Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Area drenata »

The aims of the present study were: 1) to perform a detailed mapping of the distribution of conservationally significant (endemic, vulnerable, endangered and protected) plant species in the group "Kanarata and Quarry Drenaka" of the protected area "Pobiti Kamani" for 2020 yr in GIS environment; 2) based on the overlap of the distribution sites of plant species, to determine the "hot spots" of plant biodiversity, access to which should be limited in order to protect them and at the same time to identify areas with no or low concentration of conservationally important species in order to trace and mark the tourist paths in the protected area. In order to investigate the distribution of six plant communities, a detailed GIS mapping was performed. As a result of the study, detailed distribution maps of investigated species communities in Central Group were drawn. Special attention is paid to the zones where two or more communities were overlapped. The identification of the areas with concentration of conservation-significant species and localization of "hot spots" is crucial for protection management of the group "Kanarata and Quarry Drenaka" of the protected area "Pobiti Kamani". The model of "hot spots" and the model of overlapping are applicable and in combination with detailed distribution maps are fundamental for more successful protection and conservation. The suggested touristic zones with lack of conservation species can be used to trace and to construct environmentally friendly tourist trail and paths without destroying and harming the species, their habitats, and the aesthetic and recreational value of the landscapes.

Rapid extension of settlements in Kosovo has made major changes in land use and land cover. Migration of population towards plains has reduced the number of inhabitants in hilly-mountainous areas where low fertile soils are found. Significant part of agricultural land are changed from primary destination, and agricultural potentials are reduced. Urbanization in many cases is made in unplanned way, and in our study area in Drenica River basin are observed land degradation forms and other environmental transformations where in some cases the risk of flooding increased and floods appeared. This study about Drenica River basin will discuss aspects of the influence of morphology, water flows, and the land capability in the distribution of population, and will be a contribution to sustainable urbanization of settlements and agricultural land preservation. In order to accomplish the research are used satellite images, maps of different years, and the census data for the purpose of better coverage that has influence in the process of urbanization on soil resources in Drenica River basin (Kosovo).

En el año 2019, el Área Metropolitana del Gran Resistencia, conformada por las localidades de Resistencia, Barranqueras, Puerto Vilelas y Fontana, ha soportado precipitaciones extremas durante los meses de enero y abril, cuyas consecuencias fueron inundaciones en numerosos barrios del casco céntrico y de las áreas periféricas, con el consecuente deterioro de la infraestructura urbana y problemas ambientales como la diseminación incontrolada de basura con un colapso del sistema de conducción de líquidos cloacales. La ocurrencia de estos eventos extremos diarios, medidos en la Estación Campus Resistencia de la UNNE, han sido producto de un calentamiento extraordinario de la atmósfera en la región central de Sudamérica desde abril de 2018, un debilitamiento de los sistemas frontales de la región antártica y un sostenimiento del calentamiento superficial del Océano Atlántico, creándose un corredor libre de concentración de humedad en la región. Dadas las condiciones críticas que para la población y la infraestructura se generan en el AMGR ante la ocurrencia de los eventos mencionados, se consideró necesario realizar una estimación de la Precipitación Máxima Probable (PMP) para una duración diaria aplicando el criterio estadístico de Hershfield, lo que arrojó un valor para el Factor de Frecuencia Φ = 5, resultando como consecuencia una PMP diaria de 302.2 mm, monto que debería ser tenido en cuenta para llevar adelante el diseño de los planes de contingencia a incluir en un Plan Director de Drenaje Urbano que aún falta desarrollar para esta región.

Purpose. This paper aims to provide complete identification of rock types in the Drenas region by detailed description of all types of the rocks found. The authors intended to determine interruption or continuity of all inter-formational boundaries to accurately delineate them on the ground and fully reflect on the 1: 25000 scale map, as well as to identify the nature of contact between rock types and give its detailed description. Methods. During August, September, October of 2019, the exploration field trips were carried out. Geological survey works focused on the following areas: complete identification of all rock types on the basis of studying their samples, preparation of thin sections for petrographic (only the magmatic rock), chemical and geochemical analysis. Systematic measurement of structural elements was conducted alongside with identification and description of mineral outcrops areas. Findings. Based on the study of stratigraphic units and geological description of mineral outcrop areas, we identified different types of rocks using petrography microscope preparation and chemical and geochemical analysis. The area of Drenas has the following lithostratigraphic units: gabbro diabase, harzburgite, metasandstone. Originality. The originality of the study consists in the use of optical microscope for precise identification of rocks. As a result of the research conducted in the exploration area, we have obtained a clear petrographic description of minerals composition, their texture and mineralization, which allows assessing the possibility of the area exploitation. The analyses were completed at the certified laboratory of Geology-Mining Faculty (Polytechnic University of Tirana) and Geosciences Institute. Practical implications. Petrographic study and chemical analysis led to the conclusion that the research area has Ni mineralization, which is important for the development of mining sector and the community given the environment is preserved and the adequate way of the area exploitation is applied.

ENVIRONMENTAL ZONING OF MICRO WATERSHED AÇUDE DA CACHOEIRA – CEARÁ, BRAZILZONIFICACIÓN AMBIENTAL DE LA MICRO CUENCA HIDROGRÁFICA DEL AÇUDE DA CACHOEIRA – CEARÁ, BRASILRESUMOA bacia hidrográfica, considerada como um conjunto de terras drenadas por um corpo d’água principal e seus afluentes, representa a unidade mais apropriada para o estudo qualitativo e quantitativo dos recursos hídricos, sendo uma unidade ambiental que possibilita tratar dos componentes e da dinâmica das inter-relações necessárias ao planejamento e à gestão ambiental. Os impactos de degradação em bacias hidrográficas são advindos dos múltiplos usos, má gestão e ações antrópicas, sendo necessários o controle e a regulação de ocupação do solo visando à manutenção da qualidade, quantidade e regularidade da água para seus diversos usos. Dessa forma, o presente estudo teve por objetivo realizar a delimitação da Microbacia Açude da Cachoeira – MAC, localizada em maior parte no município de Aurora, estado do Ceará, bem como identificar e discutir dados gerais sobre a rede de drenagem, os parâmetros morfométricos, carta temática hidrográfica, relevo e Áreas de Preservação Permanente – APP’s. Os dados foram obtidos por meio do software gratuito QGIS com auxílio da ferramenta Google Earth Pro para a determinação da microbacia e rede de drenagem, além da delimitação das APP’s dos corpos hídricos e análise das potencialidades. Como resultados, constatou-se que a rede de drenagem da MAC apresenta baixa distribuição do escoamento, no qual oferece um menor risco a enchentes em picos de intensidades chuvosas. Além disso, seus canais de drenagem dispõem de um ordenamento hídrico de quarta ordem e seu escoamento global a classifica como uma bacia endorreica.Palavras-chave: Análise Morfométrica; Rede de Drenagem; Semiárido Brasileiro.ABSTRACTThe watershed, considered as a set of lands drained by a main body of water and its tributaries, represents the most appropriate unit for the qualitative and quantitative study of water resources, being an environmental unit that allows to treat the components and use the necessary interrelationships for environmental planning and management. The impacts of degradation in watersheds are the result of multiple uses, mismanagement and anthropic actions, requiring the control and regulation of land occupation in order to maintain the quality, quantity and regularity of water for its various uses. Thus, the present study aimed to delineate the Açude da Cachoeira watershed - ACMW, located mostly in the municipality of Aurora, Ceará state, as well as to identify and discuss general data about the drainage network, the morphometric parameters, hydrographic thematic chart, relief and Permanent Preservation Areas – PPA’s. The data were obtained through the free software QGIS with the aid of the Google Earth Pro tool for the determination of the micro watershed and drainage network, as well as the delimitation of water bodies PPA’s and potentiality analysis. As a result, it was found that the ACMW drainage network has low runoff distribution, which offers a lower risk of flooding at rainy peak. In addition, its drainage channels have a fourth order water structure and its global flow classifies it as an endorheic basin.Keywords: Morphometric Analysis; Drainage Network; Brazilian Semiarid.RESUMENLa cuenca hidrográfica, considerada como un conjunto de tierras drenadas por un cuerpo principal de agua y sus afluentes, representa la unidad más apropiada para el estudio cualitativo y cuantitativo de los recursos hídricos, siendo una unidad ambiental que permite tratar dos componentes de las interrelaciones dinámicas necesarias para la planificación y gestión ambiental. Los impactos de la degradación en las cuencas hidrográficas son el resultado de múltiples usos, mala gestión y acciones antrópicas, que requieren el control y la regulación de la ocupación de la tierra para mantener la calidad, cantidad y regularidad del agua para sus diversos usos. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo delinear la micro cuenca hidrográfica del Açude da cachoeira- MHAC, ubicada principalmente en el municipio de Aurora, estado de Ceará, así como identificar y discutir datos generales sobre la red de drenaje, los parámetros morfométricos, carta temática hidrográfica, relieve y áreas de preservación permanente - APP's. Los datos se obtuvieron a través del software gratuito QGIS con la ayuda de la herramienta Google Earth Pro para la determinación de la red de micro cuencas y drenaje, además de la delimitación de las aplicaciones de los cuerpos de agua y el análisis de las potencialidades. Como resultado, se descubrió que la red de drenaje MHAC tiene una baja distribución de escorrentía, lo que ofrece un menor riesgo de inundación en el pico lluvioso. Además, sus canales de drenaje tienen un ordenamiento hidrico de cuarto orden y su flujo global lo clasifica como una microcuenca endorreica.Palabras clave: Análisis Morfométrico; Red de Drenaje; Semiárido Brasileño.

Purpose. The paper purpose is to provide complete identification of rock types and the geochemical characteristics in the Drenas region. The authors seek to determine the discontinuity or continuity of all inter-formational boundaries to accurately delineate them in the field and fully reflect on a 1:25000 scale map. In addition, they reveal the nature of the contact between rock types, giving its detailed description and geochemical characteristics. Methods. Geological study is focused on the following facts: complete identification of all rock types on the basis of studying their samples, preparation of thin sections for petrographic study, chemical and geochemical analysis. The methods applied for geochemical analysis use the MinPet software. This software, used for mineral chemistry, is programmed to process and recalculate the results of major-element analysis according to the most common normative calculation schemes. This software is used in scientific works for constructing diagrams of rock calcification and geochemical interpretations according to the components of Na2O + K2O/SiO2, as well as rare earth elements according to the component SiO2/Zr/TiO2. The exploration field trips have been conducted to identify and describe areas of mineral outcrop. Findings. Based on the study of geochemical analysis and the petrographic description of mineral outcrops, as well as examination under a microscope, different types of rocks have been identified. Based on these types, the origin, age and spread of these rocks in this region have been determined. Originality. The originality of the study is in the use of the analysis results obtained in the AcmelLabs Laboratory, Vancouver, Canada, for major elements, rare earth elements and trace elements, which are shown in the diagrams presented in this paper. Practical implications. The geochemical analysis leads to the conclusion that the studied area has Ni-mineralization, which is important for the development of mining sector, as well as for the community while preserving the environment and applying an adequate method of exploiting the area.

The AssociationHyperico-Euphorbietum GlabrifloraeRexhepi 1978 in the Serpentine Terrains of Drenica MountainIn the territory of Kosovo there are many serpentine mountain massifs. The largest complexes are found in the valley of the Ibër River, and the same are continued in a discontinuous chain through Koznica and Golesh to the southwest of the territory of Kosovo. Vegetation on the serpentine bedrock is rich in rare species and communities, which cannot be found in the Balkans and Europe. The communities appearing on the serpentine bedrock are characteristic and important for science. They are endemic due to the presence of endemic species in their species composition. Drenica Mountain (1051 m) is part of the Central Kosovo Mountains. These terrains are situated in the central part of Kosovo, between Çiçavica, Kosovo plain (Golesh), Llapusha, the Carraleva Mountains and the Anadrini region. A considerable part of these areas consists of serpentine bedrock, which is covered by interesting flora and vegetation. In the vegetation of Drenica Mountain 10 communities have been identified. Two of them are found on serpentine bedrock: ass.Hyperico-Euphorbietum glabrifloraeand ass.Potentillo-Fumanetum bonapartei. These communities belong to the open space, and are also located in other parts of Kosovo, but only on serpentine bedrock. On Drenica Mountain there are two localities where these two communities appear. In this paper we focus in particular on ass.Hyperico-Euphorbietum glabriflorae

Tijuca massif constitute a geomorphologic system, where the replacement of vegetation cover by urban features and grass areas, contribute to change in the hydrological behavior.As a consequence of this change there is an increase of erosion processes by different mechanisms, and in the solid and liquid discharge that can affect lowlands. The understanding of these processes, in a geoecological research above center of interest geomorphologic view requires the interpretation of the elements control them, in structural, functional and dynamic way. This way, the aim at interpreting the transformation processes that occur in this massif, and delimitate the use and covering of the soil that with others structural and functional elements define areas with differents hydrological and erosive results (geo-hydroecological dominions). To define this dominions, it was taken into consideration systematically, the soil use, type and characteristic of the soil, geology and drenage efficiency, using geoprocessing technic and analytic-integrative method. The results show that in the sectors 1, 2 and 5 have dominions that make is inundation in them lowlands. The areas of urbarn ocupation in the sectors 2, 3 e 4 concentrate the landslides, because in this areas occur the bigger drenage efficiency, reflex of higher gradients and density of concave axis. In this way the continuatily will promote a drastic growth of Tijuca massif's erosive processes.

Práctica Supervisada (IC)--FCEFN-UNC, 2014
Trata de investigar, calcular y analizar una alternativa de acantarillado para la Sección I de dicha ruta que consta de 35 km de longitud que consiste en reemplazar alcantarillas de hormigón rectangular y circular por alcantarillas de chapa corrugada y badenes y alcantarillas vado investigando modos de cálculo de badén, alcantarilla vado y del uso en caminos de alcantarillas de chapa corrugada. Dicha alternativa fue encomendada por el comitente (DNV)

En el distrito de Villa El Salvador se vienen ejecutando obras de pavimentación de las vías, la ejecutada en la Av. Mateo Pumacahua tramo comprendido entre la Av. Separadora Industrial y la Av. Pachacutec”, trae como consecuencia la disminución de la infiltración y las precipitaciones que se registraron en los últimos años en el distrito han ocasionado aniegos provocando accidentes peatonales y de vehículos. Para dar solución ingenieril a este problema se propone implementar el SISTEMA URBANO DE DRENAJE SOSTENIBLE (SUDS) y que consiste en técnicas de gestión de aguas producidas por las precipitaciones, permitiendo devolver el ciclo del agua a las poblaciones urbanizadas, mejorando la calidad del agua a infiltrar y evitando las inundaciones. Mediante cunetas verdes se recolectará los excedentes de aguas pluviales que proviene de las pendientes altas, el agua recolectada se distribuirá mejorando las áreas verdes de la zona de estudio. El hidrograma Unitario Sintético del SCS fue modelado con el HEC-HMS, cuyos resultados fueron, el caudal de diseño de 0.3 m3/s y el volumen excedente de 6400 m3, por otro lado, el balance hídrico nos mostró un déficit que no permitirá cubrir el 1.5% del mantenimiento de las áreas verdes. Del análisis de las alternativas se escogió las cunetas verdes por ser las económicas y con los mismo beneficios técnicos y ambientales. Las precipitaciones registradas el 08/08/2018 fue de 0.2 mm/h y ocasionaron aniegos en la zona de estudio. Las cunetas verdes fueron diseñadas para eventos extraordinarios, el cual permitirá solucionar los problemas de inundaciones.
In the district of Villa El Salvador, paving works have been carried out on the roads, the one executed on Av. Mateo Pumacahua section between Av. Separadora Industrial and Av. Pachacutec", brings as a consequence the decrease in infiltration and rainfall that was recorded in recent years in the district have caused aniegos causing pedestrian and vehicle accidents. To provide an engineering solution to this problem, it is proposed to implement the SUSTAINABLE URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEM (SUDS) and that consists of water management techniques produced by rainfall, allowing to return the water cycle to urbanized populations, improving the quality of the water to be infiltrated and avoiding floods. Through ditches the surplus rainwater that comes from the high slopes will be collected, the collected water will be distributed improving the green areas of the study area. The Synthetic Unit hydrograph of the SCS was modeled with the HEC-HMS, the results of which were, the design flow of 0.3 m3 / s and the excess volume of 6400 m3, on the other hand, the water balance showed us a deficit that did not cover 1.5 % of the maintenance of green areas. From the analysis of the alternatives, green ditches were chosen because they are economical and have the same technical and environmental benefits. The rainfall recorded on 08/08/2018 was 0.2 mm / h and caused waterlogging in the study area. The green gutters were designed for extraordinary events, which will allow solving flood problems.
Tesis

Le analisi contenute nel presente elaborato di tesi costituiscono uno strumento conoscitivo di base, indispensabile per tutte quelle zone in cui i movimenti franosi o altre dinamiche inducono pericolosità geologica interferendo con l’ambiente e le strutture antropiche, consentendo una buona conoscenza, anche di territori con estensione piuttosto ampia, a costi molto ridotti.Tutte le procedure e software utilizzati nel presente lavoro sono disponibili open-source e fruibili gratuitamente online. Il rilevamento geomorfologico è stato condotto in tre aree di studio, caratterizzate da contesti geologico-strutturali diversi tra loro. Tale rilevamento, coadiuvato da un'analisi multitemporale condotta mediante fotointerpretazione, si è rivelato molto utile per individuare i limiti dei movimenti franosi, il loro grado di attività e la loro evoluzione nel tempo. Le analisi statistiche hanno consentito di individuare la variabilità dei parametri predisponenti nelle diverse aree di studio e di indicare quali classi, tra i parametri, sono caratterizzate dal maggior numero di frane e, dunque, più prone al franamento. Gli studi di suscettibilità effettuati per le diverse aree di studio con la metodologia di statistica bivariata mostrano un’elevata percentuale di aree in frana ricadenti all’interno delle aree predette a più elevata suscettibilità e possono essere applicati sia a piccola sia a grande scala, per diverse tipologie di frane. Infine, i risultati ottenuti tramite il modello prevalentemente deterministico basato sul modulo r.slope.stability (http://www.slopestability.org/) sono piuttosto attendibili e rappresentativi della situazione reale, come dimostrato dai risultati della validazione tramite la stima di AROC. L’opportunità di utilizzare software GIS, non solo per la manipolazione dei dati ma anche per il loro aggiornamento e per l’esecuzione automatica delle procedure bivariate (ad es. attraverso il codice in linguaggio Python creato durante questo lavoro di tesi), incrementa notevolmente la possibilità di estendere queste analisi a nuove e diverse aree di studio, con costi pressoché nulli.

This chapter covers the preliminary characterization of the crystals in order to determine if they are suitable for a full structure determination. Probably more frustrating than failure to produce crystals at all, is the growth of beautiful crystals which do not diffract, which have very large unit cell dimensions, or which decay very rapidly in the X-ray beam, though this last problem has been largely overcome by freezing the sample. It is impossible in one brief chapter to give more than a flavour of what the X-ray crystallographic technique entails and it is assumed that the protein chemist growing the crystals will have contact with a protein crystallographer, who will carry out the actual structure determination and in whose laboratory state-of-the-art facilities exist. However, preliminary characterization can often be carried out with little more than the equipment which is widely available in Chemistry and Physics Departments and so the crystal grower remote from a protein crystallography laboratory can monitor the success of their experiments. The reader should refer to the first edition for protocols useful for photographic characterization but such techniques are seldom used nowadays. It must be remembered, in any case, that X-rays are dangerous and the inexperienced should not try to X-ray protein crystals without help. It is necessary to provide an overview of X-ray crystallography, to put the preliminary characterization in context. For a general description of the technique the reader should refer to Glusker et al. (1) or Stout and Jensen (2). For protein crystallography in particular, the books by McRee (3) and Drenth (4) describe many of the advances since the seminal work of Blundell and Johnson (5). Amongst many excellent introductory articles, those by Bragg (6), published years ago, and Glusker (7) are particularly recommended. The scattering or diffraction of X-rays is an interference phenomenon and the interference between the X-rays scattered from the atoms in the structure produces significant changes in the observed diffraction in different directions. This variation in intensity with direction arises because the path differences taken by the scattered X-ray beams are of the same magnitude as the separation of the atoms in the molecule.

En los años 60 y 70 del siglo pasado muchas ciudades latinoamericanas tuvieron una anárquica expansión a través de asentamientos irregulares, formados por la masiva migración rural, los que posteriormente dieron lugar a la formación de colonias populares. En éstas fue común la autoconstrucción precaria de viviendas y un incansable proceso de gestión y lucha para la introducción de los servicios básicos. Si a finales del siglo pasado se veía ya que la modernidad de las ciudades traía aparejado muestras de un agravamiento en la división social del espacio, en la actualidad, cuando ya han transcurrido diez años de este nuevo siglo, estos problemas son notoriamente perversos. Por doquier se producen desarrollos y fraccionamientos de viviendas residenciales con distintos nombres: “cottos”, fraccionamientos defensivos, cerrados, etc. en los cuales los servicios básicos son proporcionados por los mismos usuarios, mientras que al lado de éstos coexisten barrios y colonias populares con viviendas autoconstruidas sin servicios básicos o deficientes. La producción de vivienda es el principal elemento urbano causante del crecimiento y la expansión de las ciudades. Durante este proceso la ciudad experimenta una gran cantidad de complejas problemáticas, relacionadas entre sí, como los servicios básicos (agua, drenaje, electricidad), recolección de desechos sólidos urbanos, transporte público, dotación de equipamientos e infraestructura, valor y uso del suelo, la vivienda, entre muchos más. En este estudio, la división social del espacio se representa en el espacio urbano, utilizando cartografía georeferenciada, a través de los tipos de poblamiento formados por los diferentes estratos sociales. Una manera de analizar esta problemática urbana es analizando indicadores censales relacionados con el nivel de ingreso de los hogares, las formas de tenencia de la vivienda, tipos de hogar, genero, edad y otras relacionadas con la calidad de la vivienda como número de cuartos, disponibilidad de servicios, disponibilidad de excusado, baño y cocina exclusivo, disponibilidad de bienes, material en pisos, paredes y techo, entre otras características que influyen en la calidad de vida de sus ocupantes utilizando los datos proporcionados por los censos y conteos de población y vivienda del INEGI a partir de 1990, a nivel de AGEB (Áreas Geoestadísticas Básicas). The production of housing is the principal urban causative element of the growth and the expansion of the cities. During this process the city experiences a great quantity of complex problematic urban related between yes. This way in the 60s and 70s of last century many Latin-American cities had an anarchic expansion across irregular accessions formed by the massive migration of the field which later gave place to the formation of popular colonies. In these there was common the precarious auto-construction of housings and a tireless process of management and fight on the part of the colonists for the introduction of the basic services. By the ends of the century one saw since the modernity of the cities was bringing prepared samples of a worsening in the social division of the space. All Everywhere developments take place are produced and fraccionary of residential housings with different names: "cottos", fraccionary protections, enclosures, etc. In which the basic services are provided by the same users, whereas next to these neighborhoods and popular colonies coexist with precarious housings autoconstructed without basic or deficient services. In this study, the social division of the space is represented in the urban space, using cartography georeferency across the types of poblamiento formed by the different social strats. A way of analyzing this urban problematics is analyzing sensual indicators, to level of AGEB based on the Censuses and Counts of Population and Housing of the INEGI from 1990, as the level of revenue of the homes and types, the possession, number of rooms, bedroom and occupants' average, availability of basic exclusive services, of lavatory and kitchen, availability of goods and material in floors, walls and ceilings. Characteristics that influence the quality of life of yours occupants.