Articles de revues sur le sujet « Area Marina Protetta »

Le Aree Marine Protette svolgono tre funzioni-chiave: preservare la biodiversità marina, contribuire all'economia locale, sostenere processi di fruizione turistica sostenibile. In Italia, le AMP vengono realizzate sia per la preservazione di paesaggi naturalistici sia come dispositivo di educazione ambientale. Questo saggio considera il caso del Parco Marino Sommerso di Gaiola a Napoli esplorando, attraverso l'approccio etnografico, le implicazioni socio-culturali che configurano un rapporto tra visitatori, tutela ambientale e pratica turistica.

Abstract Spain has just declared a new marine protected area in the Mediterranean. This follows a protective trend taken by Spanish authorities during the last decades and has permitted Spain to honour its international compromises under the Convention on Biological Diversity. It contributes to a framework of protected areas established under conventional regimes such as OSPAR, RAMSAR or EU Natura 2000. The new area protects a ‘cetacean corridor’ and will be inscribed in the list of Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance under the Barcelona Convention regional framework.

Mangroves are a very important ecosystem of the earth it provides habitat for fauna and flora. It protects the coastal area from degradation. It helps for groundwater recharge, reduces soil erosion protects the coastal areas from tides. Mangroves act as purification of polluted water that comes from rivers or streams to the sea, it absorbs heavy metals from the polluted water and protect the seawater from being polluted. It is very important to plant from marine vegetation.

Since 2014, the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries has started to initate the development of MPA Network in several provinces in Indonesia. The objective of this study is to provide scientific recommendations to the government and stakeholders on MPA Network design that maximizes the ecological functions, protects critical marine habitats and maintains fisheries stocks. Multi-stages spatial analysis and larva connectivity modelling using the best available data in a provincial level were applied. Until December 2015, Maluku Province had seven MPAs with a total of 288,414 ha. Based on spatial analysis, those MPAs had good Replication of critical habitats, but low Representation of critical habitats (3,8% from 20% of ideal representation percentage) that were protected within MPAs. Besides that, only five out of seven MPAs that were connected, i.e. the distance between MPAs is less than 100 km, meanwhile the other two MPAs were isolated from other MPAs. Maluku Province also had several nodes of strong larva connectivity values. This study demonstates the potential to develop an MPA Network in Maluku Province under these several considerations: (1) build new MPAs in several locations such as Buru Island, Maluku Barat Daya, Aru Islands, etc. (2) enlarge the existing MPAs, especially the small size MPAs, and (3) strengthen the roles and functions of management bodies in each MPA and promote an integrated management plan development with all MPA management bodies. Keywords MPA Network, Maluku Province, 3K (Representation, Replication and Connectivity), Larva Connectivity

Most studies of cetacean habitat use do not consider the influence of anthropogenic activities. We investigated the influence of environmental and anthropogenic variables on habitat use by humpback Megaptera novaeangliae and Bryde’s whales Balaenoptera brydei off the coast of the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro. Although there are 2 marine protected areas (MPAs) in this area, few data are available on cetacean habitat use or on the overlap of different cetacean species within these MPAs. Our aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of the MPAs and propose a buffer zone to better protect the biodiversity of the study area. We conducted systematic surveys and developed spatial eigenvector generalized linear models to characterize habitat use by the species in the study area. Habitat use by humpback whales was influenced only by depth, whereas for Bryde’s whales there was the additional influence of anthropogenic variables. For Bryde’s whales, which use the area for feeding, sea surface temperature and the distance to anchorages had a major influence on habitat use. We also showed that neither of the MPAs in the study area adequately protects the hotspots of either whale species. Most of the humpback whale grid cells with high sighting predictions were located within 2 km of the MPAs, while areas of high sighting prediction of Bryde’s whales were located up to 5 km from the MPAs, closer to beaches. Our findings provide important insights for the delimitation of protected areas and zoning of the MPAs.

This paper attempts to explain the motion behaviour of the marine riser coupled to a drill string when the vortex induced vibration (VIV) is involved. Vibrations have been reported to have a major effect on the drilling performance, affecting the rate of penetration (ROP), causing severe damages to the drilling tools and also reduces the efficiency of the drilling process. There are two major components of drilling tools that are subjected to vibration, namely the marine riser and the drilling string. Analysis of vibration in the marine riser and drill string are two topical areas that have individually received considerable attention by researchers in the past. Though these two subjects are interrelated, borne by the fact that the marine riser encapsulates and protects the drill pipe, there have been few attempts to investigate them together as a unity. Due to the complexities of the models, simplified assumptions were made in order to undertake the investigation by using staggered approach. The results were compared with the experimental and simulation data from the open literature. It was found that the maximum displacement with negative damping occurs at low frequency and rotation speed.

This paper attempts to explain the motion behaviour of the marine riser coupled to a drill string when the vortex induced vibration (VIV) is involved. Vibrations have been reported to have a major effect on the drilling performance, affecting the rate of penetration (ROP), causing severe damages to the drilling tools and also reduces the efficiency of the drilling process. There are two major components of drilling tools that are subjected to vibration, namely the marine riser and the drilling string. Analysis of vibration in the marine riser and drill string are two topical areas that have individually received considerable attention by researchers in the past. Though these two subjects are interrelated, borne by the fact that the marine riser encapsulates and protects the drill pipe, there have been few attempts to investigate them together as a unity. Due to the complexities of the models, simplified assumptions were made in order to undertake the investigation by using staggered approach. The results were compared with the experimental and simulation data from the open literature. It was found that the maximum displacement with negative damping occurs at low frequency and rotation speed.

Osteoclasts, bone-specified multinucleated cells produced by monocyte/macrophage, are involved in numerous bone destructive diseases such as arthritis, osteoporosis, and inflammation-induced bone loss. The osteoclast differentiation mechanism suggests a possible strategy to treat bone diseases. In this regard, we recently examined the in vivo impact of kalkitoxin (KT), a marine product obtained from the marine cyanobacterium Moorena producens (previously Lyngbya majuscula), on the macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and on the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)-stimulated in vitro osteoclastogenesis and inflammation-mediated bone loss. We have now examined the molecular mechanism of KT in greater detail. KT decreased RANKL-induced bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-multinucleated cells at a late stage. Likewise, KT suppressed RANKL-induced pit area and actin ring formation in BMM cells. Additionally, KT inhibited several RANKL-induced genes such as cathepsin K, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9), TRAP, and dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP). In line with these results, RANKL stimulated both genes and protein expression of c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATc1), and this was also suppressed by KT. Moreover, KT markedly decreased RANKL-induced p-ERK1/2 and p-JNK pathways at different time points. As a result, KT prevented inflammatory bone loss in mice, such as bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoclast differentiation markers. These experiments demonstrated that KT markedly inhibited osteoclast formation and inflammatory bone loss through NFATc1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Therefore, KT may have potential as a treatment for destructive bone diseases.

Currently, massive practice in fisheries caught and lack of marine ecosystem is not the only news in Indonesia but also in most other countries. Those practices are based on compliance with the growing food needs due to the growth of the world’s population. The Riau Island, known as the Sampan Tribe, has been practicing methods and maintaining a sustainable marine ecosystem from generation to generation for decades. The focus of this research is on the Sampan tribe and the practice of sustainable marine resources. To understand the interactions and activities, culture, values by the Sampan tribe to maintain harmony with the sea and marine ecosystems. It shapes modeling of sustainable marine resources. To gain the best of modeling the Sampan tribe using qualitative method. The researchers did the deep interview with the key of informant from sampan tribe in the land, observation the three areas which was Berakit Bintan, Kampung Tua Batam, and Belakang Padang Batam. To support the data, the researcher did a literature study related to the sea, sampan tribe, and coastal ecosystem. The Sampan tribe consists of three practices, namely the practice of fishing gear, marine ecosystem sustainability practice, and the practice of prohibiting the catching marine animals. They believe that maintaining the sustainability of the marine ecosystem will have an impact on fish survival. It followed by a ban on catching several types of marine animals such as dugongs, turtles, dolphins, and whales. In fishing, the Sampan tribe protects the spawning fish, and the size of the fish is not caught. Their practices are in line with the government policies regarding the catching of fish, fishing gear, and protected marine animals. To conclude, the Sampan tribe is one of the drivers for supporting sustainable marine resources with practices and it is believed to be able to save the sea and existence as a Sampan tribe.

Miang Island has potential coral reef resources that can be used for marine ecotourism of diving and snorkeling, but there has not been any related study yet. This study aims to analyze the condition of coral reef resources, analyze the suitability and carrying capacity of the area for ecotourism and develop a strategy for developing diving and snorkeling ecotourism on Miang Island. The method being used for coral reef data collection by Underwater Photo Transect and reef fish using the Underwater Visual Census method. To develop the strategy of developing ecotourism is analyzed by using the Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) method. The results showed that the condition of coral reefs on Miang Island was in the moderate category with 40% live coral coverage. The area that can be used for snorkeling tours is 24.39 ha with a carrying capacity of 976 tourist visits/day. Meanwhile, the area that can be used for diving tourism is 13.40 ha with the ability to receive visitation of 536 tourist visits/day. Based on these conditions, the ecotourism development strategy is formulated that protects and utilizes coral reef ecosystems as sustainable tourism objects, facilitates access to development capital, makes a consistent policy, and coordinates between related agencies.

Abstract The coastline in the Jastrzębia Góra area can be divided into three major zones of general importance: a beach and barrier section, a cliff section, and a section protected by a heavy hydrotechnical construction. These areas are characterised by a diverse geology and origin, and hence different vulnerability to erosion. In addition, observations have demonstrated a different pace of erosion within each zone. Based on the results obtained by remote sensing methods (analysis of aerial photographs and maps), it has been determined that the coastline in the barrier area, i.e., to the west of Jastrzębia Góra, moved landwards by about 130 m, in a period of 100 years, and 80 m over about 50 years. A smaller displacement of the shoreline could be observed within the cliff. Between the middle of the twentieth and the start of the twenty-first centuries the shore retreated by about 25 m. However, in recent years, an active landslide has led to the displacement of the uppermost part of the cliff locally up to 25 m. Another issue is, functioning since 2000, a heavy hydrotechnical construction which has been built in order to protect the most active part of the cliff. The construction is not stable and its western part, over a distance of 50 m, has moved almost 2 m vertically downwards and c. 2.5 m horizontally towards the sea in the past two years. This illustrates that the erosional factor does not comprise only marine abrasion, but also involves land-based processes determined by geology and hydrogeology. Changes in the shoreline at the beach and barrier part are constantly conditioned by rising sea levels, the slightly sloping profile of the sea floor and low elevation values of the backshore and dune areas. Cliffs are destroyed by mass wasting and repetitive storm surges that are responsible for the removal of the colluvium which protects the coast from adverse wave effects. Presumably, mass movements combined with groundwater outflow from the cliff, plus sea abrasion cause destabilisation of the cliff protection construction.

ABSTRACT In the last few years, incidents such as the crash of Alaska Air Flight #261, the M/V Cape Mohican and SS Jacob Luckenbach spills and over 600 groundings a year in the Florida Keys have highlighted the need for coordinated, multi-hazard contingency planning to safeguard the marine, historical and cultural resources protected by the National Marine Sanctuary System. American waterways are a critical component of heightened homeland security; including the waters encompassed by marine protected areas. The challenge has been to develop consistent contingency plans that address a broad range of hazards from oil spills to hurricanes across 13 sites that are widely divergent in size, geographic location and type of resources. Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary is larger than Yellowstone National Park and protects habitat ranging from coastal dunes to deep-ocean trenches while Fagatele Bay in American Samoa encompasses a coral reef inlet less than one square mile in size. Thunder Bay in Lake Huron and the U.S.S. Monitor sites focus on historical and cultural resources while habitat of humpback whales is the primary concern for the Hawaiian Islands sanctuary. Because of site diversity, regulations and prohibited activities vary widely. Jurisdictional issues are complex with nearly half of the sites incorporating state waters and shorelines. In 2001, NOAA's Office of Response and Restoration and the Office of National Marine Sanctuaries initiated a project to develop and build a suite of contingency plans and tools. This web-based contingency plan and tool set, hosted on a secure Intranet, is called Sanctuaries Hazardous Incident Emergency Logistics Database System (SHIELDS). SHIELDS gives resource managers efficient access to numerous NOAA databases, GIS systems, charts and images providing on-demand information for making critical decisions about environmental tradeoffs during a response.

The article stresses actual importance of protection against coastal erosion almost all over the world, gives short overview of hydraulic structures traditionally used to combat erosion. The problems arising during the operation of such hydraulic structures, the restrictions imposed on them in various countries, are noted, which raises the question of the need to search for new solutions based on modern materials that surpass traditional analogues in strength and durability and create opportunities for new design solutions. One of such solutions is the modular pile breakwater “Comb” in the cover of composite materials, which protects the concrete body of the breakwater from the aggressive marine environment and destructive wave impact. “Comb” provides fast and convenient installation technology, which is several times faster than the speed of construction of traditional breakwaters and allows creating from modules any configuration that is optimal for solving problems of counteracting coastal erosion in a particular area. The design was investigated during several cycles of flume tests in one of the leading Russian specialized laboratories; results were obtained confirming the high efficiency of the Comb structure. This allowed the transition to full-scale field tests of the breakwater

In the last years, health care professionals faced with an increasing number of patients suffering from wounds, burns and bedsores difficult to treat and heal. During the wound healing process, the dressing protects the injured area and contributes to the recovery of dermal and epidermal tissues. Because their biocompatibility, biodegradability and similarity to macromolecules recognized by the human body, some natural polymers such as polysaccharides (alginates, chitin, chitosan), proteoglycans and proteins (collagen, gelatin, fibrin) are extensively are used in wounds and burns management. The study presents a research of new semi-solid formulations of bio-composites based on chitosan extracted from the stone crab Pachygrapsus Mormoratus found on the Black Sea shores. The bio-composites were obtained from natural polymeric compounds, Chitosan (CT), hyaluronic acid (HA) and lanolin(L), to which silver sulfadiazine (S), was added. Several semi-solid formulations have been performed for which the antimicrobial activity on gram-positive and gram-negative germ cultures and the rheological behavior was studied. The bio-composites that were obtained provide an optimal micro-environment for cell proliferation, migration and differentiation, due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, peculiar structure and good antimicrobial activity.

Human-generated underwater noise and its effect on marine biota is recognized as an important issue. Boat noise can affect the communication success of fish species that use sounds for spawning purposes. During the reproductive period, males of the black drum Pogonias spp. produce calls ranging from 90 Hz to 300 Hz. In the Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon (Buenos Aires, Argentina), Pogonias courbina is one of the primary fishing species. Although no regulation is directly applied to protect it, a ban protects the reproductive period of other fish species during weekdays. Here, we investigated the potential effect of boat noise on P. courbina vocalizations through a passive acoustic method. Acoustic data were collected, and P. courbina calls were identified and counted. The files with boat noise passages were categorized into classes according to their noise frequency range (A = below 700 Hz, B = over 700 Hz, and C = below and above 700 Hz). The fish call rate was lower in files where boat noise overlapped the fish call frequency (Classes A and C). Only boat noise from Class C was significantly reduced during days with the active fishing ban. These results suggest that anthropogenic noise may affect the P. courbina call rate and underline the importance of including the evaluation of anthropogenic noise in the current management of the area.

Indonesia is a country that has a wealth of marine genetic resources of interest to researchers and scientists to do research in order to produce findings and new innovations. Thus, the necessary arrangements are clear and unequivocal. The implementation of the system of intellectual property rights requires not only good legislation in the field of intellectual property, but also need to be supported by the Administration, the rule of law as well as the optimal dissemination programs about intellectual property rights. At present, Indonesia has had a device regulation in the field of intellectual property that protects marine genetic resources, namely Act No. 13 of the year 2016 about patents. Since the year 2000, the filing of the application for intellectual property rights can be made at the offices of the Ministry of Justice and human rights areas. This can be seen with the promulgation of Act No. 13 of the year 2016. Through this Act an awful lot of refinement and the addition of the former patent laws i.e. Law No. 14 of the year 2001. As for the formulation of the problem in this research is how Government policy in the field of the protection of genetic resources of the sea in Indonesia in order to maintain and manage the natural resources of the sea. The results showed that decisive action from the Government in preventing violations of patents in the form of damages for Patent holders that have been used by other parties without permission from the patent holder. It also ordered the violators with stops in producing goods that have been patented.

ABSTRACT: 2017-226 Fa’a-Samoa (the Samoan way) is a living tradition and continues to define the Samoan way of life. It is the foundation of Polynesia’s oldest culture - dating back some 3,000 years. Fa’a-Samoa is interconnected with Samoan lands and waters and by sharing the intact and vibrant traditions, values, and legends that connect the Samoan people to the land and sea, the local community plays an INTEGRAL role in the protection and preservation of natural and cultural resources of the area. Fa’a-Samoa places great importance on the dignity and achievements of the group rather than individuals. On April 14, 2016, the 62 ft. FV NO1 JI HYUN lost the main engines and grounded off the west side of Aunu’u Island in the National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa (NMSAS). This area is of ecological and cultural significance for the local residents using hook-and-line, casting nets, spearfishing (non-scuba assisted) and other non-destructive fishing methods including those traditionally used for sustenance and cultural purposes such as gleaning, ‘enu and ola. The village on Aunu’u was extremely wary of inclusion of the waters of Aunu’u in the expansion of the sanctuary being concerned about loss of control of their traditional uses of the nearshore environment. In what became an extension of Fa’a-Samoa, the United States Coast Guard (USCG), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the American Samoa Territorial government worked, together to address both the pollution hazards from the incident and the impact to the coral reef ecosystem even after the fuel was removed. While a relatively straight forward response were it to happen in the continental U.S., severe weather (Tropical Cyclone Amos), high winds and swells, limitations on site access, daylight high tides, and availability of resources to include tugs, tow lines and trained personnel made this quite challenging. Three removal attempts occurred under Oil Pollution Act (OPA) authorization and three efforts occurred under the National Marine Sanctuaries Act (NMSA), with guidance from a professional salvage master. This prolonged 4-month response has prompted some new dialogue and hopefully new commitment to increase preparedness and spill response capabilities within the territory. The designation of the NMSAS allowed for the use of the combined authorities of OPA and the NMSA, forging new path that protects and preserves both the natural and cultural resources of the region from the impacts of pollution and from future groundings whether large or small.

In response to a 2010 mandate from Congress, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) produced a specifically-designed Risk Assessment for Potentially Polluting Wrecks in U.S. Waters that was then provided to the U. S. Coast Guard (USCG). A total of 87 risk assessments were presented to the USCG for inclusion into Area Contingency Plans required for all coastal, marine and Great Lakes waters in the U.S. under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (33 U.S. Code § 1321) in May 2013. USCG relies on NOAA for expertise in response and contingency planning and as a resource trustee for both natural resources and underwater cultural heritage. The USCG has used the RULET assessments to foster dialogue with both the potentially affected public and responders and to start thinking through general issues associated with shipwrecks that may have historical significance in additional to being potential pollution hazards. Over the past three years, several surveys of opportunity have provided an opportunity for concurrent assessments of historical and cultural significance and site-specific assessment of pollution potential. Several wrecks have been downgraded in terms of their risk, one has been remediated, one patched (FERNSTREAM, USNS MISSION SAN MIGUEL.). Surveillance and monitoring efforts have provided additional insight to specific wrecks and even helped identify wrecks that were excluded from the assessment (COIMBRA, W.E. HUTTON, USS MURPHY). Surveys have moved two wrecks across international boundaries (or rather provided new locations for TB ARGO and MV COAST TRADER.) In-water assessments have lead to unexpected pollution response challenges, such as those associated with the TB ARGO. As salvage and response technologies develop and additional surveys of opportunity take place the new information provides for continued refinement of the contingency plans and protects our environmental and economic resources along the coast. This paper will provide an evaluation and an update as to the overall effectiveness of this assessment effort to date. Activities since 2013 have significantly moved forward the understanding and engagement on the issue by responders, trustees and the public regarding potentially polluting wrecks in U.S. waters and have provided insight to other jurisdictions dealing with similar challenges.

Bioimmuration, broadly defined as fossilization by virtue of organic overgrowth, allows preservation of soft-bodied organisms and soft parts of organisms with mineralized skeletons. Sessile organisms attached to hard or firm substrates are routinely overgrown by other organisms competing for living space. If the overgrowing organism has a mineralized skeleton which is likely to be fossilized, then it may carry a high fidelity (sub-micron scale) impression of the overgrown organism on its underside. This is a mould bioimmuration, the simplest mode of preservation. A diagenetic infilling of the mould, commonly by calcite, produces a cast bioimmuration. In addition, the protected microenvironment between the overgrowing organism and the substratum favours early diagenetic permineralization of the soft tissues of the bioimmured organism and the development of more complex preservational styles.In spite of its potential for soft part fossilization, very little research has been undertaken on bioimmuration, with the notable exception of the work of Ehrhard Voigt principally on Maastrichtian sea-grass communities. Research in progress is revealing a great abundance of bioimmured fossils in Mesozoic shallow marine deposits of NW Europe where oysters and serpulids overgrew a variety of other organisms.Bioimmured soft-bodied bryozoans belonging to the Order Ctenostomata are very common and display a range of preservational styles. Minute spines and pores ornamenting the cuticular zooidal walls are sometimes present, as are permineralized pore chambers. The high diversity of stoloniferan and carnosan ctenostomes encrusting hard substrates in the Oxfordian and Kimmeridgian is striking and contrasts with the depauperate fauna of calcified cyclostome bryozoans.Oyster shells in the Kimmeridge Clay are often encrusted by myriads of tiny individuals of the inarticulate brachiopod Discinisca, previously known from comparatively few specimens of this age. Emerging from the fragile commissures are setae several times the length of the delicate phosphatic shells. Setae of neighbouring individuals may be aligned in parallel facing away from the direction of approach of the overgrowing organism.The hemichordate Rhabdopleura is common as a bioimmured fossil in the Oxford Clay. Overgrowth protects the periderm and the black stolons, and colonies are much more intact than previously described examples of this genus from the Jurassic.The Phylum Entoprocta had no unequivocal fossil record before the recent discovery of bioimmured entoprocts in the Kimmeridge Clay. Colonies comprise stolons linking erect zooids which have been pushed flat against the substratum during overgrowth. The existence of thickened sockets at the base of the zooids permits assignment of the fossils to the extant genus Barentsia. Permineralization of the entoproct cuticle has occurred, leaving minute pores apparently once occupied by epithelial microvilli.Pedunculate barnacles are commonly found bioimmured by oysters in the mid-Cretaceous Cambridge Greensand. Normally the cirri are retracted but in one exceptional example their outlines are clearly visible as moulds on the attachment area of an oyster.

Il Parco Regionale della Maremma è una area protetta di 8902 ha nel settore costiero centrale della provincia di Grosseto, Toscana meridionale. Gli habitat che rappresentano l’area protetta possono essere così brevemente descritti: foce del fiume Ombrone e zone umide della Palude della Trappola; Monti dell’Uccellina (cima più elevata: Poggio Lecci, 417 m s.l.m.); un ampio comprensorio interno e pianeggiante dove coesistono attività zootecniche e coltivazioni agricole. Lo sviluppo costiero raggiunge i 25 km circa. Sono presenti 6 Siti della Rete Natura 2000 classificati come ZSC − Zona Speciale di Conservazione − secondo la Direttiva “Habitat” 92/43/ CE e/o come ZPS − Zona di Protezione Speciale − secondo la Direttiva “Uccelli” 2009/147/CE. La maggior parte dell’area presenta una scarsa rete viaria e limitati insediamenti umani con copertura boschiva in larga parte dovuta a formazioni vegetali sclerofilliche mediterranee. In questo lavoro viene presentato un elenco commentato degli uccelli noti per l’area protetta a partire dalla sua istituzione avvenuta il 05/06/1975 sino al 31/12/2018. In totale, le specie di Uccelli rilevate sono 295 (62,1% delle specie della Toscana ed il 52,5% delle specie note in Italia), mentre le specie nidificanti certe o probabili in tempi recenti (2008-2018) sono 84. Le specie di interesse comunitario presenti nell’Allegato I della Direttiva “Uccelli” 2009/147/CE sono 88, mentre quelle classificate come SPEC 1-3 “Species of European Conservation Concern” sono 33. L’area, con le zone umide “Bocca d’Ombrone” e “La Trappola” comprese nella Macrozona “Maremma Grossetana”, ricade all’interno della qualifica di sito di importanza internazionale per lo svernamento di Anser anser e Mareca penelope; inoltre è sito di importanza nazionale per Mareca strepera, Anas crecca, Anas acuta, Spatula clypeata, Ardea alba, Platalea leucorodia, Phoenicopterus roseus, Recurvirostra avosetta, Pluvialis apricaria, Calidris alpina, Vanellus vanellus, Gallinago gallinago, Numenius arquata, Tringa erythropus e Tringa totanus. L’area protetta è di importanza per specie nidificanti in Direttiva 2009/147/CE legate agli specchi lacustri costieri e agli spazi marini, ad incolti, pascoli, così come a zone con vegetazione arborea e arbustiva sparsa su affioramenti rocciosi, margini di boschi, ambienti parzialmente allagati ed ai litorali sabbiosi, quali ad esempio, con dati minimi, Pandion haliaetus (1 coppia), Burhinus oedicnemus (7-8 coppie), Charadrius alexandrinus (1 coppia), Caprimulgus europaeus (25 coppie), Coracias garrulus (13-15 coppie), Lanius collurio (1-5 coppie), Lullula arborea (10 coppie) e Anthus campestris (6-7 coppie). Dal 2015 si segnala il consolidamento della nidificazione di Ardea cinerea, rilevandone per la prima volta la riproduzione come garzaia.

This review paper highlights the level of awareness on the conservation and sustainable use of marine parks (MPs) among stakeholders in the marine tourism business. Authors present in detail the benefits, marine biodiversity (MB), and programs designed for the conservation and sustainable use of MPs. Numerous benefits of MPs range from the management of marine protected areas to the protection of natural resources, such as plants, animals, and the ecosystem. The primary role of MPs is to properly manage and conserve MB, which protects vulnerable or endangered species and habitats. Other benefits of MPs include protecting the long-term health of marine environment through the conservation of marine life. Hence, scientists are mandated by national governments to supervise and conduct research aimed at protecting and managing MPs. Likewise, numerous conservation programs have been proposed over the years to secure the conservation and sustainable use of MPs. MB conservation can be enhanced by objective zonation, promoting alternatives, and limiting visitor’s use of MPs and provision of on-site waste amenities. Overall, the review of the literature showed that the provision of education, awareness and outreach programs to local communities and visitors could ensure the successful conservation of MB in MPs.

Sharks play an important role in marine ecosystems as top predators and have been increasingly accepted in recent years as a group for priority conservation worldwide. However, as one of the regions with the highest marine shark species richness, there is still a limited understanding of shark diversity patterns and conservation needs in China and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) seas. In this study, we applied an ensemble species distribution model of five algorithms to investigate the diversity distribution patterns of 149 shark species in China and the ASEAN seas for the first time. A systematic conservation planning approach involving diversity, scarcity, and biogeographical distinctiveness was used to identify and compare conservation priority settings. Our results showed that bathymetry and dissolved oxygen were the most important variables contributing to shark distribution. The distribution pattern of shark species richness peaked on the continental shelves at 22–26°N, and a hotspot of shark diversity was identified around the Taiwan Strait. The spatial distribution of shark species in the nine orders and the 72 threatened shark species varied considerably. The existing marine protected area network only protects 2.1% of the ocean, 32.9% of the shark species, and 43.1% of the threatened species, highlighting a substantial conservation gap. Among the conservation priorities identified, the high conservation target scenario (30%) protects only 10%–15% more species than the low conservation target scenario (10%). However, under the high conservation target scenario, the conservation range of species tripled. Our results show that low conservation targets were only suitable for addressing the number of protected species, and that high targets would bring about improved outcomes for the number of protected species and the protected range of threatened species. Furthermore, planned priorities with a large clump pattern had slightly higher conservation achievements than those with small clumps. The results of this study will contribute to the development of a priority area network for sharks and provide a scientific basis for shark conservation and management in the China and ASEAN seas.

The Porto Conte Natural Park, an institution managing and developing the area surrounding the territory of Alghero in Sardinia, decided to join the Park and Protected Area Network Environmental Quality Label (“Marchio di Qualità della Rete dei Parchi e delle Aree Protette”). The label may be awarded to products and accommodation facilities taking special care of the protection of the environmental and local development. In order to evaluate the benefits of this initiative on the companies operating within the park, a survey was administered among the companies awarded with the label and the local community. The companies recognized the benefits thereof, mostly in terms of reputation, as a result of the adoption of responsible environmental behaviors by the members of the business organization. In addition, greater attention to environmental protection resulted in a decrease of waste production and a rigorous compliance with the applicable rules and regulations. Most of the companies interviewed were generally satisfied with the park's project but complained about the poor advertising initiatives by the Park's Managing Body. As a matter of fact, about the 50% of the residents interviewed were not aware of the label award and the product certification. Considering that the residents of the park area are sensitive to environmental issues, and they believe that the park is a major asset for the area, better communication, and a greater involvement of all stakeholders in the initiative undertaken by the Park's Managing Body may help companies expand their business also locally.

Soundscape ecology is a relatively new field that can provide insights into the structure and health of marine habitats. Though this field is growing, the acoustics of many marine habitats, including the giant kelp forests off Southern California, remain poorly studied. Here, we examine the diel and seasonal periodicity of kelp forest soundscapes within a protected and unprotected site off San Diego, CA. Singular value decomposition was used to identify frequency bands of interest, enabling tracking of these bands through seasons to examine their variability. Four frequency bands were identified: (1) 60–130 Hz, which encompassed a putative fish chorus, (2) 300–500 Hz, which encompassed a different putative fish chorus, (3) a band that encompassed humming generated by Plainfin Midshipmen Poricthys notatus (fundamental frequency: 85–95 Hz, and two subharmonics 175–185 Hz and 265–275 Hz), and (4) a band that encompassed the snaps of snapping shrimps from 2.5 to 7.5 kHz. Overall, kelp forest soundscapes exhibited diel and seasonal variability. In particular, the two putative fish choruses dominated the dusk soundscapes during late spring and summer, and the Midshipmen hums persisted throughout nights in summer. Snapping shrimp sounds exhibited stereotypic crepuscular activity, with peaks in acoustic energy in the 2.5–7.5 kHz band occurring at dusk and dawn. In addition, vessel noise was identified and found to exhibit strong seasonal and spatial variation. Vessel noise was greatest during August and September at the protected site and was generally lower during the winter and spring months. These findings help establish reference acoustic indices for the kelp forests off Southern California, within and outside of a protected area, and can provide resource managers with information on how well a marine reserve protects a species of interest, as well as the putative human visitation of these protected areas.

Aceh Province is an area surrounded by coasts which has great potential to develop marine product cultivation, one of which is seaweed. In line with the goal of the central government in 2018 stating its support for increaseing seaweed cultivation in Aceh Province. Meanwhile, the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries' Directorate General of Cultivation stated that so far the seaweed industry and cultivation are still constrained by transportation problems for marketing. Based on the results of research in a number of regions in Indonesia, it is explained that the coastal area of Aceh is an area that has very good potential for the seaweed cultivation. This study focuses on the Glacilaria sp seaweed cultivation due to its easiness to grow in community ponds. The drawback of this pond cultication method is the existence of predators that eat seaweed and the pond bottom mud that pollutes the seaweed. The application of floating house technology for glacilaria seaweed culture is seen as a solution for aforemention problems. This technology protects the seaweed from predators and the contamination of the seawee from mud pond. The proposed sea seaweed cultivation method is anticipated to offer better income and improve the quality of life of the community, especially in the the targeted area, Alue Naga. Regarding the current situation, Farmer in Alue Naga still practice the conventional method for cultivating the seaweed in the land pond. This regular method has the shortcoming in protecting the seeweed from the predators. In addition, due to the seaweed attached to the bottom of the pond, it causes the slow growth of seaweed. These circumstances cause the crops have lower quality, result in a hardly marketable product either for national or international markets. To cope with such conditions, an easy to use, reliable and safety floating house was proposed and built for the use of glacilaria seaweed culture. The community is also engaged in the workshop and construction of floating house for the glacilaria seaweed culture taught by staff of Cot Irieh Fiberlass workshop. This engagement aims to increase the insight and skill of the community regarding construction and maintenance of the glacilaria seaweed culture floating house. This study is fully supported by Syiah Kuala University Research and Community Service Institute through fostering the Alue Naga fishing community through direct application of technology.

Numerous studies have shown cardiovascular benefits of fish oil, and most of these favorable effects have been attributed to omega-3 fatty acids. Fish oils, however, also contain varying amounts of other unusual types of fatty acids, such as long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids (LCMUFA; i.e., C20:1 and C22:1 isomers combined). Compared with well-studied omega-3, limited information is available on the role of LCMUFA on cardiovascular disease. In the current study, we examined the effect of saury fish oil-derived LCMUFA concentrate on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient and LDLR-deficient mice. Male ApoE-deficient mice were fed a western diet supplemented with 5% LCMUFA concentrate or not (control) for 12 weeks. En face Sudan IV staining of the aorta revealed that LCMUFA significantly suppressed the development of atherosclerotic lesions, and down-regulated inflammatory gene expression. In LDLR-deficient female mice, we also observed that 12-week supplementation of 2% LCMUFA on a western diet significantly decreased atherosclerosis lesion areas and accumulation of macrophages, compared with western diet (control) or western diet supplemented with 2% olive oil enriched in shorter-chain MUFA oleic acid (C18:1). There were no differences, however, in plasma or hepatic lipid profiles between the three groups. LCMUFA, but not olive oil, also significantly suppressed several plasma inflammatory cytokine levels. RNA sequencing and subsequent qPCR analyses revealed that LCMUFA upregulated PPAR signaling pathways in liver. In cell culture studies, apoB-depleted plasma from the LCMUFA group promoted cholesterol efflux from macrophage-like THP-1 cells and ABCA1-overexpressing BHK cells. LCMUFA also suppressed LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine production by macrophages. In conclusion, our research showed for the first time that LCMUFA consumption could protects against atherosclerosis, possibly by upregulating the PPAR signaling pathway. Omega-3 fatty acids are generally considered the major active components in fish lipids, but our findings provide new insights into potential health effect of LCMUFA-rich fish oil and suggest that LCMUFA-rich fish oil may also be beneficial for reducing cardiovascular disease risk.

Seasonal and ontogenetic variations in depth use by benthic species are often concomitant with changes in their spatial distribution. This has implications for the efficacy of spatial conservation measures such as marine protected areas (MPAs). The critically endangered flapper skate (Dipturus intermedius) is the designation feature of an MPA in Scotland. This species is generally associated with deeper waters >100 m; however, little is known about its seasonal or ontogenetic variation in habitat use. This study used archival depth data from 25 immature and mature flapper skate tagged in the MPA over multiple years. Time series ranged from 3 to 772 (mean = 246) days. Generalised additive mixed models and highest density intervals were used to identify home (95%) and core (50%) highest density depth regions (HDDRs) to quantify depth use in relation to time of year and body size. Skate used a total depth range of 1–312 m, but home HDDRs typically occurred between 20 and 225 m. Core HDDRs displayed significant seasonal and ontogenetic variations. Summer core HDDRs (100–150 m) suggest high occupancy of the deep trenches in the region by skate of most size classes. There was an inverse relationship between body size and depth use and a seasonal trend of skate moving into shallow water over winter months. These results suggest that flapper skate are not solely associated with deep water, as skate, especially large females, are frequently found in shallow waters (25–75 m). The current management, which protects the entire depth range, is appropriate for the protection of flapper skate through much of its life history. This research demonstrates why collecting data across seasonal scales and multiple ontogenetic stages is needed to assess the effectiveness of spatial management.

The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The great teacher inspires. — William Arthur WardIntroductionThe first documented use of the term Mentor can be traced back to the 8th century BC poem by Homer entitled Odyssey (Hay, Gerber and Minichiello). Although this original representation of Mentor is contested in the literature (Colley), historically the term mentor has evolved to imply a wise and trusted other who advises, teaches, protects and supports someone younger who is inexperienced and not so knowledgeable with the ways of the world. The mentor within a 21st century construct still aligns to this historical portrayal, however the evolution of society, the influence of technology, the growth of entrepreneurship, and a greater understanding of the impact of our interactions with others has forced us to consider mentoring in contemporary ways. As such, popular culture, through books, film and images, provide many impressions of the mentor and what it means to mentor in both historical and contemporary circumstances. Similarly, popular culture provides us with a variety of impressions of the teacher. Throughout old and new history, teaching is considered to be a honourable profession, one that is complex and involves specific skills and knowledge to be effective (Marsh). Society has high expectations of teachers as they are entrusted with shaping the future generation (Parkay). Although the levels of respect and trust of teachers changes within different cultural circumstances, society allows teachers to be one of the most influential figures in a child’s life. Popular film often picks up on this theme and portrays teachers as inspirational figures, pillars of society and those that can have a major influence over the development of the student’s in their care. Within the brief story that a film provides, teachers are more often than not, positioned as a ‘mentor type’ figure to the students entrusted in their care, who guides and supports them to become who they want to be. This paper explores the constructs of the mentor and mentorship through a popular culture lens. Culture is broadly described as the “bricks and mortar of our most commonplace understandings” (Willis 185) and our understandings are shaped by what we see, hear and do. The paper is framed by and seeks to answer the following question: To what extent is the teacher as mentor portrayed in popular film a realistic image? Accordingly this paper will examine the rise of the teacher as mentor and determine what images are portrayed through the medium of film. In order to answer the question, the paper will briefly examine current literature for the characteristics and roles of mentors and teachers. The paper will then delve into the way that teachers are portrayed in film and will be followed by an examination of a selection of films that portray teachers as mentors. A comparison will be made between the characteristics of mentors and the characteristics that the movie teachers display. Analysis through the use of reader-response theory will provide insight into the extent of the reality of the teacher as mentor that are portrayed. Mentors and Teachers: A Review of Selected Literature Mentoring consists of a series of interactions that can be of a social, intellectual or emotional nature (Lentz and Allen). Mentoring can be described as a helping relationship whereby two or more people work together in order to achieve personal and professional goals (Johnson and Ridley). Effective mentoring is also known to be mutually beneficial to all participants (Ambrosetti, Knight and Dekkers). When scanning the literature there are a number of common descriptors that are used consistently to situate the interactions a mentor undertakes: supporter, guide, advisor, teacher, protector and counselor (Sundli; Hall et al.). Such descriptors indicate that a mentor performs a series of roles that change according to the needs of those being mentored (Ambrosetti and Dekkers). If the mentor has a series of roles to perform, then it is logical that the mentee also will also have a number of roles to play, however these are lnot well documented in the literature. The roles that both mentors and mentees play during a relationship can be identified and underpinned through the three dimensions of mentoring: the relationship itself, the developmental needs of the participants and the integration of the context in which the mentoring is situated (Ambrosetti, Knight and Dekkers). The interactions that a mentor engages in with a mentee span over a number of dimensions and are often reactive in nature. The three dimensions of mentoring can assist in describing a mentor and the roles they play. The relational dimension includes such roles as supporter, protector, friend and counselor. The roles of guide, teacher/trainer, collaborator, facilitator and reflector can be classified as developmental whereas being a role model can be both a developmental role and contextual role (230). There are a number of characteristics that are common to a mentor. Johnson and Ridley summarize them to include the following traits: exuding warmth, listening actively, showing unconditional regard, tolerating idealization, embracing humor, not expecting perfection, being trustworthy, having interpersonal competence, respecting another’s values and not being jealous of the mentee (43-62). The above list of traits are personal and often linked to personality, thus can be connected explicitly to the relational dimension of mentoring. The possession (or non-possession) of such traits can impact on the interactions that occur within mentorship. Accordingly it can be assumed that the characteristics, in conjunction with the roles that mentors play, that not everyone is suited to the role of mentor. Most people have experienced schooling at some stage in their life and is therefore familiar with the role of a teacher. Teaching is one most well known professions and can be described as a “creative act in which teachers continually shape and reshape lessons, events and the experiences of their students”(Parkay 45). The role of a teacher is to teach both knowledge and skills to their learners in order to prepare them as citizens for the future. More specifically, the role of the teacher is to design and deliver learning experiences that cater for and challenge the learners, that develop skills and knowledge both inside and outside of the classroom, and help them become confident, creative and responsible citizens. Despite this important role, the image of teachers is split between two types: one that is bitter, spiteful and egocentric, and the other being caring, accepting and reflective (Connell). We remember teachers according to such categories. The types of characteristics that teachers hold are extensive, however the following encompasses those that are key within the literature. Teachers generally have compassion, empathy and a caring nature. They can be flexible, creative, personable, humorous, positive, knowledgeable, motivational and dependable. Teachers are often well organised people, fair minded and resourceful (Howell). When examining the characteristics of teachers and the traits of mentors, similarities can be seen indicating that a particular type of person may be more suited to being a teacher and/or mentor. Teachers as Mentors in Film Teachers seem to be a popular subject of feature films. Films such as Goodbye Mr Chips (1939), Blackboard Jungle (1955) and To Sir with Love (1967) provide us with insight into the way teachers are portrayed in society and the role they play. Film however, has the specific ability to shape the cultural understanding we develop and allows us to make comparisons to our own experiences and those that are played out in fictional circumstances (Delamarter). While there are some films that provide a negative portrayal of teachers, generally they provide a view that teachers are positive influences on the students in their care.A search of the World Wide Web about the teacher as mentor brings up a treasure trove of film titles that span from the 1930s to the present day. Despite such a choice of titles, the following films have been selected to examine in this paper: Dead Poets Society (1989), Dangerous Minds (1995), Freedom Writers (2007) and the Harry Potter series of films (2001-2011). Selection of these films was based on the following two criteria: 1) they occurred within in a school setting and 2) are embedded within a contemporary theme of struggle where rebellion and/or other teenage angst are highlighted. Reader-response theory will underpin the analysis of the teachers in each of the films selected, so that an answer to the earlier posed question can be illuminated. Broadly speaking, reader-response theory is concerned with how readers, or in this case viewers, “make meaning from their experience with the text” (Beach 1). There are many perspectives on reader-response theory and how one might focus upon when responding to a text. In this instance the author will highlight the transaction that occurs between the reader, the text and the context. The transactions will include the social, cultural, experiential, psychological and textual viewpoints (Beach 8). Firstly, each film will be briefly described. This will be followed by an analysis of the teachers portrayed in the films. Dead Poets Society (1989) is set at a conservative secondary boys academy in the late 1950s and focuses on a group of students completing their senior year. Mr Keating is a new English teacher who uses unconventional teaching methods in the classroom. He inspires his students to ‘seize the day’ and ‘make your lives extraordinary’ and does this through the teaching of poetry. He encourages them to stand on desks during his lessons and to throw out tradition. It is Keating’s messages to his students to question what they believe that permeates the film and inspires his students to pursue what they want to do and become. The film Dangerous Minds (1995) is set in a low socio-economic area, where un-privilege and protecting yourself is a way of life. The teacher in this film is new and young, but is an ex US Marine. The class the film centres on is a difficult one to teach. This teacher uses unorthodox methods to gain the attention and trust of her students. The film makes a point to show us that she makes particular effort to relate the curriculum to the students’ interests in order to engage them in learning. Emphasis is also on the fact that she takes an interest in the students and many become her ‘personal projects’ and helping them to realize who they can become. Freedom Writers (2007) is set in the years directly following the Los Angeles riots of 1992 whereby issues of racism, segregation and inequality along with the changing view of the world is the focus. The students in the classrooms of this film are from diverse backgrounds and un-trusting of the education system. Their teacher is new and young and her first attempts to earn their trust fail until she begins to get to know the students and make links between what is being taught to their own lives. She inspires her class to learn tolerance, apply themselves and pursue further education. In the Harry Potter (2001-2011) series of films, there are several teachers who make an impact upon the young wizards. Although set in a fantasy world, the audience is treated to both inspirational teachers looking to nurture, protect and develop their charges, and teachers who are painted as egocentric and suspicious. Inspirational teachers include Dumbledore and McGonagall who offer subtle life lessons, specific skills and knowledge and protect the young wizards from danger. Egocentric and somewhat suspicious teachers include Snape and Quirrell who look to thwart the wizard’s time at school, however they too offer subtle life lessons to their students. The theme of good versus evil is paramount throughout the film series and the teachers are aligned with this theme.Teachers as Mentors – An AnalysisAlthough only a brief description of each film has been offered, the teachers as mentors to their students is the focus. Mr Keating (Dead Poets Society) and LouAnne Johnson (Dangerous Minds) are both described as unorthodox as they each use teaching methods that are frowned upon by others. However their purposeful and different teaching methods draw their students into their lessons so that life learning can occur. In each film, the unorthodox teaching touches the students in ways unknown to them before and in both cases the students demonstrate intellectual and personal growth. The unorthodox methods provide an avenue for a different relationship that is far from the traditional. In some scenes friendship is hinted at where guiding and supporting the students towards their hopes and dreams is highlighted. Aspects of mentoring can be seen through relational, developmental and contextual domains as the students are supported, guided and provided explicit role modeling. The young teacher in Freedom Writers, Erin Gruwell, uses a teaching approach that includes taking time to get to know her students. This approach, like Keating and Johnson, provides the opportunity to tweak the curriculum to the interests of the students and thus engage them in academic learning. They teach skills and knowledge in ways which relate to the students’ lives and interests. They guide, support the students towards the unfamiliar and facilitate opportunities for success. They help them to set goals and make them realise that they have a future and can be successful in their lives. The transformations that occur due to the teaching approaches used by the teachers cause their students admire and want to be like them. In Harry Potter, teachers Dumbledore and McGonagall are wise in years and life experience. They offer wisdom, protection and guidance to the young wizards throughout the series. These teachers, like Keating, Johnson and Gruwell, are role models in that they represent what life can be like and how best to achieve that life. Snape and Quirell also take an interest in their students, but represent an alternative view of life and learning. The difference between the four Harry Potter teachers can be drilled down to the traits of effective teachers. Two of which emulate the traits and two whom do not readily display any of the traits. Dumbledore and McGonagall can be considered as teacher mentors whereas Snape and Quirell cannot. In each film the student can be seen as central to the teacher as mentor and this in turn influences the way in which they behave. The teachers in these films pass on life lessons through their teaching. Throughout the films the teachers are guiding, supporting, befriending, protecting and training their charges. Interactions that occur between the teachers and the students are followed by a reflective phase by the teachers, whereby solutions to problems are sought or self-realisation occurs. In many instances the films show the teacher learning from the student and thus learning their own life lessons through reflection. From a social and cultural perspective, what is portrayed within the storylines are often close to the reality of what is expected from teachers. In many instances these lead towards a stereotyping of who teachers are and how they behave. However, from an experiential point of view, our expectations of the actions that teachers undertake do not usually take such form. In reality, teachers are busy people with a complex job to do (Connell) and often do not have time to take personal interest in all of their students individually. The teachers within the films chosen seem to have one class to prepare for, whereas in reality, a school teacher will have many classes to consider. Psychologically, some teachers and the style they embrace appeal to a particular a type of student or group of students. In the case of Dead Poets Society, Dangerous Minds and Freedom Writers, the storyline painted the students as those needing a particular type of teacher, someone who would save them from their circumstance and visa versa. The textual perspective was well highlighted by the teachers in the Harry Potter films as the viewer expects to see teachers with rather unusual but interesting teaching styles. However the text (within all films) included insight into mentor characteristics such as warmth, humour, tolerance, respect and unconditional regards. Generally, the films examined highlight two different types of teachers, challenging the categories written about by Connell. The first type of teacher highlighted was one who was seen as being more contemporary. One who is individual, unorthodox, and maybe a little rebellious; this teacher highlights that you need to be ‘different’ to make a difference. The second type was one who aligns to the traditional form of teacher; one who uses their knowledge, wisdom and life experience to break through to their student. Each of the films were underpinned by the relationship, the developmental needs and the context in which the narrative was played out, however the relationship between the students and the teacher was highlighted as being central to the storyline. Thus films of this nature often portray teachers as those who help their students in the emotional sense rather than the intellectual sense (Delamarter). Conclusion Several understandings about the teacher as mentor have been brought to light through the examination of the teacher as mentor in film. Firstly, in revisiting the mentoring definitions offered within this paper, it can be said that the teachers highlighted in the discussed films were mentoring their students in a way unique to the relationship developed between teacher and student. In each instance the teacher worked with their students to identify teaching approaches that would be successful in the context in which they were situated. Each film demonstrated that the teachers were committed to creating a relationship that met the developmental needs of their students. Interestingly, it was observed that the relationships were mutually beneficial in that the teachers grew along with the students with many coming to realisations about themselves through reflection and self thought. Secondly, the teachers within the films were portrayed as playing several important roles within their students’ lives. The teachers were role models inside and outside of the classroom. Each film’s storyline positioned the teacher as an influential other, whether they be portrayed as rebellious and unorthodox, evil and suspicious or inspirational and wise. The teachers in these films can be considered as mentors as they were supporting, guiding, protecting and nurturing the students to become better versions of themselves. However, the question that this article sought to answer was: to what extent is the teacher as mentor portrayed in popular film a realistic image? In looking back at the image the teacher in society and the role that they play in developing citizens of the future, it can be said the image presented has slivers of realism. In the real world, teachers must conform to society’s expectations, educational policies and codes of professionalism. Professional relationships with students do not encompass them in behave a student as a ‘personal project’, although catering to their needs is encouraged within the curriculum. It would be thought that if teachers did not encourage their students to be the best they can be, then they would not be doing their job. Many figures throughout our cultural history have been viewed as a mentor due to the role they play and how these roles align to societal beliefs and values. Thus, the portrayal of mentors and mentorship through a popular culture lens provides insight into our understanding about what mentorship is and how this may develop in the future. Both in the past and present, teachers are seen as inspirational figures and pillars of society, and are often considered a mentor by default. Films portray teachers in a variety of fashions, however there are many films that subtly position the teacher as a mentor to their students and it is this that this article has focused on. 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