was to determine the arthropod orders present in each of the observed olive groves, to identify the number of individuals in each order, and to set potential bioindicators of different management systems. In order to do that, arthropods were collected from the olive canopies at three locations (Supetar, Kaštel Stari and Duilovo). After the samples were sorted according to orders, and determined according to arthropods determination keys. Olive groves were characterised by the same growth conditions and environment, with differences in agricultural management systems. In this investigation, 7882 arthropods were collected, belonging to 17 orders. It was found that Diptera, Heteroptera and other Hemiptera individuals, excluded Cicadidae and Psyllidae family individuals, could be defined as potential bioindicators of olive groves under different management systems. The number of Araneae and Coleoptera individuals significantly differed in all researched olive groves. So, these orders can be considered as bioindicators of different management systems. The knowledge obtained in this research can potentially be exploited in olive production in the future. Obtained results represent an important contribution to the inventory of arthropods in olive canopy. Also, this research significantly improves understanding of both harmful and beneficial entomofauna in olive groves and consequently contributes to better understanding of the total entomofauna in Croatia.

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Madzaric, Suzana, F. G. Ceglie, L. Depalo, L. Al Bitar, G. Mimiola, F. Tittarelli et G. Burgio. « Organic vs. organic – soil arthropods as bioindicators of ecological sustainability in greenhouse system experiment under Mediterranean conditions ». Bulletin of Entomological Research 108, n^o 5 (23 novembre 2017) : 625–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485317001158.

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AbstractOrganic greenhouse (OGH) production is characterized by different systems and agricultural practices with diverse environmental impact. Soil arthropods are widely used as bioindicators of ecological sustainability in open field studies, while there is a lack of research on organic production for protected systems. This study assessed the soil arthropod abundance and diversity over a 2-year crop rotation in three systems of OGH production in the Mediterranean. The systems under assessment differed in soil fertility management: SUBST – a simplified system of organic production, based on an input substitution approach (use of guano and organic liquid fertilizers), AGROCOM – soil fertility mainly based on compost application and agroecological services crops (ASC) cultivation (tailored use of cover crops) as part of crop rotation, and AGROMAN – animal manure and ASC cultivation as part of crop rotation. Monitoring of soil fauna was performed by using pitfall traps and seven taxa were considered: Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Araneae, Opiliones, Isopoda, Myriapoda, and Collembola. Results demonstrated high potential of ASC cultivation as a technique for beneficial soil arthropod conservation in OGH conditions. SUBST system was dominated by Collembola in all crops, while AGROMAN and AGROCOM had more balanced relative abundance of Isopoda, Staphylinidae, and Aranea. Opiliones and Myriapoda were more affected by season, while Carabidae were poorly represented in the whole monitoring period. Despite the fact that all three production systems are in accordance with the European Union regulation on organic farming, findings of this study displayed significant differences among them and confirmed the suitability of soil arthropods as bioindicators in protected systems of organic farming.

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Crisol-Martínez, Eduardo, Laura T. Moreno-Moyano et Finbarr G. Horgan. « Bioacoustics Reveal Species-Rich Avian Communities Exposed to Organophosphate Insecticides in Macadamia Orchards ». Birds 1, n^o 1 (14 décembre 2020) : 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/birds1010005.

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Organophosphates are the most widely used insecticide class in agriculture. The effects of organophosphates on insectivorous birds can potentially reduce the capacity of these birds to regulate insect pest populations as well as jeopardizing the survival of vulnerable bird species in matrix habitats. In this study, we investigated the diversity of birds inhabiting commercial macadamia orchards in Australia and assessed community-wide exposure of birds to an organophosphate insecticide (trichlorfon). We also studied the impact of trichlorfon on arthropods, and how this affected bird activity. We used a novel approach, combining bird acoustic surveys, and three different arthropod trapping devices. Birds and arthropods were surveyed immediately before and after a trichlorfon application, in sprayed and unsprayed orchards, at six different sites. Surveys showed that trichlorfon applications produced no changes in bird activity, either at the species or community level. Only one species (Lichmera indistincta) showed a significant increase in acoustic activity after treatment. These results indicate that several (62) bird species, some of which have been noted as undergoing regional decline, are exposed to trichlorfon applications. Additionally, trichlorfon applications also produced rapid, negative impacts on certain arthropod groups, particularly spiders. Because almost (80%) of the bird species recorded in the study include arthropods in their diets, then arthropod contaminated by trichlorfon are likely consumed by these orchard-dwelling birds. We recommend that pest management should incorporate strategies to reduce wildlife exposure to toxic chemicals to meet the joint goals of crop production and wildlife conservation in structurally complex agricultural habitats.

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Adnan, Muflih, et Wagiyana . « Keragaman Arthropoda Herbivora dan Musuh Alami Pada Tanaman Padi Lahan Rawa di Rowopulo Kecamatan Gumukmas Kabupaten Jember ». Jurnal Pengendalian Hayati 2, n^o 1 (18 mars 2019) : 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jph.v2i1.17132.

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Rowopulo is one of the swamps in Gumukmas, Jember Regency with its unique soil in the form of peat soil that floats on water and by the community used for rice cultivation whose production is influenced by the presence of Plant Pests (OPT) which is dominated by the Herbivod Arthropods. The presence of herbivorous Arthropods in the swampland rice ecosystem can be suppressed by the presence of useful Arthropod populations such as predators, parasitoids and pollinators. Related to this, a study was conducted with the aim to find out the diversity of Arthropods found in swampy rice plantations. The study began with a land survey, then the determination and marking of observation plots on the map and matching these locations using GPS (Global Positioning System). Observations were made on plots that were made based on the extent of rice plants that were still in one stretch and the same irrigation flow. Each plot was observed 10 times at 7-day intervals from rice plants aged 14 days after 77 days after planting. Arthropod sampling using sweep net method. Catching arthropods are put into vials of 5 ml size and then identified up to family level and the diversity, evenness and wealth index of the species is calculated. The results of research on swamp rice plants contained 37 families. 10 families act as herbivorous Arthropods, 15 families as predators, 6 families as parasitoids, 1 family as pollinators and 5 families as detritivores. The highest diversity index in plot 1 was 2.95, while the lowest in plot 2 was 2.70 with the medium category for all observation plots. The magnitude of the diversity index is due to the dominance of only a few orders, such as Orthoptera and Diptera; the highest species wealth index in plot 3 with a value of more than 4 in the high category; Evenness index of all observation plots has a value of less than one with uneven categories.

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Imboma, Titus S., De-ping Gao, Min-sheng You, Shijun You et Gabor L. Lövei. « Predation Pressure in Tea (Camellia sinensis) Plantations in Southeastern China Measured by the Sentinel Prey Method ». Insects 11, n^o 4 (29 mars 2020) : 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11040212.

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Tea (Camellia sinensis) is an important food product with thousands of years of human use. Being a non-washable food, no pesticide residues are allowed, which increases the importance of natural means of plant protection. Predation, a component of natural pest control, is an important contributor to this, but its level and sustainability are not known in most of the areas of tea production. We quantified predation intensity using the artificial sentinel prey method in a tea-growing landscape containing remnants of the original forest vegetation in Fujian Province, China. The most common predators were chewing arthropods (49.8% of predation events) and birds (48.1%). Overall, predation rates at the edges of forest fragments (18.9% d-1) were lower than either in fragment interiors (25.4%d−1) or in the surrounding tea plantations (19.2–24.1%d-1). Arthropod predation was higher inside, and at the edge of, forest fragments than within plantations, and generally decreased with increasing distance from a fragment edge, indicating limited spillover of arthropod predators from the native habitat remnants to the cultivated matrix at the local scale. Bird predation, though, showed a different trend: it was lower on the inside of forest fragments than in the tea planation, and bird attack rates increased at increasing distances (up to 40 m) from the forest fragment edge. We also found a reciprocal relationship between attack rates by birds and arthropods, suggesting intra-guild predation. Measures protecting arthropod natural enemies could increase the combined pest suppression effect, contributing to pesticide-free tea production in China.

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Kett, Steve, Ayush Pathak, Stefano Turillazzi, Duccio Cavalieri et Massimiliano Marvasi. « Antifungals, arthropods and antifungal resistance prevention : lessons from ecological interactions ». Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences 288, n^o 1944 (3 février 2021) : 20202716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2716.

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Arthropods can produce a wide range of antifungal compounds, including specialist proteins, cuticular products, venoms and haemolymphs. In spite of this, many arthropod taxa, particularly eusocial insects, make use of additional antifungal compounds derived from their mutualistic association with microbes. Because multiple taxa have evolved such mutualisms, it must be assumed that, under certain ecological circumstances, natural selection has favoured them over those relying upon endogenous antifungal compound production. Further, such associations have been shown to persist versus specific pathogenic fungal antagonists for more than 50 million years, suggesting that compounds employed have retained efficacy in spite of the pathogens' capacity to develop resistance. We provide a brief overview of antifungal compounds in the arthropods’ armoury, proposing a conceptual model to suggest why their use remains so successful. Fundamental concepts embedded within such a model may suggest strategies by which to reduce the rise of antifungal resistance within the clinical milieu.

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Landis, Douglas A., et Benjamin P. Werling. « Arthropods and biofuel production systems in North America ». Insect Science 17, n^o 3 (7 février 2010) : 220–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7917.2009.01310.x.

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Jones, Matthew S., Henri Vanhanen, Rainer Peltola et Frank Drummond. « A global review of arthropod-mediated ecosystem-services in Vaccinium berry agroecosystems ». Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 7, n^o 1 (28 avril 2014) : 41–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18749836-06041074.

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Native beneficial arthropods, including bees, predators, and parasitoids, provide valuable ecosystem services, which help to maintain agricultural productivity and reduce the need for pesticide inputs.Vacciniumberry species are somewhat unique compared to many of the world’s fruit crops in that, up until recently, most of the harvesting and culture of species for food occurred in the geographic regions of their origin. This suggests that insects involved in many of the ecosystem services for these berries are native species that have a shared co-evolutionary history. Due to the shared phylogenetic origins of theVacciniumspp. agroecosystems, the shared need for efficient pollination, and a number of shared agricultural pests, the potential exists for research from these related systems to closely apply to agroecosystems within the same genus. This review brings together research regarding arthropod-mediated ecosystem services from a number of prominentVacciniumagroecosystems worldwide. In total, thirty-nine ecosystem service studies are discussed. These studies quantified arthropod-mediated ecosystem services being provisioned toVacciniumagroecosystems. Additionally, thirty-nine surveys of arthropods closely associated and/or providing ecosystem services toVacciniumsystems are also reviewed. Studies took place almost exclusively in temperate regions with a heavy emphasis on insect pest biological control and pollination services. It is our hope that by synthesizing this body of literature, researchers and growers might be able to utilize research methods, results, and conservation recommendations despite differences in production practices and local arthropod fauna.

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Langraf, V., K. Petrovičová, J. Schlarmannová, P. Cenke et V. Brygadyrenko. « Influence of ecological farming on the community structure of epigeic arthropods in crops Triticum aestivum and T. spelta ». Biosystems Diversity 30, n^o 3 (2 août 2022) : 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/012228.

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Soil is an irreplaceable natural resource that enables the production of food and raw materials, forms agricultural and forest landscapes, filters and maintains water, ensures the cycle of substances in the ecosystem and contributes to maintaining biodiversity. Agricultural intensification is one of the most important factors for biodiversity loss. Spatial dispersion of epigeic arthropods reflects the ecological status of habitats and points to its quality. The aim of our research was to point out the differences in epigeic arthropod diversity in the examined crops Triticum aestivum, T. spelta and the influence of their ecotones on epigeic arthropods. Between the years 2019 to 2021 an investigation using the pitfall trap method recorded 5,232 individuals belonging to 13 taxonomic groups. The crop T. aestivum was represented by 2493 individuals and 13 taxa while in T. spelta we recorded 2739 individuals and 11 taxa. We observed significantly more taxa in the crop T. aestivum than in the crop T. spelta. We also confirmed the ecotone rule only for the T. aestivum crop. We confirmed the significant influence of crops and environmental variables (pH, potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen) on the spatial dispersion of individuals around pitfall traps. On the basis of our results, both ecological farming and their ecotone systems are important for epigeic arthropods and with topical and trophic conditions, which is important for the production of biomass and also affects crop. In any anthropogenic activity, it is important to give priority to less invasive procedures with non-toxic effects on organisms and to use effective technologies in land management.

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Anggraini, Erise, Roy Pardingotan, Siti Herlinda, Chandra Irsan et Muhammad Umar Harun. « Diversity of Predatory Arthropods in Soybean (Glycine max L) Refugia ». Journal of Applied Agricultural Science and Technology 4, n^o 2 (31 août 2020) : 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32530/jaast.v4i2.165.

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Many problems arise in the cultivation of crops; one of these problems is insect pests that can threaten crop production. Integrated pest management is an alternative technique for managing the balance of the agricultural environment. Habitat manipulation by increasing plant diversity with refugia is considered an alternative way to maintain natural enemy in an agro ecosystem. The use of soybean as a refugium in a crop field is still limited. Research was conducted to investigate the diversity of predatory arthropods in soybean as a refugium in a chilli pepper crop field at the Agro-technology Training Centre (ATC) at the University of Sriwijaya. In this study, four varieties of soybean (Dena 1, Detam 3 PRIDA, Deja 1, and Devon 1) were used as refugia. Three observation methods were carried out using nets, pitfall traps and visual observation for 7 weeks. The results show that arthropod diversity in soybean plants comprised 6 orders with 10 families and 19 species. Odontoponera denticulata (Hymenoptera) was the most predominant arthropod predator, observed in 73% of all soybean varieties. The number of canopy-dwelling arthropod predators was similar in the four soybean varieties.

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Keszthelyi, S., et Z. Pónya. « Canopy-Dwelling Arthropod Response to Rynaxypyr and Lambda-Cyhalothrin Treatments in Maize ». Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica 50, n^o 4 (1 décembre 2019) : 236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sab-2019-0033.

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Abstract The technology of grain corn production has recently been continuously changing due to spreading of insecticidal in-crop treatments in Europe. The aim of these interventions is to prevent damage caused by serious lepidopterous pests in maize. We carried out in-maize field experiments using two different active ingredients of insecticides in four consecutive years (2014–2017). A field experiment was conducted to compare the effect of applications of rynaxypyr (ANT) and rynaxypyr + lambda-cyhalothrin (PYR) on the canopy-dwelling arthropod community in commercial maize grain acreage. The effects of both ANT and PYR treatments against Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lep.: Crambidae) were tested through four-year field experiments. The quantitative and qualitative assemblages of the perished arthropods and diversity alterations measured by canopy netting and grounded tarpaulins greatly differed in the different insecticide treatments. A significant number of dead arthropods was recorded after PYR treatment. Populations of other natural enemies (Coccinellidae, Chrysopidae, etc.) and endangered species (Calomobius filum, Rossi) were also negatively affected. The arthropod community of the examined maize plots was drastically altered by sprayings, which, among other factors, may account for the mass appearance of the other non-target pest organisms (Aphidae: Rhopalosiphum spp., Miridae: Trygonotylus spp.).

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Simard, Jennifer R., et John M. Fryxell. « Effects of selective logging on terrestrial small mammals and arthropods ». Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, n^o 8 (1 août 2003) : 1318–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-129.

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Seed productivity is maximized as trees mature, potentially increasing seed availability to consumers. Forestry practices based on the removal of single or small groups of mature trees may decrease seed productivity within harvested forest stands. We investigated the effects of selective logging by contrasting seed production and the diversity and abundance of small mammals and arthropods between hardwood forests with different logging histories in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario. Eight "disturbed" stands (~30 years since logged) were contrasted against eight "protected" stands (~90 years since logged). Protected stands produced significantly higher densities of seeds and supported a more diverse group of small mammals. Increased family richness of terrestrial arthropods was also detected within the protected stands. Small-mammal food addition experiments had no detectable effect on the diversity and abundance of small mammals or arthropods. These results indicate that disturbed stands have lower levels of seed production with consequent effects on the diversity and abundance of small mammals and arthropods.

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Chorbadjian, Rodrigo A., María I. Ahumada, Francisco Urra, Mario Elgueta et Todd M. Gilligan. « Biogeographical Patterns of Herbivore Arthropods Associated with Chenopodium quinoa Grown along the Latitudinal Gradient of Chile ». Plants 10, n^o 12 (19 décembre 2021) : 2811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10122811.

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Identifying the particular guilds of herbivore arthropods that affect the production of crops is key to developing sustainable pest-management strategies; however, there is incomplete information about the identity of herbivore arthropods that could potentially damage the production of both highland and lowland quinoa landraces grown in Chile. By both reviewing the literature and conducting field collections across a large latitudinal gradient, we generated an updated list of 43 herbivore arthropods associated with quinoa production in Chile. In general, most species are polyphagous feeders, and only seven are specialists. The number and identity of species varied in relation with the latitude, such that four distinctive assemblages of herbivores were identified, each containing 32, 27, 34, and 22 species between latitudes 18–26, 26–32, 32–40, and 40–44° S, respectively. The most northern production area (18–26° S) is affected by nine unique species, including the major quinoa pest Eurysacca quinoae Povolný (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Similarly, the central area (32–40° S) contains four unique species, including Eurysacca media Povolný (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and Orthotylus flavosparsus (Sahlberg) (Hemiptera: Miridae). The particular species assemblages described here will help further development of local pest-management practices.

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Petrović, Aleksandra, Ivana Ivanović, Ana Manojlović, Borislav Banjac, Đorđe Malenčić, Dušan Marinković et Vojislava Bursić. « Factors and mechanisms of acaricide resistance in European red mite (Panonychus ulmi Koch) ». Biljni lekar 49, n^o 5 (2021) : 626–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2105626p.

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Inadequate choice and application of control measures for agricultural pests, ectoparasites of livestock and domestic animals, vectors and reservoirs of various diseases of human medicine and veterinary importance in urban areas has caused the resistance occurrence and cross-resistance in a large number of arthropods. Their control is becoming increasingly difficult and challenging. For example, the use of acaricides is indispensable in the control of European red mite (Panonychus ulmi, Acari: Tetranychide), but also for other species from this family that are all significant pests in agricultural production, horticulture and forestry. The resistance occurrence and maintenance and cross-resistance in arthropods is a global phenomenon. The aim of this paper was to present the resistance factors and mechanisms in Panonychus ulmi control and to list the active substances for which there was an evidence that resistance has been acquired, all with the goal of pointing out the problem of resistance in this species and highlight the ways to prevent it. The occurrence and evolution of resistant arthropod populations could have multiple consequences that can be observed from an agricultural, economic, health, and environmental perspective.

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Dierking, Katja, Wentao Yang et Hinrich Schulenburg. « Antimicrobial effectors in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans : an outgroup to the Arthropoda ». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences 371, n^o 1695 (26 mai 2016) : 20150299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0299.

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Nematodes and arthropods likely form the taxon Ecdysozoa. Information on antimicrobial effectors from the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans may thus shed light on the evolutionary origin of these defences in arthropods. This nematode species possesses an extensive armory of putative antimicrobial effector proteins, such as lysozymes, caenopores (or saposin-like proteins), defensin-like peptides, caenacins and neuropeptide-like proteins, in addition to the production of reactive oxygen species and autophagy. As C. elegans is a bacterivore that lives in microbe-rich environments, some of its effector peptides and proteins likely function in both digestion of bacterial food and pathogen elimination. In this review, we provide an overview of C. elegans immune effector proteins and mechanisms. We summarize the experimental evidence of their antimicrobial function and involvement in the response to pathogen infection. We further evaluate the microbe-induced expression of effector genes using WormExp, a recently established database for C. elegans gene expression analysis. We emphasize the need for further analysis at the protein level to demonstrate an antimicrobial activity of these molecules both in vitro and in vivo . This article is part of the themed issue ‘Evolutionary ecology of arthropod antimicrobial peptides'.

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Pozebon, Henrique, Rafael P. Marques, Guilherme Padilha, Matthew O´Neal, Ivair Valmorbida, Julia G. Bevilaqua, Wee Tek Tay et Jonas André Arnemann. « Arthropod Invasions Versus Soybean Production in Brazil : A Review ». Journal of Economic Entomology 113, n^o 4 (9 juin 2020) : 1591–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa108.

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Abstract Soybean production in Brazil has been markedly affected by invasions of non-native arthropod species that feed on the crop, severely impacting biodiversity, food security, health, and economic development. Data on soybean production losses and increase in insecticide usage over the last two decades have not been explored in association with past invasion events, and the dynamics underlying the recent blitz of invasive species into Brazil remain largely unclear. We provide a review of arthropod invasions in the Brazilian soybean agroecosystem since 1990, indicating that the introductions of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) MEAM1 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae), and Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) are likely correlated with periods of increase in insecticide usage for soybean production. Using these three cases as examples, we review factors that could lead to increased likelihood of future invasions by particular pests, outlining four possible criteria to evaluate potential invasiveness of non-native arthropods: likelihood of entry, likelihood of establishment, biological features of the species, and availability of control measures. Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Aphis glycines (Matsumura) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhynca) are examples of highly damaging soybean pests, related to one or more of these factors, that could be introduced into Brazil over the next years and which could lead to problematic scenarios. Melanagromyza sojae (Zehnter) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) also meets these criteria and has successfully invaded and colonized Brazilian soybean fields in recent years. Our review identifies current issues within soybean pest management in Brazil and highlights the need to adopt management measures to offset future costs and minimize lost revenue.

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Franzmann, B. A., A. T. Hardy, D. A. H. Murray et R. G. Henzell. « Host-plant resistance and biopesticides : ingredients for successful integrated pest management (IPM) in Australian sorghum production ». Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, n^o 12 (2008) : 1594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08071.

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There are two major pests of sorghum in Australia, the sorghum midge, Stenodiplosis sorghicola (Coquillett), and the corn earworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). During the past 10 years the management of these pests has undergone a revolution, due principally to the development of sorghum hybrids with resistance to sorghum midge. Also contributing has been the adoption of a nucleopolyhedrovirus for the management of corn earworm. The practical application of these developments has led to a massive reduction in the use of synthetic insecticides for the management of major pests of sorghum in Australia. These changes have produced immediate economic, environmental and social benefits. Other flow-on benefits include providing flexibility in planting times, the maintenance of beneficial arthropods and utilisation of sorghum as a beneficial arthropod nursery, a reduction in midge populations and a reduction in insecticide resistance development in corn earworm. Future developments in sorghum pest management are discussed.

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Sujak, Sujak, Dwi Adi Sunarto et Subiyakto Subiyakto. « Pengaruh Penambahan Biomassa di Lahan Kering terhadap Diversitas Arthropoda Tanah dan Produktivitas Tebu ». Buletin Tanaman Tembakau, Serat & ; Minyak Industri 10, n^o 1 (31 août 2018) : 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/btsm.v10n1.2018.21-30.

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Program pengembangan tebu saat ini diarahkan ke lahan kering yang memiliki ketersediaan air dan kesuburan tanah terbatas. Kondisi lahan kering dapa menjadi pembatas produktvitas tebu. Penambahan biomassa ke lahan dapat meningkatkan kesuburan dan populasi arthropoda tanah/detrivora. Penelitian penambahan biomassa Crotalaria juncea pada lahan kering dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Asembagus, Situbondo mulai bulan Januari–Juli 2015. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk menganalisa pengaruh penambahan biomassa pada lahan kering terhadap diversitas arthropoda tanah dan pengaruhnya terhadap produksi tebu. Perlakuan terdiri atas lahan dengan penambahan biomassa (serasah tebu dan pupuk hijau C. juncea) dan lahan yang tanpa penambahan biomassa. Pengamatan kelimpahan arthropoda tanah dan tingkat diversitas dilakukan dengan pemasangan pitfall traps dan yellow pan traps. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Collembola dan Hymenoptera merupakan arthropoda tanah yang dominan. Indeks diversitas arhropoda tanah pada lahan dengan penambahan biomassa lebih tinggi (0,82–0,84) dibandingkan pada lahan tanpa penambahan biomassa (0,75–0,79). Penambahan biomassa pada tahun pertama dapat meningkatkan kandungan C Organik tanah dari 0,76 menjadi 1,06, dan meningkatkan kandungan N dari 0,03 menjadi 0,11, serta meningkatkan produksi tebu dari 70,4 ton/ha menjadi 101,4 ton/ha. Untuk memperbaiki kondisi ekosistem lahan kering diperlukan penambahan biomassa secara terus menerus.Effect of Biomass Addition in Dry Land to Diversity of Soil Arthropods and Productivity of SugarcaneThe current sugarcane development program is directed to dry lands that have limited water availability and soil fertility, thereby limiting the productivity of sugarcane. In order to restore soil fertility and reduce the evaporation of groundwater, addition of biomass in the form of trash (dried leaves) of sugarcane as well as the addition of green manure (Clotalaria juncea) is needed. Biomass addition to the land could increase soil fertility and the population of soil arthropods/detrivores. The experiment was conducted on dry land at Asembagus Experimental Station, Situbondo from January 2015–July 2015. The purpose of this research was to analyze the effect of biomass addition to the diversity of soil arthropods and sugarcane productivity. Treatments consisted of land with the addition of biomass (sugarcane/sugarcane and green manure C. juncea) and control. Observation of the abundance of soil arthropods and diversity level was done by setting pitfall traps and yellow pan traps, observation was done monthly. The results showed that the order of Collembola and Hymenoptera were dominant arthropods. The diversity index of ground arhropods on the land with biomass increments was higher (0.82–0.84) than that in the land without biomass addition (0.75–0.79). The addition of biomass in the first year succeeded in increasing the organic C content of soil from 0.62 to 1.06 and increasing the production of sugar cane from 70.4 tons/ha to 101.4 tons/ha. In order to improve the ecosystems condition, it is required the addition of biomass continuously.

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Langraf, V., K. Petrovičová, J. Schlarmannová, S. David, T. A. Avtaeva et V. V. Brygadyrenko. « Assessment of soil quality in agroecosystems based on soil fauna ». Biosystems Diversity 29, n^o 4 (28 novembre 2021) : 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/012140.

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Soil arthropods respond sensitively to land management practices and correlate with beneficial soil functions. The aim of this research was to determine soil quality using the QBS index in different types of crops and influence of soil variables (pH soil, soil moisture, potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen) on soil arthropods. Between the years 2018 and 2020, we studied different types of crops (Brassica napus, Pisum sativum, Triticum aestivum, T. spelta, Zea mays, Grass mixture and Hordeum vulgare) and recorded 14 taxa. Our results suggest a higher QBS index value in crops grass mixture, Pisum sativum, Triticum aestivum, T. spelta. The EMI value grew with increasing values of soil moisture, soil pH, phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen; indicating the presence of soil arthropods occurring in higher quality soil. Our results suggest that agricultural intensification affects soil arthropods, which are important for the production of biomass, which also affects crop yields.

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Langraf, V., K. Petrovičová, J. Schlarmannová, S. David, T. A. Avtaeva et V. V. Brygadyrenko. « Assessment of soil quality in agroecosystems based on soil fauna ». Biosystems Diversity 29, n^o 4 (28 novembre 2021) : 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/10.15421/012140.

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Soil arthropods respond sensitively to land management practices and correlate with beneficial soil functions. The aim of this research was to determine soil quality using the QBS index in different types of crops and influence of soil variables (pH soil, soil moisture, potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen) on soil arthropods. Between the years 2018 and 2020, we studied different types of crops (Brassica napus, Pisum sativum, Triticum aestivum, T. spelta, Zea mays, Grass mixture and Hordeum vulgare) and recorded 14 taxa. Our results suggest a higher QBS index value in crops grass mixture, Pisum sativum, Triticum aestivum, T. spelta. The EMI value grew with increasing values of soil moisture, soil pH, phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen; indicating the presence of soil arthropods occurring in higher quality soil. Our results suggest that agricultural intensification affects soil arthropods, which are important for the production of biomass, which also affects crop yields.

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Jabbour, Randa, Tara Pisani-Gareau, Richard G. Smith, Christina Mullen et Mary Barbercheck. « Cover crop and tillage intensities alter ground-dwelling arthropod communities during the transition to organic production ». Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 31, n^o 4 (12 août 2015) : 361–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170515000290.

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AbstractWe conducted a cropping systems experiment in central Pennsylvania, USA, to determine the effects of initial cover crop species and soil management on the abundance and composition of the ground-dwelling arthropod community. We hypothesized that we would detect legacy effects of the cover crops planted in year 1 of a 3-yr crop sequence on the arthropod community in the subsequent 2 yrs, and that these effects would be influenced by the intensity of tillage. We compared four systems in a factorial combination of perennial sod and legumes or annual cereal grain and legume as initial cover crops and moldboard or chisel plow tillage implemented in soybeans followed by maize in the subsequent 2 yrs. The entire experiment was initiated twice in adjacent locations, starting in 2003 (Start 1) and 2004 (Start 2). We quantified soil arthropod activity-density and community composition and identified all arthropods to order or family, and the ground and tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) to species. In Start 1, but not Start 2, arthropod activity-density increased with each year following implementation of organic management. We observed few legacy effects of cover crop or tillage intensity on arthropod activity-density. The composition of the soil arthropod community was primarily defined by the initial cover crop in the first year, and by the interaction between cover crop and tillage intensity in the second and third year. A legacy effect associated with a yr-1 cover crop of cereal rye was observed for Scarabaeidae beetles and Formicidae (ants) in yr 2 and Carabidae beetles in yr 3 of Start 1, but not Start 2. Weed indicators contributed significantly to the variation in the soil arthropod community that was explained by the environment in yr 2 in Start 1, and in yr 3 in both Starts. Our observations support the concept that both immediate and legacy effects of management shape arthropod communities during the organic transition period, suggesting that transitioning systems could be managed in ways that conserve or enhance natural enemy populations.

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da Silva Brito, Sara Samanta, María Villa, Jacinto Benhadi-Marín, Franceli da Silva et José Alberto Pereira. « The Temporal and Spatial Variation of Arthropod Associations Inhabiting Non-Crop Vegetation in a Sisal Crop, Agave sisalana in the Caatinga Biome ». Applied Sciences 11, n^o 14 (15 juillet 2021) : 6498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11146498.

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Sisal, Agave sisalana Perrine, is cultivated for fiber production, with Brazil being its leading producer. Nowadays, given the increasing interest in organic products, the market for sisal could become an economical alternative for rural areas with low economic inputs. However, sisal is threatened by different pests and diseases. Conservation biological control could contribute to the limitation of these plant enemies, but this agroecosystem is poorly known. In this context, we aimed: (i) to identify the diversity of plants and arthropods and their potential relations, (ii) to study the spatial patterns of arthropods and plants in function of the proximity to the margin of the field, and (iii) to determine the minimum sampling effort needed to record the occurring biodiversity in a sisal crop. Arthropods were sampled using pit-fall traps located close to the border and in the inner plant of the sisal crop from June to September. Simultaneously, plant species and their abundance in quadrats next to each pitfall were recorded. Diversity indexes were calculated to describe the biodiversity, a redundancy analysis was performed to analyze relations among arthropods and plants and the spatial distribution was evaluated using the non-parametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test. The redundancy analysis and the Wilcoxon test revealed a temporal and spatial distribution of arthropods and plants during the period of study. Results indicated (i) similar temporal diversity patterns from June to July for both plants and arthropods, with a maximum in July, whereas in September the biodiversity increased for arthropods and decreased for plants; (ii) the importance of particular plant species for Collembola; and (iii) that arthropods seem to colonize the sisal crop from the fields beyond the crop during the rainy season. These results provide new information about arthropods and plant biodiversity from an agroecosystem in a semi-arid region and raise further queries about the management of sisal crops.

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Biggs, Alan R., Henry W. Hogmire et Alan R. Collins. « Assessment of an Alternative IPM Program for the Production of Apples for Processing ». Plant Disease 84, n^o 10 (octobre 2000) : 1140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.10.1140.

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Conventional and alternative integrated pest management (IPM) programs for managing arthropods and diseases affecting processing apple production were compared over 4 years. The effects of the two programs on populations of pest and beneficial insects, and on disease incidence and severity, were evaluated in the field and laboratory and at a commercial fruit processing plant by federal inspectors. The economic implications of the alternative management program were assessed by examining its relative costs and benefits compared with conventional management. In the alternative program, arthropods were managed with oil and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), and early-season diseases were managed with fungicides. Calcium chloride was used to suppress rot diseases. The alternative plots showed lower levels of indirect pests (aphids, leaf-hoppers, and mites) and increased numbers of arthropod natural enemies. On harvested fruit, there was significantly more injury in the alternative plots from codling moth or oriental fruit moth, plum curculio, and apple maggot. Levels of foliar diseases were similar between treatments; however, fruit from the alternative program exhibited significantly more sooty blotch, flyspeck, and rots. At the commercial processor, levels of cull fruit were higher for the alternative program in 2 of the 3 years with harvestable yield. Loads of fruit that were not acceptable for processing were due mostly to internal worms and worm damage. Incidence of decay was within the quality limits set by the processor, except for one conventional sample, in which decay exceeded 5%. Of the 36 loads of fruit that were examined from each program, 4 and 13 loads were rejected from the conventional and alternative programs, respectively. Net present value comparisons were dependent upon how rejected loads were valued. At cider prices for rejected loads, net returns were similar between programs. When rejected loads were valued at a complete loss, conventional net present value was over 140% higher than the alternative program. Among cultivars, Golden Delicious was most profitable and York was least profitable.

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Sánchez-Ramos, Ismael, Aránzazu Marcotegui, Susana Pascual, Cristina E. Fernández, Guillermo Cobos et Manuel González-Núñez. « Compatibility of organic farming treatments against Monosteira unicostata with non-target arthropod fauna of almond trees canopy ». Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 15, n^o 2 (6 juin 2017) : e1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2017152-10515.

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Field trials had shown that 1-2 applications of kaolin and potassium salts of fatty acids combined with thyme essential oil (PSTEO) reduced the abundance of the lace bug Monosteira unicostata (Mulsant & Rey) (Hemiptera: Tingidae), an important pest of almond trees in the Mediterranean region. These products could be useful for the control of this pest in organic production of almonds, but higher number of applications could be necessary. However, the possible detrimental effects on the almond orchard ecosystem should be evaluated. In the present work, the effects observed on the non-target arthropod fauna of the almond trees canopy in those field assays are shown. First, a comprehensive report of the non-target arthropod fauna of the almond tree is provided. Regarding natural enemies, most of the predatory arthropods captured were spiders belonging to different families like Salticidae, Thomisidae, Philodromidae, Theridiidae, Araneidae or Oxyopidae. Other predatory families that appeared in significant numbers were Chrysopidae, Anthocoridae, Aeolothripidae, Coccinellidae, Phytoseiidae, Erythraeidae or Forficulidae. Among parasitoids, the most abundant families were Eulophidae, Scelionidae and Dryinidae. Kaolin reduced the abundance of natural enemies and other non-target arthropods as well as their diversity and number of species. On the contrary, PSTEO only produced a slight reduction in the number of natural enemies, whereas no effect was found on the diversity and species richness. These effects were observed despite the reduced number of applications, so greater effect is expected if its frequency is increased in order to achieve an efficient control of M. unicostata.

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Langraf, Vladimír, Kornélia Petrovičová et Janka Schlarmannová. « The Composition and Seasonal Variation of Epigeic Arthropods in Different Types of Agricultural Crops and Their Ecotones ». Agronomy 11, n^o 11 (10 novembre 2021) : 2276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112276.

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Changes in the structures of epigeic arthropods reflect changes in the ecological status of their habitats. The aim of this research was to assess the influence of ecotones and environmental variables (pH soil, soil moisture, potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen) on the abundance of epigeic arthropods. Between 2018 and 2020, an investigation of different types of crops (Brassica napus L., Pisum sativum L., Triticum aestivum L., T. spelta L., Zea mays L., grass mixture) recorded 31,315 individuals belonging to 14 taxonomic groups and their ecotones, using pitfall traps. The abundance of epigeic arthropods was affected by moisture, pH of soil, and levels of phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen. We observed a greater average number of individuals in the ecotones than in the fields in the months of September and October and in Triticum aestivum crops. During other months and for the remaining crops, we did not notice this difference. This contributed new information regarding the ecotone rule. Our results suggest that agricultural intensification affects epigeic arthropods in the crop Triticum aestivum, which is important for the production of biomass and also affects crop yields.

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Full, R., A. Yamauchi et D. Jindrich. « Maximum single leg force production : cockroaches righting on photoelastic gelatin ». Journal of Experimental Biology 198, n^o 12 (1 décembre 1995) : 2441–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.12.2441.

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Integrating studies of mechanics, neural control and isolated muscle function are possible using arthropod legs. To evaluate leg performance, we measured the ground reaction forces generated by individual legs of the six-legged cockroach Blaberus discoidalis (3.1 g), during an emergency behavior, righting or over-turning. We used a photoelastic method to measure the forces generated by individual legs simultaneously. A gelatin track placed between crossed polarizing filters was illuminated from below, and a high-speed video camera recorded the stress-induced optical signals from above. The size and skew of the optical patterns were found to be related to the magnitude and direction of the force. We discovered that the ground reaction forces generated during the righting behavior of the death-head cockroach were eight times greater than those observed during high-speed running, supporting the possibility that relative leg forces (leg force per unit body weight) during running and maximal leg activity differ more in small arthropods than in larger vertebrates. Non-geometric scaling of relative leg force (i.e. scaling to less than body mass-0.33), along with the reduced force-generating ability of a single leg in animals with many legs, may help to explain why the maximum relative leg force production by six-legged cockroaches, as well as by some other small insects, can be similar to the relative single leg forces produced by two- and four-legged vertebrates that are almost 1000 times more massive. Leg number and body mass alone, however, appear to be insufficient to explain the variation observed in relative leg force production at a given body mass, because enormous diversity in musculo-skeletal parameters exists. The maximal relative leg force of the cockroach B. discoidalis during righting was at the low end of a 100-fold variation observed for smaller insects wedging (pushing through a small crevice) and pulling loads. Thus, this cockroach can be characterized as a moderately strong insect with the capacity for relatively high speed. Results from the present study question the predictive strength of the simple geometric scaling arguments involving a strength:weight ratio as they are applied to small arthropods and encourage further consideration of the importance of leg number, muscle force production and mechanical advantage in the derivation of general principles of leg performance.

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Okrikata, E., H. Agere, I. O. Adepoju et S. P. Malu. « Impact of doubling the recommended dose of Magicforce (Lambda-Cyhalothrin + Dimethoate) on major associated arthropods and performance of watermelon ». Ife Journal of Science 23, n^o 1 (3 mai 2021) : 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v23i1.7.

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Some crop growers hold the view that application of pesticides at higher than the manufacturer's recommended doses results in better pest control and crop productivity. The veracity of this perception was evaluated in field experiments at the experimental field of Federal University Wukari. A recommended insecticide and acaricide; ® Magicforce (Lambda-cyhalothrin 15g/L + Dimethoate 300 g/L) was evaluated against insect pests of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.) and other associated beneficial arthropods. The experiments were laid in a Randomized Complete Block Design with five treatments (control inclusive). Data collected includes arthropod (pest and beneficial) densities, crop growth, and number of fruits at the early-fruiting stage which were analyzed using variance analysis after appropriate transformations. Student's t-test was used to compare early- and lateseason's variables while correlation and regression analyses were used to determine relationships between key variables. Results showed that plots treated with double the highest manufacturer's recommended dose of ® Magicforce (cost implication of ₦ 144,000) had lower pest (leaf beetle species and Bactrocera cucurbitae) and beneficial arthropod (predatory ants, spiders and Apis mellifera) densities than those treated with the lowest (cost – ₦ 48,000) and highest (cost – ₦ 72,000) recommended doses. Their plant growth (vine length and number of leaves) and fruit production were however comparatively lower though largely statistically comparable. The ® relationship between the quantity of Magicforce applied and number of fruits produced were though positive, 2 2 only moderate and insignificant in both early- (r = 0.665, R = 44.3%, p = 0.220) and late- (r = 0.659, R = 43.4%, p = 0.227) crops. The results revealed that the application of double the manufacturer's recommended dose of ® Magicforce (with its comparatively higher cost implication of 100 – 200%) suppressed growth of watermelon by 1.96 – 6.20%, and impeded fruit production by 9.14 – 13.30%. While there is need to verify the mechanism of this key finding, the need to source for genuine pesticides and follow manufacturer's recommended doses a re highlighted. Keywords: Arthropods, Insect pests, Organophosphate, Pesticide over-dose, Pyrethroid, Watermelon

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Lundgren, Jonathan G., John T. Shaw, Edmond R. Zaborski et Catherine E. Eastman. « The influence of organic transition systems on beneficial ground-dwelling arthropods and predation of insects and weed seeds ». Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 21, n^o 4 (décembre 2006) : 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/raf2006152.

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AbstractThe influence of farm management practices on ground-dwelling natural enemy communities and predation of insects and weed seeds was investigated over the first 2 years of the transition from conventional to organic production. Three transition strategies were selected that differed in their management and input intensities, and were characteristic of pasture/ley systems (low intensity), cash grain systems (intermediate intensity), and vegetable production (high intensity). Beneficial arthropods (insectivores and granivores) were monitored using pitfall (arthropod activity) and quadrat (arthropod density) samples. The frequency of predation on restrained larvae ofGalleria mellonellaand the species observed feeding were recorded. Weekly removal rates of weed seeds representative of abundant species at our site were monitored over a 3-week period during fall. Management intensity affected the activity and abundance of biological control agents. In year two of the transition, biological control agent densities were higher in the low-intensity treatment than in the other two treatments, but activity of insectivores and granivores was reduced in this treatment relative to the higher intensity systems. The patterns in the abundances of biological control agents may be explained by habitat stability within the different cropping systems. Quadrat samples were strongly correlated with the insectivory index, although pitfall samples were not. Insectivory rates were highest (>80% ofG. mellonellalarvae) in the low-intensity treatment. Predation patterns over a 17-h period differed substantially among the management treatments, indicating behaviorally distinct insectivore communities. Seed removal was also highest in the low-intensity treatment. We conclude that low-intensity cropping systems are most favorable to the abundance and function of beneficial ground-dwelling arthropod communities (insectivores and granivores) during the transition process.

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Lüddecke, Tim, Anne Paas, Lea Talmann, Kim N. Kirchhoff, Björn M. von Reumont, André Billion, Thomas Timm, Günter Lochnit et Andreas Vilcinskas. « A Spider Toxin Exemplifies the Promises and Pitfalls of Cell-Free Protein Production for Venom Biodiscovery ». Toxins 13, n^o 8 (18 août 2021) : 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080575.

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Arthropod venoms offer a promising resource for the discovery of novel bioactive peptides and proteins, but the limited size of most species translates into minuscule venom yields. Bioactivity studies based on traditional fractionation are therefore challenging, so alternative strategies are needed. Cell-free synthesis based on synthetic gene fragments is one of the most promising emerging technologies, theoretically allowing the rapid, laboratory-scale production of specific venom components, but this approach has yet to be applied in venom biodiscovery. Here, we tested the ability of three commercially available cell-free protein expression systems to produce venom components from small arthropods, using U2-sicaritoxin-Sdo1a from the six-eyed sand spider Hexophtalma dolichocephala as a case study. We found that only one of the systems was able to produce an active product in low amounts, as demonstrated by SDS-PAGE, mass spectrometry, and bioactivity screening on murine neuroblasts. We discuss our findings in relation to the promises and limitations of cell-free synthesis for venom biodiscovery programs in smaller invertebrates.

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Petney, T. N. « Ecological implications of control strategies : Arthropods of domestic and production animals ». International Journal for Parasitology 27, n^o 2 (février 1997) : 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7519(96)00145-2.

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Hummel, Robert L., James F. Walgenbach, Greg D. Hoyt et George G. Kennedy. « Effects of production system on vegetable arthropods and their natural enemies ». Agriculture, Ecosystems & ; Environment 93, n^o 1-3 (décembre 2002) : 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(01)00345-0.

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Sikes, Derek S., Matthew Bowser, Kathryn Daly, Toke T. Høye, Sarah Meierotto, Logan Mullen, Jozef Slowik et Jill Stockbridge. « The value of museums in the production, sharing, and use of entomological data to document hyperdiversity of the changing North ». Arctic Science 3, n^o 3 (1 septembre 2017) : 498–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/as-2016-0038.

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If the current rate of climate change continues, the composition, distribution, and relative population sizes of species in the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere are likely to change considerably. Understanding the magnitude of this change requires a well- documented baseline against which to compare. Although specimen-less observations can help augment such a baseline for the minority of organisms that can be confidently identified in the field or from photographs, the vast majority of species are small-bodied invertebrates, primarily arthropods, that can only be identified from preserved specimens and (or) their tissues. Museum staff archive specimens and make them and their data available for research. This paper describes a number of challenges to the goal of thorough documentation of high-latitude arthropod biodiversity and their potential solutions. Examples are provided from ongoing and recently completed research that demonstrates the value of museum specimens and the sharing of their data via global portals like GBIF.org.

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Pardon, P., J. Mertens, B. Reubens, D. Reheul, T. Coussement, A. Elsen, V. Nelissen et K. Verheyen. « Juglans regia (walnut) in temperate arable agroforestry systems : effects on soil characteristics, arthropod diversity and crop yield ». Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 35, n^o 5 (7 mai 2019) : 533–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170519000176.

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AbstractAgroforestry (AF) is considered to be a sustainable land use practice as it combines agricultural production with multiple beneficial effects such as carbon sequestration, enhanced nutrient cycling and increased biodiversity. Quantification of these beneficial effects in temperate arable fields is still limited, however, and most studies focus on one sole parameter (i.e., impact on crop productivity, soil quality, biodiversity, etc.). Combined effects are only rarely considered, resulting in a lack of integrated quantification. Here we assess the effect of rows of walnut trees (Juglans regia L.) on soil organic carbon (SOC), soil nutrient status, the presence of potentially beneficial ground-dwelling arthropods and on the yield and quality of neighboring arable crops. Significantly higher SOC and soil nutrient concentrations were found near the trees, which is assumed to be primarily a result of tree leaf litter input. Abundance of macro-detritivorous arthropods was increased in and near the tree rows, whereas only limited effects of tree presence were found on the presence of the predatory arthropod taxa under study. The yield of all crops under study was reduced as a result of tree presence, with the strongest reductions observed for grain maize and sugar beet near the trees (<10 m). In addition, alteration of crop quality was observed near tree rows with decreased dry matter concentration of grain samples and increased crude protein concentration of winter cereals.

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