Thèses sur le sujet « Art museum attendance – europe »

It is widely acknowledged that without volunteer guides, or docents, most museums and galleries would find it impossible to offer education programmes as they are known today. Docents work in the critical interface between visitors and works of art, yet often they are viewed as being passive, and often ineffective, transmitters of the gallery's educational message. The literature on gallery education emphasizes docent "management", or the methods used to recruit, train, and supervise docents. But gallery staff must consider the docent’s beliefs, values, and viewpoints about art, and about education, for improvement of education programmes to occur. This study describes, and analyzes, the docent’s perspective of gallery education programmes, and the extent to which docents are actively engaged in the ongoing process of learning to help others learn. In order to obtain their perspective, six docents in two art galleries were engaged in long, semi-structured, and repeated interviews. These interviews were audiotaped and transcribed. Categories derived from the teacher's practical knowledge, such as subject, curriculum, instruction, self, and milieu, were used as a framework to describe and analyze the docent's practical knowledge. It was found that though the docents did indeed hold a coherent body of knowledge that originates in their practice, their theoretical knowledge of art was often an inadequate base on which to build an interpretation of the gallery's exhibitions. Differences were found in the educational goals of the gallery, and between the institution, and the docent’s educational values and purposes. Educators need to be aware or the shifting, complex, and sometimes paradoxical nature of the docent’s role. The docent’s perspective must be considered in the successful planning and implementation of education programmes.
Education, Faculty of
Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of
Graduate

Établir que la sculpture et le jardin suivent une longue histoire commune relève du lieucommun. Au XXe siècle pourtant, le jardin de sculpture est devenu un espace porteur dansl’évolution des arts plastiques. Lieu intermédiaire entre la ville et le paysage, le jardin est un champ d’expérimentation formelle pour les artistes en même temps qu’une propositionmuséale ouverte. La première partie de l’étude porte sur le temps des prototypes (1901-1945),marqué par la diversité des pratiques : le plein air attire autant les sculpteurs questionnant leur rapport à la tradition et à la nature que les collectionneurs qui par leurs choix d’exposition posèrent les jalons d’une histoire de la sculpture en marche. Dans tous les cas, l’ancrage à la terre est fort. La deuxième partie traite de l’affirmation institutionnelle du jardin de sculpture dans la reconstruction (1945-1958). Réel ou imaginaire, le musée de sculpture en plein air est un champ où s’expriment les forces de la sculpture contemporaine et où s’affirment au public les questions sculpturales de l’avant-garde et où s’opère une mutation de la dialectique nature/(s)cul(p)ture. La troisième partie concerne les déplacements du jardin de sculpture (1958-1968) : de la nature à la ville dans une volonté des artistes d’investir pleinement l’espace public et d’acteurs culturels trouvant dans l’architecture un autre « en-dehors », mais aussi de la ville à la nature avec un retour à la terre de collectionneurs et directeurs de musées visionnaires concevant des espaces paysagers spécifiques, posant les prémices d’un art in situ dans le cadre institutionnel
It is generally accepted that sculpture and garden have shared a common history. Throughoutthe 20th century, however, the sculpture garden has become a strengthened space for theevolution of plastic arts. As an intermediate place between city and landscape, the garden isan experimental field both to the artists (in a formal sense) and to the museum (as an openspace). The first part of the dissertation deals with the time of prototypes (1901-1945) whenthe sculpture garden was characterized by its variety. Outdoors, sculptors have questionedtheir relation ton tradition and nature while collectors have put the first steps of a livinghistory of sculpture by their exhibition choices. By all means, their anchoring to the earthremained strong. The second part relates to the growing of the sculpture garden as culturalmodel during the Reconstruction (1945-1958). Whether real or ideal, the open-air sculpturemuseum then turns into a public theatre in which the forces of the contemporary sculpturefind their expression, particularly through the mutation of the nature/(s)cul(p)ture dialectic. At last, the third part deals with the sculpture garden shifts during the 60s (1958-1968). On the first hand, these shifts went from the landscape to the city: the artists would integrate moredirectly the urban space and the curators saw the architecture as another “outside”. On the second hand, they went from the city to the landscape: collectors and museum directors came back to the earth, conceiving specific landscapes for sculpture, laying the foundation of theexpression of an in situ art in the institutional framework

Cette thèse analyse le profil culturel des visiteurs des musées d’art moderne et contemporain en Belgique dans le but de mieux comprendre ce que représente, pour eux, l’expérience muséale. Il s’agit de dépasser une certaine approche courante en sociologie qui limite l’étude des relations publics-musées à la mise à jour du rôle des déterminants socioéconomiques sur la fréquentation. Mon approche part d’un postulat de base selon lequel il faut inscrire la visite muséale dans un rapport plus large à la culture pour appréhender le sens et les usages des musées d’art moderne et contemporain.

La récolte des données a eu lieu au cours de deux phases principales :une première quantitative suivie par une seconde qualitative. Le design est séquentiel (en deux étapes successives) et non équivalent puisque la première étape quantitative a plus de poids (terminologie basée sur Leech et Onwuegbuzie).

Pour la première phase, a été réalisée une enquête par questionnaires auprès des visiteurs de six musées en Belgique âgés de 15 ans et plus. Au total, 1900 questionnaires ont été récoltés et encodés. A partir de ces données, une analyse en correspondances multiples a été effectuée pour évaluer de quelle manière les différentes dimensions des profils culturels (goûts pour la musique, l’art et la lecture, participation culturelle, loisirs ordinaires, créativité) s’agencent les unes aux autres. Cette méthode a été choisie pour ses qualités inductives et relationnelles.

Cette analyse montre que les profils culturels peuvent être perçus comme le résultat de bricolages entre répertoires culturels. Ceux-ci doivent être compris comme des principes qui classifient les goûts et les pratiques et leur donnent sens. Parmi ces répertoires, la distinction culture haute versus culture basse à la Bourdieu conserve une place primordiale mais cohabite avec d’autres, tels que les distinctions omnivores versus univores (Peterson), voraces versus inactifs (Sullivan & Katz-Gerro), culture jeune versus culture classique, goût pour la transgression versus conservatisme. Cette thèse appuie en conséquence l’idée selon laquelle il n’y a eu ni de transformation unidirectionnel des snobs vers les omnivores (thèse de l’omnivorité), ni un effondrement des hiérarchies culturelles (massification et postmodernisme).

L’utilisation de ces répertoires est principalement influencée par l’âge, l’éducation (sous diverses formes) et le statut socioprofessionnel (qui met l’accent sur les différences en termes de cultures professionnelles). Les profils culturels s’ancrent dès lors toujours dans des structures sociales, contrairement à ce que pensent certaines théories individualistes plus extrêmes (Bauman), et continuent d’être structurés par des mécanismes de distinction, puisque les répertoires sont socialement valorisés.

Une classification hiérarchique ascendante a suivi l’analyse en correspondances multiples pour mettre à jour une typologie qui reflète les principales configurations des profils culturels. Six classes ont été identifiées :les cultivés classiques, les cultivés en retrait, les cultivés progressistes, les hédonistes, les éloignés culturels et les amoureux de l’art. Pour conduire la deuxième phase qualitative, trois personnes par classe ont été interviewées pour approfondir les donnés quantitatives sur leur rapport à la culture, à l’art et au musée. Au regard de cette analyse de discours, il apparaît que les six classes ainsi constituées partagent en leur sein des grilles de lecture similaires du rôle de l’art et de la culture au sein de la société moderne mais aussi du musée et agissent, ce faisant, en « communautés interprétatives » (Fish; Hooper-Greenhill). Comprendre la diversité des profils culturels des visiteurs (tout en prenant en compte l’origine sociale) permet, dès lors, de concevoir la multiplicité des rapports au musée./

What do we know about art museums’ visitors? This question can appear very trivial. Visitors of art museums seem to belong to educated elite. At least, this is the image that cultural participation surveys rightly spread. Nevertheless, this perspective focuses mainly on the characteristics of the population who do not visit museums, rather than on the characteristics of the museums' visitors. These surveys help indeed to define the sociodemographic particularities of visitors, with regards to the general population but do not investigate a possible diversity within the visitor population. They show that cultural democratization did not really happen but can we really conclude that the audience constitutes a homogeneous mass of snobs defined by a precise relation to the culture?

This presentation aims to go beyond this traditional approach in sociology that focuses on sociodemographic criteria and to show how diverse can be the audience. It intends to illustrate that visitors have heterogeneous cultural profiles (described by their tastes, cultural and creative activities, and more ordinary leisure), even if they tend to be similar from a socioeconomic viewpoint, and to evaluate which impact these cultural profiles have on the way of visiting a museum.

With the use of a multiple correspondence analysis and an ascending hierarchical classification, six different classes were distinguished among the visitors of six museums of modern and contemporary art in Belgium (N: 1900) according to their cultural profiles. Each cultural profile is considered as a bricolage of different cultural repertoires: low versus high culture (Bourdieu), univores versus omnivores (Peterson), voraces versus non-voraces (Sullivan & Katz-Gerro), classical versus young culture and traditional versus modern values. Instead of observing an unidirectional change from snobs to omnivores, my results suggests indeed that several repertoires interact with one another to structure cultural profiles and to give meaning to them. Finally, with selected interviews among the different six classes, it will be demonstrated that people with an analogous cultural profile tend to share similar interpretations of museums and act as "interpretative communities" (Fish; Hooper-Greenhill). Therefore, the meaning of a museum visit for visitors requires taking into account their cultural profiles.

Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

La valeur qu’attachent les individus à l’égard d’un objet culturel peut être expliquée, entre autres, par leur projet identitaire d’appartenance à un groupe. Cette thèse propose de nouvelles orientations stratégiques muséales permettant d’augmenter la fréquentation muséale, de changer le rapport du musée d’art aux publics et d’attirer ainsi d’autres individus.Cette recherche a permis la conceptualisation de la proximité identitaire « publics-musée d’art », la confirmation de ses dimensions et antécédents, et enfin, l’analyse de la relation entre la proximité identitaire « publics-musée d’art » et la fréquentation. Par ailleurs, le développement d’une échelle de mesure de la proximité identitaire « publics-musée d’art » a élargi le cadre théorique des phénomènes d’identification et de leurs conséquences. Finalement la thèse propose des leviers d’action pour faciliter l’accès à l’art. Les musées ont intérêt à développer globalement une stratégie de proximité identitaire « publics-musée d’art » fondée sur le partage de caractéristiques communes et sur des dimensions affectives orientées vers toutes les catégories de publics. Plus particulièrement, les publics habitués seraient sensibles à des stratégies de rapprochement fondées sur le lien social et sur le partage de caractéristiques identitaires avec l’offre muséale ; les visiteurs occasionnels se rapprochent d’un musée d’art en étant le plus souvent accompagnés, et ressentent des émotions positives dans ces lieux ; et enfin une stratégie orientée vers le non public devrait permettre la valorisation de l’individu par rapport aux autres personnes de leur entourage
The value that individuals attach to a cultural object can be explained, among other things, by their identity project of belonging to a group. This thesis proposes new strategic orientations for museums that increase museum attendance, change the relationship of the art museum with the public and attract other individuals.This research allowed the conceptualization of the proximity of the "public-art museum" identity, the confirmation of its dimensions and antecedents, and finally the analysis of the relationship between the "public-art museum" identity proximity and the art museum attendance. Moreover, the development of a "public-art museum" identity proximity scale, offers to broaden the theoretical framework of the identification phenomena and its consequences.Finally, the thesis proposes levers of action to facilitate access to art. It is in the interest of museums to develop a strategy of "public-art museum" identity proximity based on the sharing of common characteristics and affective dimensions oriented towards all categories of public. In particular, the regular audiences would be sensitive to strategies of rapprochement based on the social bond and the sharing of identity characteristics with the museum offer. The occasional visitors feel closer to an art museum when being most often accompanied, and feel positive emotions in these places. And finally, a non-public-oriented strategy should enable the individual to be highly considered by other people in their environment

Cultural and heritage tourism, one of the fastest growing segments of the tourism industry, is becoming a major pillar in the tourism strategy of many countries. Like elsewhere in the world, museums play a significant role in heritage tourism. South Africa has a rich history of intangible cultural heritage which manifests itself in oral history, traditional music and dance, social practices and indigenous knowledge systems. It is becoming more important for museum managers to identify the variables that will enhance the attraction and retention of museum visitors. The aim of the study was to determine tourists’ satisfaction with their visit to Port Elizabeth’s heritage museums by comparing their expectations and experiences. This could help museum marketers to better understand their customers, and design experiences that match their expectations. The literature review presented a brief overview of heritage tourism, the museum experience, and visitors’ satisfaction. Concepts of heritage tourism, functions of museums and the different museum attributes that might impact customer satisfaction were discussed. Literature on visitors’ satisfaction included descriptions of the expectations and approaches to measuring customer satisfaction. A museum satisfaction conceptual model resulted from these reviews. ii The proposed model was modified in the empirical study. The data were collected by means of a survey, using self-administered questionnaires distributed to visitors at three heritage museums in Port Elizabeth. Two hundred and twelve useable questionnaires were received. The empirical findings did not fully support the conceptual model. By conducting a factor analysis, the data was reduced to eight factors, namely, human interaction, physical evidence, facilities, facility quality, exhibition, edutainment, escape and aestheticism. It was found that the satisfaction mean scores were consistently higher than the expectation mean scores. This implies that museum visitors were satisfied with their experience of the three heritage museums in Port Elizabeth. Finally, the results of the paired sample t-test and regression analyses tested and explained formulated hypotheses. The principal recommendations emanating from this study are summarised in two groups, namely: • recommendations pertaining to the strategic implications of the findings in terms of service, facilities and experience. For example, the museum administration could establish more facilities for the disabled and the elderly, consider discounting and promotion programmes, and increase the use of technology in their displays. • recommendations for future research. For example, future studies could be applied to investigate visitors’ satisfaction with other heritage museums in South Africa.

Cette recherche retrace l’histoire des envois de tableaux de l’État englobant les périodes du Directoire, du Consulat et de l’Empire. Grâce au dépouillement des archives publiques, la correspondance entre les acteurs locaux (maire et préfet, d’un côté) et les pouvoirs centraux(administration muséale et ministère de l’Intérieur, d’un autre côté) a pu être en grande partie reconstituée ; elle retrace la genèse de la naissance des musées de province. La suite chronologique de ces envois d’État de 1798 à 1814 prouve qu’il y a différents moments et différents types d’envois de tableaux. Seuls les envois issus de l’arrêté du 14 fructidor an IX (1er septembre 1801) et ceux issus de l’arrêté complémentaire du 16 fructidor an X (3 septembre 1802) se transformeront en création de musées lors de leur achèvement. Le récit et les aléas de l’histoire des envois donnent aussi un aperçu des convictions du ministre de l’Intérieur Jean-Antoine Chaptal (1756-1832) et de sa politique culturelle. Dès 1803, cette politique ministérielle sera parasitée par la gestion du Directeur général du Musée Napoléon, Dominique-Vivant Denon (1747-1825), qui, pour le moins, ne partage pas les positions du ministre. Parallèlement, germent les premiers bourgeons d’une politique culturelle préfectorale.L’intégration des trois villes de Bruxelles, Genève et Mayence dans la répartition artistique du14 fructidor an IX (1er septembre 1801) ne participe pas d’une politique d’assimilation ; elle relève clairement d’une volonté d’apaisement général de la Nation et d’un effort de réalisation de l’unité nationale chers surtout à Napoléon Bonaparte
This study explores the distribution of paintings by the French government during the periods of the Directory, Consulate, and the Napoleonic Empire. An examination of public archives resulted in the reconstitution of correspondences between local officials (such as themayor and the prefect) and central powers (administrators at the Louvre Museum and the Minister of the Interior). This research highlights the particular policies of the Minister of the Interior Jean-Antoine Chaptal (1756-1832), and sheds light upon the birth of provincial museums (musées de province). The chronology of these national shipments of paintings from1798 to 1814 demonstrates that there are different moments and different kinds of cultural transfers. Only shipments issued under the decree of Fructidor 14 year IX (1 September 1801)and those of the additional order of Fructidor 16 year X (3 September 1802) resulted in the creation of museums upon completion. The history and vagaries of these shipments also reflect the ideology and political beliefs of Chaptal, author and initiator of these two decrees.From 1803 on, this ministerial policy was challenged by the Director of the NapoleonMuseum (Directeur général du Musée Napoléon), Dominique-Vivant Denon (1747-1825),who did not share the Minister’s point of view. At the same time, the first signs of prefectural cultural policy began to appear. The integration of the three towns, Brussels, Geneva and Mainz, under the artistic redistribution of Fructidor 14, was not so much a sign of political assimilation but rather a general desire to appease the nation and achieve national unity -especially important to Napoleon Bonaparte

El presente estudio tiene por objetivo analizar la presencia del movimiento artístico de acrílicos sobre tela de los desiertos Central y Occidental australianos en el espacio museístico europeo. El marco temporal abarcado es de 1982-2012. En particular, se investiga dicha presencia, por un lado, a través de compilar las iniciativas de exposición temporal de dicho movimiento; y, por el otro, del análisis del proceso curatorial y de la materialización en el espacio físico del macro encargo de obras Aborígenes contemporáneas que se insertan hoy en el complejo arquitectónico del Musée du Quai Branly. El estudio pone el foco de atención en comprender la circulación de las obras en Europa (sus actores e instituciones de acogida), en subrayar la interculturalidad del fenómeno y en analizar las poéticas y políticas de construcción de la Aboriginalidad, presentes y pasadas, a través de dicho movimiento.
The following dissertation analyzes the presence of the Australian Central and Western Deserts acrylic movement in European museums from 1982 till 2012. Such presence is investigated by compiling European temporary exhibitions initiatives around the acrylic movement, and by analyzing Musée du Quai Branly’s double commission of contemporary Aboriginal artworks which are integrated today in the museum architectural complex as permanent displays. The main goals of this study are: to understand how Australian acrylic paintings from the desert have been circulating in Europe (by which actors and museums), to highlight the intercultural nature of this artistic movement and its circulation, as well as, to explore past and present representations of Aboriginality through the movement.

This dissertation examines the powerful role that museums played in constructing national art-historical narratives during the 1930s. By concentrating on Three Centuries of American Art—the 1938 exhibition organized by the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) for viewing in Paris—I argue that the intertwining of art, political diplomacy, and canon formation uncovered by an analysis of the exhibition reveals American art’s unique role in supporting shared 1930s cultural ideologies. MoMA’s curators created the most comprehensive exhibition to date of the history of American art with works from 1590 through 1938, and with over five hundred architectural models, drawings, films, paintings, photographs, prints, sculptures, and vernacular artworks. With World War II on the horizon, these artworks took on new meaning as the embodiment of the United States. Adding complexity to notions of display, five chapters trace in chronological order how curators, politicians, journalists and art critics reimagined American art in the display, canonization, and reception of Three Centuries of American Art. Chapter 1 gives a synopsis of the exhibition, places it within the larger discourse of American art exhibitions in Paris, and documents how American and French relations developed during this pivotal time. Chapter 2 explores the different meanings ascribed to the artworks during loan negotiations and maps the works’ transportation to Paris. Chapter 3 elaborates on the notion of a unified American art in the 1930s by examining the histories of art created by each of MoMA’s departments. Chapter 4 offers the first substantive historiography of 1930s publications that examined American art across media to determine instances when MoMA curators echoed prior histories and when they deviated from them at a moment when scholars disputed the merit of such disciplinary histories. Chapter 5 grapples with the means by which audiences first learned about Three Centuries of American Art and unearths what American and international critics wrote about the exhibition. In sum, Three Centuries of American Art provides a model to understand how MoMA curators inserted their histories of American art into the emerging art historical discourse and how government agencies invested them with political meaning during the critical interwar period.
2018-08-11T00:00:00Z

In order to fully understand museums in their current state and the changes that are undergoing, it is crucial to observe their evolution through history. First museums appeared many years ago and nowadays these institutions are present all around the world in different typologies. Museums have been founded to promote civic pride, identity and feelings of belonging, as recreational facilities, educational resources, means to improve quality of life, and to attract tourism. Nowadays, museums are facing some challenges, and the overall trend is to democratize the access. From two decades until now, a change is undergoing, due to social changes that made museums re-evaluate their relationship with the audience. Today, the visitors are seen as individuals, instead of socio-demographic groups. In the last years, museum mediation has been evolving because of the digital technologies. Digital technology was invented in the 20th century, marking what was named as the third technological revolution (Greenwood, 1997). Chappuis et als (2011) report that “Consumer behaviour is shifting rapidly as more people use digital devices and platforms intensively.” (Chappuis, Gaffey and Parvizi, 2011). New technologies started to be seen as solutions to reach visitors in an effective way, independently of their backgrounds. In terms of digital technology as mediation in European fine art museums, the most common are smartphone apps and multimedia guides, but there are also projects using gamming, storytelling, artificial intelligence, augmented/virtual reality and 3D reproductions (Examples of these technologies range from smartphone apps and multimedia guides, to projects using gamming, storytelling, artificial intelligence, augmented/virtual reality and 3D reproductions). To understand the trends, we identified, characterize and studied projects in European Fine Art museums. This information was analysed and allowed to portray the present panorama in European fine art museums towards their visitors through digital means. New policies, strategies and missions are being re-thought. Questions such as how museums must be responsive to the audience needs, open to share knowledge, to create new collaborations and to have an interdisciplinary character, so the cultural experience can be global and diversified are now being discussed. The present work raises questions for the future of museums.

The thesis casts new light on the activities of the London-based Arundel Society (1848–1897). It examines the watercolours and chromolithographs produced for the Society made after pre-Renaissance frescoes and Northern altarpieces, the discourse around them, and the ways the prints were collected by organisations and individual subscribers. The Society’s commercial and ideological strategies, its didactic and archival programs, as well as the multi-faceted nature of its authorship are analysed. Using the notion of translation, this thesis explores how mediation affects the reception and meaning of a work of art. The Arundel Society, or Society for Promoting the Knowledge of Art, was one of the first entities to issue high-quality colour reproductions of works of art. Through an investigation of the impact of these colour images on art writing, and the ways in which they helped give visual form to ideas about art, this thesis proposes new value for the Society’s publications. The prints, sculptural casts and texts issued over fifty years were an important contribution to art history in a period when the discipline was developing; they were distributed around the world, bringing popular awareness to the art of earlier times. By examining subscriber lists and exploring the connections between the Society’s members, this thesis demonstrates the ubiquity of the chromolithographs. By considering the prints in a range of domestic and religious spheres, within museums and other institutional contexts, the thesis challenges the idea that reproductive prints are by nature unilateral and poses further complexities about the original, its image and the viewer—it asks questions about what happens if works of art look back. This thesis is the first to examine the Arundel Society’s contribution to a nascent art history and only the second, since Tanya Ledger’s more than forty years ago, to assess its activities in depth. Initially the Society aimed to record and spread knowledge of important monuments. Later it placed greater emphasis on recording works of art to which general access was difficult, and those threatened by decay or destruction; the function of the watercolours and prints as a ‘condition report’ was recognised at the time. In 1860s and 1870s, at the height of the Society’s popularity, the chromolithographs were also used as home furnishings, while in various churches they remain as items for devotion. By surveying extant holdings, this thesis assesses the role of the Society’s publications in the development of museum collections in Britain, the colonies and further afield, and reconsiders the possibilities for these works in the twenty-first century.