Articles de revues sur le sujet « Art. 574-bis c.p »

Zusammenfassung Ziel: Body-mass-Index (BMI) eines Varizenkollektivs von Frauen und Männern im Vergleich mit der Bevölkerung. Beeinflusst der BMI Art oder Schweregrad der Varikosis bei Frauen? Patienten, Methode: Prospektiv wurden Patienten in die Studie aufgenommen, die zwischen Januar 2000 und April 2004 in Allgemeinanästhesie an ihren Varizen operiert werden. Gruppen von varizenchirurgisch nicht vorbehandelten Frauen mit einem BMI <20 und ≥30 kg/m2 bzw. <25 und ≥25 kg/m2 wurden verglichen. Ergebnisse: 470 Varizenpatienten (106 Männer, 364 Frauen, durchschnittliches Lebensalter 48,8 Jahre, durchschnittlicher BMI 24,5 kg/m2) zeigten folgende Verteilung (%) der BMI-Werte (kg/m2): <18,5 (3,6%); 18,5 bis <25 (56%); ≥25 bis <30 (29,4%); ≥30 (11%). 24,5% Frauen und 46,2% Männer mit BMI ≥25 bis <30 kg/m2, 10% Frauen und 15,1% Männer mit BMI ≥30 kg/m2. Die Gruppen von 38 Frauen mit BMI <20 kg/m2 (29 Frauen mit BMI ≥30 kg/m2) im Vergleich: Duchschnittsalter 42,3 Jahre (48,1); p=0,034; Durchschnittsgewicht 52,6 kg (91,2); Anteil Frauen mit Schwangerschaften 76,3% (82,2%); p=0,56; pathol. PPL 36,8% (41,4%); p=0,80; Durchschnitts-CEAP C 2,7 (C 3,0). 25 von 188 bzw. 27 von 101 Frauen mit BMI <25 bzw. ≥25 kg/m2 zeigen Varizen der V.s.m. acc. vom inguinalen Mündungstyp (ohne gleichzeitigen Reflux im gleichseitigen Magnastamm; p=0,006). Schlussfolgerung: Der BMI beim Varizenkollektiv unterscheidet sich nicht wesentlich von dem der schweizerischen Bevölkerung (Frauen: p=0,058; Männer: p=0,80) und zeigt keinen Zusammenhang mit der Varikosis. Varizenpatientinnen mit einem BMI ≥30 und <20 kg/m2 weisen in Bezug auf die hämodynamische Relevanz ihrer Varikosis keine Unterschiede auf. Patientinnen mit einem BMI <20 kg/m2 sind mit einem Duchschnittsalter von 42,3 Jahren signifikant jünger bei ihrer Operation. Varizen der V.s.m. acc. vom inguinalen Mündungstyp (ohne gleichzeitigen Reflux im gleichseitigen Magnastamm) treten bei Frauen mit BMI ≥25 kg/m2 signifikant häufiger auf als bei Frauen mit BMI <25 kg/m2.

Die Typen und weiteres Material der Arten der Gattungen Callicerus Gravenhorst, Pseudosemiris Machulka und Saphocallus Sharp werden revidiert. Auf der Grundlage eines morphologischen Vergleichs unter Berücksichtigung der wahrscheinlich nahverwandten Taxa Aloconota Thomson, 1858 und Disopora Thomson, 1859 werden Callicerus, Pseudosemiris und Saphocallus als distinkte Gattungen betrachtet und redeskribiert. 7 valide Callicerus-, 7 Pseudosemiris-Arten sowie eine Art der Gattung Saphocallus werden erkannt und beschrieben: C. obscurus Gravenhorst, C. muensteri Bernhauer, C. atricollis (Aubé), C. appenninus sp. n., C. sparsicollis Bernhauer, C. fulvicornis Eppelsheim, C. rigidicornis (Erichson), P. kaufmanni (Eppelsheim), P. breiti Scheerpeltz, P. circassica Fagel, P. fulgida sp. n., P. granulosa Fagel, P. stricticornis Fagel, P. zanettii sp. n. und S. parviceps Sharp. P. velox Jablokow-Khnzorian wird als species dubia betrachtet. Die folgenden Taxa werden synonymisiert: Callicerus Gravenhorst, 1802 = Semiris Heer, 1839, resyn., = Sphaerotaxus Bernhauer, 1915, syn. n.; Callicerus obscurus Gravenhorst, 1802 = Callicerus stolfai Scheerpeltz, 1956, syn. n., = Callicerus ibericus Fagel, 1958, syn. n.; Calodera atricollis Aubé, 1850 = Callicerus clavatus Rottenberg, 1870, syn. n.; Callicerus fulvicornis Eppelsheim, 1883 = Callicerus gagliardii Scheerpeltz, 1956, syn. n.; Homalota rigidicornis Erichson, 1839 = Callicerus mandli Scheerpeltz, 1956, syn. n., = Callicerus beieri Scheerpeltz, 1959, syn. n.; Homalota gregaria Erichson, 1839 (nomen protectum) = Aleochara caliginosa Stephens, 1832, syn. n. (nomen oblitum); Atheta montenegrina Bernhauer, 1899 = Callicerus smetanai Scheerpeltz, 1967, syn. n. Atheta toroenensis Bernhauer, 1943, die zuvor Callicerus zugeordnet worden war, wird in die Gattung Homoiocalea Bernhauer, 1943, stat. n. gestellt. Sowohl die Gattung als auch H. toroenensis (Bernhauer), comb. n. werden redeskribiert. Für Callicerus obscurus Gravenhorst wird ein Neotypus, für Calodera atricollis Aubé, Callicerus muensteri Bernhauer, C. obscurus var. pedemontanus Baudi, C. clavatus Rottenberg, C. sparsicollis Bernhauer, C. fulvicornis Eppelsheim und C. kaufmanni Eppelsheim werden Lectotypen designiert. Die Differentialmerkmale aller untersuchter Gattungs- und Artengruppentaxa sowie die Ergebnisse morphometrischer Analysen werden illustriert. Die Diagnosen werden durch Angaben zur intraspezifischen Variabilität und zur Unterscheidung von ähnlichen Arten sowie durch Bestimmungstabellen für die Arten der Gattungen Callicerus und Pseudosemiris ergänzt. Die verfügbaren Daten zur Verbreitung und Bionomie werden ausgewertet. Die Arten der Gattungen Callicerus und Pseudosemiris sind danach univoltin; die Fortpflanzungsperiode beginnt im Frühjahr, und die Präimaginalentwicklung ist im Frühsommer abgeschlossen. Reproduktion und Überwinterung finden offenbar in einem unterirdischen, bisher aber unbekannten Habitat statt. Dies würde erklären, warum praktisch alle Arten selten bis extrem selten nachgewiesen wurden. Die Phänologien von C. obscurus und C. rigidicornis werden durch Diagramme veranschaulicht. Verbreitungskarten illustrieren die Verbreitungsgebiete der weniger seltenen Arten.StichwörterColeoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae, Athetini, Callicerus, Pseudosemiris, Saphocallus, Homoiocalea, Aloconota, Palaearctic region, Europe, taxonomy, biogeography, ecology, intraspecific variation, life history, new species, new synonymy, new combination, neotype designation, lectotype designation.Nomenklatorische Handlungengregaria (Erichson, 1839) (Aloconota), nom. protectum described as Homalota gregariamontenegrina (Bernhauer, 1899) (Aloconota (Disopora)), Lectotype described as Atheta (Disopora) montenegrinacaliginosa Stephens, 1832 (Bolitochara), nom. oblitum; syn. n. of Aloconota gregaria (Erichson, 1839): nom. protectumappenninus Assing, 2001 (Callicerus), spec. n.atricollis (Aubé, 1850) (Callicerus), Lectotype described as Calodera atricollisclavatus Rottenberg, 1870 (Callicerus), Lectotype; syn. n. of Callicerus atricollis (Aubé, 1850)fulvicornis Eppelsheim, 1883 (Callicerus), Lectotype described as Callicerus atricollis var. fulvicornismuensteri Bernhauer, 1900 (Callicerus), Lectotypeobscurus Gravenhorst, 1802 (Callicerus), Neotypesparsicollis Bernhauer, 1915 (Callicerus), Lectotypestolfai Scheerpeltz, 1956 (Callicerus), syn. n. of Callicerus obscurus Gravenhorst, 1802smetanai Scheerpeltz, 1967 (Callicerus (Callicerus)), syn. n. of Atheta (Disopora) montenegrina (Bernhauer, 1899)beieri Scheerpeltz, 1959 (Callicerus (Semiris)), syn. n. of Callicerus rigidicornis (Erichson, 1839)gagliardii Scheerpeltz, 1956 (Callicerus (Semiris)), syn. n. of Callicerus fulvicornis Eppelsheim, 1883ibericus Fagel, 1958 (Callicerus (Semiris)), syn. n. of Callicerus obscurus Gravenhorst, 1802mandli Scheerpeltz, 1956 (Callicerus (Semiris)), syn. n. of Callicerus rigidicornis (Erichson, 1839)pedemontanus Baudi, 1869 (Callicerus obscurus var.), Lectotype now a synonym of Callicerus atricollis (Aubé, 1850)toroenensis (Bernauer, 1943) (Homoiocalea), comb. n. hitherto Atheta (Homoiocalea) toroenensisfulgida Assing, 2001 (Pseudosemiris), spec. n.kaufmanni (Eppelsheim, 1887) (Pseudosemiris), Lectotype described as Callicerus kaufmannizanettii Assing, 2001 (Pseudosemiris), spec. n.Homoiocalea Bernhauer, 1943 (Staphylinidae), stat. n. hitherto a subgenus of AthetaSemiris Heer, 1839 (Staphylinidae), syn. n. of Callicerus Gravenhorst, 1802Sphaerotaxus Bernhauer, 1915 (Staphylinidae), syn. n. of Callicerus Gravenhorst, 1802

Acenes are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons made up of linearly fused benzene rings. They are the smallest units of graphene and graphene nanoribbons, and have been extensively studied as organic semiconductor materials. Higher acenes are expected to have smaller band gaps required for practical use as organic electronic materials, but those with more than six benzene rings are poorly soluble in common organic solvents and unstable in aerobic condition to be synthesized and purified with traditional organic synthesis method. To overcome the obstacles, a precursor approach is a useful technique, where the soluble and stable precursors are purified enough and then converted to less-soluble and unstable target acenes in-situ.[1,2] Recently surface-assisted synthesis of higher acenes using precursors have attracted much attentions. Under ultra-high vacuum atmosphere, unstable acenes can be prepared from precursors by annealing, photoirradiation, or scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)-tip treatment on metal surface. We were successful to synthesize bis-diketone precursors of heptacene and nonacene. [3-6] The precursors were vacuum-deposited on Au(111) surface and converted to heptacene and nonacene by photoirradiation. Through combined STM, non-contact atomic force microscopy(nc-AFM) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) measurements, together with state-of-the-art first principles calculations, insight into the chemical and electronic structure of these elusive compounds was successful. It was revealed that nonacene has open-shell biradical structure in the ground state on Au(111). We were also successful to prepare tetraazaundecacene on Au(111) surface from bicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene (BCOD) precursor. [7] The tip-induced release of the protecting group can be employed to produce the targeted tetraazaundecacene species. The experimental frontier orbital gap, derived from the difference between PIR and NIR, is 1.35 eV. In this talk, the attraction and possibility of the “precursor approach” for the synthesis and application of acene compounds will be overviewed. References M. Suzuki, T. Aotake, Y. Yamaguchi, N. Noguchi, H. Nakano, K. Nakayama, H. Yamada, J. Photochem. Photobiol. C: Photochem. Rev. 2014, 18, 50-70. H. Yamada, D. Kuzuhara, M. Suzuki, H. Hayashi, N. Aratani, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 2020, 93, 1234-1267. J. I. Urgel, S. Mishra, H. Hayashi, J. Wilhelm, C. A. Pignedoli, M. Di Giovannantonio, R. Widmer, M. Yamashita, N. Hieda, P. Ruffieux, H. Yamada, R. Fasel, Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 861–864. J. I. Urgel, H. Hayashi, M. Di Giovannantonio, C. A. Pignedoli, S. Mishra, O. Deniz, M. Yamashita, T. Dienel, P. Ruffieux, H. Yamada, R. Fasel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 11658–11661. J. I. Urgel, M. Di Giovannantonio, G. Gandus, Q. Chen, X. Liu, H. Hayashi, P. Ruffieux, S. Decurtins, A. Narita, D. Passerone, H. Yamada, S.-X. Liu, K. Müllen, C. A. Pignedoli, R. Fasel, ChemPhysChem 2019, 20, 2360-2366. C. G. Ayani, M. Pisarra, J. I. Urgel, J. J. Navarro, C. Díaz, H. Hayashi, H. Yamada, F. Calleja, R. Miranda, R. Fasel, F. Martín, A. L. Vázquez de Parga, Nanoscale Horiz. 2021, 6, 744-750. K. Eimre, J. I. Urgel, H. Hayashi, M. D. Giovannantonio, P. Ruffieux, S. Sato, S. Ohtomo, Y. S. Chan, N. Aratani, D. Passerone, O. Gröning, H. Yamada, R. Fasel, C. A. Pignedoli, Nat. Commun. 2021. in press.

Conventional intercalation Li-ion batteries are physico-chemically limited in their energy density and exhibit a restricted temperature operation range. To further increase energy density limit and enable reversible battery cycling at elevated temperatures, the exploitation of new cell chemistry is required. Conversion-type transition metal fluorides (TMFs) can store multiple Li-ions per metal center and thus increase the theoretical energy density by 200% to 300% compared to intercalation compounds. [1] Ionic liquids (ILs) are liquid salts (below 100°C) with improved thermal stability due to the ionic nature of its constituents, little to no flammability, and a low vapor pressure. Combining a TMF cathode with an IL electrolyte and a metallic lithium anode can provide an energy-dense, safe energy storage alternative with a broader operating temperature range and additional versatility for applications in the military, oil, and aerospace sector. [2] In my talk, I will discuss our progress on the development and characterisation of a secondary FeF2-IL-Li-metal battery. We studied the impact of active material morphology and carbon-composite preparation techniques on the electronic conductivity and electrochemical performance in a bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide based IL electrolyte. In addition, we investigated different IL formulations for their applicability with TMFs and Li-metal. Both the cathode and anode electrolyte interphases were studied at different temperatures and their role in a full cell setup is elucidated. [1] Olbrich, L. F., Xiao, A. W. & Pasta, M. Conversion-type fluoride cathodes: Current state of the art. Current Opinion in Electrochemistry 30, 100779 (2021). [2] Lin, X., Salari, M., Arava, L. M. R., Ajayan, P. M. & Grinstaff, M. W. High temperature electrical energy storage: Advances, challenges, and frontiers. Chemical Society Reviews 45, 5848–5887 (2016). Figure 1

We observe that thin film solar cells based on poly[5-(2-hexyldecyl)-1,3-thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione-alt-5,5-(2,5-bis(3-dodecylthiophen-2-yl)-thiophene)] [P(T3-TPD)] blended with phenyl-C₇₁-butyric acid methyl ester (PC₇₁BM) are remarkably robust to process variations, optimizing under identical conditions for both spin and blade coating.

Two kinds of polyester bis (p-hydroxybenzoic acid) butanediolatepolyester (BDPET) and bis (p-hydroxybenzoic acid) diethylene glycol (DGPET) were synthesized through melting transesterification reaction.Then the epoxy resins were modified with BDPET or DGPET,and nanoTiO2. The composites were characterized by DSC and SEM. The experimental results showed that the polyester can act as an effective toughening modifier for the epoxy resin. The mechanical properties of the composites were greatly improved and reached to the maxium at 4wt.%PET. The PET/EP system modified by adding suitable amount of nanoTiO2have better performance.The glass transition temperature (Tg) of PET/EP and nanoTiO2/PET/EP system improved about 20°Cand 27.8°C,respectively.

The title solvated salt, [Ir(H)2{P(C6H11)3}2{OC(CH3)2}2]BF4·(CH3)2CO, was obtained by the protonation of [Ir(H)5{P(C6H11)3}2] with HBF4 in acetone. The cation features OC-6-13 stereochemistry, with Ir—P = 2.3159 (6) and 2.3267 (6) Å, and Ir—O = 2.238 (1) and 2.276 (1) Å. The BF4 − anion shows threefold rotational disorder about a B—F bond, with site occupancies of 0.65, 0.25 and 0.10. While there are several intramolecular C—H...O and intermolecular C—H...F hydrogen-bonding interactions [C...O = 3.207 (3)–3.358 (3) Å, and C...F = 3.434 (3) and 3.441 (3) Å], the O atom of the acetone solvent molecule does not act as a C—H acceptor.

The rising growth of smart and autonomous microelectronic devices in the IoT (Internet of Things) era urges the development of advanced microscale energy sources with tailor-made features and customized energy/power requirements [1]. Micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) emerged as potential energy storage devices complementing micro-batteries to power ubiquitous sensor networks needed to foster the development of IoT. However, the low cell voltage and low energy density remain major bottleneck that prevents their application at a large scale in real devices. To mitigate this issue, several studies have been devoted to the engineering of MSC electrode materials and structural architecting of current collectors to enhance the surface area and areal energy density by considering the limited available footprint area [2]. This approach however has associated challenges such as complex synthesis route, the deleterious interfacial and mechanical stability of the electrode, and compatibility issues with the electrolyte and the current collector underneath [3]. Another important challenge to solve for reaching high energy density values in MSCs is the limited electrochemical stability window (ESW) of the electrolytes used as energy stored is directly related to the square of the cell voltage [4]. The electrolytes play a major role in deciding the ESW and liquid-state electrolytes currently employed are troublesome for the microfabrication process due to leakage, evaporation, and safety issues. Therefore, it’s imperative to develop alternative electrolytes including solid-state electrolytes reconcilable to the target application of MSCs. To address the low energy density challenge of current MSCs, we have developed interdigitated MSCs using hydrous ruthenium dioxide (RuO2) electrodes in combination with novel protic ionic liquid (PIL)-based electrolytes able to provide pseudocapacitance while affording a higher ESWs as compared to conventional aqueous electrolytes. As a state-of-the-art pseudocapacitive electrode material, RuO2 owns the key merits of excellent conductivity, high electrochemical reversibility, and cycling stability [5], whereas PILs could help alleviate issues facing currently used electrolytes such as evaporation and encapsulation problems pertaining to aqueous-based and flammability of common organic electrolytes [6], [7], [8]. In the next step, the slow proton transport kinetics of PILs were addressed by the doping of silicotungstic acid (SiWa, H4SiW12O40) with the PIL, which further boosted the pseudocapacitive current response with enlarged cell voltage. The real MSC device was realized by the use of RuO2 deposited on interdigitated porous Au current collectors having a high area enlargement factor (AEF) in combination with triethylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TEAH-TFSI)-based PIL. The resultant 3D MSC rendered a cell voltage exceeding 2V with areal capacitance as high as 86 mF cm-2 at 5 mV s-1 on par with the performance of 3D MSC tested using 0.5 M H2SO4 (cell voltage of 0.9 V and areal capacitance of 85 mF cm-2 at 5 mV s-1) but higher energy density performance (more than 4 times) using similar number of RuO2 deposition cycles. To demonstrate the potential integration in real on-chip device application, ionogel-based all-solid-state MSC is developed that showed performance comparable to liquid-state electrolyte with superior long-term cycling stability. This study gives a new perspective to develop all-solid-state micro-supercapacitors using pseudocapacitive active materials that can operate in ionic-liquid-based non-aqueous electrolytes compatible with on-chip IoT-based device applications seeking high areal energy/ power performance. References [1] N. A. Kyeremateng, T. Brousse, D. Pech, Nat Nanotechnol 2017, 12, 7. [2] C. Lethien, J. Le Bideau, T. Brousse, Energ Environ Sci 2019, 12, 96. [3] A. Ferris, D. Bourrier, S. Garbarino, D. Guay, D. Pech, Small 2019, 15, e1901224. [4] C. Zhong, Y. Deng, W. Hu, J. Qiao, L. Zhang, J. Zhang, Chem Soc Rev 2015, 44, 7484. [5] A. Ferris, S. Garbarino, D. Guay, D. Pech, Adv Mater 2015, 27, 6625. [6] M. Yoshizawa, W. Xu, C. A. Angell, J Am Chem Soc 2003, 125, 15411. [7] J. P. Belieres, C. A. Angell, J Phys Chem B 2007, 111, 4926. [8] D. Rochefort, A. L. Pont, Electrochem Commun 2006, 8, 1539.

This work focuses on the study of thermal and physical properties of thin polymer films based on mixtures of semiconductor polymers. The materials selected for research were poly [2,5-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-pyrrolo [3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4(2H,5H)-dione-3,6-diyl)-alt-(2,2′;5′,2″;5″,2′′′-quater-thiophen-5,5′′′-diyl)]—PDPP4T, a p-type semiconducting polymer, and poly(2,5-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-3,6-di(pyridin-2-yl)-pyrrolo [3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4(2H,5H)-dione-alt-2,2′-bithiophene)—PDBPyBT, a high-mobility n-type polymer. The article describes the influence of the mutual participation of materials on the structure, physical properties and thermal transitions of PDPP4T:PDBPyBT blends. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate the phase diagram for PDPP4T:PDBPyBT blend films, constructed on the basis of variable-temperature spectroscopic ellipsometry and differential scanning calorimetry. Both techniques are complementary to each other, and the obtained results overlap to a large extent. Our research shows that these polymers can be mixed in various proportions to form single-phase mixtures with several thermal transitions, three of which with the lowest characteristic temperatures can be identified as glass transitions. In addition, the RMS roughness value of the PDPP4T:PDBPyBT blended films was lower than that of the pure materials.

In the hydrogen-bond patterns of phenyl bis(2-chlorobenzylamido)phosphinate, C20H19Cl2N2O2P, (I), andN,N′-bis(2-chlorobenzyl)-N′′-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetyl)phosphoric triamide, C16H15Cl2F3N3O2P, (II), the O atoms of the related phosphoryl groups act as double H-atom acceptors, so that the P=O...(H—N)2hydrogen bond in (I) and the P=O...(H—Namide)2and C=O...H—NC(O)NHP(O)hydrogen bonds in (II) are responsible for the aggregation of the molecules in the crystal packing. The presence of a double H-atom acceptor centre is a result of the involvement of a greater number of H-atom donor sites with a smaller number of H-atom acceptor sites in the hydrogen-bonding interactions. This article also reviews structures having a P(O)NH group, with the aim of finding similar three-centre hydrogen bonds in the packing of phosphoramidate compounds. This analysis shows that the factors affecting the preference of the above-mentioned O atom to act as a double H-atom acceptor are: (i) a higher number of H-atom donor sites relative to H-atom acceptor centres in molecules with P(=O)(NH)3, (N)P(=O)(NH)2, C(=O)NHP(=O)(NH)2and (NH)2P(=O)OP(=O)(NH)2groups, and (ii) the remarkable H-atom acceptability of this atom relative to the other acceptor centre(s) in molecules containing an OP(=O)(NH)2group, with the explanation that the N atom bound to the P atom in almost all of the structures found does not take part in hydrogen bonding as an acceptor. Moreover, the differences in the H-atom acceptability of the phosphoryl O atom relative to the O atom of the alkoxy or phenoxy groups in amidophosphoric acid esters may be illustrated by considering the molecular packing of compounds having (O)2P(=O)(NH) and (O)P(=O)(NH)(N)groups, in which the unique N—H unit in the above-mentioned molecules almost always selects the phosphoryl O atom as a partner in forming hydrogen-bond interactions. The P atoms in (I) and (II) are in tetrahedral coordination environments, and the phosphoryl and carbonyl groups in (II) areantiwith respect to each other (the P and C groups are separated by one N atom). In the crystal structures of (I) and (II), adjacent molecules are linkedviathe above-mentioned hydrogen bonds into a linear arrangement parallel to [100] in both cases, in (I) by formingR22(8) rings and in (II) through a combination ofR22(10) andR21(6) rings.

A class of D-π-A compounds that can be used as dyes for applications in polymer solar cells has theoretically been designed and studied, on the basis of the dyes recently shown by experiment to have the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE), namely the poly[4,8-bis(5-(2-butylhexylthio)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b’]dithiophene-2,6-diyl-alt-TZNT] (PBDTS-TZNT) and poly[4,8-bis(4-fluoro-5-(2-butylhexylthio)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b’]dithiophene-2,6-diyl-alt-TZNT] (PBDTSF-TZNT) substances. Electronic structure theory computations were carried out with density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory methods in conjunction with the 6−311G (d, p) basis set. The PBDTS donor and the TZNT (naphtho[1,2-c:5,6-c]bis(2-octyl-[1,2,3]triazole)) acceptor components were established from the original substances upon replacement of long alkyl groups within the thiophene and azole rings with methyl groups. In particular, the effects of several π-spacers were investigated. The calculated results confirmed that dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d] silole (DTS) acts as an excellent π-linker, even better than the thiophene bridge in the original substances in terms of well-known criteria. Indeed, a PBDTS-DTS-TZNT combination forms a D-π-A substance that has a flatter structure, more rigidity in going from the neutral to the cationic form, and a better conjugation than the original compounds. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy gap of such a D-π-A substance becomes smaller and its absorption spectrum is more intense and red-shifted, which enhances the intramolecular charge transfer and makes it a promising candidate to attain higher PCEs.

Halogen bonding to phosphorus atoms remains uncommon, with relatively few examples reported in the literature. Here, the preparation and investigation of the cocrystal bis(dicyclohexylphenylphosphine)(1,6-diiodoperfluorohexane) by X-ray crystallography and solid-state multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is described. The crystal structure features two crystallographically unique C—I...P halogen bonds [d I...P = 3.090 (5) Å, 3.264 (5) Å] and crystallographic disorder of one of the 1,6-diiodoperfluorohexane molecules. The first of these is the shortest and most linear I...P halogen bond reported to date. 13C, 19F, and 31P magic angle spinning solid-state NMR spectra are reported. A 31P chemical shift change of −7.0 p.p.m. in the cocrystal relative to pure dicyclohexylphenylphosphine, consistent with halogen bond formation, is noted. This work establishes iodoperfluoroalkanes as viable halogen bond donors when paired with phosphorus acceptors, and also shows that dicyclohexylphenylphosphine can act as a practical halogen bond acceptor.

In this study, we reported the synthesis and characterization of a novel hyperbranched polymer (HBPs) tris[(4-phenyl)amino-alt-4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b;4,5-b’]dithiophene] (PTPABDT) composed of benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b’]dithiophene (BDT) and triphenyleamine (TPA) constituent subunits by A3 + B2 type Stille’s reaction. An estimated optical band gap of 1.69 eV with HOMO and LUMO levels of −5.29 eV and −3.60 eV, respectively, as well as a high thermal stability up to 398 °C were characterized for the synthesized polymer. PTPABDT fabricated as an encapsulated top gate/bottom contact (TGBC), organic field effect transistors (OFET) exhibited a p-type behavior with maximum field-effect mobility (µmax) and an on/off ratio of 1.22 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1 and 7.47 × 102, respectively.

Der Kulturkritiker, Historiker, marxistische Theoretiker und Cricketexperte Cyril Lionel Robert James – geboren am 4. Januar 1901 auf Trinidad – gehört, obwohl in Deutschland bislang kaum rezipiert, zu den einflussreichsten schwarzen Intellektuellen des 20. Jahrhunderts.1 Eine gewisse Bekanntheit genießt hierzulande allenfalls ,,Black Jacobins“, seine 1938 erschienene Studie über die haitianische Revolution von 1791 bis 1804.2 Sie gilt bis heute nicht nur als Klassiker einer transnationalen und kapitalismuskritischen Geschichtsschreibung, sondern auch als stilbildend für die im britischen Marxismus so einflussreiche Perspektive einer ,,Geschichte von unten“, an die später Historiker wie E. P. Thompson und Eric J. Hobsbawm anknüpften. James’ umfangreiches politisches und essayistisches Werk hat dagegen ebenso wenig Beachtung gefunden wie sein aus revolutionär-marxistischer Überzeugung geführter Kampf gegen den Stalinismus.3 C. L. R. James war als kommunistischer Häretiker und antikolonialer Aktivist in vielerlei Hinsicht ein widerständiger und subversiver ,,organischer Intellektueller“.4 Er zog es stets vor, prekäre Außenseiterpositionen zu beziehen und den Ohnmächtigen eine Stimme zu geben, statt sich mit den Mächtigen zu arrangieren. Seine vielfältige autodidaktische Forschungspraxis übte er meist abseits akademischer Institutionen aus.5 James betrieb ähnlich wie Karl Marx Gesellschaftskritik unter prekären Lebensbedingungen im ungewissen Handgemenge sozialer und politischer Kämpfe. Sein Werk und rastloses Leben stehen im Kontext einer transatlantischen schwarzen Diaspora, die seit der frühen Neuzeit als Antwort auf Kolonialismus und Sklaverei eine Vielzahl subversiver politisch-kultureller Gegenströmungen hervorgebracht hat.6 Paul Gilroy hat diesen Erfahrungsraum, in dem sich ein besonderes, kosmopolitisches Bewusstsein der Moderne herausbildete, in seinem einflussreichen gleichnamigen Buch als ,,schwarzen Atlantik“ bezeichnet. Er spricht wie W. E. B. Du Bois in seiner epochalen Studie ,,The Souls of Black Folk“ von 1903 von einem ,,doppelten Bewusstsein“. Gemeint ist damit, dass sich im ,,schwarzen Atlantik“ durch das schmerzvolle Verschmelzen gegensätzlicher europäischer und außereuropäischer Einflüsse in einem Prozess der Kreolisierung allmählich neue, hybride Subjektivitäten herausbildeten. Das aus disparaten Wurzeln (roots) und auf transnationalen Migrationswegen (routes) entstehende Bewusstsein ist nicht homogen. Es stellt vielmehr einen ,,provokativen und sogar oppositionellen Akt des politischen Ungehorsams“ gegen die Zuschreibung einer eindeutigen ethnischen und nationalen Identität dar, das die rassistische Dichotomie und soziokulturelle Hierarchisierung der kolonialen Welt in Frage stellt.7

Pincer complexes can act as catalysts in organic transformations and have potential applications in materials, medicine and biology. They exhibit robust structures and high thermal stability attributed to the tridentate coordination of the pincer ligands and the strong σ metal–carbon bond. Nickel derivatives of these ligands have shown high catalytic activities in cross-coupling reactions and other industrially relevant transformations. This work reports the crystal structures of two polymorphs of the title NiIIPOCOP pincer complex, [Ni(C29H41N2O8P2)Cl] or [NiCl{C6H2-4-[OCOC6H4-3,5-(NO2)2]-2,6-(OPtBu2)2}]. Both pincer structures exhibit the NiIIatom in a distorted square-planar coordination geometry with the POCOP pincer ligand coordinated in a typical tridentate mannerviathe two P atoms and one arene C atomviaa C—Ni σ bond, giving rise to two five-membered chelate rings. The coordination sphere of the NiIIcentre is completed by a chloride ligand. The asymmetric units of both polymorphs consist of one molecule of the pincer complex. In the first polymorph, the arene rings are nearly coplanar, with a dihedral angle between the mean planes of 27.9 (1)°, while in the second polymorph, this angle is 82.64 (1)°, which shows that the arene rings are almost perpendicular to one another. The supramolecular structure is directed by the presence of weak C—H...O=X(X= C or N) interactions, forming two- and three-dimensional chain arrangements.

Abstract. Dietary supplementation of additives has recently been part of strategies to deal with the detrimental effects of heat stress (HS) on the performance and carcass traits in broiler chicks. This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with the fungi Rhizopus oryzae or Chrysonilia crassa on growth, blood profile, intestinal microbial population and carcass traits in broiler chicks subjected to HS. R. oryzae and C. crassa are filamentous fungi isolated from the ileum of indigenous Indonesian chickens which exhibited probiotic and antioxidant properties. Two hundred and forty 21-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly allotted into six groups, including birds reared under normal temperature (28 ± 2 °C) (CONT), birds reared under HS conditions (35 ± 2 °C) (HS-CONT), birds reared under HS and provided with commercial anti-stress formula (HS-VIT), birds reared under HS and provided with R. oryzae (HS-RO), birds reared under HS and provided with C. crassa (HS-CC) and birds reared under HS and provided with rice bran (HS-RB). Body weight gain was highest (P < 0. 01) and lowest (P < 0. 01) in CONT and HS-CONT birds, respectively. The heart was heavier (P < 0. 05) in CONT than in HS-CONT and HS-VIT birds. CONT birds had heavier duodenum (P < 0. 05) and jejunum (P < 0. 01) than other birds. Eosinophils was higher (P < 0. 05) in HS-CC than in other birds. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was higher (P < 0. 05) in HS-CONT than in CONT, HS-VIT and HS-CC birds. Total triglyceride was highest (P < 0. 05) and lowest (P < 0. 05) in HS-RB and HS-RO birds, respectively. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was higher (P < 0. 05) in HS-CONT than in other HS birds. Total protein was lowest and highest (P < 0. 05) in CONT and HS-CONT birds, respectively. Albumin was higher (P < 0. 05) in HS-CONT and HS-VIT than in HS-RO birds. Globulin was lower (P < 0. 05) in CONT than in HS-CONT, HS-VIT and HS-RB birds. Uric acid was lower (P < 0. 05) in CONT than in HS-CONT and HS-VIT birds. The 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethyl-benzthiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) percentage inhibition values of the serum were higher (P < 0. 01) in CONT, HS-CONT and HS-VIT than those in HS-RO, HS-CC and HS-RB birds. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of C. crassa decreased serum LDL concentration and ALT activity and improved antioxidant status of broiler subjected to HS. Supplementation with C. crassa seemed beneficial in improving physiological conditions of HS birds.

Es wird gezeigt, dass die westmediterranen kryptischen Ameisenarten Temnothorax luteus (Forel, 1874) und T. racovitzai (Bondroit, 1918) mittels explorativer und hypothesengetriebener Analysen komplexer morphologischer Datensätze eindeutig unterscheidbar sind. Die Untersuchung konzentrierte sich auf das sympatrische Areal beider Arten. An 178 Arbeiterinnen aus 64 Nestproben wurden 18 morphologische Merkmale erfasst. Nach Reduktion auf die sieben meistseparierenden Merkmale ergab sich eine 100 %ige Übereinstimmung der Klassifizierungen durch hierarchische NC-Ward-, nicht hierarchische NC-K-Means- und NC-NMDS-K-Means Clusteranalyse sowie durch eine lineare Diskriminanzanalyse. Die Typenserien von T. massiliensis (Bondroit, 1918) und T. racovitzai (Bondroit, 1918) wurden mit einer a posteriori Wahrscheinlichkeit von p = 1.0000 bzw. p = 0.9992 dem gleichen Cluster zugeordnet. Die Typenserien von T. tristis (Bondroit, 1918) und T. luteus wurden beide mit p = 0.9999 einem zweiten, deutlich vom ersteren separierten Cluster zugeordnet. Daraus ergibt sich, dass T. tristis ein jüngeres Synonym von T. luteus und T. massiliensis ein jüngeres Synonym von T. racovitzai ist. Der Klassifikationsfehler auf der Ebene der Individuen betrug 1.7 % an 178 Arbeiterinnen. Trotz einer breiten Überlappung der Verbreitungsgebiete gibt es keine Hinweise auf phänotypisch gemischte Nester, was die Hypothese widerlegt, dass T. luteus and T. racovitzai einen intraspezifischen Polymorphismus repräsentieren könnten. Es wurden signifikante interspezifische Unterschiede in der geographischen Verbreitung und der thermischen Nischenkomponente gezeigt. Die mittlere Lufttemperatur von Mai bis August von 24 Fundorten von T. luteus war im Mittel um 3.77°C kälter als die von 21 Fundorten von T. racovitzai (p

Abstract Abstract 1551 Poster Board I-574 Introduction Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a B-cell neoplasm characterized by a minority of neoplastic cells, the so-called Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells, which are located within an extensive infiltrate of reactive cells. Aberrant signaling of various receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) via autocrine or paracrine mechanisms contributes to the survival and proliferation of HRS cells. Activation of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met signaling pathway has been implicated in the pathophysiology of many cancers, but its role in HL is poorly investigated. In this study, we investigated the expression of c-Met and HGF in HL patient tissues and studied the cell physiological effects of the HGF/c-Met signaling pathway using a c-Met tyrosine kinase inhibitor SU11274 in HL cell lines. Methods The expression of c-Met and HGF in HL patient tissues was studied by immunohistochemistry on a HL tissue microarray. The c-Met expression level was determined by Western blotting, while HGF mRNA and protein levels were measured by quantitative (q)RT-PCR and ELISA in four HL cell lines, i.e. L428, KMH2, L1236 and U-HO1. The effects of SU11274 treatment on the activity of the HGF/c-Met signaling pathway was determined by detection of phosphorylated downstream targets by Western blotting. Effects on cell growth and cell cycle were determined by 3-(4,5- Dimethylthiazol -2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and by flow cytometry with Propidium iodide (PI), respectively. Results C-Met was detected in HRS cells in 55% (26/47) of HL patient tissues. Expression of HGF was detected in HRS cells in 5 c-Met positive and 2 c-Met negative HL patient tissues. C-Met was highly expressed in L428 compared to three other HL cell lines, whereas HGF was highly expressed in KMH2 and not or only weakly in the other three HL cell lines. Detectable levels of phosphorylated c-Met (p-Met) were observed only in L428 consistent with the high basal expression level of c-Met. Phosphorylation of c-Met, Akt and Erk1/2 were upregulated upon HGF stimulation of L428 cells. This activation could be blocked by inhibiting c-Met activation with SU11274. In functional studies, SU11274 suppressed cell growth in L428, promoted G2/M cell cycle arrest after 24h incubation, and induced tetraploidy after 48h. Washing of the cells after induction of G2/M arrest resulted in normal cell cycle progression indicating that the G2/M cell cycle arrest was reversible. Inhibition of PI3K, MEK1/2 and Erk1/2, three downstream targets of the HGF/c-Met signaling pathway, also induced G2/M cell cycle arrest in L428, indicating that these factors are involved in the G2/M cell cycle arrest induced by SU11274. Conclusion Co-expression of c-Met and HGF in HRS cells was observed in 11% of the HL patient tissues and HGF/c-Met signaling pathway regulates cell growth and cell cycle progression in L428 cells. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Two penta-coordinated [Co(MorphBPT)Cl2]; 1 and [Co(PipBPT)Cl2]; 2 complexes with the bis-pyrazolyl-s-triazine pincer ligands MorphBPT and PipBPT were synthesized and characterized. Both MorphBPT and PipBPT act as NNN-tridentate pincer chelates coordinating the Co(II) center with one short Co-N(s-triazine) and two longer Co-N(pyrazole) bonds. The coordination number of Co(II) is five in both complexes, and the geometry around Co(II) ion is a distorted square pyramidal in 1, while 2 shows more distortion. In both complexes, the packing is dominated by Cl…H, C-H…π, and Cl…C (anion-π stacking) interactions in addition to O…H interactions, which are found only in 1. The UV-Vis spectral band at 564 nm was assigned to metal–ligand charge transfer transitions based on TD-DFT calculations. Complexes 1 and 2 showed higher antimicrobial activity compared to the respective free ligand MorphBPT and PipBPT, which were not active. MIC values indicated that 2 had better activity against S. aureus, B. subtilis, and P. vulgaris than 1. DPPH free radical scavenging assay revealed that all the studied compounds showed weak to moderate antioxidant activity where the nature of the substituent at the s-triazine core has a significant impact on the antioxidant activity.

Background/Aims: Chondrocyte apoptosis is a central pathological feature of cartilage in osteoarthritis (OA). Accumulating evidence suggests that calcium ions (Ca2+) are an important regulator of apoptosis. Previously, we reported that the transient receptor potential channel vanilloid (TRPV5) is upregulated in monoiodoacetic acid (MIA)-induced OA articular cartilage. Methods: The protein levels of TRPV5, phosphorylated Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (p-CaMKII), and total CaMKII were detected in vivo using western blotting techniques. Primary chondrocytes were isolated and cultured in vitro. Then, p-CAMKII was immunolocalized by immunofluorescence in chondrocytes. Fluo-4AM staining was used to assess intracellular Ca2+. Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate / propidium iodide flow cytometric analysis was performed to determine chondrocyte apoptosis. Western blotting techniques were used to measure the expression of apoptosis-related proteins. Results: We found that ruthenium red (aTRPV5inhibitor)or(1-[N,O-bis-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-N-methyl-L-tyrosyl]-4-phenylpiperaze (KN-62) (an inhibitor of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) phosphorylation) can relieve or even reverse OA in vivo. We found that TRPV5 has a specific role in mediating extracellular Ca2+ influx leading to chondrocyte apoptosis in vitro. The apoptotic effect in chondrocytes was inhibited by KN-62. We found that activated p-CaMKII could elicit the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38, three important regulators of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. Moreover, we also showed that activated p-CaMKII could elicit the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) and two important downstream regulators of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR): 4E-binding protein, and S61 kinase. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that upregulated TRPV5 may be an important initiating factor that activates CaMKII phosphorylation via the mediation of Ca2+ influx. In turn, activated p-CaMKII plays a critical role in chondrocyte apoptosis via MAPK and Akt/mTOR pathways.

The orphan nuclear receptor 4A1 (NR4A1) is overexpressed in mammary tumors and breast cancer cell lines. The functional activity of this receptor was investigated by RNA interference with oligonucleotides targeted to NR4A1 (siNR4A1) and by treatment with NR4A1 antagonists. Breast cancer cells were treated with NR4A1 antagonists or transfected with siNR4A. Effects on cell proliferation and apoptosis as well as specific genes associated with these responses were investigated in MCF-7, SKBR3, and MDA-MB-231 cells, and in athymic nude mice bearing MDA-MB-231 cells as xenografts. Transfection of MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and SKBR3 breast cancer cells with siNR4A1 decreased cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in these cell lines. Transfection of breast cancer cells with siNR4A1 also decreased expression of Sp-regulated genes includingsurvivin,bcl-2, and epidermal growth factor receptor, inhibited mTOR signaling in MCF-7 cells that express WT p53, and activated oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress through downregulation of thioredoxin domain-containing 5 and isocitrate dehydrogenase 1. 1,1-Bis(3′-indolyl)-1-(p-substituted phenyl)methanes (C-DIMs) are NR4A1 ligands that act as NR4A1 antagonists. Treatment with selected analogs also inhibited breast cancer cell and tumor growth and induced apoptosis. The effects of C-DIM/NR4A1 antagonists were comparable to those observed after NR4A1 knockdown. Results with siNR4A1 or C-DIMs/NR4A1 antagonists in breast cancer cells and tumors were similar to those previously reported in pancreatic, lung, and colon cancer cells. They demonstrate the potential clinical applications of NR4A1 antagonists in patients with tumors that overexpress this receptor.

<p>Bakteri <em>Ideonella sakaiensis</em> dan microalga<em> Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</em> dapat mendegradasi plastik PET (Poly-ethylene terephthalate) dengan mensintesiskan enzim PETase. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektivitas dari bakteri<em> Ideonella sakaiensis</em> dan <em>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</em> sebagai agen biodegradasi plastik berbahan dasar PET. Penelitian ini merupakan <em>systematic review</em>, yang dilakukan dengan membandingkan dan menganalisis artikel-artikel yang diambil dari database digital seperti Springer Link dan Semanthic Schoolar. Artikel–artikel yang telah dicari dengan keyword yang telah ditentukan, kemudian dieksklusi sesuai dengan parameter yang ditetapkan, sehingga didapat 2 artikel rujukan. Hasil review menunjukkan bakteri <em>I. sakaiensis</em> mampu mendegradasi PET menjadi MHET (Monoterephtalic Hydroxyethyl Terephtalate) yang lebih dominan dibanding BHET (Bis-hydroxyethyl Terephtalate) &amp; TPA (Terephthalate Acid), sedangkan <em>C. reinhardtii</em> mendegradasikan PET menjadi TPA. Bakteri <em>I. sakaiensis</em> memerlukan waktu 18 jam untuk dapat mendegradasi 30 % dari PET film sedangkan <em>C.reinhardtii</em> memerlukan waktu 4 minggu untuk dapat mendegradasi 35,17% dari PET powder. Kedua mikroorganisme tersebut memiliki keefektifan yang berbeda dalam setiap parameter, yaitu hasil degradasi dan lama waktu pendegradasian.</p>

The compound 2-thioanisole-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol, CH3S—C6H4—C(CF3)2OH, HL2, has been prepared, and shown to act (in the ionized form) as a hybrid, chelating, ligand. Neutral bis-complexes M(L2)2 are formed with Pd2+ and Pt2+; the former reacts with PdCl42− to give the Cl-bridged dinuclear complex (L2)Pd(μ-Cl)2Pd(L2), which may in turn be cleaved by PPh3 or PPh2Me to give PdCl(L2)(PR3).A complete structural determination has been made for PdCl(L2)(PPh2Me); C23H20ClF6OPPdS. Crystals are monoclinic, space group P21/n, a = 15.526(5), b = 12.966(9), c = 12.900(8) Å, β = 101.84°, V = 2542(2) Å3, Z = 4. Least-squares refinement on F of 198 variables using 2801 observations converged at R1 = 0.0434, R2 = 0.0559. The complex consists of discrete square-planar molecules with phosphine and alkoxide trans-disposed. Bond lengths are Pd—O, 2.053(3); Pd—P, 2.242(1); Pd—Cl, 2.323(2); Pd—S, 2.252(2) Å. In the six-membered chelate ring, all atoms with the exception of Pd are close to coplanarity; there is a dihedral angle of 127.9° between the O—Pd—S plane and that of the aromatic ring.Multinuclear nmr measurements are used to show that both cis- and trans-forms of complexes PdCl(L2)(PR3) are present in solution, with inversion at coordinated sulfur occurring much more rapidly in the latter.

Cassia fistula L. is a highly admirable traditional medicinal plant used for the treatment of various diseases and disorders. The present study was performed to divulge the antioxidant, antiproliferative, and apoptosis-inducing efficacy of fractions from C. fistula leaves. The hexane (CaLH fraction), chloroform (CaLC fraction), ethyl acetate (CaLE fraction), n-butanol (CaLB fraction), and aqueous (CaLA fraction) were sequentially fractionated from 80% methanolic (CaLM extract) of C. fistula leaves. The CaLE fraction was fractionated using column chromatography to yield a pure compound, which was characterized as Epiafzelechin (CFL1) based on 1H, 13C, and DEPT135 NMR. Among these fractions, CaLE and isolated CFL1 fractions exhibited an effective antioxidant potential in Ferric ion reducing power, (2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline -6-sulfonic acid)) cation radical scavenging, and nitric oxide radical scavenging assays. Epiafzelechin was investigated for its antiproliferative effects against MG-63 (osteosarcoma), IMR-32 (neuroblastoma), and PC-3 (prostate adenocarcinoma), and was found to inhibit cell proliferation with a GI50 value of 8.73, 9.15, and 11.8 μM respectively. MG-63 cells underwent apoptotic cell death on treatment with Epiafzelechin as the cells showed the formation of apoptotic bodies, enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial membrane depolarization along with an increase in early apoptotic cell population analyzed using Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining assay. Cells showed cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase accompanied by a downregulation in the expression levels of p-Akt (Protein kinase B), p-GSK-3β (Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta), and Bcl-xl (B-cell lymphoma-extra large) proteins. RT-PCR (Real time-polymerase chain reaction) analysis revealed downregulation in the gene expression level of β-catenin and CDK2 (cyclin-dependent kinases-2) while it upregulated the expression level of caspase-8 and p53 genes in MG-63 cells.

Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) involving lithium metal oxides, liquid electrolyte and graphite have been widely used in portable electronic devices due to their relatively high energy density and long cycle life. These desirable features make LIBs very attractive as the power source for electronic devices, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) applications [1, 2]. For future EV applications, higher energy density of LIBs up to 360 Wh kg-1 is required. Currently, the energy density of the state-of-the-art LIBs using conventional graphite anode, LiFePO4 (denoted as LFP) or LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM523) cathodes and 1-1.2 M LiPF6 in organic carbonate electrolytes provide practically achievable energy densities of up to around 200-260 Wh kg−1 [3]. When commercial graphite anodes are used, LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA), LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811), LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) and LiNiPO4 (LNP) cathode based batteries with high-voltage provide energy densities of 354, 338, 351 and 414 Wh kg-1, respectively. However, LIBs using these high-voltage cathode materials and the organic carbonate electrolytes exhibit quite low thermal stability and tend to catch fire or even explode when abnormal charge/discharge cycling or accidental penetration of cells occurs, which greatly limits the automotive applications. When replacing graphite with a Li metal anode, the energy densities of all battery systems can be enhanced significantly due to the highest theoretical specific energy density (3860 mAh g-1) among all anode materials for rechargeable LIBs. Nevertheless, commercial LIBs are prone to cause safety problems due to the safety concern arising from Li dendrite growth in liquid organic electrolytes [4-6]. The promising solid-state LIBs offer high thermal stability (i.e., low risk in catching fire), high energy density, wide electrochemical stability window and less environmental impact. A competent electrolyte is the key component of solid-state LIBs. The solid-state electrolyte materials are mainly classified as solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs), inorganic solid electrolytes (ISEs), and organic/inorganic composite electrolytes. ISEs include oxide-based and sulfide-based materials [7, 8], which show very high ionic conductivity (10-2 – 10-3 S cm-1). Furthermore, the lithium ion transference number is close to 1. However, the major limitation factors of practical solid-state LIB applications are the large interfacial impedance between electrode and ISE and the difficulty of processing [9]. Considering processability, mechanical flexibility, interfacial compatibility and electrochemical stability, one prefers SPEs to the inorganic ceramic electrolytes. Nevertheless, SPEs have low ion conductivities (10−7 − 10−5 S cm−1 near room temperature) and most of the Li+ transference numbers are lower than 0.5 [10, 11]. The major requirements for SPEs include high ionic conductivity and transference number at room temperature, wide electrochemical potential window, high mechanical strength and excellent thermal stability. However, the ion conductivity is the most important (> 10-4 S cm-1 at room temperature desired) and should be considered first. The coordinating groups of a good polymeric host are expected to interact with Li+ and facilitate dissociation. In this study, we prepared various novel acrylonitrile-based polymers (e.g., acrylonitrile/acrylate copolymer and polymer with two pendant groups b-cyano ethyl ether (-O-CH2CH2-CN) sulfonate alkyl ether (-O-(CH2)3SO3Li). The corresponding SPEs comprising acrylonitrile-based polymer and ca. 50 wt.% lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) with high ionic conductivity (up to 10-3 S cm-1) at room temperature, high ion transfer number (up to 0.45) and large electrochemical potential window (oxidation stability > 5 V vs. Li+/Li) achieved. The selected SPEs were used as the separator in solid-state batteries with LiFePO4 as the cathode and Li foil as the anode; and long-term cycle stability of solid-state LIB was achieved. The polymers and corresponding SPEs were characterized by using DSC, SEM, XRD and FTIR measurements. Ionic conductivities of SPEs were determined from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results. The linear sweep voltammetry technique was adopted to measure the oxidation stability window of SPE, and the Evans-Vincent-Bruce method was used to determined ion transfer number. References [1] J.B. Goodenough, Energy Environ. Sci. 7 (2014) 14−18. [2] M. Armand, et al., Nature 451 (2008) 652-657. [3] F. Wu, et al., Chem Soc Rev 49 (2020) 1569-1614. [4] Q. Wang, et at., J Power Sources 208 (2012) 210-224. [5] A.W. Golubkov, et al., RSC Adv 5 (2015) 57171-57186. [6] Z. Wang, et al. Nat Energy 3, (2018) 227–235. [7] L. Fan, et al., Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 8, 1702657. [8] G. Kim, et al., J Power Sources 282 (2015) 299-322. [9] P. Knauth, Solid State Ion 180 (2009) 911-916. [10] C. Ma, et al., J Power Sources 2016; 317 :103–11. [11] N.K. Karan, et al., Solid State Ion 179 (2008) 689–696. Figure 1

Cellular responses to epidermal growth factor (EGF) are dependent on the tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity of the cell-surface EGF receptor. Previous studies using WB rat liver epithelial cells have detected at least 10 proteins whose phosphotyrosine (P-Tyr) content is increased by EGF. In this study, we have examined alternate modes of activating tyrosine phosphorylation. Treatment of WB cells with hormones linked to Ca2+ mobilization and protein kinase C (PKC) activation, including angiotensin II, [Arg8]vasopressin, or epinephrine, stimulated rapid (less than or equal to 15-s) and transient increases in the P-Tyr content of several proteins (p120/125, p75/78, and p66). These proteins, detected by anti-P-Tyr immunoblotting, were similar in molecular weight to a subset of EGF-sensitive P-Tyr-containing proteins (P-Tyr-proteins). The increased P-Tyr content was confirmed by [32P]phosphoamino acid analysis of proteins recovered by anti-P-Tyr immunoprecipitation. Elevating intracellular [Ca2+] with the ionophore A23187 or ionomycin or with the tumor promoter thapsigargin mimicked the effects of hormones on tyrosine phosphorylation, whereas treatment with a PKC-activating phorbol ester did not. In addition, responses to angiotensin II were not diminished in PKC-depleted cells. Ca2+ mobilization, measured by fura-2 fluorescence, was coincident with the increase in tyrosine phosphorylation in response to angiotensin II or thapsigargin. Loading cells with the intracellular Ca2+ chelator bis-(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N ,N ,N' , N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) inhibited the appearance of all P-Tyr-proteins in response to angiotensin II, thapsigargin, or ionophores, as well as two EGF-stimulated P-Tyr-proteins. The majority of EGF-stimulated P-Tyr-proteins were not affected by BAPTA. These studies indicate that angiotensin II can alter protein-tyrosine phosphorylation in a manner that is secondary to, and apparently dependent on, Ca2+ mobilization. Thus, ligands such as EGF and angiotensin II, which act through distinct types of receptors, may activate secondary pathways involving tyrosine phosphorylation. These results also raise the possibility that certain growth-promoting effects of Ca2+ -mobilizing agents such as angiotensin II may be mediated via tyrosine phosphorylation.

Cellular responses to epidermal growth factor (EGF) are dependent on the tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity of the cell-surface EGF receptor. Previous studies using WB rat liver epithelial cells have detected at least 10 proteins whose phosphotyrosine (P-Tyr) content is increased by EGF. In this study, we have examined alternate modes of activating tyrosine phosphorylation. Treatment of WB cells with hormones linked to Ca2+ mobilization and protein kinase C (PKC) activation, including angiotensin II, [Arg8]vasopressin, or epinephrine, stimulated rapid (less than or equal to 15-s) and transient increases in the P-Tyr content of several proteins (p120/125, p75/78, and p66). These proteins, detected by anti-P-Tyr immunoblotting, were similar in molecular weight to a subset of EGF-sensitive P-Tyr-containing proteins (P-Tyr-proteins). The increased P-Tyr content was confirmed by [32P]phosphoamino acid analysis of proteins recovered by anti-P-Tyr immunoprecipitation. Elevating intracellular [Ca2+] with the ionophore A23187 or ionomycin or with the tumor promoter thapsigargin mimicked the effects of hormones on tyrosine phosphorylation, whereas treatment with a PKC-activating phorbol ester did not. In addition, responses to angiotensin II were not diminished in PKC-depleted cells. Ca2+ mobilization, measured by fura-2 fluorescence, was coincident with the increase in tyrosine phosphorylation in response to angiotensin II or thapsigargin. Loading cells with the intracellular Ca2+ chelator bis-(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N ,N ,N' , N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) inhibited the appearance of all P-Tyr-proteins in response to angiotensin II, thapsigargin, or ionophores, as well as two EGF-stimulated P-Tyr-proteins. The majority of EGF-stimulated P-Tyr-proteins were not affected by BAPTA. These studies indicate that angiotensin II can alter protein-tyrosine phosphorylation in a manner that is secondary to, and apparently dependent on, Ca2+ mobilization. Thus, ligands such as EGF and angiotensin II, which act through distinct types of receptors, may activate secondary pathways involving tyrosine phosphorylation. These results also raise the possibility that certain growth-promoting effects of Ca2+ -mobilizing agents such as angiotensin II may be mediated via tyrosine phosphorylation.

BackgroundColorectal cancer (CRC) is a highly complex disease with multiple risk factors and both genetic and environmental components contribute to disease incidence.1 2 Cancer immunotherapy using immune-checkpoint blockades represents a major advance in treatment strategy.3 4 The orphan nuclear receptor 4A1 (NR4A1) is overexpressed in lung, colon, liver and breast cancers and in Rhabdomyosarcoma and is a negative prognostic factor for cancer patient survival.5–8 Previous studies in breast cancer cells showed that PD-L1 was regulated by NR4A1 which activates transcription factor Sp1 bound to the PD-L1 gene promoter. Genome-wide studies have identified NR4A1 as a key mediator of T-cell dysfunction and NR4A1 also plays an important role in regulating genes which are involved in tumor-induced T-cell exhaustion.9 Bis-indole derived NR4A1 ligand that act as receptor antagonists have been developed in this laboratory and these compounds block pro-oncogenic NR4A1-regulated genes/pathways.MethodsImmune competent C57BL/6 mice and mouse MC-38 colon cancer cells were used and tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) were isolated from mice either untreated or treated with CDIM/NR4A1 antagonists. FACS analysis and Real -Time PCR were performed to determine expression of exhaustion markers in these tumor T-cell population.ResultsTwo compounds: 1,1-bis(3′-indolyl)-1-(3-bromo-5-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)methane (DIM-3-Br-5-OCF3) and 3,5-dichlorophenyl analog (DIM-3,5-Cl2) inhibited tumor growth and weight at doses of 2.5 and 7.5mg/kg/day (figure 1). Tumor CD8+ T-cells isolated from mice treated with DIM-3,5-Cl2 and DIM-3-Br-5-OCF3 exhibited decreased mRNA expression of NR4A1 and high mobility group – box transcription factors NFAT, TOX and TOX2 and increased mRNA levels of Interferon-γ (IFNγ), granzyme β (GzB) and perforin compared to control animals (figure 2). As TOX and TOX2 cooperate with NR4A1 to modulate CD8+ T-cell exhaustion, we investigated the expression of several inhibitory receptors of T-cell exhaustion in CD8+ TILs, including PD-1, 2B4, TIGIT and TIM3. Following treatment with DIM-3,5-Cl2 or DIM-3-Br-5-OCF3, there was a significant decrease in the percentage of PD1 and 2B4 cells and a decrease in TIGIT and TIM3 (figure 3). These results indicate that NR4A1 antagonists reverses T-cell exhaustion.ConclusionsNR4A1 plays a critical role in T-cell dysfunction, and this includes T-cell exhaustion.10 11 Our results demonstrate that the NR4A1 antagonists reverse many markers of T-cell exhaustion including activation of cytokines. The combined effects of NR4A1 antagonists in both tumors and T-cells result in inhibition of colon tumorigenesis by targeting pathways/genes in tumor cells and by enhancing immune surveillance via reversal of T-cell exhaustion.ReferencesAhmed M. Colon cancer: a Clinician's perspective in 2019. Gastroenterology Res 2020;13(1):1–10. Epub 2020/02/26. doi: 10.14740/gr1239.Keum N, Giovannucci E. Global burden of colorectal cancer: emerging trends, risk factors and prevention strategies. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;16(12):713–32. Epub 2019/08/29. doi: 10.1038/s41575-019-0189-8.Pardoll DM. The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2012;12(4):252–64. Epub 2012/03/23. doi: 10.1038/nrc3239.Ribas A, Wolchok JD. Cancer immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade. Science 2018;359(6382):1350–1355.Yang et al. Distinct epigenetic features of tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells in colorectal cancer patients revealed by genome-wide DNA methylation analysis. Genome Biol 2019;21(1):2. doi: 10.1186/s13059-019-1921-y.Safe S, Karki K. The paradoxical roles of orphan nuclear receptor 4A (NR4A) in cancer. Mol Can Res 2020. Epub 2020/10/28. doi: 10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-20-0707.Lee SO, et al. Diindolylmethane analogs bind NR4A1 and are NR4A1 antagonists in colon cancer cells. Molecular Endocrinology. 2014;28(10):1729–39. doi: 10.1210/me.2014-1102.Hedrick E, et al. The nuclear orphan receptor NR4A1 regulates β1-integrin expression in pancreatic and colon cancer cells and can be targeted by NR4A1 antagonists. Mol Carcinog 2017;56(9):2066–2075.Liu X, et al. Genome-wide analysis identifies NR4A1 as a key mediator of T cell dysfunction. Nature 2019;567(7749):525–9. Epub 2019/03/01. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-0979-8.Chen J et al. NR4A transcription factors limit CAR T cell function in solid tumours. Nature. 2019;567(7749):530–4. Epub 2019/03/01. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-0985-x. PubMed PMID: 30814732; PMCID: PMC6546093.Seo H, et al. TOX and TOX2 transcription factors cooperate with NR4A transcription factors to impose CD8(+) T cell exhaustion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2019;116(25):12410–5.Ethics ApprovalAll animal studies were carried out according to the ethical procedures approved by the Texas A&M University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Approval number is 2020-0138.Abstract 732 Figure 1CDIM/NR4A1 antagonists inhibit colon tumor growth. Model for regulation of genes with GC-rich promoters by NR4A1/SP1 (A). C57BL/6 mice bearing MC-38 cells as xenografts were treated for 21 days with corn oil (control), DIM-3-Br-5-OCF3 (2.5 and 7.5 mg/kg/d), DIM-3,5-Cl2 (2.5 and 7.5 mg/kg/d) and effects on tumor volume (B), and tumor weights (C) were determined.Abstract 732 Figure 2CDIM analogs alter transcription factors expression. FACS analysis and CD4 and CD8 – specific antibodies were used to determine T-cell population in tumors of mice treated with corn oil (control), DIM-3-Br-5-OCF3 (2.5 and 7.5 mg/kg/d) and DIM-3,5-Cl2 (2.5 and 7.5 mg/kg/d) (A). Real time PCR was used to determine expression of nuclear factors (B) and cytokine (C) mRNA levels in CD8+ T-cells isolated from tumors. Results are expressed as means ± SD replicates from each treatment group and significant (p<0.05) induction or inhibition is indicated (*)Abstract 732 Figure 3NR4A1 ligands decreases T-cell exhaustion markers. FACS analysis in tumors derived from mice treated with corn oil (control), DIM-3-Br-5-OCF3 (2.5 and 7.5 mg/kg/d) and DIM-3,5-Cl2 (2.5 and 7.5 mg/kg/d) using specific antibodies was carried out to determine percentage of CD8+ T-cells expressing T-cell exhaustion markers - PD1 (A), 2B4 (B), TIGIT (C) and TIM3 (D). Significant (p<0.05) induction or inhibition is indicated (*) and results are expressed as means ± SD for at least 4 separate mice per treatment group.

: This article provides reviews related to some innovative (“non-classical”) synthetic strategies for the formation of CP bonds developed during the last decades. It provides examples of the most important milestones in this field, highlighting the state-of-art of functional phosphorus-containing molecules. Among these are the direct functionalization of organic substrates through chlorine-free reactions with elemental phosphorus, syntheses based on phosphinidene (RP) transfer, phosphorylating methodology employing multiple bonds containing P(III) compounds, reactions with stable heterocyclic carbenes, and synthetic approaches using phosphaethynolate and bis(trichlorosilyl)phosphide salts.

Abstract Study question Whether embryo-secreted ubiquitin could serve as a predictive biomarker for embryo development and viability for assessing pregnancy outcome? Summary answer Embryo-secreted ubiquitin concentrations showed positive correlations with (a) developing embryonic stages, (b) implantation rates, (iii) live-birth rates. Their altered levels were associated with miscarriages. What is known already Human infertility affects 15–20% couple and is mitigated by ART approaches. Poor biological-viability of in vitro developed embryos contributes to implantation failure and low birth rates(LBR). The current morphology-based embryo selection approach has shortcomings in identifying biologically-viable embryos capable of producing live-births. Earlier studies have identified ubiquitin as a biomarker for embryo developmental competence. However, there have been no studies on estimations of ubiquitin in embryo-spent medium samples (E-SMs) and their correlative analysis with embryo-quality score and pregnancy outcome. Hence, such studies are required to establish whether or not ubiquitin could be a biomarker predicting pregnancy outcome. Study design, size, duration This was a retrospective, multi-centric study performed between July 2018 and September 2020. A total of 574 E-SMs (from 574 individual embryos), from 325 infertile women, were analysed for ubiquitin levels. Frozen E-SMs post-thaw were subjected to sandwich ELISA (Mybiosource, USA). Correlation analysis was performed on ubiquitin levels with developing embryonic stages and their scores, implantation rates (IRs) and pregnancy outcomes in terms of LBR. Participants/materials, setting, methods We measured ubiquitin levels in E-SMs obtained from three embryonic stages i.e., cleavage-stage (2–10-cells; n = 182), morulae (n = 102) and blastocysts (n = 290). Ubiquitin concentrations among three developmental stages were compared and analysed using the Student’s t-test/ANOVA (P ≤ 0.05), followed by Tukey posthoc test. Levels of ubiquitin were correlated (using Pearson/Spearman analysis) with (a) developing embryonic stages, (b) embryo morphology, (c) IRs, and (d) pregnancy outcomes in terms of LBR. Main results and the role of chance Of 574 E-SMs analysed, 540 (94.07%) had detectable ubiquitin levels (pg/ml) and they varied in an increasing manner across developing embryonic stages and, across the three clinics. We observed a significantly different (p &lt; 0.0001) levels of ubiquitin in three sets of secretors i.e low (153.1 ± 5.4; n = 219), medium (498.9 ± 15.7) & high (1615 ± 46.5) secretors. Levels of ubiquitin among three developmental stages were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) different under FET, but not with fresh-ET categories. Ubiquitin levels were independent of cleavage-stage morphology score but showed a positive correlation with blastocyst grades. Also, we observed a significant (p &lt; 0.05) positive correlation of ubiquitin levels with implantation rates. Importantly, ubiquitin levels were higher in E-SMs of embryos which gave live-births vis-à-vis those with no-births. Moreover, altered levels (very high low) were associated with those embryos which resulted in miscarriages. This is the first report which measured ubiquitin in individual hE-SMs from three developing embryos and showed a development stage-wise positive correlations as well as a significant association (p &lt; 0.0001) of ubiquitin levels with implantation and live-birth rates. Limitations, reasons for caution Observed variations in levels of ubiquitin across clinics could be attributed to (i) oocyte/sperm donors’ variation and their infertility status (i) IVF-ET protocol differences. A large multi-centric cohort studies are required to establish the predictive value of ubiquitin for assessing embryo-viability and pregnancy outcome in term of live-births. Wider implications of the findings: For the first time, our multi-centric study showed developmental stage-specific changes in ubiquitin levels. It could be a valuable biomarker of embryo-viability and to predict IR and live-births. Ubiquitin, as a biomarker, could be a valuable adjunct to currently practicing embryo score system for selecting transferable quality embryos. Trial registration number Not applicable

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Mittelfußfrakturen gehören zu einer der häufigsten Verletzungen des Fußes und treten v. a. bei Patienten zwischen dem 40. und 50. Lebensjahr auf. Insbesondere die Verletzung mehrerer Mittelfußknochen kann zu bleibenden Einschränkungen führen, und daher war das Ziel dieser Studie, das funktionelle Outcome von Mittelfußfrakturen mittels eines validierten selbstberichteten patientenbasierten Ergebnisfragebogens zu untersuchen. Material und Methoden Im Zeitraum von 2003 bis 2015 wurden alle Patienten mit einer Mittelfußfraktur mit konservativer sowie operativer Behandlung in diese retrospektive Kohortenstudie eingeschlossen. Es wurden demografische Daten, Art der Fraktur (AO-Klassifikation), Behandlung, Reoperationsrate sowie das funktionelle Ergebnis mittels Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) erfasst. Der Mann-Whitney-U-Test und Exakte Fisher-Test wurden bei der statistischen Analyse eingesetzt. Ergebnisse Insgesamt wurden in diese Studie 111 Patienten mit 81 isolierten und 30 multiplen Mittelfußfrakturen eingeschlossen. Das Durchschnittsalter der Patienten war 45 ± 15,2 Jahre mit insgesamt 48 Männern (43 %) und 63 Frauen (57 %). Patienten mit isolierter Mittelfußfraktur hatten einen FAOS von 88 ± 17,1. Die Patienten mit multiplen Mittelfußfrakturen erzielten einen FAOS von 78 ± 17,7 (p = 0,046). In der Gruppe der isolierten Mittelfußfrakturen wurden 43 Patienten (53 %) operativ behandelt. Hiervon zeigten 36 Patienten eine C‑Fraktur (84 %). In der Gruppe der multiplen Mittelfußfrakturen wurden 16 Patienten (53 %) operativ behandelt. Diskussion Das funktionelle Outcome nach isolierten Mittelfußfrakturen ist sowohl nach operativer als auch konservativer Therapie gut bis sehr gut. Einfache Frakturen lassen sich erfolgreich konservativ und komplexe, mehrfragmentäre Frakturen operativ behandeln. Bei Frakturen von mehr als einem Mittelfußknochen ist das Ergebnis signifikant schlechter, und es bleiben vom Patienten berichtete Einschränkungen zurück.

O orçamento é o ato jurídico em que se faz a previsão da receita, autorizando a sua arrecadação, e a fixação da despesa, autorizando, outrossim, a sua execução, relativas a determinado exercício financeiro. Embora o conteúdo do orçamento diga respeito à matéria de Direito Financeiro, pertinente à disciplina da receita e da despesa, a natureza jurídica da fiscalização da execução do orçamento se mantém no campo do Direito Administrativo, não obstante se utilize das normas de contabilidade pública e de técnica econômico-financeira para levá-la a cabo. Destarte, permanece no Direito Administrativo o estudo dos órgãos de controle do Estado quanto a atividade dos ordenadores da despesa e pagadores de contas, e os atos jurídicos de efetivação desse controle. Esse controle da execução do orçamento se faz através do Poder Executivo, por órgão do Ministério da Fazenda ou das Finanças, que acompanham a gestão financeira dos diferentes órgãos do Estado, e se denomina fiscalização interna; e, através do Poder Legislativo, valendo-se de pareceres de suas Comissões de Finanças ou Tomadas de Contas, e, especialmente, de órgão administrativo, autônomo, de cúpula colegiada ou individual, seu delegado, e auxiliar, ou melhor, colaborador, na verificação das contas dos órgãos do Estado, independente do Poder Executivo, e esse controle se denomina fiscalização externa. Ao Legislativo compete não só a aprovação do orçamento como a fiscalização última da sua fiel execução. Objetiva garantir o efetivo cumprimento do orçamento, quanto a receita e despesa. Sem a devida tomada de contas, os orçamentos se constituiriam em formalidades inúteis e seria impossível a apuração de responsabilidade dos agentes ordenadores e pagadores da despesa. Como órgão auxiliar do Legislativo nessa tarefa de controle de contas do Executivo se cogitou, nos países latinos da Europa, do Tribunal de Contas, também denominado Conselho de Contas ou Corte de Contas, cujos membros, chamados Ministros ou Conselheiros, gozam de imunidades que asseguram a sua independência. Esse órgão, apesar de exercer uma função administrativa, repita-se, a efetiva em caráter autônomo, e sem qualquer liame com o Chefe do Executivo. Já na Inglaterra e nos Estados Unidos da América do Norte, dito controle se faz através de Auditoria, General Accounting Office superintendida por Auditor-Geral, General Comptroller and Auditor, com garantias equivalentes às que se atribuem à magistratura, e, outrossim, em posição de absoluta independência dos órgãos governamentais controlados, inclusive do Chefe do Executivo. O exame das contas pode ser feito através de três processos diferentes que originaram os sistemas de exame prévio absoluto ou relativo, e do exame posterior. O exame prévio absoluto é aquele em que o veto do órgão fiscalizador externo impede os órgãos executivos e ativos a efetuarem a despesa em negando o seu registro, e, então, não pode ser feita. Esse veto absoluto é utilizado nos casos de falta de verba para essa despesa ou ter sido cogitada por verba imprópria. É o sistema acolhido pelo Tribunal de Contas da Itália, e, por isso, denominado de tipo italiano. Já o exame prévio relativo é aquele em que o veto do órgão fiscalizador externo, em considerada ilegal a despesa, nega-lhe o registro, e devolve a documentação aos órgãos executivos ativos com as razões do veto. Se os órgãos superiores do Executivo não se conformarem com o veto, solicitam ao órgão fiscalizador externo que faça o registro sob protesto. Após essa formalidade, ele dá ciência ao Legislativo do ocorrido, para que apure a responsabilidade dos órgãos executivos ativos, que levaram a efeito a despesa. Foi o sistema escolhido pelo Tribunal de Contas da Bélgica, e, por isso denominado de tipo belga. O exame posterior é o que a verificação da despesa se faz ao depois de efetuada. Elas não são evitadas pelo órgão de fiscalização externa, a quem cabe apenas providenciar em última análise, a punição dos culpados. Foi o sistema escolhido pelo Tribunal de Contas da França, e, por isso, denominado de tipo francês. O sistema do exame prévio absoluto adotado é conciliável com os outros dois, conforme a legislação, com referência a ato da Administração Pública de que resulte obrigação de pagamento pelo Tesouro Nacional ou por conta deste. Isto se verifica quando a recusa de registro tiver outro fundamento que a falta de verba ou disser respeito a verba imprópria, e, então, a despesa pode efetuar-se sob reserva ou protesto do órgão controlador externo, em determinada pelo Executivo a sua realização. Outrossim, ocorre o controle posterior quando, nos termos da legislação, o órgão controlador externo tem o encargo de exame do orçamento, após a sua execução, na apreciação das contas do Executivo, mediante relatório a ser oferecido ao Legislativo. Por seu turno, o sistema do veto relativo adotado é conciliável com o do exame a posteriori dos atos da Administração Pública, como seja, valendo-se do mesmo exemplo acima, quando compete ao órgão controlador externo a apresentação de relatório das contas do Executivo, em apreciando a execução por ele do orçamento, a ser, depois do exercício financeiro, encaminhado ao Legislativo. Tem o Congresso Nacional a função de fiscalizar os atos do Poder Executivo, bem como da administração indireta, e com as prerrogativas que lhe reconheça e lhe dê a lei, consoante dispõe o art. 45, da Magna Carta de 69, e, destarte, a Câmara dos Deputados e o Senado ou o próprio Congresso Nacional podem criar comissões de inquérito para a devida fiscalização a respeito. O Tribunal de Contas nasceu, realmente, na ordem jurídica pátria, somente com o Dec. 966-A, de 7.9.1890, que adotara o modelo belga. Isso logo após a proclamação da República, por ato do Governo Provisório. Ao Tribunal fora atribuída não só a fiscalização das despesas e de outros atos que interessem às finanças da República, como o julgamento das contas de todos os responsáveis por dinheiros públicos de qualquer Ministério a que pertencessem, dando-lhes quitação, ou ordenando-os a pagar o devido e quando isso não cumprissem, mandava proceder na forma de direito. A Constituição de 1891, simplesmente previu, ao dispor, no art. 89, sobre a instituição de um Tribunal de Contas, para liquidar as contas de receita e despesa e verificar a sua legalidade, antes de serem prestadas ao Congresso. Relegou, porém, para a Legislação ordinária a sua inteira organização. Posteriormente, todas as Constituições Republicanas o inseriram entre os seus dispositivos. Já as demais estabeleceram as linhas fundamentais desse órgão governamental. Valendo-se de autorização que lhe dera o Congresso Nacional pela Lei 23, de 30.10.1891, para organizar os serviços dos Ministérios, e pela Lei 26, de 30.12.1891, para organizar as repartições da Fazenda, o Poder Executivo promulgou o Dec. 1.166, de 17.12.1892, em que cogitou o Tribunal de Contas previsto pelo texto constitucional citado. Deu-lhe a competência de exame prévio das contas do Executivo e poder de veto absoluto, quanto às despesas, e, outrossim, conferiu-lhe a atribuição de julgar as contas dos responsáveis por dinheiros ou valores públicos, emprestando às suas decisões força de sentença, uma vez lhe reconhecia nessa função atuava como Tribunal de Justiça. E essa situação não se alterou na legislação posterior, até a promulgação da Constituição de 1934. Porém, essa última competência, qual seja, de julgar as contas dos responsáveis por dinheiros ou valores públicos, consoante demonstração do Prof. Mário Masagão (cf. “Em face da Constituição Federal, não existe, no Brasil, o Contencioso Administrativo”, pp. 137 a 175, Seção de Obras do Estado de S. Paulo, S. Paulo, 1927), em completo estudo sobre o contencioso administrativo no Brasil, devia ser havida como inconstitucional, isso porque a Constituição de 1891 revogara, diretamente, esse instituto estabelecendo a jurisdição una, afeta, em exclusividade, ao Poder Judiciário, ex vi do seu art. 60, “b” e “c”. Aliás, nesse sentido, já haviam se manifestado Ruy Barbosa (cf. Comentários à Constituição, coligidos por Homero Pires, vol. IV, pp. 429 e ss) e Pedro Lessa (cf. Do Poder Judiciário, p. 149). Como órgão de função administrativa, preposto do Poder Legislativo, como seu auxiliar, na verificação da gestão financeira do Estado, na verdade, pela sua própria natureza, não podia ter funções jurisdicionais. Aliás, o art. 89, citado, da Constituição de 1891, só lhe confiara aquela atribuição administrativa. Inconstitucional seria, portanto, através de lei ordinária, não só diminuí-la, como, e, principalmente, aumentá-la, dando-lhe função jurisdicional. As Constituições que se seguiram à Constituição de 1891, como salientado, mantêm o Tribunal de Contas por esta instituído e lhe dão as linhas mestras da sua organização, especificam o sistema de controle das contas adotado, e definem as suas competências. As Constituições de 1934 (cf. §§ 1.º e 2.º do art. 101) e de 1946 (cf. §§2.º e 3.º do art. 77) adotaram o sistema italiano de controle da conta, ou melhor, do veto prévio absoluto, proibitivo, com referência às despesas pretendidas em que houvesse falta de saldo no crédito ou que tivessem sido imputadas a crédito impróprio, e do veto prévio relativo, quando diverso fosse o fundamento da recusa, quanto à despesa em causa, e, ainda, o controle a posteriori relativamente a outras obrigações de pagamento. No caso de veto prévio relativo a despesa poderia efetuar-se após despacho do Presidente da República, feito, então, o registro sob reserva, com recurso de ofício à Câmara dos Deputados, segundo a Constituição de 1934, e ao Congresso Nacional, conforme a Constituição de 1946. Já as Constituições de 1937, 1967 e 1969 silenciam a respeito. Mencionam apenas as atribuições do Tribunal de Contas sem cogitar do regime de controle. Contudo, dos termos das Constituição de 1967 (art. 71, e parágrafos, e §4.º do art. 73) e Magna Carta de 1969 (art. 70 e parágrafos, e §4º do art. 72) se conclui que optaram, em princípio, pelo sistema francês, do controle a posteriori, com ligeiras restrições, ao admitirem a faculdade de o Tribunal, de ofício, ou mediante provocação do Ministério Público, ou das autoridades financeiras e orçamentárias, e demais órgãos auxiliares, verificar a ilegalidade de qualquer despesa, inclusive as decorrentes de contratos. A auditoria financeira e orçamentária será exercida sobre as contas das unidades administrativas dos três Poderes da União, que, para esse fim, deverão remeter demonstrações contábeis ao Tribunal de Contas, a que caberá realizar as inspeções que considerar necessárias (art. 79, §3.º de 69). Esses são os elementos necessários para as inspeções levadas a efeito pelo Tribunal de Contas, através dos seus órgãos de auditoria, e compreendem perícias, apuração de pagamento e de sua pontualidade, verificação do cumprimento das leis pertinentes à atividade orçamentária e financeira. Todas essas normas de fiscalização aplicam-se às autarquias, que consistem em pessoas jurídicas criadas pelo Estado, com capacidade específica de direito público na realização de objetivo administrativo (§5.º do art. 70 de 69). Por isso, como seus órgãos indiretos se acham enquadrados no todo estatal, embora seres distintos do Estado, ante a sua personalidade. Formam com ele uma unidade composta. Têm atributos de império, obrigação de agir, são criados por processo de direito público, sem objetivo de lucro e se sujeitam à fiscalização estatal. Distinguem-se em autarquias associativas e fundacionais (cf. Princípios Geral de Direito Administrativo, vol. II, p. 233). Deverá o Tribunal de Contas, em face da Constituição e no caso de concluir tenha havido qualquer irregularidade a respeito: a) assinar prazo razoável para que o órgão da administração pública adote as providências necessárias ao exato cumprimento da lei; b) sustar, se não atendido, a execução do ato impugnado, exceto em relação a contratos; c) solicitar ao Congresso Nacional, em caso de contrato, que determine a medida prevista na alínea anterior ou outras necessárias ao resguardo dos objetivos legais. Observe-se, a sustação do ato que refere a alínea “b” poderá ficar sem efeito se o Presidente da República determinar a execução, ad referendum do Congresso Nacional, sujeitando, portanto, essa ordenação apenas a controle a posteriori do Congresso Nacional (cf. Constituição de 1967, §8.º, do art. 73; de 1969, §8.º do art. 72). O Congresso Nacional deliberará sobre a solicitação de que cogita a alínea “c”, no prazo de 30 dias, findo o qual, sem pronunciamento do Poder Legislativo, será considerada insubsistente a impugnação (cf. Constituição de 1967, §5.º, “a”, “b” e “c”, e §6.º do art. 73; de 1969, §5.º, “a”, “b” e “c”, e §6.º do art. 72). Merece crítica as disposições que têm como insubsistente a falta de pronunciamento legislativo no prazo legal a ele cominado. A solução devia ser exatamente a outra, isto é, tornando a sustação definitiva, adotada, aliás, pela Constituição Paulista no seu art. 91, III. Igualmente, a orientação adotada em admitindo a possibilidade do Presidente da República de ordenar a execução do ato considerado pelo Tribunal de Contas ilegal, submetendo-o ao referendum do Congresso, mas só depois de perpetrada a ilegalidade, outrossim, merece crítica. Envolve, sem dúvida, completa falência do controle do Tribunal de Contas. Por outro lado, regulam a Constituição de 1967 e a Magna Carta de 69 do controle interno da execução do orçamento. Realmente, dispõem que o Poder Executivo manterá sistema de controle interno, a fim de: I – criar condições indispensáveis para assegurar eficácia ao controle externo e regularidade à realização da receita e da despesa; II – acompanhar a execução de programas de trabalho e a do orçamento; e III – avaliar os resultados alcançados pelos administradores e verificar a execução dos contratos (1967, art. 72; de 1969, art. 71). Mas, as censuras acima feitas mostram ser de nenhum efeito essas pretendidas cautelas, pois indiretamente com os textos anteriormente criticados, nulificam, como salientado, o real controle de resultados práticos do Tribunal de Contas. A respeito dos textos criticados, a Constituição de 1934 dispunha que os contratos que, por qualquer modo, interessassem imediatamente à receita ou à despesa, só se reputariam perfeitos e acabados, quando registrados pelo Tribunal de Contas, e que a recusa de registro suspendia a sua execução até o pronunciamento do Poder Legislativo (art. 100). Igual preceito constava na Constituição de 1946 (art. 77, §.1º). Texto semelhante impunha-se tivesse sido acolhido pela Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil e das Constituições dos Estados. Destarte, estariam libertas das críticas anteriormente feitas a respeito. Tendo a Carta de 1937 deixado a completa organização do Tribunal de Contas à lei ordinária (parágrafo único do art. 114) apenas dispôs que competiria a ele acompanhar, conforme já dispunha a de 1934, diretamente ou por delegações organizadas, de acordo com a lei, a execução orçamentária; julgar as contas dos responsáveis por dinheiros ou bens públicos; e da legalidade dos contratos celebrados pela União. Essa tríplice competência foi repetida pelas Constituições que se lhe sucederam de 1946 (art. 77, I, II e III), de 1967 (§1.º do art. 72, §§ 5.º e 8.º do art. 73), e de 1969 (§1.º do art. 71, §§5.º e 8.º do art. 73), e de 1969 (§1.º do art. 71, §§5.º e 8.º do art. 73). E a elas se acrescentou a de julgar a legalidade das aposentadorias, reformas e pensões. Salvo a Carta Magna de 37, todas elas cogitam do parecer prévio do Tribunal de Contas, no prazo de 30 dias, segundo a Constituição de 1934 (art. 102) e de 60 dias segundo as demais (de 1946, §4.º, do art. 77; de 1967, §2.º do art. 71; de 1969, §2.º do art. 70) sobre as contas que o Presidente da República deve prestar, anualmente, ao Congresso Nacional. E, se elas não lhe forem enviadas no prazo da lei, comunicará o fato ao Congresso Nacional, para os fins de direito, apresentando-lhe num e noutro caso, minucioso relatório do exercício financeiro encerrado. Sem dúvida a Constituição de 1967 e a Magna Carta de 1969 através dos seus textos retrogradaram quanto a fiscalização de maior relevo que deve caber ao Tribunal de Contas, qual seja a de fiscal da administração financeira, como preposto do Legislativo. Sem o veto absoluto nos casos de falta de saldo no crédito e nos de imputação a crédito impróprio, a atuação do Tribunal de Contas deixa de ter sua razão de ser. Sem sentido se nos afigura a opinião de alguns que declaram terem sido aumentados os poderes do Tribunal de Contas, pelos textos da Constituição de 67 e Magna Carta de 69, ante a possibilidade que lhe cabe hoje de acompanhamento do desenvolver do orçamento, mediante inspeções especiais, levantamentos contábeis, e representação, que lhe compete, ao Poder Executivo e Congresso Nacional, sobre irregularidades e abusos, inclusive as decorrentes de contrato, pois lhes falta a possibilidade de impedir, de forma coercitiva e absoluta, despesas irregulares. Disse com razão Ruy Barbosa: não basta julgar a administração, denunciar o excesso cometido, colher a exorbitância ou a permissão para punir. Circunscrita a estes limites essa função tutelar dos dinheiros públicos será, muitas vezes, inútil por omissa, tardia ou impotente. Não é de outro sentir Dídimo da Veiga quando afirmou: “O exame a posteriori ou sucessivo deixa consumar-se a despesa para depois fiscalizar a legalidade da mesma, sendo de todo o ponto ilusória a responsabilidade do ordenador, que nunca se torna efetiva, e a do pagador, sempre que a despesa paga for de cifra tão elevada que exceda o valor da caução prestada e dos bens do responsável; a fazenda pública vê-se lesada, fica a descoberto de qualquer garantia, o que, de per si só, é suficiente para coordenar o regimem da contrasteação ex post facto”. (Relatório do Tribunal de Contas de 1899, p. 13). É de lamentar-se essa restrição aos poderes do Tribunal de Contas, muito ao gosto das ditaduras e dos governos de fato. É de lamentar-se, mais ainda, que as Constituições estaduais tenham seguido essa mesma orientação. Vale a pena recordar-se que quando se quis extinguir a fiscalização prévia, com veto absoluto, no Governo Floriano Peixoto, seu Ministro da Fazenda, Seserdelo Correia, pediu exoneração do cargo, e teve oportunidade de dizer em carta ao Presidente a respeito do veto impeditivo. “Longe de considerá-lo um embaraço à administração, eu o considerava o maior fiscal da boa execução do orçamento”. E prosseguia acertadamente: “Se a despesa está dentro do orçamento, se existe verba ou se tem recurso a verba, o Tribunal não pode deixar de registrá-la. Se não existe ou está esgotada, é o caso dos créditos extraordinários ou suplementares”. O registro sob protesto, isto é, do veto relativo não basta para essas hipóteses retro apontadas, para conter os abusos dos governantes e evitar desmandos financeiros. Claro, quando a recusa do registro tiver outro fundamento ele se explica, e então o registro se faz sob reserva. O controle posterior se tem aplicado como elemento complementar, na apreciação de comportamento dos ordenadores e pagadores de despesa para efeito de parecer sobre as contas ao Congresso, e consequente apuração de responsabilidade. Em que pese opiniões em contrário, se nos afigura perfeitamente possível, sem que ocorra a pecha de inconstitucionalidade, adotem os Estados federados e os Municípios, o veto absoluto e o relativo, conforme as hipóteses, na organização dos seus Tribunais de Contas, no exercício das respectivas autonomias, asseguradas pelos arts. 13 e 15, respectivamente, da Emenda 1/1969. As matérias pertinentes aos Tribunais de Contas se enfocam em dois ramos jurídicos: o Direito Financeiro e o Direito Administrativo. As matérias de Direito Financeiro, na verdade, são de competência prevalente da União, ex vi do art. 8.º, XVIII, “c”, da Magna Carta de 69, ou seja, de estabelecer, através de textos legislativos, normas gerais sobre orçamento, despesa e gestão patrimonial e financeira de natureza pública, e, pois aos Estados compete apenas legislar, supletivamente, sobre elas, segundo o parágrafo único do citado art. 8.º, XVII, “c”. Já as matérias de Direito Administrativo, em especial sobre a organização dos seus órgãos, cabem aos Estados pois assistem-lhes todos os poderes que não lhes foram vedados, por texto constitucional. Incumbe-lhes, então, e tão-somente, respeitar os princípios constitucionais, na Magna Carta de 69. Por conseguinte, afora as competências que lhes foram proibidas, hão de obedecer apenas as limitações que defluem dos princípios estruturais do regime pátrio, constantes da Constituição Federal. Portanto, cumpre aos Estados federados, ao organizarem o respectivo Tribunal de Contas, a observância do princípio de prestação de contas da administração, segundo art. 10, VII, “f” e mais elaboração do orçamento, bem como a fiscalização orçamentária, conforme o art. 13, IV. A conjugação desses dois princípios faz com que para efetivá-los devam instituir Tribunais de Contas, com as restrições expressas de que os seus membros não poderão exercer, ainda que em disponibilidade, qualquer outra função pública, salvo um cargo de magistério e nos casos previstos nesta Constituição; receber, a qualquer título e sob qualquer pretexto, percentagens nos processos sujeitos a seu despacho e julgamento, e não deverão exceder de sete, em consonância com o art. 13, IX da CF. Afora essas delimitações aos poderes dos Estados Federados, constantes dos textos suprarreferidos, nenhuma outra foi prevista, e como a eles são conferidos todos os poderes que, explícita ou implicitamente, não lhes tenham sido vedados pela Constituição Federal, como dispõe o §1.º do art. 13, é indiscutível, a nosso ver, ao organizarem os seus Tribunais de Contas, podem fazê-lo com liberdade, em escolhendo para efeito do controle financeiro o sistema que mais lhes convenha. Assim o de veto prévio absoluto quanto as despesas em que inexista verba ou esta seja imprópria. Certo, o art. 188 da Constituição de 67, reproduzido no art. 200 da Carta de 69, invocado pelos que negam essa possibilidade, não configura o referido impedimento. Realmente, os artigos em apreço dispõem que as disposições nela constantes ficam incorporadas, no que couber, ao direito constitucional legislado pelos Estados. Com isso se pretendeu, na melhor das hipóteses, que os Estados devem adotar, no mínimo, o modelo imposto pela Carta Federal, com referência ao controle financeiro, os princípios básicos constantes dessas Constituições em referência. Eles constituem o paradigma mínimo a serem obedecidos pelos Estados, tendo em atenção o modelo federal. Mas, nada impedem melhorem o sistema federal de controle das contas estaduais e o torne mais severo. Não lhe impuseram completa simetria de organização, o que seria absurdo em um Estado federal, de grande extensão territorial, e em que as unidades federativas são de áreas díspares e com diversidade de população, e de civilização e cultura distintas. Assim sendo, deverá o Tribunal de Contas do Estado, como mínimo tão-somente: I – exercer o controle externo da administração financeira do Poder Executivo e entes autárquicos, como colaborador da Assembleia Legislativo neste mister; II – apreciar, em parecer, as contas anuais da Administração Pública, e elaborar relatório quanto ao exercício financeiro, mediante a ajuda de auditoria, tomar as contas dos administradores e outros responsáveis pelo dinheiro público, e verificar da legalidade das aposentadorias, reformas e pensões; III – gozar de autonomia interna corporis dos Tribunais Judiciários e desfrutar os seus membros de situação equiparável aos magistrados dos Tribunais de Justiça; IV – satisfazer a nomeação dos seus membros os requisitos previstos para nomeação dos magistrados; V – representar ao Poder Executivo e à Assembleia Legislativa dando notícia de atos irregulares ou abusos verificados quanto a administração financeira e orçamentária; VI – sustar os atos da administração financeira quando exaurido o prazo a ela assinado para sua regularização, bem como solicitar à Assembleia Legislativa, em casos de contratos firmados pela administração, as medidas para resguardo da regularidade dos objetivos legais, acaso desrespeitados. Aliás, se realmente fosse negado aos Tribunais de Contas Estaduais ampliar e melhorar o sistema adotado pela União, a fim de torna-los mais aptos, à consecução da sua função, quanto a organização do próprio órgão e a sua ação fiscal, seria praticamente anular a autonomia dos Estados, assegurada pelo art. 13 da Magna Carta de 69, e, consequentemente, ter como revogada a Federação, firmada no art. 1.º dela, e cuja abolição, mediante reforma constitucional, sequer pode ser objeto de deliberação proposta nesse sentido, ante o art. 47, §1.º. Em consequência, são livres de organizar o órgão e a sua ação desde que respeitem, no mínimo, quanto a organização as normas dispostas pela União e quanto a sua ação ao figurino mínimo pertinente ao controle fiscal estabelecido pela União. Parece absurdo sustentar-se que está o Estado, pela Carta de 69, impedido de melhorar a organização de seu Tribunal e de tornar mais efetiva a sua fiscalização financeira. Como já salientado, a Magna Carta de 69 assegurou no art. 15 a autonomia dos Municípios. Admitiu a intervenção do Estado nos seus negócios quando deixarem de respeitar princípios insertos no §3.ª desse artigo. E entre eles, está o de prestação das contas devidas nos termos da lei, conforme já previsto no inc. II do citado art. 15. Consequentemente, no art. 16 estabeleceu que a fiscalização financeira e orçamentária será exercida mediante controle externo da Câmara Municipal e controle interno do Executivo municipal, instituídos por lei. E no §1.º dispõe: “O controle externo da Câmara Municipal será exercido com o auxílio do Tribunal de Contas do Estado ou órgão estadual a que for atribuída essa incumbência”. Destarte, admitiu o Estado entregue tal encargo ao seu Tribunal de Contas ou a órgão estadual para tanto criado e a quem caberá essa competência. Embora em caráter de colaboração à Câmara Municipal, o parecer prévio desses órgãos estaduais só deixará de prevalecer, segundo o §2.º desse artigo, mediante decisão de 2/3 daquela. Dessa forma ficaram postas balizar aos abusos das Câmaras Municipais sob a força de pressão da política. Restrições maiores comprometeriam a autonomia do Município. Para evitar esses abusos dos governantes municipais, sem tolher a autonomia, está na adoção pelos Estados do veto prévio absoluto e relativo, com referência aos Municípios nos termos que devem ser preconizados para o Tribunal de Contas do próprio Estado, com referência ao seu controle financeiro. Discute-se sobre a possibilidade de, em existindo Tribunal de Contas nos Estados, haver possibilidade de ser por ele criado órgão estadual com o encargo de proceder a fiscalização financeira dos Municípios, como auxiliar do controle externo das Câmaras Municipais. Entendem uns a dejuntiva ou do texto constitucional faz com que só se possa admitir a criação desse órgão em inexistindo Tribunal de Contas do Estado. Já outros sustentam a permissibilidade da criação desse órgão para efeito de descongestionar os Tribunais estaduais. Estes restringiram o seu controle contábil financeiro às contas do Estado federado, e o outro órgão se destinaria a igual controle dos Municípios. Aliás, só desse sentido se pode compreender a palavra “ou” intercalada entre as duas hipóteses, isto é, uma “ou” outra. Afigura-se-nos mais consentânea com a verdade a tese da última corrente, não obstante tenha havido pronunciamento do Supremo Tribunal Federal em favor da outra. Aliás há também decisão desse Tribunal em outro sentido. A fiscalização se fará por um ou outro órgão pertinente. Adotada a primeira orientação, ainda há de ter-se como sem sentido a previsão constitucional de outro órgão, além do Tribunal de Contas, para o referido controle, porquanto todos os Estados, obrigatoriamente, devem ter Tribunais de Contas, ex vi do art. 13, IX, da CF, completado pelo art. 200 que determina a incorporação, no que couber, das disposições constantes da Carta Federal, ao direito constitucional dos Estados. Demais, o trabalho que fica a cargo dos Tribunais de Contas dos Estados, quanto ao controle fiscal da sua atuação, pode perturbar o serviço desse Tribunal para efetivar, realmente, o controle financeiro dos Municípios, e, então, se explica a criação desse órgão especial distinto dos Tribunais de Contas, a critério do legislador estadual. Esse órgão autônomo estadual, no entanto, deverá gozar de regalias que assegurem a sua independência quanto a força de pressão política, a fim de poder exercer, com absoluta isenção, a sua atividade de auditoria, seja ele colegiado ou sob a orientação singular de um auditor-chefe. Contudo, os municípios, ante o §3.º, do art. 16, da Magna Carta de 69, com população superior a dois milhões de habitantes e renda tributária acima de quinhentos milhões de cruzeiros novos, podem eles próprios instituir Tribunais de Contas. E estes devem respeitar, na sua organização e ação, os princípios mínimos adotados pela Constituição Federal nos arts. 72 e parágrafos e mais outras normas aperfeiçoando-os, como seja o veto absoluto nos casos de falta de verba ou de verba imprópria, e o veto relativo quanto a outras despesas. Já o Município de São Paulo, em virtude do art. 191, ficou assegurado, e tão-somente a ele, a continuidade do seu Tribunal de Contas, salvo deliberação em contrário da respectiva Câmara, enquanto os demais Tribunais de Contas Municipais foram declarados, por esse mesmo termo, extintos. O Tribunal de Contas do Município de São Paulo pode ser reorganizado, e quanto a sua ação, como os novos Tribunais de Contas em outros Estados, dos respectivos Municípios em que vierem a ser criados, satisfazendo as exigências do §3.º do art. 16. Além de obedecerem ao modelo federal, nos seus contornos mínimos, cumpre aos Tribunais Municipais obedecerem aos textos mínimos dispostos na Constituição Estadual e na Lei Orgânica dos Municípios. Mas podem estabelecer controle mais extenso a eles quanto ao orçamento, conforme salientado. Afinal, pondere-se: é incrível que a Constituição Paulista haja, no art. 75, disposto que nenhuma despesa será ordenada ou realizada sem que exista recurso orçamentário ou crédito votado pela Assembleia, e tenha deixado de, expressamente, prever o veto absoluto do Tribunal de Contas, tanto do Estado como do Município da Capital, ao dispor sobre as suas competências a respeito. A expressão julgar as contas dos responsáveis pelos dinheiros e bens públicos, bem como da legalidade dos contratos e das concessões iniciais de aposentadorias, reformas e pensões, ensejou dúvidas na doutrina e na jurisprudência, qual seja, se ao empregar a expressão “julgar” os constituintes cogitaram de atribuir ao Tribunal de Contas funções jurisdicionais ou não. Quanto à última, de julgar da legalidade dos contratos, firmou-se orientação de que se tratava de função administrativa, empregada impropriamente a palavra “julgar” no texto, porquanto a decisão do Tribunal de Contas só tinha o efeito de suspender a sua execução até que se pronunciasse a respeito o Congresso Nacional. Funcionava, destarte, como órgão auxiliar do Poder Legislativo, sem caráter jurisdicional, mas tão-somente administrativo. Já quanto à primeira, de julgar as contas, prevaleceu a orientação de que se tratava de função jurisdicional, atribuída ao Tribunal de Contas. Procurou-se distinguir a expressão “julgar da legalidade” da de “julgar as contas”, por empregado o verbo em regência diversa pelos constituintes. Ora, o “julgar” no sentido de lavrar ou pronunciar sentença não pede objeto direto, diz-se “julgar do direito de alguém”. Já o “julgar” no sentido de avaliar, entender, pede objeto direto, diz-se “julgo” que tem razão (cf. Cândido de Figueiredo, verbete “julgar”, in Novo Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, 3.ª ed., vol. II, Portugal-Brasil, s/d). Por conseguinte, a alteração da regência prova contra a tese dos que pretendem a expressão “julgar as contas” corresponda à de sentenciar, ou seja, de exercício da função jurisdicional. Na verdade, essa regência do verbo, ao contrário da outra de “julgar da legalidade”, autoriza a conclusão de que a expressão “julgar as contas” se refere ao significado de avaliá-las, entendê-las, reputá-las bem ou mal prestadas, jamais no sentido de sentenciar, de decidir a respeito delas. Observe-se, as Constituições de 1967 e 1969 separaram em dispositivos diferentes as duas atividades quais sejam: de julgar da legalidade dos contratos; e de julgar da legalidade das concessões iniciais de aposentadoria, reformas e pensões, juntos no mesmo item da Constituição de 1945. Quanto à primeira, isto é, legalidade dos contratos estabeleceram o princípio do recurso de ofício ao Congresso Nacional da sua deliberação. Já relativamente à segunda, ou seja, legalidade da aposentadoria, reformas e pensões, nada dispuseram a respeito, com referência à sua deliberação. Entretanto, nesta última hipótese, também, não se teve como definitiva a decisão do Tribunal de Contas. Se deixada de ser registrada pelo Tribunal de Contas, isso não impediria a sua efetivação, em mantido o ato pelo Executivo. Então, far-se-ia o registro sob protesto desses atos. Poderia, ainda, sem dúvida, em face dos textos constitucionais (1946, art. 77, III, §3.º e art. 141, §4.º; 1967, art. 73, §5.º, “b”, e art. 151, §4.º; e 1969, art. 72, §§5.º, “b”, e 8.º) o interessado interpor recurso ao Judiciário para defesa de seu direito individual acaso desconhecido, se entendesse ter direito à aposentadoria ou reforma e a sua família, se negada a pensão. Os adeptos da competência jurisdicional do Tribunal de Contas, no caso de julgar as contas dos responsáveis pelos dinheiros e bens públicos, sustentam que o fato do reconhecimento do alcance pelo Tribunal de Contas há de ser aceito sem discussão pelo Poder Judiciário. Concordam, no entanto, que a recusa na aceitação das contas, envolve apenas o reconhecimento, pelo Tribunal de Contas, de alcance por parte do ordenador da despesa ou seu pagador, pois a condenação, por crime de peculato, depende de sentença judicial do Poder Judiciário, e a condenação cível do débito, para efeito de indenização ao Poder Público, depende, também, de sentença judicial do Poder Judiciário. Destarte, ao Tribunal de Contas cabe decisão prejudicial sobre o fato. Porém, a condenação, pela prática do ilícito penal ou civil, na verdade, cabe ao Poder Judiciário, e mais a execução da sentença. Data venia, desses mestres, há de entender-se que, em ambas as hipóteses, o Tribunal de Conta só possui função administrativa de acompanhar a execução orçamentária e apreciar as contas dos responsáveis por dinheiros ou bens públicos. Com isso se não diminui o relevo do Tribunal de Contas, ao contrário se projeta na sua específica função de implantar a moralidade pública, de ordem administrativa, na fiscalização do orçamento. Na organização jurídica do Estado todos os órgãos são de igual importância no exercício de suas respectivas funções, cada uma imprescindível ao Estado de Direito. E de tal realce é a do Tribunal de Contas, que se encontra fora da concepção tríplice dos três poderes, e a quem cabe a fiscalização econômico-financeira da atividade de todos eles. Não teve o texto em causa, no entanto, o objetivo de investi-lo no exercício de função judicante, quando se expressou que lhe caberia julgar as referidas contas. Visou apenas lhe conferir a competência final na ordem administrativa sobre o assunto. Se tida como bem prestadas, está encerrado o trabalho pertinente à sua apuração, com a quitação que mandaria passar a favor dos que as ofereceram. Ao contrário, se entender caracterizado alcance quanto a dinheiro ou bem público, no exercício dessa função, determinará que paguem o considerado devido, dentro do prazo fixado, e, não satisfeita a determinação, lhe caberá proceder contra eles na forma de direito. Argui-se que, em as considerando o Tribunal de Contas irregulares, essa questão não poderia ser reaberta pela Justiça Comum, a quem caberia o processamento e julgamento do crime, consequência do alcance verificado. Portanto, caracterizado pelo Tribunal de Contas o alcance, na ação de peculato, esse pronunciamento obrigaria a Justiça Criminal Comum. Então, esta, quer dizer, a Justiça Comum, terá de aceitar dito pronunciamento sobre as contas do réu, como apuração de fato necessária à integração do delito, isto é, como apuração preestabelecida e requisito da ação, sob pena de um novo Juiz rejulgar o que tinha sido julgado por outro, incorrendo em injustificável bis in idem, em inútil nova apreciação, que resultaria em mero formalismo. Igual consideração se faz quanto à Justiça Comum, em ação executiva proposta pelo Estado, para cobrança de alcance e haver a correspectiva reposição patrimonial. Não se trata de rejulgamento pela Justiça Comum, porque o Tribunal de Contas é órgão administrativo e não judicante, e sua denominação de Tribunal e a expressão julgar ambas são equívocas. Na verdade, é um Conselho de Contas e não as julga, sentenciando a respeito delas, mas apura da veracidade delas para dar quitação ao interessado, em tendo-as como bem prestadas, ou promover a condenação criminal e civil do responsável verificando o alcance. Apura fatos. Ora, apurar fatos não é julgar. Julgar é dizer do direito de alguém em face dos fatos e relações jurídicas, tendo em vista a ordem normativa vigente. Se simplesmente apura fatos, sob a imprópria cognominação de julgar, não exerce função jurisdicional. E essa apuração poderá ser objeto de prova contrária em Juízo. Não deve constituir por isso prejudicial a ser aceita pelo Poder Judiciário sem qualquer exame. A Justiça Comum não pode ficar presa a ela, uma vez a Constituição não atribui expressamente a força de sentença as conclusões do Tribunal de Contas sobre o fato. E a quem cabe dizer do direito de alguém, em princípio, cabe a verificação do fato, em última análise. Logo, a Justiça Comum, ao dizer daquele, deve poder apreciar este. Inexiste bis in idem, porquanto uma coisa é a apreciação administrativa e outra a judicial de dado fato. Sem dúvida, a apuração do fato do alcance pelo Tribunal de Contas será uma prejudicial necessária para a propositura da ação, civil ou penal, como pressuposição do ilícito civil ou penal. Essa apuração prévia sempre se faz necessária. E, em princípio, será aceita pelo Poder Judiciário, seja no executivo fiscal para reposição patrimonial, ou na ação criminal contra o agente público. Isso porque documentalmente comprovada no procedimento levado a efeito pelo Tribunal de Contas. Contudo, se o agente público, réu em uma dessas ações, arguir cerceamento da defesa nessa apuração e trouxer para os autos provas convincentes da improcedência da apuração de ilícito civil ou penal contra ele, não pode o Poder Judiciário, que vai condená-lo, e, em seguida, executar a sua sentença, deixar de examinar essa alegação e verificar da sua procedência, se no bojo dos autos constarem elementos para admitir-se a veracidade do alegado contra o pronunciamento do Tribunal de Contas. Se os constituintes tivessem atribuído ao Tribunal de Contas função jurisdicional, deveriam tê-lo integrado no Poder Judiciário. Isso não fizeram, e, ao contrário, o colocaram entre os órgãos de cooperação nas atividades governamentais, como auxiliar do Poder Legislativo. Por outro lado, a Constituição de 91 havia abolido o contencioso administrativo. Por conseguinte o seu restabelecimento só se poderá admiti-lo, mesmo parcial, para julgamento das contas, dos responsáveis por dinheiros e bens públicos, quando tal viesse dito no texto de modo indiscutível, o que se conseguiria declarando-se que a decisão do Tribunal de Contas nessa matéria teria força de sentença. Poder-se-á contra-argumentar que se dera o título de Ministro aos seus membros, e a sua nomeação se faz nos moldes das dos demais Ministros da Corte Suprema e gozam das mesmas garantias destes, de vitaliciedade, de irremovibilidade e irredutibilidade de vencimentos, bem como quanto à organização do Regimento Interno e da Secretaria, tem o Tribunal de Contas as mesmas atribuições dos Tribunais Judiciários. Ora, o argumento prova demais. Isso se fez para assegurar a independência dos seus membros perante o Executivo no fiscalizar a sua gestão financeira, jamais para julgar das suas contas com força de sentença, de modo a obrigar, por exemplo, o Poder Judiciário a considerar como caracterizado o alcance de alguém, sem poder reapreciar essa apuração, e dever, portanto, aceitar como definitivo o julgamento do Tribunal de Contas. Não parece razoável obrigar o juiz criminal ou civil, reduzido a uma função formal a condenar alguém por provas que não o convencem ou não puder verificar de sua procedência, quando nos autos há elementos que as contestam. As leis ordinárias, que, na vigência da Constituição de 91, embora devendo ser havidas como inconstitucionais, quiseram atribuir ao Tribunal de Contas competência jurisdicional, o fizeram de forma expressa. Deram às suas decisões força de sentença. Isso não fizeram os textos constitucionais. Portanto, os textos em causa, constitucionais, devem ser interpretados como tendo em mira usar a palavra julgar no sentido restrito, atrás sustentado, isto é, dentro da órbita administrativa, pois do contrário atribuiriam a esse julgamento a força de sentença. Aliás, não se compreende que se interprete a expressão “julgar da legalidade” como restrita à órbita administrativa e “julgar as contas” se estenda ao âmbito jurisdicional. A alteração de regência do verbo não muda o sentido da função, passando-a de administrativa para jurisdicional, e, ao contrário, a regência direta não é a própria para o emprego da palavra no sentido de sentenciar, como se viu. Ambos os textos devem ser entendidos em sentido estrito, embora ao “julgar da legalidade” haja apreciação de matéria de direito, porém sem caráter definitivo, mero exame administrativo, relegada ao Judiciário a função jurisdicional. Demais, dita interpretação amolda-se à natureza do Tribunal de Contas, Tribunal Administrativo, de verificação de contas, e jamais Tribunal de Justiça, de julgamento afinal dos agentes públicos pelas contas não prestadas ou malprestadas. Aliás, não se confunde o julgar das contas com o julgamento dos responsáveis por elas. A função de julgar, no seu verdadeiro sentido, de dizer do direito em face dos fatos, diz respeito a alguém, ou melhor, a uma pessoa de direito, natural ou jurídica. No caso, o agente público que ordenou ou fez a despesa, natural, relativa ao alcance, de natureza penal, e a reparação patrimonial, de natureza civil, ou melhor, o responsável pelas contas. Já a expressão “julgar as contas” não contém qualquer função jurisdicional de dizer do direito de alguém, mas administrativo-contábil de apreciação do fato da sua prestação. Julgamento se faz dos agentes responsáveis pelas contas, jamais das contas. Estas se apreciam, como se disse, sob o aspecto administrativo-contábil. São insuscetíveis de julgamento. O Tribunal de Contas julga as contas, ou melhor, aprecia a sua prestação em face de elemento administrativo-contábil, e, outrossim, a legalidade dos contratos feitos, bem como das aposentadorias e pensões. A Justiça Comum julga os agentes públicos ordenadores de despesas e dos seus pagadores. E ao julgar os atos destes, sob o aspecto do ilícito penal ou civil, há de apreciar, também, os fatos que se pretendam geraram esses ilícitos. Repita-se, a função jurisdicional é de dizer o direito em face dos fatos. Jamais de apreciar fatos simplesmente. Mesmo se aceitasse como definitiva essa apreciação, não corresponderia a uma função de julgar. A certidão do Tribunal de Contas em afirmando o alcance do agente público, como documento de instrução do processo judicial tem tão-somente a presunção de verdade juris tantum, ante o texto constitucional e não juris et juri. Isso porque não possui força de sentença judicial e isso não pode ter, a menos que lhe fosse atribuída a competência de julgar o próprio ilícito civil e penal, atribuído aos agentes ordenadores da despesa e seus pagadores, isto é, os agentes responsáveis pelas contas. As sucessivas Constituições pátrias, expressamente, conferiram aos Juízes da União (cf. 1934, art. 81, “a”, e parágrafo único; 1937, arts. 107, 108 e parágrafo único; 1946, art. 201 e §§1.º e 2.º; 1967, art. 119, I, e 1969, art. 125, I) competência para processar e julgar as causas em que a União for interessada como autora ou ré, assistente ou opoente, e só excepcionaram dessa competência a competência da Justiça local nos processos de falência e outros em que a Fazenda Nacional, embora interessada, não intervenha como autora, ré, assistente ou opoente, e ressalvaram, ainda, a competência da Justiça Eleitoral, Militar e do Trabalho. Nada disseram quanto às contas dos responsáveis por dinheiro ou bem público. Ao contrário, as Constituições de 34 (art. 81, “i”), de 46 (art. 104, II, “a”, art. 105, depois de promulgado o AI/2, art. 6º), de 67 (art. 119, I e IV), e 69 (art. 125, I e IV), sem qualquer ressalva em favor do Tribunal de Contas, atribuíram aos Juízes Federais competência para processar e julgar, em 1.ª instância, os crimes praticados em detrimento de bens, serviços ou interesse da União ou de entidades autárquicas ou empresas públicas, ressalvadas tão-somente a competência da Justiça Militar, do Trabalho e Eleitoral. Se pretendessem excluir da competência dos Juízes Federais o julgamento dos responsáveis por dinheiro ou bens públicos, dando força de sentença à decisão do Tribunal de Contas a respeito das suas contas, deveria ter isso dito, ou, ao menos, feito remissão a esse artigo. Ao contrário, silenciaram. Não tendo excluído essa matéria da competência dos Juízes federais, ela lhes deve caber, ex vi dos artigos das diferentes Constituições pátrias, e não só a competência formal de condenar os cujas contas forem rejeitadas e havidas como tendo cometido delito, ou civilmente responsáveis, como apreciar o mérito desse ilícito penal e civil, que lhe fosse imputado. E essa competência, ora foi conferida em grau de recurso, ao Supremo Tribunal Federal (Constituição de 34, art. 76, II, “a”, c/c art. 79, parágrafo único, §1.º, 101, II, 2.ª letra “a” e art. 109 (parágrafo único); ora, aos Tribunais Federais para julgar privativa e definitivamente (Constituição de 1946, art. 104, II “a”; 67; art. 117, II, e parágrafo único; 69, art. 122, II, e parágrafo único), exceto as questões de falência, e as sujeitas à Justiça Eleitoral, à Militar e à do Trabalho. E nenhum Tribunal julga privativa e definitivamente uma questão se não puder apreciá-la, tanto no seu aspecto formal como material. Observe-se, considera-se como crime de responsabilidade dos Ministros de Estado não só os que praticarem ou ordenarem, como, ainda, os relativos a despesas do seu Ministério, a que lhes incumbe dirigir, como orientador, coordenador e supervisor dos seus órgãos, pois respondem por elas e o da Fazenda, além desses, como os pertinentes à arrecadação da receita, por lhe estar afeto ainda esse encargo. Portanto, como se poderá entender que a expressão constitucional “julgará as contas dos responsáveis por dinheiros ou bens públicos” equivale à outorga de função jurisdicional ao Tribunal de Contas? A que fica a mesma função entregue à Justiça Política e depois à Justiça Comum, nos casos de crimes de responsabilidade do Presidente da República e conexos dos Ministros de Estado, e à Corte Suprema, nos de responsabilidade dos Ministros, os quais respondem não só pelos atos que ordenarem ou praticarem, como pelas despesas do seu Ministério, e, o da Fazenda, além disso, pela arrecadação da receita? E como se processaria a responsabilidade posterior dessas autoridades, civil e criminal, perante a Justiça Comum, ao depois de condenados pela perda do cargo? Ora, nem uma palavra existe sobre o Tribunal de Contas. Considerado por este ato do Presidente da República e dos Ministros de Estado a ela conexos como tendo atentado contra a probidade administrativa ou a execução do orçamento, ficará o Tribunal Político preso aos pronunciamentos do Tribunal de Contas? Então, o órgão auxiliar do Congresso, de Fiscalização financeira e orçamentária, se sobreporá, nas suas conclusões, a ele? Não terá a Câmara dos Deputados a liberdade de apreciar da existência ou não do apontado atentado à probidade administrativa por parte do Presidente para apresentar a denúncia contra ele, e o Senado ficará obrigado a aceitar como provado esse atentado, objeto de denúncia, sem apurar a veracidade, formando por si próprio o Juízo a respeito? Consequência última a se tirar é a anteriormente preconizada, qual seja, a de que a expressão “julgar” as contas conferida ao Tribunal de Contas, aliás impropriamente, se restringe à órbita administrativa, com o objetivo de poder dar quitação ou mandar apurar a responsabilidade das contas dos responsáveis por dinheiros ou bens públicos. E, ainda, com esse mesmo sentido é dado à palavra julgar, como correspondendo a apreciar as contas tão-somente se encontra quando se atribui nas Constituições de 1934 (art. 40, “c”), 1946 (art. 65, VIII), 1967 (art. 47, VIII) e 1969 (art. 44, VIII) ao Congresso Nacional competência privativa para julgar as contas do Presidente da República. Isso porque o Presidente da República deverá apresentar ao Congresso Nacional dentro de 60 dias as suas contas relativas ao ano anterior, após a abertura da Assembleia Legislativa, ex vi do art. 81, XX, com parecer prévio do Tribunal de Contas, em 60 dias do seu recebimento. Como consideração última, pondere-se que em face das Constituições pátrias, desde a de 1946, sempre se assegurou, entre os direitos individuais dos cidadãos, e entre eles estão os agentes públicos, ordenadores de despesas e seus pagadores, que não poderia ficar excluída do Poder Judiciário qualquer lesão de direito individual, o que lhe seria assegurado por lei. Ora, em entendendo o agente público, cujas contas deixaram de ser aceitas pelo Tribunal de Contas, que com isso se acarretou lesão ao seu direito de defesa e de que a comprovação de fato arguido não é verdadeira, há de permitir-se ao Judiciário, sempre, o seu exame, sob pena de lesão desse direito individual deles, seja na arguição de ilícito civil ou criminal. Portanto, o Tribunal de Contas não exerce função jurisdicional e tão-somente administrativa de tomada de contas. Tal ponto de vista é igualmente defendido por Guimarães Menegale (cf. Direito Administrativo e Ciência da Administração, pp. 219-226, Borsói, Rio, 1957) e por José Afonso da Silva (cf. Do Recurso Extraordinário no Direito Processual Brasileiro, pp. 265-268, Livro 114, Ed. RT, 1963). Clenício da Silva Duarte (cf. Anais do VIII Congresso de Tribunais de Contas do Brasil, vol. II, pp. 441-477, João Pessoa, 1976). Em conclusão I – A função por excelência do Tribunal de Contas é o controle do orçamento, a fim de assegurar a moralidade pública. II – Os Tribunais de Contas não exercem, na verdade, função jurisdicional, mas de apreciação de contas apenas, cuja atividade a respeito é de especial relevo. III – O Tribunal de Contas na Constituição de 67 e Carta de 69 teve os seus reais poderes restringidos e assim prejudicado o exercício da sua precípua função. IV – Só o veto absoluto contra despesas sem verba ou verba imprópria permite o efetivo controle do orçamento, reservado o veto relativo para outras despesas e o controle a posteriori para a apuração final de responsabilidades dos seus ordenadores e pagadores. V – Os tribunais de Contas dos Estados e Municípios podem adotar, em face dos arts. 13 e 15 da Carta de 69 c/c o art. 1.º, o veto absoluto e relativo e o controle a posteriori nos termos acima enunciados, para garantia do cumprimento do cumprimento do orçamento. VI – Os Estados, nos Municípios em que inexiste Tribunal de Contas, podem exercer o controle dos orçamentos municipais, através dos seus Tribunais de Contas ou de órgão criado para esse fim.

<p>The primary purpose of this study was to investigate associations between attention impulsivity, motor impulsivity and non-planning impulsivity measured according to the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS) and indicators of subjective well-being (SWB) measured by the Flourishing Scale (FS) and Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI) in students at selected private higher education institutions (N = 514, 52% women, 48% men). The aim of the current study was to explore the impact of gender on the aforementioned associations. Relationships between impulsivity and subjective well-being were examined taking into account the multifactoral structure of impulsiveness. The main findings of the study show that: (a) attention impulsivity predicted low prosperity and low levels of satisfaction with standard of living, health, personal achievements, safety and future security; (b) motor impulsivity showed bivariate but not unique relationships between prosperity and satisfaction with personal health, achievements and personal safety; (c) non-planning impulsivity was found to be uniquely associated with lower subjective prosperity and lower satisfaction with personal achievements and personal relationships; and (d) gender did not moderate the relationship between BIS components and SWB indexes. Impulsivity substrates explained between 4 and 17% of the variance in subjective well-being indexes. In sum, the results showed that the three components of impulsivity are distinct yet partially overlapping. </p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0998/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

This variable describes what kind of concept of culture underlies the cultural coverage at a certain point of time or across time. The variable dissects the concept of culture into cultural forms that are being journalistically covered. It presupposes that each article predominantly focuses on one cultural genre or discipline, such as literature, music, or film, which is the case in most articles in the cultural beat that are written according to cultural journalists’ areas of specialization. By identifying the cultural forms covered, the variable delivers an answer to the question of what kind of culture has been covered, or what kind of culture has been represented. Forms of culture are sometimes also called artistic or cultural disciplines (Jaakkola, 2015) or cultural genres (Purhonen et al., 2019), and cultural classification (Janssen et al., 2011) or cultural hierarchy (Schmutz, 2009). The level of detail varies from study to study, according to the need of knowledge, with some scholars tracing forms of subculture (Schmutz et al., 2010), while others just identify the overall development of major cultural forms (Purhonen et al., 2019; Jaakkola, 2015a). The concepts of culture can roughly be defined as being dominated by high cultural, popular cultural, or everyday cultural forms (Kristensen, 2019). While most culture sections in newspapers are dominated by high culture, and the question is rather about which disciplines, in the operationalization it is not always easy to draw lines between high and popular forms in the postmodern cultural landscape where boundaries are being blurred. Nevertheless, the major forms of culture in the journalistic operationalization of culture are literature, classical music, theatre, and fine arts. As certain forms of culture – such as classical music and opera – are focused on classical high culture, and other forms – such as popular music and comics – represent popular forms, distribution of coverage according to cultural forms may indicate changes in the cultural concept. Field of application/theoretical foundation The question of the concept of culture is a standard question in content analyses on arts and cultural journalism in daily newspapers and cultural magazines, posed by a number of studies conducted in different geographical areas and often with a comparative intent (e.g., Szántó et al., 2004; Janssen, 1999; Reus & Harden, 2005; Janssen et al., 2008; Larsen, 2008; Kõnno et al., 2012; Jaakkola, 2015a, 2015b; Verboord & Janssen, 2015; Purhonen et al., 2019; Widholm et al., 2019). The essence of culture has been theorized in cultural studies, predominantly by Raymond Williams (e.g., 2011), and sociologists of art (Kroeber & Kluckhohn, 1952). In studying journalistic coverage of arts and culture, the concept of culture reveals the anatomy of coverage and whether the content is targeting a broader audience (inclusive concept of culture) or a narrow audience (exclusive or elitist concept of culture). A prevalent motivation to study the ontological dimension of cultural coverage is also to trace cultural change, which means that the concept of culture is longitudinally studied (Purhonen et al., 2019). References/combination with other methods of data collection Concept of culture often occurs as a variable to trace cultural change. The variable is typically coupled with other variables, mainly with representational means, i.e., the journalistic genre (Jaakkola, 2015), event type (Stegert, 1998), or author gender (Schmutz, 2009; Jaakkola, 2015b). Quantitative content analyses may also be complemented with qualitative analyses (Purhonen et al., 2019). Sample operationalization Cultural forms are separated according to the production structure (journalists and reviewers specializing in one cultural form typically indicate an increase of coverage for that cultural form). At a general level, the concept of culture can be divided into the following cultural forms: literature, music – which is, according to the newsroom specialization typically roughly categorized into classical and popular music – visual arts, theatre, dance, film, design, architecture and built environment, media, comics, cultural politics, cultural history, arts education, and other. Subcategories can be separated according to the interest and level of knowledge. The variable needs to be sensitive towards local features in journalism and culture. Example study Jaakkola (2015b) Information about Jaakkola, 2015 Author: Maarit Jaakkola Research question/research interest: Examination of the cultural concept across time in culture sections of daily newspapers Object of analysis: Articles/text items on culture pages of five major daily newspapers in Finland 1978–2008 (Aamulehti, Helsingin Sanomat, Kaleva, Savon Sanomat, Turun Sanomat) Timeframe of analysis: 1978–2008, consecutive sample of weeks 7 and 42 in five year intervals (1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, 1998, 2003, 2008) Info about variable Variable name/definition: Concept of culture Unit of analysis: Article/text item Values: Cultural form Description 1. Fiction literature Fiction books: fictional genres such as poetry, literary novels, thrillers, detective novels, children’s literature, etc. 2. Non-fiction literature Non-fiction books: non-fictional genres such as textbooks, memoirs, encyclopedias, etc. 3. Classical music Music of more high-cultural character, such as symphonic music, chamber music, opera, etc. 4. Popular music Music of more popular character, such as pop, rock, hip-hop, folk music, etc. 5. Visual arts Fine arts: painting, drawing, graphical art, sculpture, media art, photography, etc. 6. Theatre Scene art, including musicals (if not treated as music, i.e. in coverage of concerts and albums) 7. Dance Scene art, including ballet (if not treated as music, .e. in coverage of concerts and albums) 8. Film Cinema: fiction, documentary, experimental film, etc. 9. Design Design of artefacts, jewelry, fashion, interiors, graphics, etc. 10. Architecture Design, aesthetics, and planning of built environment 11. Media Television, journalism, Internet, games, etc. 12. Comics Illustrated periodicals 13. Cultural politics Policies, politics, and administration concerning arts and culture in general 14. Cultural history Historical issues and phenomena 15. Education Educational issues concerning different cultural disciplines 16. Other Miscellaneous minor categories, e.g., lifestyle issues (celebrity, gossip, everyday cultural issues), and larger categories developed from within the material can be separated into values of their own Scale: nominal Intercoder reliability: Cohen's kappa > 0.76 (two coders) References Jaakkola, M. (2015a). The contested autonomy of arts and journalism: Change and continuity in the dual professionalism of cultural journalism. Tampere: Tampere University Press. Jaakkola, M. (2015b). Outsourcing views, developing news: Changes of art criticism in Finnish dailies, 1978–2008. Journalism Studies, 16(3), 383–402. Janssen, S. (1999). Art journalism and cultural change: The coverage of the arts in Dutch newspapers 1965–1990. Poetics 26(5–6), 329–348. Janssen, S., Kuipers, G., & Verboord, M. (2008). 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Kulturdekningen i norske dagsaviser 1964–2005 [Displacements: Cultural coverage in Norwegian dailies 1964–2005]. In K. Knapskog & L.O. Larsen (Eds.), Kulturjournalistikk: pressen og den kulturelle offentligheten (pp. 283–329). Scandinavian Academic Press. Purhonen, S., Heikkilä, R., Karademir Hazir, I., Lauronen, T., Rodríguez, C. F., & Gronow, J. (2019). Enter culture, exit arts? The transformation of cultural hierarchies in European newspaper culture sections, 1960–2010. Routledge. Reus, G., & Harden, L. (2005). Politische ”Kultur”: Eine Längsschnittanalyse des Zeitungsfeuilletons von 1983 bis 2003 [Political ‘culture’: A longitudinal analysis of culture pages, 1983–2003]. Publizistik, 50(2), 153–172. Schmutz, V. (2009). Social and symbolic boundaries in newspaper coverage of music, 1955–2005: Gender and genre in the US, France, Germany, and the Netherlands. Poetics, 37(4), 298–314. Schmutz, V., van Venrooij, A., Janssen, S., & Verboord, M. (2010). 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Context: Aims: Estimating wettability of irrigating solutions. To evaluate and compare wettability of three irrigating solutions using contact angle. In this study three groups of irrigating solutions ie., Group A: 2.5% sodium hypochlorite Methods and Material: + 8.5% Etidronic acid or Hydroxy ethylidene disphosphonic acid (HEDP), Group B: 2.5% sodium hypochlorite + 8.5% ethylene glycol bis –N N N N' – tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and Group C: 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), with a sample size of 15 each were taken. A drop of each solution was placed on the glass slide using a micropipette. The photograph was made with an SLR camera, and the contact angle was measured using AutoCAD software. Statistical Analysis Used: Results: Chronbach's alpha coefcient and One-way ANOVA One-way ANOVA test revealed a signicant difference (p=0.001) among tested groups, i.e. between Group A & C, Group A & B. But there was no signicant difference between group C & B. Conclusions: Sodium hypochlorite in combination with HEDP showed better wettability comparatively than the other two irrigating solutions

Photinia × fraseri Dress was introduced to China at the end of the 20th century. It is a kind of colorful ornamental tree species with great ornamental value. From 2020 to 2021, a disease was found in Railway Gymnasium, Xuanwu district of Nanjing which approximately 40% P. × fraseri showed symptoms of blight with discoloration and dieback of crown and root . Symptomatic root tissues collected from three 2-year-old plants were rinsed with water, cut into 2-mm pieces which were surface-sterilized in 70 % ethanol for 60 s, and plated onto Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), and incubated in the dark at 26 °C for 3 days. Mycelium emerged from 75 % of the samples. Two representative isolates (SG31, SG32) were obtained and deposited in China’s Forestry Culture Collection Center. The colony growed in a circular shape, and the early aerial hyphae were white. Later a floccose, white, colony which was dull yellow on the underside was observed . The two isolates had identical morphological features. The macroconidia were sickle-shaped with two to three septa, 22.8 - 43.7 µm × 4.1 - 5.8 µm in size (n=50). The microconidia were numerous, oval, fusiform, renal, or oblong, with zero or one septum, 10.96 - 14.63 µm × 3.89 - 5.76 µm in size (n=50). The hyphae begin to germinate from one or both ends of the spore . Thus, the two isolates were identified as Fusarium solani. For molecular identification, the DNA of the two isolates was extracted. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, β-tubulin (TUB2), and actin gene (ACT) region were amplified using the primer pairs ITS5 / ITS4, T1 / T2 , and ACT-512F / ACT-783R), respectively. The sequences were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers ON329814, ON366356, and ON366358 for SG31 and ON329813, ON366357, and ON366359 for SG32. The ITS, TUB2, and ACT sequences of isolate SG31 were 99.83% (574 / 575 nt), 99.81% (517 / 518 nt), and 100% (248 / 248 nt) identical to those of SF_450 (MT529726.1), CH64 (KU938961.1), and Co.Karbala-IQ1 (MW080737.1), respectively (The comparison results of SG32 were shown in Appendix.). Based on morphological and molecular analysis, the two isolates were identified as F. solani. The pathogenicity of SG31 and SG32 were tested on potted 1-yr-old (30-cm tall) P. × fraseri. Nine plants were dug up to expose root balls, which were wounded before inoculations with a sterile needle, and then inoculated with conidial suspension (106 conidia / mL). Controls were treated with ddH2O. Three seedlings/isolate were used for each treatment. All plants were repotted using the original sterilized potting mix and pots. After inoculation, the plants were covered with plastic bags, and sterilized H2O was sprayed into the bags twice per day to maintain humidity and kept in a greenhouse at the day/night temperatures at 25 ± 2 / 16 ± 2 ℃. Within 30 days, all the inoculated plants showed lesions similar to those observed in the field, whereas controls were asymptomatic. The isolates were reisolated from the lesions (whereas not from controls) and sequenced as F. solani. Globally, this is the first report of F. solani causing crown blight and root rot of P. × fraseri. Additional surveys are being conducted for mapping the distribution of F. solani in Jiangsu Province of China.

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Über Leben und Sterben im Krieg (Konsulat und Kaiserreich, 5), Berlin [u. a.] 2018, Lang, 352 S., € 71,95. (Jürgen Luh, Potsdam)

IntroductionThis essay considers three design projects as microprotests. Reflecting on the ways design practice can generate spaces, sites and methods of protest, we use the concept of microprotest to consider how we, as designers ourselves, can protest by scaling down, focussing, slowing down and paying attention to the edges of our practice. Design microprotest is a form of design activism that is always collaborative, takes place within a community, and involves careful translation of a political conversation. While microprotest can manifest in any design discipline, in this essay we focus on visual communication design. In particular we consider the deep, reflexive practice of listening as the foundation of microprotests in visual communication design.While small in scale and fleeting in duration, these projects express rich and deep political engagements through conversations that create and maintain safe spaces. While many design theorists (Julier; Fuad-Luke; Clarke; Irwin et al.) have done important work to contextualise activist design as a broad movement with overlapping branches (social design, community design, eco-design, participatory design, critical design, and transition design etc.), the scope of our study takes ‘micro’ as a starting point. We focus on the kind of activism that takes shape in moments of careful design; these are moments when designers move politically, rather than necessarily within political movements. These microprotests respond to community needs through design more than they articulate a broad activist design movement. As such, the impacts of these microprotests often go unnoticed outside of the communities within which they take place. We propose, and test in this essay, a mode of analysis for design microprotests that takes design activism as a starting point but pays more attention to community and translation than designers and their global reach.In his analysis of design activism, Julier proposes “four possible conceptual tactics for the activist designer that are also to be found in particular qualities in the mainstream design culture and economy” (Julier, Introduction 149). We use two of these tactics to begin exploring a selection of attributes common to design microprotests: temporality – which describes the way that speed, slowness, progress and incompletion are dealt with; and territorialisation – which describes the scale at which responsibility and impact is conceived (227). In each of three projects to which we apply these tactics, one of us had a role as a visual communicator. As such, the research is framed by the knowledge creating paradigm described by Jonas as “research through design”.We also draw on other conceptualisations of design activism, and the rich design literature that has emerged in recent times to challenge the colonial legacies of design studies (Schultz; Tristan et al.; Escobar). Some analyses of design activism already focus on the micro or the minor. For example, in their design of social change within organisations as an experimental and iterative process, Lensjkold, Olander and Hasse refer to Deleuze and Guattari’s minoritarian: “minor design activism is ‘a position in co-design engagements that strives to continuously maintain experimentation” (67). Like minor activism, design microprotests are linked to the continuous mobilisation of actors and networks in processes of collective experimentation. However microprotests do not necessarily focus on organisational change. Rather, they create new (and often tiny) spaces of protest within which new voices can be heard and different kinds of listening can be done.In the first of our three cases, we discuss a representation of transdisciplinary listening. This piece of visual communication is a design microprotest in itself. This section helps to frame what we mean by a safe space by paying attention to the listening mode of communication. In the next sections we explore temporality and territorialisation through the design microprotests Just Spaces which documents the collective imagining of safe places for LBPQ (Lesbian, Bisexual, Pansexual, and Queer) women and non-binary identities through a series of graphic objects and Conversation Piece, a book written, designed and published over three days as a proposition for a collective future. A Representation of Transdisciplinary ListeningThe design artefact we present in this section is a representation of listening and can be understood as a microprotest emerging from a collective experiment that materialises firstly as a visual document asking questions of the visual communication discipline and its role in a research collaboration and also as a mirror for the interdisciplinary team to reflexively develop transdisciplinary perspectives on the risks associated with the release of environmental flows in the upper reaches of Hawkesbury Nepean River in NSW, Australia. This research project was funded through a Challenge Grant Scheme to encourage transdisciplinarity within the University. The project team worked with the Hawkesbury Nepean Catchment Management Authority in response to the question: What are the risks to maximising the benefits expected from increased environmental flows? Listening and visual communication design practice are inescapably linked. Renown American graphic designer and activist Sheila de Bretteville describes a consciousness and a commitment to listening as an openness, rather than antagonism and argument. Fiumara describes listening as nascent or an emerging skill and points to listening as the antithesis of the Western culture of saying and expression.For a visual communication designer there is a very specific listening that can be described as visual hearing. This practice materialises the act of hearing through a visualisation of the information or knowledge that is shared. This act of visual hearing is a performative process tracing the actors’ perspectives. This tracing is used as content, which is then translated into a transcultural representation constituted by the designerly act of perceiving multiple perspectives. The interpretation contributes to a shared project of transdisciplinary understanding.This transrepresentation (Fig. 1) is a manifestation of a small interaction among a research team comprised of a water engineer, sustainable governance researcher, water resource management researcher, environmental economist and a designer. This visualisation is a materialisation of a structured conversation in response to the question What are the risks to maximising the benefits expected from increased environmental flows? It represents a small contribution that provides an opportunity for reflexivity and documents a moment in time in response to a significant challenge. In this translation of a conversation as a visual representation, a design microprotest is made against reduction, simplification, antagonism and argument. This may seem intangible, but as a protest through design, “it involves the development of artifacts that exist in real time and space, it is situated within everyday contexts and processes of social and economic life” (Julier 226). This representation locates conversation in a visual order that responds to particular categorisations of the political, the institutional, the socio-economic and the physical in a transdisciplinary process that focusses on multiple perspectives.Figure 1: Transrepresentation of responses by an interdisciplinary research team to the question: What are the risks to maximising the benefits expected from increased environmental flows in the Upper Hawkesbury Nepean River? (2006) Just Spaces: Translating Safe SpacesListening is the foundation of design microprotest. Just Spaces emerged out of a collaborative listening project It’s OK! An Anthology of LBPQ (Lesbian, Bisexual, Pansexual and Queer) Women’s and Non-Binary Identities’ Stories and Advice. By visually communicating the way a community practices supportive listening (both in a physical form as a book and as an online resource), It’s OK! opens conversations about how LBPQ women and non-binary identities can imagine and help facilitate safe spaces. These conversations led to thinking about the effects of breaches of safe spaces on young LBPQ women and non-binary identities. In her book The Cultural Politics of Emotion, Sara Ahmed presents Queer Feelings as a new way of thinking about Queer bodies and the way they use and impress upon space. She makes an argument for creating and imagining new ways of creating and navigating public and private spaces. As a design microprotest, Just Spaces opens up Queer ways of navigating space through a process Ahmed describes as “the ‘non-fitting’ or discomfort .... an opening up which can be difficult and exciting” (Ahmed 154). Just Spaces is a series of workshops, translated into a graphic design object, and presented at an exhibition in the stairwell of the library at the University of Technology Sydney. It protests the requirement of navigating heteronormative environments by suggesting ‘Queer’ ways of being in and designing in space. The work offers solutions, suggestions, and new ways of doing and making by offering design methods as tools of microprotest to its participants. For instance, Just Spaces provides a framework for sensitive translation, through the introduction of a structure that helps build personas based on the game Dungeons and Dragons (a game popular among certain LGBTQIA+ communities in Sydney). Figure 2: Exhibition: Just Spaces, held at UTS Library from 5 to 27 April 2018. By focussing the design process on deep listening and rendering voices into visual translations, these workshops responded to Linda Tuhiwai Smith’s idea of the “outsider within”, articulating the way research should be navigated in vulnerable groups that have a history of being exploited as part of research. Through reciprocity and generosity, trust was generated in the design process which included a shared dinner; opening up participant-controlled safe spaces.To open up and explore ideas of discomfort and safety, two workshops were designed to provide safe and sensitive spaces for the group of seven LBPQ participants and collaborators. Design methods such as drawing, group imagining and futuring using a central prototype as a prompt drew out discussions of safe spaces. The prototype itself was a small folded house (representative of shelter) printed with a number of questions, such as:Our spaces are often unsafe. We take that as a given. But where do these breaches of safety take place? How was your safe space breached in those spaces?The workshops resulted in tangible objects, made by the participants, but these could not be made public because of privacy implications. So the next step was to use visual communication design to create sensitive and honest visual translations of the conversations. The translations trace images from the participants’ words, sketches and notes. For example, handwritten notes are transcribed and reproduced with a font chosen by the designer based on the tone of the comment and by considering how design can retain the essence of person as well as their anonymity. The translations focus on the micro: the micro breaches of safety; the interactions that take place between participants and their environment; and the everyday denigrating experiences that LBPQ women and non-binary identities go through on an ongoing basis. This translation process requires precise skills, sensitivity, care and deep knowledge of context. These skills operate at the smallest of scales through minute observation and detailed work. This micro-ness translates to the potential for truthfulness and care within the community, as it establishes a precedent through the translations for others to use and adapt for their own communities.The production of the work for exhibition also occurred on a micro level, using a Risograph, a screenprinting photocopier often found in schools, community groups and activist spaces. The machine (ME9350) used for this project is collectively owned by a co-op of Sydney creatives called Rizzeria. Each translation was printed only five times on butter paper. Butter paper is a sensitive surface but difficult to work with making the process slow and painstaking and with a lot of care.All aspects of this process and project are small: the pieced-together translations made by assembling segments of conversations; zines that can be kept in a pocket and read intimately; the group of participants; and the workshop and exhibition spaces. These small spaces of safety and their translations make possible conversations but also enable other safe spaces that move and intervene as design microprotests. Figure 3: Piecing the translations together. Figure 4: Pulling the translation off the drum; this was done every print making the process slow and requiring gentleness. This project was and is about slowing down, listening and visually translating in order to generate and imagine safe spaces. In this slowness, as Julier describes “...the activist is working in a more open-ended way that goes beyond the materialization of the design” (229). It creates methods for listening and collaboratively generating ways to navigate spaces that are fraught with micro conflict. As an act of territorialisation, it created tiny and important spaces as a design microprotest. Conversation Piece: A Fast and Slow BookConversation Piece is an experiment in collective self-publishing. It was made over three days by Frontyard, an activist space in Marrickville, NSW, involved in community “futuring”. Futuring for Frontyard is intended to empower people with tools to imagine and enact preferred futures, in contrast to what design theorist Tony Fry describes as “defuturing”, the systematic destruction of possible futures by design. Materialised as a book, Conversation Piece is also an act of collective futuring. It is a carefully designed process for producing dialogues between unlikely parties using an image archive as a starting point. Conversation Piece was designed with the book sprint format as a starting point. Founded by software designer Adam Hyde, book sprints are a method of collectively generating a book in just a few days then publishing it. Book sprints are related to the programming sprints common in agile software development or Scrum, which are often used to make FLOSS (Free and Open Source Software) manuals. Frontyard had used these techniques in a previous project to develop the Non Cash Arts Asset Platform.Conversation Piece was also modeled on two participatory books made during sprints that focussed on articulating alternative futures. Collaborative Futures was made during Transmediale in 2009, and Futurish: Thinking Out Loud about Futures (2015).The design for Conversation Piece began when Frontyard was invited to participate in the Hobiennale in 2017, a free festival emerging from the “national climate of uncertainty within the arts, influenced by changes to the structure of major arts organisations and diminishing funding opportunities.” The Hobiennale was the first Biennale held in Hobart, Tasmania, but rather than producing a standard large art survey, it focussed on artist-run spaces and initiatives, emergant practices, and marginalised voices in the arts. Frontyard is not an artist collective and does not work for commissions. Rather, the response to the invitation was based on how much energy there was in the group to contribute to Hobiennale. At Frontyard one of the ways collective and individual energy is accounted for is using spoon theory, a disability metaphor used to describe the planning that many people have to do to conserve and ration energy reserves in their daily lives (Miserandino). As outlined in the glossary of Conversation Piece, spoon theory is:A way of accounting for our emotional or physical energy and therefore our ability to participate in activities. Spoon theory can be used to collaborate with care and avoid guilt and burn out. Usually spoon theory is applied at an individual level, but it can also be used by organisations. For example, Hobiennale had enough spoons to participate in the Hobiennale so we decided to give it a go. (180)To make to book, Frontyard invited visitors to Hobiennale to participate in a series of open conversations that began with the photographic archive of the organisation over the two years of its existence. During a prototyping session, Frontyard designed nine diagrams that propositioned ways to begin conversations by combining images in different ways. Figure 5: Diagram 9. Conversation Piece: p.32-33One of the purposes of the diagrams, and the book itself, was to bring attention to the micro dynamics of conversation over time, and to create a safe space to explore the implications of these. While the production process and the book itself is micro (ten copies were printed and immediately given away), the decisions made in regards to licensing (a creative commons license is used), distribution (via the Internet Archive) and content generation (through participatory design processes) the project’s commitment to open design processes (Van Abel, Evers, Klaassen and Troxler) mean its impact is unpredictable. Counter-logical to the conventional copyright of books, open design borrows its definition - and at times its technologies and here its methods - from open source software design, to advocate the production of design objects based on fluid and shared circulation of design information. The tension between the abundance produced by an open approach to making, and the attention to the detail of relationships produced by slowing down and scaling down communication processes is made apparent in Conversation Piece:We challenge ourselves at Frontyard to keep bureaucratic processes as minimal an open as possible. We don’t have an application or acquittal process: we prefer to meet people over a cup of tea. A conversation is a way to work through questions. (7)As well as focussing on the micro dynamics of conversations, this projects protests the authority of archives. It works to dismantle the hierarchies of art and publishing through the design of an open, transparent, participatory publishing process. It offers a range of propositions about alternative economies, the agency of people working together at small scales, and the many possible futures in the collective imaginaries of people rethinking time, outcomes, results and progress.The contributors to the book are those in conversation – a complex networks of actors that are relationally configured and themselves in constant change, so as Julier explains “the object is subject to constant transformations, either literally or in its meaning. The designer is working within this instability.” (230) This is true of all design, but in this design microprotest, Frontyard works within this instability in order to redirect it. The book functions as a series of propositions about temporality and territorialisation, and focussing on micro interventions rather than radical political movements. In one section, two Frontyard residents offer a story of migration that also serves as a recipe for purslane soup, a traditional Portuguese dish (Rodriguez and Brison). Another lifts all the images of hand gestures from the Frontyard digital image archive and represents them in a photo essay. Figure 6: Talking to Rocks. Conversation Piece: p.143ConclusionThis article is an invitation to momentarily suspend the framing of design activism as a global movement in order to slow down the analysis of design protests and start paying attention to the brief moments and small spaces of protest that energise social change in design practice. We offered three examples of design microprotests, opening with a representation of transdisciplinary listening in order to frame design as a way if interpreting and listening as well as generating and producing. The two following projects we describe are collective acts of translation: small, momentary conversations designed into graphic forms that can be shared, reproduced, analysed, and remixed. Such protests have their limitations. Beyond the artefacts, the outcomes generated by design microprotests are difficult to identify. While they push and pull at the temporality and territorialisation of design, they operate at a small scale. How design microprotests connect to global networks of protest is an important question yet to be explored. The design practices of transdisciplinary listening, Queer Feelings and translations, and collaborative book sprinting, identified in these design microprotests change the thoughts and feelings of those who participate in ways that are impossible to measure in real time, and sometimes cannot be measured at all. Yet these practices are important now, as they shift the way designers design, and the way others understand what is designed. By identifying the common attributes of design microprotests, we can begin to understand the way necessary political conversations emerge in design practice, for instance about safe spaces, transdisciplinarity, and archives. Taking a research through design approach these can be understood over time, rather than just in the moment, and in specific territories that belong to community. They can be reconfigured into different conversations that change our world for the better. References Ahmed, Sara. “Queer Feelings.” The Cultural Politics of Emotion. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2004. 143-167.Clarke, Alison J. "'Actions Speak Louder': Victor Papanek and the Legacy of Design Activism." Design and Culture 5.2 (2013): 151-168.De Bretteville, Sheila L. Design beyond Design: Critical Reflection and the Practice of Visual Communication. Ed. Jan van Toorn. Maastricht: Jan van Eyck Akademie Editions, 1998. 115-127.Evers, L., et al. Open Design Now: Why Design Cannot Remain Exclusive. 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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus , is causing a serious worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. The emergence of strains with rapid spread and unpredictable changes is the cause of the increase in morbidity and mortality rates. A number of drugs as well as vaccines are currently being used to relieve symptoms, prevent and treat the disease caused by this virus. However, the number of approved drugs is still very limited due to their effectiveness and side effects. In such a situation, medicinal plants and bioactive compounds are considered a highly valuable source in the development of new antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2. This review summarizes medicinal plants and bioactive compounds that have been shown to act on molecular targets involved in the infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2. Keywords: Medicinal plants, bioactive compounds, antivirus, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 References [1] R. Lu, X. Zhao, J. Li, P. Niu, B. Yang, H. 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“...children’s play seems to become more and more a product of the educational and cultural orientation of parents...” — Stephen Kline, The Making of Children’s Culture We live in a world saturated by design and through design artefacts, one can glean unique insights into a culture's values and norms. In fact, some academics, such as British media and film theorist Ben Highmore, see the two areas so inextricably intertwined as to suggest a wholesale “re-branding of the cultural sciences as design studies” (14). Too often, however, everyday objects are marginalised or overlooked as objects of scholarly attention. The field of material culture studies seeks to change that by focussing on the quotidian object and its ability to reveal much about the time, place, and culture in which it was designed and used. This article takes on one such object, a mid-century children's toy tea set, whose humble journey from 1968 Sears catalogue to 2014 thrift shop—and subsequently this author’s basement—reveals complex rhetorical messages communicated both visually and verbally. As material culture studies theorist Jules Prown notes, the field’s foundation is laid upon the understanding “that objects made ... by man reflect, consciously or unconsciously, directly or indirectly, the beliefs of individuals who made, commissioned, purchased or used them, and by extension the beliefs of the larger society to which they belonged” (1-2). In this case, the objects’ material and aesthetic characteristics can be shown to reflect some of the pervasive stereotypes and gender roles of the mid-century and trace some of the prevailing tastes of the American middle class of that era, or perhaps more accurately the type of design that came to represent good taste and a modern aesthetic for that audience. A wealth of research exists on the function of toys and play in learning about the world and even the role of toy selection in early sex-typing, socialisation, and personal identity of children (Teglasi). This particular research area isn’t the focus of this article; however, one aspect that is directly relevant and will be addressed is the notion of adult role-playing among children and the role of toys in communicating certain adult practices or values to the child—what sociologist David Oswell calls “the dedifferentiation of childhood and adulthood” (200). Neither is the focus of this article the practice nor indeed the ethicality of marketing to children. Relevant to this particular example I suggest, is as a product utilising messaging aimed not at children but at adults, appealing to certain parents’ interest in nurturing within their child a perceived era and class-appropriate sense of taste. This was fuelled in large part by the curatorial pursuits of the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York, coupled with an interest and investment in raising their children in a design-forward household and a desire for toys that reflected that priority; in essence, parents wishing to raise modern children. Following Prown’s model of material culture analysis, the tea set is examined in three stages, through description, deduction and speculation with each stage building on the previous one. Figure 1: Porcelain Toy Tea Set. Description The tea set consists of twenty-six pieces that allows service for six. Six cups, saucers, and plates; a tall carafe with spout, handle and lid; a smaller vessel with a spout and handle; a small round bowl with a lid; a larger oval bowl with a lid, and a coordinated oval platter. The cups are just under two inches tall and two inches in diameter. The largest piece, the platter is roughly six inches by four inches. The pieces are made of a ceramic material white in colour and glossy in texture and are very lightweight. The rim or edge of each piece is decorated with a motif of three straight lines in two different shades of blue and in different thicknesses, interspersed with a set of three black wiggly lines. Figure 2: Porcelain Toy Tea Set Box. The set is packaged for retail purposes and the original box appears to be fully intact. The packaging of an object carries artefactual evidence just as important as what it contains that falls into the category of a “‘para-artefact’ … paraphernalia that accompanies the product (labels, packaging, instructions etc.), all of which contribute to a product’s discourse” (Folkmann and Jensen 83). The graphics on the box are colourful, featuring similar shades of teal blue as found on the objects, with the addition of orange and a silver sticker featuring the logo of the American retailer Sears. The cover features an illustration of the objects on an orange tabletop. The most prominent text that confirms that the toy is a “Porcelain Toy Tea Set” is in an organic, almost psychedelic style that mimics both popular graphics of this era—especially album art and concert posters—as well as the organic curves of steam that emanate from the illustrated teapot’s spout. Additional messages appear on the box, in particular “Contemporary DESIGN” and “handsome, clean-line styling for modern little hostesses”. Along the edges of the box lid, a detail of the decorative motif is reproduced somewhat abstracted from what actually appears on the ceramic objects. Figure 3: Sears’s Christmas Wishbook Catalogue, page 574 (1968). Sears, Roebuck and Co. (Sears) is well-known for its over one-hundred-year history of producing printed merchandise catalogues. The catalogue is another important para-artefact to consider in analysing the objects. The tea set first appeared in the 1968 Sears Christmas Wishbook. There is no date or copyright on the box, so only its inclusion in the catalogue allows the set to be accurately dated. It also allows us to understand how the set was originally marketed. Deduction In the deduction phase, we focus on the sensory aesthetic and functional interactive qualities of the various components of the set. In terms of its function, it is critical that we situate the objects in their original use context, play. The light weight of the objects and thinness of the ceramic material lends the objects a delicate, if not fragile, feeling which indicates that this set is not for rough use. Toy historian Lorraine May Punchard differentiates between toy tea sets “meant to be used by little girls, having parties for their friends and practising the social graces of the times” and smaller sets or doll dishes “made for little girls to have parties with their dolls, or for their dolls to have parties among themselves” (7). Similar sets sold by Sears feature images of girls using the sets with both human playmates and dolls. The quantity allowing service for six invites multiple users to join the party. The packaging makes clear that these toy tea sets were intended for imaginary play only, rendering them non-functional through an all-capitals caution declaiming “IMPORTANT: Do not use near heat”. The walls and handles of the cups are so thin one can imagine that they would quickly become dangerous if filled with a hot liquid. Nevertheless, the lid of the oval bowl has a tan stain or watermark which suggests actual use. The box is broken up by pink cardboard partitions dividing it into segments sized for each item in the set. Interestingly even the small squares of unfinished corrugated cardboard used as cushioning between each stacked plate have survived. The evidence of careful re-packing indicates that great care was taken in keeping the objects safe. It may suggest that even though the set was used, the children or perhaps the parents, considered the set as something to care for and conserve for the future. Flaws in the glaze and applique of the design motif can be found on several pieces in the set and offer some insight as to the technique used in producing these items. Errors such as the design being perfectly evenly spaced but crooked in its alignment to the rim, or pieces of the design becoming detached or accidentally folded over and overlapping itself could only be the result of a print transfer technique popularised with decorative china of the Victorian era, a technique which lends itself to mass production and lower cost when compared to hand decoration. Speculation In the speculation stage, we can consider the external evidence and begin a more rigorous investigation of the messaging, iconography, and possible meanings of the material artefact. Aspects of the set allow a number of useful observations about the role of such an object in its own time and context. Sociologists observe the role of toys as embodiments of particular types of parental messages and values (Cross 292) and note how particularly in the twentieth century “children’s play seems to become more and more a product of the educational and cultural orientation of parents” (Kline 96). Throughout history children’s toys often reflected a miniaturised version of the adult world allowing children to role-play as imagined adult-selves. Kristina Ranalli explored parallels between the practice of drinking tea and the play-acting of the child’s tea party, particularly in the nineteenth century, as a gendered ritual of gentility; a method of socialisation and education, and an opportunity for exploratory and even transgressive play by “spontaneously creating mini-societies with rules of their own” (20). Such toys and objects were available through the Sears mail-order catalogue from the very beginning at the end of the nineteenth century (McGuire). Propelled by the post-war boom of suburban development and homeownership—that generation’s manifestation of the American Dream—concern with home décor and design was elevated among the American mainstream to a degree never before seen. There was a hunger for new, streamlined, efficient, modernist living. In his essay titled “Domesticating Modernity”, historian Jeffrey L. Meikle notes that many early modernist designers found that perhaps the most potent way to “‘domesticate’ modernism and make it more familiar was to miniaturise it; for example, to shrink the skyscraper and put it into the home as furniture or tableware” (143). Dr Timothy Blade, curator of the 1985 exhibition of girls’ toys at the University of Minnesota’s Goldstein Gallery—now the Goldstein Museum of Design—described in his introduction “a miniaturised world with little props which duplicate, however rudely, the larger world of adults” (5). Noting the power of such toys to reflect adult values of their time, Blade continues: “the microcosm of the child’s world, remarkably furnished by the miniaturised props of their parents’ world, holds many direct and implied messages about the society which brought it into being” (9). In large part, the mid-century Sears catalogues capture the spirit of an era when, as collector Thomas Holland observes, “little girls were still primarily being offered only the options of glamour, beauty and parenthood as the stuff of their fantasies” (175). Holland notes that “the Wishbooks of the fifties [and, I would add, the sixties] assumed most girls would follow in their mother’s footsteps to become full-time housewives and mommies” (1). Blade grouped toys into three categories: cooking, cleaning, and sewing. A tea set could arguably be considered part of the cooking category, but closer examination of the language used in marketing this object—“little hostesses”, et cetera—suggests an emphasis not on cooking but on serving or entertaining. This particular category was not prevalent in the era examined by Blade, but the cultural shifts of the mid-twentieth century, particularly the rapid popularisation of a suburban lifestyle, may have led to the use of entertaining as an additional distinct category of role play in the process of learning to become a “proper” homemaker. Sears and other retailers offered a wide variety of styles of toy tea sets during this era. Blade and numerous other sources observe that children’s toy furniture and appliances tended to reflect the style and aesthetic qualities of their contemporary parallels in the adult world, the better to associate the child’s objects to its adult equivalent. The toy tea set’s packaging trumpets messages intended to appeal to modernist values and identity including “Contemporary Design” and “handsome, clean-line styling for modern little hostesses”. The use of this coded marketing language, aimed particularly at parents, can be traced back several decades. In 1928 a group of American industrial and textile designers established the American Designers' Gallery in New York, in part to encourage American designers to innovate and adopt new styles such as those seen in the L’ Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes (1925) in Paris, the exposition that sparked international interest in the Art Deco or Art Moderne aesthetic. One of the gallery founders, Ilonka Karasz, a Hungarian-American industrial and textile designer who had studied in Austria and was influenced by the Wiener Werkstätte in Vienna, publicised her new style of nursery furnishings as “designed for the very modern American child” (Brown 80). Sears itself was no stranger to the appeal of such language. The term “contemporary design” was ubiquitous in catalogue copy of the nineteen-fifties and sixties, used to describe everything from draperies (1959) and bedspreads (1961) to spice racks (1964) and the Lady Kenmore portable dishwasher (1961). An emphasis on the role of design in one’s life and surroundings can be traced back to efforts by MoMA. The museum’s interest in modern design hearkens back almost to the institution’s inception, particularly in relation to industrial design and the aestheticisation of everyday objects (Marshall). Through exhibitions and in partnership with mass-market magazines, department stores and manufacturer showrooms, MoMA curators evangelised the importance of “good design” a term that can be found in use as early as 1942. What Is Good Design? followed the pattern of prior exhibitions such as What Is Modern Painting? and situated modern design at the centre of exhibitions that toured the United States in the first half of the nineteen-fifties. To MoMA and its partners, “good design” signified the narrow identification of proper taste in furniture, home decor and accessories; effectively, the establishment of a design canon. The viewpoints enshrined in these exhibitions and partnerships were highly influential on the nation’s perception of taste for decades to come, as the trickle-down effect reached a much broader segment of consumers than those that directly experienced the museum or its exhibitions (Lawrence.) This was evident not only at high-end shops such as Bloomingdale’s and Macy’s. Even mass-market retailers sought out well-known figures of modernist design to contribute to their offerings. Sears, for example, commissioned noted modernist designer and ceramicist Russel Wright to produce a variety of serving ware and decor items exclusively for the company. Notably for this study, he was also commissioned to create a toy tea set for children. The 1957 Wishbook touts the set as “especially created to delight modern little misses”. Within its Good Design series, MoMA exhibitions celebrated numerous prominent Nordic designers who were exploring simplified forms and new material technologies. In the 1968 Wishbook, the retailer describes the Porcelain Toy Tea Set as “Danish-inspired china for young moderns”. The reference to Danish design is certainly compatible with the modernist appeal; after the explosion in popularity of Danish furniture design, the term “Danish Modern” was commonly used in the nineteen-fifties and sixties as shorthand for pan-Scandinavian or Nordic design, or more broadly for any modern furniture design regardless of origin that exhibited similar characteristics. In subsequent decades the notion of a monolithic Scandinavian-Nordic design aesthetic or movement has been debunked as primarily an economically motivated marketing ploy (Olivarez et al.; Fallan). In the United States, the term “Danish Modern” became so commonly misused that the Danish Society for Arts and Crafts called upon the American Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to legally restrict the use of the labels “Danish” and “Danish Modern” to companies genuinely originating in Denmark. Coincidentally the FTC ruled on this in 1968, noting “that ‘Danish Modern’ carries certain meanings, and... that consumers might prefer goods that are identified with a foreign culture” (Hansen 451). In the case of the Porcelain Toy Tea Set examined here, Sears was not claiming that the design was “Danish” but rather “Danish-inspired”. One must wonder, was this another coded marketing ploy to communicate a sense of “Good Design” to potential customers? An examination of the formal qualities of the set’s components, particularly the simplified geometric forms and the handle style of the cups, confirms that it is unlike a traditional—say, Victorian-style—tea set. Punchard observes that during this era some American tea sets were actually being modelled on coffee services rather than traditional tea services (148). A visual comparison of other sets sold by Sears in the same year reveals a variety of cup and pot shapes—with some similar to the set in question—while others exhibit more traditional teapot and cup shapes. Coffee culture was historically prominent in Nordic cultures so there is at least a passing reference to that aspect of Nordic—if not specifically Danish—influence in the design. But what of the decorative motif? Simple curved lines were certainly prominent in Danish furniture and architecture of this era, and occasionally found in combination with straight lines, but no connection back to any specific Danish motif could be found even after consultation with experts in the field from the Museum of Danish America and the Vesterheim National Norwegian-American Museum (personal correspondence). However, knowing that the average American consumer of this era—even the design-savvy among them—consumed Scandinavian design without distinguishing between the various nations, a possible explanation could be contained in the promotion of Finnish textiles at the time. In the decade prior to the manufacture of the tea set a major design tendency began to emerge in the United States, triggered by the geometric design motifs of the Finnish textile and apparel company Marimekko. Marimekko products were introduced to the American market in 1959 via the Cambridge, Massachusetts-based retailer Design Research (DR) and quickly exploded in popularity particularly after would-be First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy appeared in national media wearing Marimekko dresses during the 1960 presidential campaign and on the cover of Sports Illustrated magazine. (Thompson and Lange). The company’s styling soon came to epitomise a new youth aesthetic of the early nineteen sixties in the United States, a softer and more casual predecessor to the London “mod” influence. During this time multiple patterns were released that brought a sense of whimsy and a more human touch to classic mechanical patterns and stripes. The patterns Piccolo (1953), Helmipitsi (1959), and Varvunraita (1959), all designed by Vuokko Eskolin-Nurmesniemi offered varying motifs of parallel straight lines. Maija Isola's Silkkikuikka (1961) pattern—said to be inspired by the plumage of the Great Crested Grebe—combined parallel serpentine lines with straight and angled lines, available in a variety of colours. These and other geometrically inspired patterns quickly inundated apparel and decor markets. DR built a vastly expanded Cambridge flagship store and opened new locations in New York in 1961 and 1964, and in San Francisco in 1965 fuelled in no small part by the fact that they remained the exclusive outlet for Marimekko in the United States. It is clear that Marimekko’s approach to pattern influenced designers and manufacturers across industries. Design historian Lesley Jackson demonstrates that Marimekko designs influenced or were emulated by numerous other companies across Scandinavia and beyond (72-78). The company’s influence grew to such an extent that some described it as a “conquest of the international market” (Hedqvist and Tarschys 150). Subsequent design-forward retailers such as IKEA and Crate and Barrel continue to look to Marimekko even today for modern design inspiration. In 2016 the mass-market retailer Target formed a design partnership with Marimekko to offer an expansive limited-edition line in their stores, numbering over two hundred items. So, despite the “Danish” misnomer, it is quite conceivable that designers working for or commissioned by Sears in 1968 may have taken their aesthetic cues from Marimekko’s booming work, demonstrating a clear understanding of the contemporary high design aesthetic of the time and coding the marketing rhetoric accordingly even if incorrectly. Conclusion The Sears catalogue plays a unique role in capturing cross-sections of American culture not only as a sales tool but also in Holland’s words as “a beautifully illustrated diary of America, it’s [sic] people and the way we thought about things” (1). Applying a rhetorical and material culture analysis to the catalogue and the objects within it provides a unique glimpse into the roles these objects played in mediating relationships, transmitting values and embodying social practices, tastes and beliefs of mid-century American consumers. Adult consumers familiar with the characteristics of the culture of “Good Design” potentially could have made a connection between the simplified geometric forms of the components of the toy tea set and say the work of modernist tableware designers such as Kaj Franck, or between the set’s graphic pattern and the modernist motifs of Marimekko and its imitators. But for a much broader segment of the population with a less direct understanding of modernist aesthetics, those connections may not have been immediately apparent. The rhetorical messaging behind the objects’ packaging and marketing used class and taste signifiers such as modern, contemporary and “Danish” to reinforce this connection to effect an emotional and aspirational appeal. These messages were coded to position the set as an effective transmitter of modernist values and to target parents with the ambition to create “appropriately modern” environments for their children. 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In the last months of his life, 86-year-old Albert Facey became a best-selling author and revered cultural figure following the publication of his autobiography, A Fortunate Life. Released on Anzac Day 1981, it was praised for its “plain, unembellished, utterly sincere and un-self-pitying account of the privations of childhood and youth” (Semmler) and “extremely powerful description of Gallipoli” (Dutton 16). Within weeks, critic Nancy Keesing declared it an “Enduring Classic.” Within six months, it was announced as the winner of two prestigious non-fiction awards, with judges acknowledging Facey’s “extraordinary memory” and “ability to describe scenes and characters with great precision” (“NBC” 4). A Fortunate Life also transformed the fortunes of its publisher. Founded in 1976 as an independent, not-for-profit publishing house, Fremantle Arts Centre Press (FACP) might have been expected, given the Australian average, to survive for just a few years. Former managing editor Ray Coffey attributes the Press’s ongoing viability, in no small measure, to Facey’s success (King 29). Along with Wendy Jenkins, Coffey edited Facey’s manuscript through to publication; only five months after its release, with demand outstripping the capabilities, FACP licensed Penguin to take over the book’s production and distribution. Adaptations soon followed. In 1984, Kerry Packer’s PBL launched a prospectus for a mini-series, which raised a record $6.3 million (PBL 7–8). Aired in 1986 with a high-rating documentary called The Facey Phenomenon, the series became the most watched television event of the year (Lucas). Syndication of chapters to national and regional newspapers, stage and radio productions, audio- and e-books, abridged editions for young readers, and inclusion on secondary school curricula extended the range and influence of Facey’s life writing. Recently, an option was taken out for a new television series (Fraser).A hundred reprints and two million readers on from initial publication, A Fortunate Life continues to rate among the most appreciated Australian books of all time. Commenting on a reader survey in 2012, writer and critic Marieke Hardy enthused, “I really loved it [. . .] I felt like I was seeing a part of my country and my country’s history through a very human voice . . .” (First Tuesday Book Club). Registering a transformed reading, Hardy’s reference to Australian “history” is unproblematically juxtaposed with amused delight in an autobiography that invents and embellishes: not believing “half” of what Facey wrote, she insists he was foremost a yarn spinner. While the work’s status as a witness account has become less authoritative over time, it seems appreciation of the author’s imagination and literary skill has increased (Williamson). A Fortunate Life has been read more commonly as an uncomplicated, first-hand account, such that editor Wendy Jenkins felt it necessary to refute as an “utter mirage” that memoir is “transferred to the page by an act of perfect dictation.” Sidonie Smith and Julia Watson argue of life narratives that some “autobiographical claims [. . .] can be verified or discounted by recourse to documentation outside the text. But autobiographical truth is a different matter” (16). With increased access to archives, especially digitised personnel records, historians have asserted that key elements of Facey’s autobiography are incorrect or “fabricated” (Roberts), including his enlistment in 1914 and participation in the Gallipoli Landing on 25 April 1915. We have researched various sources relevant to Facey’s early years and war service, including hard-copy medical and repatriation records released in 2012, and find A Fortunate Life in a range of ways deviates from “documentation outside of the text,” revealing intriguing, layered storytelling. We agree with Smith and Watson that “autobiographical acts” are “anything but simple or transparent” (63). As “symbolic interactions in the world,” they are “culturally and historically specific” and “engaged in an argument about identity” (63). Inevitably, they are also “fractured by the play of meaning” (63). Our approach, therefore, includes textual analysis of Facey’s drafts alongside the published narrative and his medical records. We do not privilege institutional records as impartial but rather interpret them in terms of their hierarchies and organisation of knowledge. This leads us to speculate on alternative readings of A Fortunate Life as an illness narrative that variously resists and subscribes to dominant cultural plots, tropes, and attitudes. Facey set about writing in earnest in the 1970s and generated (at least) three handwritten drafts, along with a typescript based on the third draft. FACP produced its own working copy from the typescript. Our comparison of the drafts offers insights into the production of Facey’s final text and the otherwise “hidden” roles of editors as transformers and enablers (Munro 1). The notion that a working man with basic literacy could produce a highly readable book in part explains Facey’s enduring appeal. His grandson and literary executor, John Rose, observed in early interviews that Facey was a “natural storyteller” who had related details of his life at every opportunity over a period of more than six decades (McLeod). Jenkins points out that Facey belonged to a vivid oral culture within which he “told and retold stories to himself and others,” so that they eventually “rubbed down into the lines and shapes that would so memorably underpin the extended memoir that became A Fortunate Life.” A mystique was thereby established that “time” was Albert Facey’s “first editor” (Jenkins). The publisher expressly aimed to retain Facey’s voice, content, and meaning, though editing included much correcting of grammar and punctuation, eradication of internal inconsistencies and anomalies, and structural reorganisation into six sections and 68 chapters. We find across Facey’s drafts a broadly similar chronology detailing childhood abandonment, life-threatening incidents, youthful resourcefulness, physical prowess, and participation in the Gallipoli Landing. However, there are also shifts and changed details, including varying descriptions of childhood abuse at a place called Cave Rock; the introduction of (incompatible accounts of) interstate boxing tours in drafts two and three which replace shearing activities in Draft One; divergent tales of Facey as a world-standard athlete, league footballer, expert marksman, and powerful swimmer; and changing stories of enlistment and war service (see Murphy and Nile, “Wounded”; “Naked”).Jenkins edited those sections concerned with childhood and youth, while Coffey attended to Facey’s war and post-war life. Drawing on C.E.W. Bean’s official war history, Coffey introduced specificity to the draft’s otherwise vague descriptions of battle and amended errors, such as Facey’s claim to have witnessed Lord Kitchener on the beach at Gallipoli. Importantly, Coffey suggested the now famous title, “A Fortunate Life,” and encouraged the author to alter the ending. When asked to suggest a title, Facey offered “Cave Rock” (Interview)—the site of his violent abuse and humiliation as a boy. Draft One concluded with Facey’s repatriation from the war and marriage in 1916 (106); Draft Two with a brief account of continuing post-war illness and ultimate defeat: “My war injuries caught up with me again” (107). The submitted typescript concludes: “I have often thought that going to War has caused my life to be wasted” (Typescript 206). This ending differs dramatically from the redemptive vision of the published narrative: “I have lived a very good life, it has been very rich and full. I have been very fortunate and I am thrilled by it when I look back” (412).In The Wounded Storyteller, Arthur Frank argues that literary markets exist for stories of “narrative wreckage” (196) that are redeemed by reconciliation, resistance, recovery, or rehabilitation, which is precisely the shape of Facey’s published life story and a source of its popularity. Musing on his post-war experiences in A Fortunate Life, Facey focuses on his ability to transform the material world around him: “I liked the challenge of building up a place from nothing and making a success where another fellow had failed” (409). If Facey’s challenge was building up something from nothing, something he could set to work on and improve, his life-writing might reasonably be regarded as a part of this broader project and desire for transformation, so that editorial interventions helped him realise this purpose. Facey’s narrative was produced within a specific zeitgeist, which historian Joy Damousi notes was signalled by publication in 1974 of Bill Gammage’s influential, multiply-reprinted study of front-line soldiers, The Broken Years, which drew on the letters and diaries of a thousand Great War veterans, and also the release in 1981 of Peter Weir’s film Gallipoli, for which Gammage was the historical advisor. The story of Australia’s war now conceptualised fallen soldiers as “innocent victims” (Damousi 101), while survivors were left to “compose” memories consistent with their sacrifice (Thomson 237–54). Viewing Facey’s drafts reminds us that life narratives are works of imagination, that the past is not fixed and memory is created in the present. Facey’s autobiographical efforts and those of his publisher to improve the work’s intelligibility and relevance together constitute an attempt to “objectify the self—to present it as a knowable object—through a narrative that re-structures [. . .] the self as history and conclusions” (Foster 10). Yet, such histories almost invariably leave “a crucial gap” or “censored chapter.” Dennis Foster argues that conceiving of narration as confession, rather than expression, “allows us to see the pathos of the simultaneous pursuit and evasion of meaning” (10); we believe a significant lacuna in Facey’s life writing is intimated by its various transformations.In a defining episode, A Fortunate Life proposes that Facey was taken from Gallipoli on 19 August 1915 due to wounding that day from a shell blast that caused sandbags to fall on him, crush his leg, and hurt him “badly inside,” and a bullet to the shoulder (348). The typescript, however, includes an additional but narratively irreconcilable date of 28 June for the same wounding. The later date, 19 August, was settled on for publication despite the author’s compelling claim for the earlier one: “I had been blown up by a shell and some 7 or 8 sandbags had fallen on top of me, the day was the 28th of June 1915, how I remembered this date, it was the day my brother Roy had been killed by a shell burst.” He adds: “I was very ill for about six weeks after the incident but never reported it to our Battalion doctor because I was afraid he would send me away” (Typescript 205). This account accords with Facey’s first draft and his medical records but is inconsistent with other parts of the typescript that depict an uninjured Facey taking a leading role in fierce fighting throughout July and August. It appears, furthermore, that Facey was not badly wounded at any time. His war service record indicates that he was removed from Gallipoli due to “heart troubles” (Repatriation), which he also claims in his first draft. Facey’s editors did not have ready access to military files in Canberra, while medical files were not released until 2012. There existed, therefore, virtually no opportunity to corroborate the author’s version of events, while the official war history and the records of the State Library of Western Australia, which were consulted, contain no reference to Facey or his war service (Interview). As a consequence, the editors were almost entirely dependent on narrative logic and clarifications by an author whose eyesight and memory had deteriorated to such an extent he was unable to read his amended text. A Fortunate Life depicts men with “nerve sickness” who were not permitted to “stay at the Front because they would be upsetting to the others, especially those who were inclined that way themselves” (350). By cross referencing the draft manuscripts against medical records, we can now perceive that Facey was regarded as one of those nerve cases. According to Facey’s published account, his wounds “baffled” doctors in Egypt and Fremantle (353). His medical records reveal that in September 1915, while hospitalised in Egypt, his “palpitations” were diagnosed as “Tachycardia” triggered by war-induced neuroses that began on 28 June. This suggests that Facey endured seven weeks in the field in this condition, with the implication being that his debility worsened, resulting in his hospitalisation. A diagnosis of “debility,” “nerves,” and “strain” placed Facey in a medical category of “Special Invalids” (Butler 541). Major A.W. Campbell noted in the Medical Journal of Australia in 1916 that the war was creating “many cases of little understood nervous and mental affections, not only where a definite wound has been received, but in many cases where nothing of the sort appears” (323). Enlisted doctors were either physicians or surgeons and sometimes both. None had any experience of trauma on the scale of the First World War. In 1915, Campbell was one of only two Australian doctors with any pre-war experience of “mental diseases” (Lindstrom 30). On staff at the Australian Base Hospital at Heliopolis throughout the Gallipoli campaign, he claimed that at times nerve cases “almost monopolised” the wards under his charge (319). Bearing out Facey’s description, Campbell also reported that affected men “received no sympathy” and, as “carriers of psychic contagion,” were treated as a “source of danger” to themselves and others (323). Credentialed by royal colleges in London and coming under British command, Australian medical teams followed the practice of classifying men presenting “nervous or mental symptoms” as “battle casualties” only if they had also been wounded by “enemy action” (Loughran 106). By contrast, functional disability, with no accompanying physical wounds, was treated as unmanly and a “hysterical” reaction to the pressures of war. Mental debility was something to be feared in the trenches and diagnosis almost invariably invoked charges of predisposition or malingering (Tyquin 148–49). This shifted responsibility (and blame) from the war to the individual. Even as late as the 1950s, medical notes referred to Facey’s condition as being “constitutional” (Repatriation).Facey’s narrative demonstrates awareness of how harshly sufferers were treated. We believe that he defended himself against this with stories of physical injury that his doctors never fully accepted and that he may have experienced conversion disorder, where irreconcilable experience finds somatic expression. His medical diagnosis in 1915 and later life writing establish a causal link with the explosion and his partial burial on 28 June, consistent with opinion at the time that linked concussive blasts with destabilisation of the nervous system (Eager 422). Facey was also badly shaken by exposure to the violence and abjection of war, including hand-to-hand combat and retrieving for burial shattered and often decomposed bodies, and, in particular, by the death of his brother Roy, whose body was blown to pieces on 28 June. (A second brother, Joseph, was killed by multiple bayonet wounds while Facey was convalescing in Egypt.) Such experiences cast a different light on Facey’s observation of men suffering nerves on board the hospital ship: “I have seen men doze off into a light sleep and suddenly jump up shouting, ‘Here they come! Quick! Thousands of them. We’re doomed!’” (350). Facey had escaped the danger of death by explosion or bayonet but at a cost, and the war haunted him for the rest of his days. On disembarkation at Fremantle on 20 November 1915, he was admitted to hospital where he remained on and off for several months. Forty-one other sick and wounded disembarked with him (HMAT). Around one third, experiencing nerve-related illness, had been sent home for rest; while none returned to the war, some of the physically wounded did (War Service Records). During this time, Facey continued to present with “frequent attacks of palpitation and giddiness,” was often “short winded,” and had “heart trouble” (Repatriation). He was discharged from the army in June 1916 but, his drafts suggest, his war never really ended. He began a new life as a wounded Anzac. His dependent and often fractious relationship with the Repatriation Department ended only with his death 66 years later. Historian Marina Larsson persuasively argues that repatriated sick and wounded servicemen from the First World War represented a displaced presence at home. Many led liminal lives of “disenfranchised grief” (80). Stephen Garton observes a distinctive Australian use of repatriation to describe “all policies involved in returning, discharging, pensioning, assisting and training returned men and women, and continuing to assist them throughout their lives” (74). Its primary definition invokes coming home but to repatriate also implies banishment from a place that is not home, so that Facey was in this sense expelled from Gallipoli and, by extension, excluded from the myth of Anzac. Unlike his two brothers, he would not join history as one of the glorious dead; his name would appear on no roll of honour. Return home is not equivalent to restoration of his prior state and identity, for baggage from the other place perpetually weighs. Furthermore, failure to regain health and independence strains hospitality and gratitude for the soldier’s service to King and country. This might be exacerbated where there is no evident or visible injury, creating suspicion of resistance, cowardice, or malingering. Over 26 assessments between 1916 and 1958, when Facey was granted a full war pension, the Repatriation Department observed him as a “neuropathic personality” exhibiting “paroxysmal tachycardia” and “neurocirculatory asthenia.” In 1954, doctors wrote, “We consider the condition is a real handicap and hindrance to his getting employment.” They noted that after “attacks,” Facey had a “busted depressed feeling,” but continued to find “no underlying myocardial disease” (Repatriation) and no validity in Facey’s claims that he had been seriously physically wounded in the war (though A Fortunate Life suggests a happier outcome, where an independent medical panel finally locates the cause of his ongoing illness—rupture of his spleen in the war—which results in an increased war pension). Facey’s condition was, at times, a source of frustration for the doctors and, we suspect, disappointment and shame to him, though this appeared to reduce on both sides when the Repatriation Department began easing proof of disability from the 1950s (Thomson 287), and the Department of Veteran’s Affairs was created in 1976. This had the effect of shifting public and media scrutiny back onto a system that had until then deprived some “innocent victims of the compensation that was their due” (Garton 249). Such changes anticipated the introduction of Post-Traumatic Shock Disorder (PTSD) to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) in 1980. Revisions to the DSM established a “genealogy of trauma” and “panic disorders” (100, 33), so that diagnoses such as “neuropathic personality” (Echterling, Field, and Stewart 192) and “soldier’s heart,” that is, disorders considered “neurotic,” were “retrospectively reinterpreted” as a form of PTSD. However, Alberti points out that, despite such developments, war-related trauma continues to be contested (80). We propose that Albert Facey spent his adult life troubled by a sense of regret and failure because of his removal from Gallipoli and that he attempted to compensate through storytelling, which included his being an original Anzac and seriously wounded in action. By writing, Facey could shore up his rectitude, work ethic, and sense of loyalty to other servicemen, which became necessary, we believe, because repatriation doctors (and probably others) had doubted him. In 1927 and again in 1933, an examining doctor concluded: “The existence of a disability depends entirely on his own unsupported statements” (Repatriation). We argue that Facey’s Gallipoli experiences transformed his life. By his own account, he enlisted for war as a physically robust and supremely athletic young man and returned nine months later to life-long anxiety and ill-health. Publication transformed him into a national sage, earning him, in his final months, the credibility, empathy, and affirmation he had long sought. Exploring different accounts of Facey, in the shape of his drafts and institutional records, gives rise to new interpretations. In this context, we believe it is time for a new edition of A Fortunate Life that recognises it as a complex testimonial narrative and theorises Facey’s deployment of national legends and motifs in relation to his “wounded storytelling” as well as to shifting cultural and medical conceptualisations and treatments of shame and trauma. ReferencesAlberti, Fay Bound. Matters of the Heart: History, Medicine, and Emotions. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2010. Butler, A.G. Official History of the Australian Medical Services 1814-1918: Vol I Gallipoli, Palestine and New Guinea. Canberra: Australian War Memorial, 1930.Campbell, A.W. “Remarks on Some Neuroses and Psychoses in War.” Medical Journal of Australia 15 April (1916): 319–23.Damousi, Joy. “Why Do We Get So Emotional about Anzac.” What’s Wrong with Anzac. Ed. Marilyn Lake and Henry Reynolds. Sydney: UNSWP, 2015. 94–109.Dutton, Geoffrey. “Fremantle Arts Centre Press Publicity.” Australian Book Review May (1981): 16.Eager, R. “War Neuroses Occurring in Cases with a Definitive History of Shell Shock.” British Medical Journal 13 Apr. 1918): 422–25.Echterling, L.G., Thomas A. Field, and Anne L. Stewart. “Evolution of PTSD in the DSM.” Future Directions in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Ed. Marilyn P. Safir and Helene S. Wallach. New York: Springer, 2015. 189–212.Facey, A.B. A Fortunate Life. 1981. Ringwood: Penguin, 2005.———. Drafts 1–3. University of Western Australia, Special Collections.———. Transcript. University of Western Australia, Special Collections.First Tuesday Book Club. ABC Splash. 4 Dec. 2012. <http://splash.abc.net.au/home#!/media/1454096/http&>.Foster, Dennis. Confession and Complicity in Narrative. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1987.Frank, Arthur. The Wounded Storyteller. London: U of Chicago P, 1995.Fraser, Jane. “CEO Says.” Fremantle Press. 7 July 2015. <https://www.fremantlepress.com.au/c/news/3747-ceo-says-9>.Garton, Stephen. The Cost of War: Australians Return. Melbourne: Oxford UP, 1994.HMAT Aeneas. “Report of Passengers for the Port of Fremantle from Ports Beyond the Commonwealth.” 20 Nov. 1915. <http://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/ViewImage.aspx?B=9870708&S=1>.“Interview with Ray Coffey.” Personal interview. 6 May 2016. Follow-up correspondence. 12 May 2016.Jenkins, Wendy. “Tales from the Backlist: A Fortunate Life Turns 30.” Fremantle Press, 14 April 2011. <https://www.fremantlepress.com.au/c/bookclubs/574-tales-from-the-backlist-a-fortunate-life-turns-30>.Keesing, Nancy. ‘An Enduring Classic.’ Australian Book Review (May 1981). FACP Press Clippings. Fremantle. n. pag.King, Noel. “‘I Can’t Go On … I’ll Go On’: Interview with Ray Coffey, Fremantle Arts Centre Press, 22 Dec. 2004; 24 May 2006.” Westerly 51 (2006): 31–54.Larsson, Marina. “A Disenfranchised Grief: Post War Death and Memorialisation in Australia after the First World War.” Australian Historical Studies 40.1 (2009): 79–95.Lindstrom, Richard. “The Australian Experience of Psychological Casualties in War: 1915-1939.” PhD dissertation. Victoria University, Feb. 1997.Loughran, Tracey. “Shell Shock, Trauma, and the First World War: The Making of a Diagnosis and its Histories.” Journal of the History of Medical and Allied Sciences 67.1 (2012): 99–119.Lucas, Anne. “Curator’s Notes.” A Fortunate Life. Australian Screen. <http://aso.gov.au/titles/tv/a-fortunate-life/notes/>.McLeod, Steve. “My Fortunate Life with Grandad.” Western Magazine Dec. (1983): 8.Munro, Craig. Under Cover: Adventures in the Art of Editing. Brunswick: Scribe, 2015.Murphy, Ffion, and Richard Nile. “The Naked Anzac: Exposure and Concealment in A.B. Facey’s A Fortunate Life.” Southerly 75.3 (2015): 219–37.———. “Wounded Storyteller: Revisiting Albert Facey’s Fortunate Life.” Westerly 60.2 (2015): 87–100.“NBC Book Awards.” Australian Book Review Oct. (1981): 1–4.PBL. Prospectus: A Fortunate Life, the Extraordinary Life of an Ordinary Bloke. 1–8.Repatriation Records. Albert Facey. National Archives of Australia.Roberts, Chris. “Turkish Machine Guns at the Landing.” Wartime: Official Magazine of the Australian War Memorial 50 (2010). <https://www.awm.gov.au/wartime/50/roberts_machinegun/>.Semmler, Clement. “The Way We Were before the Good Life.” Courier Mail 10 Oct. 1981. FACP Press Clippings. Fremantle. n. pag.Smith, Sidonie, and Julia Watson. Reading Autobiography: A Guide for Interpreting Life Narratives. 2001. 2nd ed. U of Minnesota P, 2010.Thomson, Alistair. Anzac Memories: Living with the Legend. 1994. 2nd ed. Melbourne: Monash UP, 2013. Tyquin, Michael. Gallipoli, the Medical War: The Australian Army Services in the Dardanelles Campaign of 1915. Kensington: UNSWP, 1993.War Service Records. National Archives of Australia. <http://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/NameSearch/Interface/NameSearchForm.aspx>.Williamson, Geordie. “A Fortunate Life.” Copyright Agency. <http://readingaustralia.com.au/essays/a-fortunate-life/>.

The TRP superfamily of channels (nomenclature as agreed by NC-IUPHAR [159, 999]), whose founder member is the Drosophila Trp channel, exists in mammals as six families; TRPC, TRPM, TRPV, TRPA, TRPP and TRPML based on amino acid homologies. TRP subunits contain six putative TM domains and assemble as homo- or hetero-tetramers to form cation selective channels with diverse modes of activation and varied permeation properties (reviewed by [679]). Established, or potential, physiological functions of the individual members of the TRP families are discussed in detail in the recommended reviews and in a number of books [371, 635, 1066, 236]. The established, or potential, involvement of TRP channels in disease is reviewed in [412, 634] and [637], together with a special edition of Biochemica et Biophysica Acta on the subject [634]. Additional disease related reviews, for pain [585], stroke [1052], sensation and inflammation [921], itch [117], and airway disease [284, 979], are available. The pharmacology of most TRP channels has been advanced in recent years. Broad spectrum agents are listed in the tables along with more selective, or recently recognised, ligands that are flagged by the inclusion of a primary reference. See Rubaiy (2019) for a review of pharmacological tools for TRPC1/C4/C5 channels [751]. Most TRP channels are regulated by phosphoinostides such as PtIns(4,5)P2 although the effects reported are often complex, occasionally contradictory, and likely to be dependent upon experimental conditions, such as intracellular ATP levels (reviewed by [941, 638, 747]). Such regulation is generally not included in the tables.When thermosensitivity is mentioned, it refers specifically to a high Q10 of gating, often in the range of 10-30, but does not necessarily imply that the channel's function is to act as a 'hot' or 'cold' sensor. In general, the search for TRP activators has led to many claims for temperature sensing, mechanosensation, and lipid sensing. All proteins are of course sensitive to energies of binding, mechanical force, and temperature, but the issue is whether the proposed input is within a physiologically relevant range resulting in a response. TRPA (ankyrin) familyTRPA1 is the sole mammalian member of this group (reviewed by [268]). TRPA1 activation of sensory neurons contribute to nociception [382, 831, 555]. Pungent chemicals such as mustard oil (AITC), allicin, and cinnamaldehyde activate TRPA1 by modification of free thiol groups of cysteine side chains, especially those located in its amino terminus [529, 51, 336, 531]. Alkenals with α, β-unsaturated bonds, such as propenal (acrolein), butenal (crotylaldehyde), and 2-pentenal can react with free thiols via Michael addition and can activate TRPA1. However, potency appears to weaken as carbon chain length increases [23, 51]. Covalent modification leads to sustained activation of TRPA1. Chemicals including carvacrol, menthol, and local anesthetics reversibly activate TRPA1 by non-covalent binding [391, 470, 1007, 1006]. TRPA1 is not mechanosensitive under physiological conditions, but can be activated by cold temperatures [392, 193]. The electron cryo-EM structure of TRPA1 [688] indicates that it is a 6-TM homotetramer. Each subunit of the channel contains two short ‘pore helices’ pointing into the ion selectivity filter, which is big enough to allow permeation of partially hydrated Ca2+ ions. TRPC (canonical) familyMembers of the TRPC subfamily (reviewed by [261, 726, 15, 4, 84, 410, 687, 60]) fall into the subgroups outlined below. TRPC2 is a pseudogene in humans. It is generally accepted that all TRPC channels are activated downstream of Gq/11-coupled receptors, or receptor tyrosine kinases (reviewed by [713, 889, 999]). A comprehensive listing of G-protein coupled receptors that activate TRPC channels is given in [4]. Hetero-oligomeric complexes of TRPC channels and their association with proteins to form signalling complexes are detailed in [15] and [411]. TRPC channels have frequently been proposed to act as store-operated channels (SOCs) (or compenents of mulimeric complexes that form SOCs), activated by depletion of intracellular calcium stores (reviewed by [689, 15, 718, 765, 1039, 141, 675, 55, 142]). However, the weight of the evidence is that they are not directly gated by conventional store-operated mechanisms, as established for Stim-gated Orai channels. TRPC channels are not mechanically gated in physiologically relevant ranges of force. All members of the TRPC family are blocked by 2-APB and SKF96365 [319, 318]. Activation of TRPC channels by lipids is discussed by [60]. Important progress has been recently made in TRPC pharmacology [751, 571, 400, 92]. TRPC channels regulate a variety of physiological functions and are implicated in many human diseases [270, 61, 827, 960]. TRPC1/C4/C5 subgroup TRPC1 alone may not form a functional ion channel [210]. TRPC4/C5 may be distinguished from other TRP channels by their potentiation by micromolar concentrations of La3+. TRPC2 is a pseudogene in humans, but in other mammals appears to be an ion channel localized to microvilli of the vomeronasal organ. It is required for normal sexual behavior in response to pheromones in mice. It may also function in the main olfactory epithelia in mice [1036, 672, 673, 1037, 496, 1077, 1032].TRPC3/C6/C7 subgroup All members are activated by diacylglycerol independent of protein kinase C stimulation [319].TRPM (melastatin) familyMembers of the TRPM subfamily (reviewed by [252, 318, 689, 1064]) fall into the five subgroups outlined below. TRPM1/M3 subgroupIn darkness, glutamate released by the photoreceptors and ON-bipolar cells binds to the metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 , leading to activation of Go . This results in the closure of TRPM1. When the photoreceptors are stimulated by light, glutamate release is reduced, and TRPM1 channels are more active, resulting in cell membrane depolarization. Human TRPM1 mutations are associated with congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB), whose patients lack rod function. TRPM1 is also found melanocytes. Isoforms of TRPM1 may present in melanocytes, melanoma, brain, and retina. In melanoma cells, TRPM1 is prevalent in highly dynamic intracellular vesicular structures [368, 657]. TRPM3 (reviewed by [663]) exists as multiple splice variants which differ significantly in their biophysical properties. TRPM3 is expressed in somatosensory neurons and may be important in development of heat hyperalgesia during inflammation (see review [878]). TRPM3 is frequently coexpressed with TRPA1 and TRPV1 in these neurons. TRPM3 is expressed in pancreatic beta cells as well as brain, pituitary gland, eye, kidney, and adipose tissue [662, 877]. TRPM3 may contribute to the detection of noxious heat [949].TRPM2TRPM2 is activated under conditions of oxidative stress (respiratory burst of phagocytic cells) and ischemic conditions. However, the direct activators are ADPR(P) and calcium. As for many ion channels, PIP2 must also be present (reviewed by [1020]). Numerous splice variants of TRPM2 exist which differ in their activation mechanisms [219]. The C-terminal domain contains a TRP motif, a coiled-coil region, and an enzymatic NUDT9 homologous domain. TRPM2 appears not to be activated by NAD, NAAD, or NAADP, but is directly activated by ADPRP (adenosine-5'-O-disphosphoribose phosphate) [902]. TRPM2 is involved in warmth sensation [789], and contributes to neurological diseases [66]. Recent study shows that 2'-deoxy-ADPR is an endogenous TRPM2 superagonist [253]. TRPM4/5 subgroupTRPM4 and TRPM5 have the distinction within all TRP channels of being impermeable to Ca2+ [999]. A splice variant of TRPM4 (i.e.TRPM4b) and TRPM5 are molecular candidates for endogenous calcium-activated cation (CAN) channels [301]. TRPM4 is active in the late phase of repolarization of the cardiac ventricular action potential. TRPM4 deletion or knockout enhances beta adrenergic-mediated inotropy [546]. Mutations are associated with conduction defects [374, 546, 821]. TRPM4 has been shown to be an important regulator of Ca2+ entry in to mast cells [926] and dendritic cell migration [43]. TRPM5 in taste receptor cells of the tongue appears essential for the transduction of sweet, amino acid and bitter stimuli [494] TRPM5 contributes to the slow afterdepolarization of layer 5 neurons in mouse prefrontal cortex [471]. Both TRPM4 and TRPM5 are required transduction of taste stimuli [226].TRPM6/7 subgroupTRPM6 and 7 combine channel and enzymatic activities (‘chanzymes’). These channels have the unusual property of permeation by divalent (Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+) and monovalent cations, high single channel conductances, but overall extremely small inward conductance when expressed to the plasma membrane. They are inhibited by internal Mg2+ at ~0.6 mM, around the free level of Mg2+ in cells. Whether they contribute to Mg2+ homeostasis is a contentious issue. When either gene is deleted in mice, the result is embryonic lethality. The C-terminal kinase region is cleaved under unknown stimuli, and the kinase phosphorylates nuclear histones. TRPM7 is responsible for oxidant- induced Zn2+ release from intracellular vesicles [3] and contributes to intestinal mineral absorption essential for postnatal survival [574]. TRPM8Is a channel activated by cooling and pharmacological agents evoking a ‘cool’ sensation and participates in the thermosensation of cold temperatures [54, 161, 205] reviewed by [943, 516, 420, 599]. TRPML (mucolipin) familyThe TRPML family [729, 1049, 723, 1010, 173] consists of three mammalian members (TRPML1-3). TRPML channels are probably restricted to intracellular vesicles and mutations in the gene (MCOLN1) encoding TRPML1 (mucolipin-1) cause the neurodegenerative disorder mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV) in man. TRPML1 is a cation selective ion channel that is important for sorting/transport of endosomes in the late endocytotic pathway and specifically, fission from late endosome-lysosome hybrid vesicles and lysosomal exocytosis [766]. TRPML2 and TRPML3 show increased channel activity in low extracellular sodium and are activated by similar small molecules [293]. A naturally occurring gain of function mutation in TRPML3 (i.e. A419P) results in the varitint waddler (Va) mouse phenotype (reviewed by [729, 639]). TRPP (polycystin) familyThe TRPP family (reviewed by [197, 195, 275, 988, 345]) or PKD2 family is comprised of PKD2 (PC2), PKD2L1 (PC2L1), PKD2L2 (PC2L2), which have been renamed TRPP1, TRPP2 and TRPP3, respectively [999]. It should also be noted that the nomenclature of PC2 was TRPP2 in old literature. However, PC2 has been uniformed to be called TRPP2 [317]. PKD2 family channels are clearly distinct from the PKD1 family, whose function is unknown. PKD1 and PKD2 form a hetero-oligomeric complex with a 1:3 ratio. [845]. Although still being sorted out, TRPP family members appear to be 6TM spanning nonselective cation channels. TRPV (vanilloid) familyMembers of the TRPV family (reviewed by [928]) can broadly be divided into the non-selective cation channels, TRPV1-4 and the more calcium selective channels TRPV5 and TRPV6.TRPV1-V4 subfamilyTRPV1 is involved in the development of thermal hyperalgesia following inflammation and may contribute to the detection of noxius heat (reviewed by [710, 824, 860]). Numerous splice variants of TRPV1 have been described, some of which modulate the activity of TRPV1, or act in a dominant negative manner when co-expressed with TRPV1 [787]. The pharmacology of TRPV1 channels is discussed in detail in [303] and [947]. TRPV2 is probably not a thermosensor in man [684], but has recently been implicated in innate immunity [503]. TRPV3 and TRPV4 are both thermosensitive. There are claims that TRPV4 is also mechanosensitive, but this has not been established to be within a physiological range in a native environment [114, 488].TRPV5/V6 subfamily TRPV5 and TRPV6 are highly expressed in placenta, bone, and kidney. Under physiological conditions, TRPV5 and TRPV6 are calcium selective channels involved in the absorption and reabsorption of calcium across intestinal and kidney tubule epithelia (reviewed by [984, 185, 601, 248]).

The TRP superfamily of channels (nomenclature as agreed by NC-IUPHAR [159, 997]), whose founder member is the Drosophila Trp channel, exists in mammals as six families; TRPC, TRPM, TRPV, TRPA, TRPP and TRPML based on amino acid homologies. TRP subunits contain six putative TM domains and assemble as homo- or hetero-tetramers to form cation selective channels with diverse modes of activation and varied permeation properties (reviewed by [679]). Established, or potential, physiological functions of the individual members of the TRP families are discussed in detail in the recommended reviews and in a number of books [371, 635, 1064, 236]. The established, or potential, involvement of TRP channels in disease is reviewed in [412, 634] and [637], together with a special edition of Biochemica et Biophysica Acta on the subject [634]. Additional disease related reviews, for pain [585], stroke [1050], sensation and inflammation [919], itch [117], and airway disease [284, 977], are available. The pharmacology of most TRP channels has been advanced in recent years. Broad spectrum agents are listed in the tables along with more selective, or recently recognised, ligands that are flagged by the inclusion of a primary reference. See Rubaiy (2019) for a review of pharmacological tools for TRPC1/C4/C5 channels [751]. Most TRP channels are regulated by phosphoinostides such as PtIns(4,5)P2 although the effects reported are often complex, occasionally contradictory, and likely to be dependent upon experimental conditions, such as intracellular ATP levels (reviewed by [939, 638, 747]). Such regulation is generally not included in the tables.When thermosensitivity is mentioned, it refers specifically to a high Q10 of gating, often in the range of 10-30, but does not necessarily imply that the channel's function is to act as a 'hot' or 'cold' sensor. In general, the search for TRP activators has led to many claims for temperature sensing, mechanosensation, and lipid sensing. All proteins are of course sensitive to energies of binding, mechanical force, and temperature, but the issue is whether the proposed input is within a physiologically relevant range resulting in a response. TRPA (ankyrin) familyTRPA1 is the sole mammalian member of this group (reviewed by [268]). TRPA1 activation of sensory neurons contribute to nociception [382, 829, 555]. Pungent chemicals such as mustard oil (AITC), allicin, and cinnamaldehyde activate TRPA1 by modification of free thiol groups of cysteine side chains, especially those located in its amino terminus [529, 51, 336, 531]. Alkenals with α, β-unsaturated bonds, such as propenal (acrolein), butenal (crotylaldehyde), and 2-pentenal can react with free thiols via Michael addition and can activate TRPA1. However, potency appears to weaken as carbon chain length increases [23, 51]. Covalent modification leads to sustained activation of TRPA1. Chemicals including carvacrol, menthol, and local anesthetics reversibly activate TRPA1 by non-covalent binding [391, 470, 1005, 1004]. TRPA1 is not mechanosensitive under physiological conditions, but can be activated by cold temperatures [392, 193]. The electron cryo-EM structure of TRPA1 [688] indicates that it is a 6-TM homotetramer. Each subunit of the channel contains two short ‘pore helices’ pointing into the ion selectivity filter, which is big enough to allow permeation of partially hydrated Ca2+ ions. TRPC (canonical) familyMembers of the TRPC subfamily (reviewed by [261, 726, 15, 4, 84, 410, 687, 60]) fall into the subgroups outlined below. TRPC2 is a pseudogene in humans. It is generally accepted that all TRPC channels are activated downstream of Gq/11-coupled receptors, or receptor tyrosine kinases (reviewed by [713, 887, 997]). A comprehensive listing of G-protein coupled receptors that activate TRPC channels is given in [4]. Hetero-oligomeric complexes of TRPC channels and their association with proteins to form signalling complexes are detailed in [15] and [411]. TRPC channels have frequently been proposed to act as store-operated channels (SOCs) (or compenents of mulimeric complexes that form SOCs), activated by depletion of intracellular calcium stores (reviewed by [689, 15, 718, 764, 1037, 141, 675, 55, 142]). However, the weight of the evidence is that they are not directly gated by conventional store-operated mechanisms, as established for Stim-gated Orai channels. TRPC channels are not mechanically gated in physiologically relevant ranges of force. All members of the TRPC family are blocked by 2-APB and SKF96365 [319, 318]. Activation of TRPC channels by lipids is discussed by [60]. Important progress has been recently made in TRPC pharmacology [751, 571, 400, 92]. TRPC channels regulate a variety of physiological functions and are implicated in many human diseases [270, 61, 825, 958]. TRPC1/C4/C5 subgroup TRPC1 alone may not form a functional ion channel [210]. TRPC4/C5 may be distinguished from other TRP channels by their potentiation by micromolar concentrations of La3+. TRPC2 is a pseudogene in humans, but in other mammals appears to be an ion channel localized to microvilli of the vomeronasal organ. It is required for normal sexual behavior in response to pheromones in mice. It may also function in the main olfactory epithelia in mice [1034, 672, 673, 1035, 496, 1075, 1030].TRPC3/C6/C7 subgroup All members are activated by diacylglycerol independent of protein kinase C stimulation [319].TRPM (melastatin) familyMembers of the TRPM subfamily (reviewed by [252, 318, 689, 1062]) fall into the five subgroups outlined below. TRPM1/M3 subgroupIn darkness, glutamate released by the photoreceptors and ON-bipolar cells binds to the metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 , leading to activation of Go . This results in the closure of TRPM1. When the photoreceptors are stimulated by light, glutamate release is reduced, and TRPM1 channels are more active, resulting in cell membrane depolarization. Human TRPM1 mutations are associated with congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB), whose patients lack rod function. TRPM1 is also found melanocytes. Isoforms of TRPM1 may present in melanocytes, melanoma, brain, and retina. In melanoma cells, TRPM1 is prevalent in highly dynamic intracellular vesicular structures [368, 657]. TRPM3 (reviewed by [663]) exists as multiple splice variants which differ significantly in their biophysical properties. TRPM3 is expressed in somatosensory neurons and may be important in development of heat hyperalgesia during inflammation (see review [876]). TRPM3 is frequently coexpressed with TRPA1 and TRPV1 in these neurons. TRPM3 is expressed in pancreatic beta cells as well as brain, pituitary gland, eye, kidney, and adipose tissue [662, 875]. TRPM3 may contribute to the detection of noxious heat [947].TRPM2TRPM2 is activated under conditions of oxidative stress (respiratory burst of phagocytic cells) and ischemic conditions. However, the direct activators are ADPR(P) and calcium. As for many ion channels, PIP2 must also be present (reviewed by [1018]). Numerous splice variants of TRPM2 exist which differ in their activation mechanisms [219]. The C-terminal domain contains a TRP motif, a coiled-coil region, and an enzymatic NUDT9 homologous domain. TRPM2 appears not to be activated by NAD, NAAD, or NAADP, but is directly activated by ADPRP (adenosine-5'-O-disphosphoribose phosphate) [900]. TRPM2 is involved in warmth sensation [788], and contributes to neurological diseases [66]. Recent study shows that 2'-deoxy-ADPR is an endogenous TRPM2 superagonist [253]. TRPM4/5 subgroupTRPM4 and TRPM5 have the distinction within all TRP channels of being impermeable to Ca2+ [997]. A splice variant of TRPM4 (i.e.TRPM4b) and TRPM5 are molecular candidates for endogenous calcium-activated cation (CAN) channels [301]. TRPM4 is active in the late phase of repolarization of the cardiac ventricular action potential. TRPM4 deletion or knockout enhances beta adrenergic-mediated inotropy [546]. Mutations are associated with conduction defects [374, 546, 819]. TRPM4 has been shown to be an important regulator of Ca2+ entry in to mast cells [924] and dendritic cell migration [43]. TRPM5 in taste receptor cells of the tongue appears essential for the transduction of sweet, amino acid and bitter stimuli [494] TRPM5 contributes to the slow afterdepolarization of layer 5 neurons in mouse prefrontal cortex [471]. Both TRPM4 and TRPM5 are required transduction of taste stimuli [226].TRPM6/7 subgroupTRPM6 and 7 combine channel and enzymatic activities (‘chanzymes’). These channels have the unusual property of permeation by divalent (Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+) and monovalent cations, high single channel conductances, but overall extremely small inward conductance when expressed to the plasma membrane. They are inhibited by internal Mg2+ at ~0.6 mM, around the free level of Mg2+ in cells. Whether they contribute to Mg2+ homeostasis is a contentious issue. When either gene is deleted in mice, the result is embryonic lethality. The C-terminal kinase region is cleaved under unknown stimuli, and the kinase phosphorylates nuclear histones. TRPM7 is responsible for oxidant- induced Zn2+ release from intracellular vesicles [3] and contributes to intestinal mineral absorption essential for postnatal survival [574]. TRPM8Is a channel activated by cooling and pharmacological agents evoking a ‘cool’ sensation and participates in the thermosensation of cold temperatures [54, 161, 205] reviewed by [941, 516, 420, 599]. TRPML (mucolipin) familyThe TRPML family [729, 1047, 723, 1008, 173] consists of three mammalian members (TRPML1-3). TRPML channels are probably restricted to intracellular vesicles and mutations in the gene (MCOLN1) encoding TRPML1 (mucolipin-1) cause the neurodegenerative disorder mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV) in man. TRPML1 is a cation selective ion channel that is important for sorting/transport of endosomes in the late endocytotic pathway and specifically, fission from late endosome-lysosome hybrid vesicles and lysosomal exocytosis [765]. TRPML2 and TRPML3 show increased channel activity in low extracellular sodium and are activated by similar small molecules [293]. A naturally occurring gain of function mutation in TRPML3 (i.e. A419P) results in the varitint waddler (Va) mouse phenotype (reviewed by [729, 639]). TRPP (polycystin) familyThe TRPP family (reviewed by [197, 195, 275, 986, 345]) or PKD2 family is comprised of PKD2 (PC2), PKD2L1 (PC2L1), PKD2L2 (PC2L2), which have been renamed TRPP1, TRPP2 and TRPP3, respectively [997]. It should also be noted that the nomenclature of PC2 was TRPP2 in old literature. However, PC2 has been uniformed to be called TRPP2 [317]. PKD2 family channels are clearly distinct from the PKD1 family, whose function is unknown. PKD1 and PKD2 form a hetero-oligomeric complex with a 1:3 ratio. [843]. Although still being sorted out, TRPP family members appear to be 6TM spanning nonselective cation channels. TRPV (vanilloid) familyMembers of the TRPV family (reviewed by [926]) can broadly be divided into the non-selective cation channels, TRPV1-4 and the more calcium selective channels TRPV5 and TRPV6.TRPV1-V4 subfamilyTRPV1 is involved in the development of thermal hyperalgesia following inflammation and may contribute to the detection of noxius heat (reviewed by [710, 822, 858]). Numerous splice variants of TRPV1 have been described, some of which modulate the activity of TRPV1, or act in a dominant negative manner when co-expressed with TRPV1 [786]. The pharmacology of TRPV1 channels is discussed in detail in [303] and [945]. TRPV2 is probably not a thermosensor in man [684], but has recently been implicated in innate immunity [503]. TRPV3 and TRPV4 are both thermosensitive. There are claims that TRPV4 is also mechanosensitive, but this has not been established to be within a physiological range in a native environment [114, 488].TRPV5/V6 subfamily TRPV5 and TRPV6 are highly expressed in placenta, bone, and kidney. Under physiological conditions, TRPV5 and TRPV6 are calcium selective channels involved in the absorption and reabsorption of calcium across intestinal and kidney tubule epithelia (reviewed by [982, 185, 601, 248]).

Pornography is a fictional media genre that depicts sexual fantasies and explicitly presents naked bodies and sexual activities for the purpose of sexual arousal (Williams, 1989; McKee et al., 2020). Regarding media ethics and media effects, pornography has traditionally been viewed as highly problematic. Pornographic material has been accused of portraying sexuality in unhealthy, morally questionable and often sexist ways, thereby harming performers, audiences, and society at large. In the age of the Internet, pornography has become more diverse, accessible, and widespread than ever (Döring, 2009; Miller et al., 2020). Consequently, the depiction of sexuality in pornography is the focus of a growing number of content analyses of both mass media (e.g., erotic and pornographic novels and movies) and social media (e.g., erotic and pornographic stories, photos and videos shared via online platforms). Typically, pornography’s portrayals of sexuality are examined by measuring the prevalence and frequency of sexual practices and related gender roles via quantitative content analysis (for research reviews see Carrotte et al., 2020; Miller & McBain, 2022). This DOCA entry focuses on the representation of violence as one of eight important dimensions of the portrayals of sexuality in pornography. Field of application/theoretical foundation: In the field of pornographic media content research, different theories are used, mainly 1) general media effects theories, 2) sexual media effects theories, 3) gender role, feminist and queer theories, 4) sexual fantasy and desire theories, and different 5) mold theories versus mirror theories. The DOCA entry “Conceptual Overview (Portrayals of Sexuality in Pornography)” introduces all these theories and explains their application to pornography. The respective theories are applicable to the analysis of the depiction of violence as one dimension of the portrayals of sexuality in pornography. References/combination with other methods of data collection: Manual quantitative content analyses of pornographic material can be combined with qualitative (e.g., Keft-Kennedy, 2008) as well as computational (e.g., Seehuus et al., 2019) content analyses. Furthermore, content analyses can be complemented with qualitative interviews and quantitative surveys to investigate perceptions and evaluations of the portrayals of sexuality in pornography among pornography’s creators and performers (e.g., West, 2019) and audiences (e.g., Cowan & Dunn, 1994; Hardy et al., 2022; Paasoonen, 2021; Shor, 2022). Additionally, experimental studies are helpful to measure directly how different dimensions of pornographic portrayals of sexuality are perceived and evaluated by recipients, and if and how these portrayals can affect audiences’ sexuality-related thoughts, feelings, and behaviors (e.g., Kohut & Fisher, 2013; Miller et al., 2019). Example studies for manual quantitative content analyses: Common research hypotheses state that pornography depicts sexuality as violent and shows violent acts such as verbal aggression, physical aggression or image-based abuse being predominately perpetrated by men targeting women. To test such hypotheses and code pornographic material accordingly, it is necessary to clarify the concept of “violence” and use valid and reliable measures for different types of violence. In addition, it is necessary to code the sex/gender of the person depicted as the source and/or the target of the respective violent act (e.g., in the context of verbal sexual aggression, the target of verbal aggression is coded as female or male and the source of verbal aggression is coded as female or male). It is important to note that in the context of pornographic content research, researchers conceptualize violence differently. Also, it should be noted, that there is some overlap between the variable violence and the variable degradation in the context of pornographic portrayals of sexuality. For example, the depiction of “name calling” in a pornographic scene can be understood as an indicator of “violence” (namely verbal aggression) or of “degradation”. Name calling is covered here as verbal aggression (following Fritz et al., 2020), hence, it is not covered again as degradation, even though some authors do so (such as Gorman et al., 2010; see DOCA entry “Degradation (Portrayals of Sexuality in Pornography)”). In general, one can argue that all violent acts – apart from being potentially painful and harmful – have a component of degradation because they put the target of violence in a subordinate role. However, not all degrading acts are violent (e.g., degradation by systematic lack of sexual reciprocity does not entail overt aggression). Coding Material Measure Operationalization (excerpt) Reliability Source Violence: Usually, violence is defined as behavior directed toward the goal of harm or injury of another living being, who is motivated to avoid such treatment (McKee, 2015). However, in content analyses of pornography, violent behavior is often coded regardless of intention to harm or actual harm done. Instead, violence is coded with reference to the presence of prespecified behaviors (e.g., spanking, slapping, choking), even if these behaviors are presented as consensual and sexually arousing (Miller & McBain, 2022). Technology-facilitated sexual violence (image-based sexual abuse) addresses the illegal recording and dissemination of intimate imagery without consent, such as revenge porn, upskirting or spy cams (Henry & Powell, 2018). Mainstream pornography platforms partly disseminate illegal material and partly market some of their legal commercial pornography under these respective labels, hence pretending to provide non-consensual pornography (Vera-Gray et al., 2021). Apart from issues of performer health protection, violent acts are also regarded as relevant in terms of modelling behaviors for audiences. N=4,009 heterosexual scenes from 3,767 pornographic videos sampled from PornHub.com (574 scenes) and and Xvideos. com (3,435 scenes) Verbal aggression “An action that clearly does or could reasonably be expected to cause psychological harm to oneself or another person through name calling or insulting”. Binary coding (1: present; 2: not present). Percentage Agreement: 97.5% (PornHub) / 88.9% (Xvideos) Fritz et al. (2020) Physical aggression “Any action that clearly did or could reasonably be expected to cause physical harm to oneself or another person, regardless of the perpetrator’s intent and the target’s response”. Binary coding (1: present; 2: not present). Percentage Agreement: 98.8% (Pornhub) / 97.6% (Xvideos) - Spanking (type of physical aggression) “Striking on the buttocks with an open hand”. Binary coding (1: present; 2: not present). Percentage Agreement: 94.2% (Pornhub) / 96.9% (Xvideos) - Slapping (type of physical aggression) “Striking oneself or another with an entirely unclosed hand, group of fingers, or palm”. Binary coding (1: present; 2: not present). Percentage Agreement: 99.2% (Pornhub) / 98.1% (Xvideos) - Gagging (type of physical aggression) “Any instance in which an object (including the genitals) is inserted into a person’s mouth, such that it appears to cut off their ability to breathe freely and/or causes them to experience a throat spasm”. Binary coding (1: present; 2: not present). Percentage Agreement: 99.2% (Pornhub) / 96.7% (Xvideos) - Pulling hair (type of physical aggression) “Any instance where the hair on a person’s head is grasped or pulled on, such that the person’s head is pulled (even slightly) in a particular direction”. Binary coding (1: present; 2: not present). Percentage Agreement: 100.0% (Pornhub) / 98.9% (Xvideos) - Choking (type of physical aggression) “To cause another to stop breathing, if only for a moment, by grabbing the throat”. Binary coding (1: present; 2: not present). Percentage Agreement: 98.3% (Pornhub) / 98.8% (Xvideos) - Pushing (type of physical aggression) ‘‘Use of one’s hands, arms, or other body parts to force another person’s body or part of their body to move in a particular manner or direction”. Binary coding (1: present; 2: not present). Percentage Agreement: 95.0% (Pornhub) / 97.9% (Xvideos) N=131,738 titles of pornographic videos presented on the landing pages of the three leading mainstream pornography video platforms in the UK: PornHub.com, Xhamster.com, Xvideos.com Image-based sexual abuse Pornographic video title includes keywords indicating image-based sexual abuse such as “spy”, “hidden”, “upskirting”, “leak” or “revenge”. Binary coding (1: present; 2: not present). Not available Vera-Gray et al. (2021) At the same time, porn platforms may disseminate material without the consent of the depicted persons in such violence-indicating categories, but also in regular sub-genre categories (such as "Threesome", "Handjob"), making it impossible for coders to reliably detect all image-based violence. References Carrotte, E. R., Davis, A. C., & Lim, M. S. (2020). Sexual behaviors and violence in pornography: Systematic review and narrative synthesis of video content analyses. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(5), Article e16702. https://doi.org/10.2196/16702 Cowan, G., & Dunn, K. F. (1994). What themes in pornography lead to perceptions of the degradation of women? Journal of Sex Research, 31(1), 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499409551726 Döring, N. (2009). The Internet’s impact on sexuality: A critical review of 15 years of research. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(5), 1089–1101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.04.003 Fritz, N., Malic, V. [Vinny], Paul, B., & Zhou, Y. 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Kohut, T., & Fisher, W. A. (2013). The impact of brief exposure to sexually explicit video clips on partnered female clitoral self-stimulation, orgasm and sexual satisfaction. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 22(1), 40–50. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjhs.935 McKee, A. (2015). Methodological issues in defining aggression for content analyses of sexually explicit material. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(1), 81–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-013-0253-3 McKee, A., Byron, P., Litsou, K., & Ingham, R. (2020). An interdisciplinary definition of pornography: Results from a global Delphi panel. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(3), 1085–1091. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-01554-4 Miller, D. J., & McBain, K. A. (2022). The content of contemporary, mainstream pornography: A literature review of content analytic studies. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 17(2), 219–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/15546128.2021.2019648 Miller, D. J., McBain, K. A., & Raggatt, P. T. F. (2019). An experimental investigation into pornography’s effect on men’s perceptions of the likelihood of women engaging in porn-like sex. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(4), 365–375. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000202 Miller, D. J., Raggatt, P. T. F., & McBain, K. (2020). A literature review of studies into the prevalence and frequency of men’s pornography use. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 15(4), 502–529. https://doi.org/10.1080/15546128.2020.1831676 Paasonen, S. (2021). “We watch porn for the fucking, not for romantic tiptoeing”: Extremity, fantasy and women’s porn use. Porn Studies, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/23268743.2021.1956366 Seehuus, M., Stanton, A. M., & Handy, A. B. (2019). On the content of "real-world" sexual fantasy: Results from an analysis of 250,000+ anonymous text-based erotic fantasies. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48(3), 725–737. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1334-0 Shor, E. (2022). Who seeks aggression in pornography? 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