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1
Novotná, Mária. « Alpine huts : Architectural innovations and development in the High Tatras in the second half of the 20th century ». Architecture Papers of the Faculty of Architecture and Design STU 28, no 1 (1 mars 2023) : 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/alfa-2023-0005.
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Abstract The innovative 20th century brought many problems, but it brought many solutions too. The problems architecture was trying to handle at the time were no longer solvable with traditional methods. The world learned about new architectural movements like post-war modernism, brutalism, high-tech architecture, and postmodernism. However, there were places where innovative tendencies were implemented at a slower rate, with some delay, or not at all. The paper analyses buildings built in the alpine territories of the High Tatras in former Czechoslovakia and examines three typologies of huts: small huts, large-capacity huts, and huts transformed into mountain hotels. The research concentrates on huts and the innovations through the process of architectural planning, changes and adaptations of newly-built objects, extensions of the existing and reconstruction of decayed huts and also on the never built projects. The main focus is on the huts Chata pri Popradskom plese, Sliezsky dom, Chata pod Rysmi, Chata pri Zelenom plese and Kežmarská chata. The building process of the huts is explained in the social and political context with the notion of the second half of the 20th century paradigm. It was the era shaped by post-war recovery, architecture for the masses, television, exploration of eight-thousanders and space trips. In the second half of the 20th century, Czechoslovakia was under Soviet control with the command or planned economy. The paper explores the phenomena of the period, examining the effect they had on the care for the huts and what happened after the revolution in 1989. Despite the lack of architectural interventions in the alpine territories, the paper found examples of socialist realism, post-war modernism, and high-tech ideas in the architecture of the High Tatras highest terrains.
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Wettstein, Domonkos. « Új klasszicizálás vagy „másik modern” ? Az átmenet narratívája Kotsis Iván városépítészetében és Balaton-parti munkásságában ». Kellék. Filozófiai folyóirat, no 69 (5 décembre 2023) : 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.61901/kellek.2023.69.05.
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The tendencies in 20th century architecture were determined by the relationship between the classical tradition of architecture and modernity. In the 1930s, modern architecture came to the fore more and more, but at the same time, both in international architecture and in Hungary, alternative efforts appeared that sought a dialogue between modern architecture, historical traditions and local specificities. This search for an alternative was present in modern architecture throughout the 20th century and is still effective today. The trends with different colors are characterized by the modern concept of the other in the written history of architectural theory. The purpose of this study is to present the interactions between the international and domestic tendencies of the “other modern” through the work of Iván Kotsis. Iván Kotsis was a significant figure in architecture between the two world wars, and in addition to his creative career, he was also a decisive character in the architectural education of the University of Applied Sciences. His views became guidelines for later generations. His work is illustrative to the transition between historicizing and modern architecture, while experimentation with local, regional character was also a decisive inspiration for him in this transition. He established close international relations with the dominant European architects of the era, including the Stuttgart School, classified as an alternative school, and the German architects Paul Schmitthenner and Paul Bonatz. In order to bring a contribution to the field of the history of architectural ideas, the study examines his creative concepts and the relationship between classical and modern architecture on the basis of his autobiography, archival publications and contemporary literature.
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Bode, Andrey В., et Tatiana V. Zhigaltsova. « History and Architecture of the Sretenskaya Church in Maloshuyka Village, Onega District of the Arkhangelsk Province ». Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 66 (2022) : 353–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2022-66-353-367.
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The paper deals with the history and architecture of the wooden architecture complex, situated in Maloshuyka (modern name — Abramovskaya village) in Onega District, Arkhangelsk Region. It describes the construction history of the Sretenskaya (Meeting of the Lord) Church (1873) and the bell tower (1807) in detail on the basis of the field research and archival data. The study of archival historical sources made it possible to reveal the architectural appearance of the preceding 18th century Sretenskaya Church. The identified features of its architecture were compared with the analogue Pomor churches. Based on the historical and typological comparison, we have come to the conclusion about the existence of a local church-building tradition. The results obtained include graphic reconstructions of the original appearance of the architectural ensemble in Maloshuyka as well as its appearance during the final stage of its development in the late 19th century. We analyzed historical data on the façade painting of the monuments under study and established that a specific color palette was characteristic of Pomor churches in the 19th – early 20th centuries. Also, the authors introduce new information into the scientific discourse about one lost object — a cemetery. The study resulted in obtaining new data on the history and architecture of Pomor wooden churches.
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Nikishin, S. A., S. F. Dyadchenko et E. A. Sukhinina. « Evolution of transport service architecture in Russia and the Soviet Union (Saratov) ». Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture 25, no 6 (26 décembre 2023) : 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2023-25-6-29-43.
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The article studies in the national history of the architectural typology evolution of transport services in Russia and the Soviet Union. The progress of motor transport since the end of the 19th century and new tasks put forward by this process, require an intensive typological search for innovative architectural solutions. Since the beginning of the 20th century, motor transport services together with the developing motor transport network become significant elements of the urban development, largely determining their new image. The architecture of transport service facilities directly relates to the current development of vehicles in technological and socio-economic aspects.The purpose of the study is to analyze and generalize the architecture typology of the transport service in Russia, depending on technological and social factors.
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Fazeli, Hengameh, et Esmaeil Negarestan. « Architecture as A Physical, Psychological & ; Spiritual Science – A Case Study on Indo-Aryan Architecture ». Local Wisdom : Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Kearifan Lokal 15, no 1 (16 janvier 2023) : 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26905/lw.v15i1.8934.
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Primitive dwellings and traditional houses were commonly built by the local craftsmen or by the dwellers themselves, both under the supervision of a spiritual figure called the spirit-man who was present to give guidance on a spiritual level and lead the performance of ritual ceremonies connected with the construction. With the development of social communities and advancement of knowledge, the architect gradually became the only person in charge of the whole process of designing; who was in fact professional in a wide range of sciences including mathematics and geometry, history, philosophy, physics, astrology, human inner system and medicine. These sciences were necessary to equip the architect with proper knowledge in dealing with different aspects of human living as physical, psychological and spiritual, occurring in every piece of architecture. Therefore, the building designed in this way was able to provide different needs of each household.However, as science advanced and the material views became popular, holistic views towards architecture got abandoned, and replaced with specialized sciences dealing with physical aspect of living, in the 20th century and the architectural education architect became confined to merely visual arts and physical comfort. Although many scholars such as Christopher Oliver, Christopher Day or Cooper Marcus, tried to emphasize on the importance of psychological aspects of human system, using traditional buildings as successful examples of architecture, the spiritual side of architecture remained unrevealed. The sciences of geomancy, human spiritual anatomy and astrology used to be important elements of design in traditional societies, that lead to creation of sciences such as Feng Shui or Vastru Shastra. This article, studying the art and architecture of Indo-Aryan societies, aims at introducing architecture as a combination of physical, psychological and spiritual sciences to help create buildings that not only provide physical comfort, but also promote health.
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Fazeli, Dr Hengameh, et Esmaeil Negarestan. « Architecture as A Physical, Psychological & ; Spiritual Science, A Case Study on Indo-Aryan Architecture ». Journal of Architectural Research and Education 5, no 1 (1 mars 2023) : 121–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/jare.v5i1.53652.
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Primitive dwellings and traditional houses were commonly built by the local craftsmen or by the dwellers themselves, both under the supervision of a spiritual figure called the spirit-man who was present to give guidance on a spiritual level and lead the performance of ritual ceremonies connected with the construction. With the development of social communities and advancement of knowledge, the architect gradually became the only person in charge of the whole process of designing; who was in fact professional in a wide range of sciences including mathematics and geometry, history, philosophy, physics, astrology, human inner system and medicine. These sciences were necessary to equip the architect with proper knowledge in dealing with different aspects of human living as physical, psychological and spiritual, occurring in every piece of architecture. Therefore, the building designed in this way was able to provide different needs of each household. However, as science advanced and the material views became popular, holistic views towards architecture got abandoned, and replaced with specialized sciences dealing with physical aspect of living, in the 20th century and the architectural education architect became confined to merely visual arts and physical comfort. Although many scholars such as Christopher Oliver, Christopher Day or Cooper Marcus, tried to emphasize on the importance of psychological aspects of human system, using traditional buildings as successful examples of architecture, the spiritual side of architecture remained unrevealed. The sciences of geomancy, human spiritual anatomy and astrology used to be important elements of design in traditional societies, that lead to creation of sciences such as Feng Shui or Vastru Shastra. This article, studying the art and architecture of Indo-Aryan societies, aims at introducing architecture as a combination of physical, psychological and spiritual sciences to help create buildings that not only provide physical comfort, but also promote health.
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Mazalán, Peter, et Katarína Morávková. « Fine art as an integral part of architecture : Political and social aspects of the formation of this synthesis in the 20th century ». Architecture Papers of the Faculty of Architecture and Design STU 28, no 4 (1 décembre 2023) : 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/alfa-2023-0022.
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Abstract The theme of the connection of visual arts with architecture, or the cooperation of visual artists with architects in post-war Europe, basically follows two lines: a theoretical line and a political-institutional line. Just as knowledge of the history of art and the history of architecture is necessary in the analysis of this period, knowledge of the political-economic circumstances is necessary in the field of realisations in architecture, because by definition, this public art is a political affair and is not an independent creation. Art in architecture was promoted not only in communist countries (for ideological reasons), but also in Western Europe as an aesthetic cultivation of contemporary architecture. From the mid-1950s onwards, visual art in architectural space appeared more and more frequently, which led to the adoption of legislative measures that regulated and supported this practice. A gradual transformation in the understanding of the task can be observed over the period under review, or the position of public art, presented as part of architecture or public space. This is naturally due to social development. If at the beginning of the 1950s it was a mission to convey ideology and indoctrinate it, in the next stage the focus shifts more towards design with the task of cultivating the environment and creating a certain atmosphere. The study also peripherally explores forms of arts support in the context of other European countries. The idea of integration between art and architecture dates back to the very origins of both disciplines. During the avant-garde movement at the beginning of the twentieth century, it acquired a new meaning and social purpose and became one of the most defining characteristics of modernism. Modernism arose from the expectation of moral and material reconstruction of the world devastated by war, which served as a tool to strengthen collective identity and, consequently, to forge the bond between the city and its inhabitants. Our study traces the development and contexts of the relationship and funding of visual arts in architecture in the Slovak and European context in the 20th century.
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Gaspar, Natalia Maria. « A arquitetura moderna do século 20, tecnologia herdeira da eugenia do século 19 ». Revista Brasileira de História 43, no 94 (décembre 2023) : 409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-93472023v43n94-19.
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Nicolescu, Adrian, Mirela Teodorescu et Daniela Gîfu. « Architecture of Political Legal Communication ». International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 42 (octobre 2014) : 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.42.21.
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Political communication has its roots to the earliest classical studies of Aristotle and Plato, modern political communication research is very much an interdisciplinary field of study, drawing on concepts from communication, political science, journalism, sociology, psychology, history, rhetoric, and other fields. In their seminal Handbook of Political Communication, Nimmo and Sanders (1981) traced the development of the field as an academic discipline in the latter half of the 20th century, and other scholars have described the breadth and scope of political communication (Kaid, 1996; Swanson & Nimmo, 1990). There have been advanced many definitions of political communication but none has gained universal acceptance. Perhaps the best is the simplest: Chaffee’s (1975) suggestion that political communication is the “role of communication in the political process”. The current study intend to do a presentation of message hermeneutics, interpretation and discourse architecture customized for a political one.
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Woitsch, Jiří, Kateřina Sedlická et Dana Motyčková. « Dokumentace a prezentace venkovského stavitelství v ČR : historický vývoj a současné možnosti a limity ». Časopis Národního muzea. Řada historická 190, no 3-4 (2022) : 13–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/cnm.2021.006.
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Documentation and presentation of vernacular architecture in the Czech Republic: Historical overview and possibilities and limits of contemporary approaches The study presents an analysis of the basic trends in the documentation and presentation of vernacular (peasant, rural) architecture in the Czech Republic over the past 150 years. Based on this analysis, four basic stages of documentation of vernacular architecture were identified. They differ primarily in the institutional background and the degree of professionalisation of the activities carried out, the theoretical-methodological and epistemological conceptualisation of rural architecture in the fields of art history on the one hand and ethnology on the other, the degree of systematicity and spatial complexity of research and documentation, and finally its objectives (documentation carried out solely for the purpose of scientific research vs. documentation aimed also at popularisation and presentation of results to the public). The developmental stages of documentation and presentation of vernacular architecture are: (a) Stage of haphazard lay and expert documentation with presentation objectives (2nd half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century); (b) Stage of haphazard mainly expert/scientific documentation without presentation objectives (beginning of the 20th century to the 1950s). (c) Stage of systematic professional/ scientific documentation without presentation objectives (1950s to 1990s); (d) Stage of haphazard and systematic professional/scientific documentation with presentation objectives and use of new technological possibilities (1990s to present). Using the specific example of the VISKALIA project (Virtual Open Air Museum), the article also points out the possibilities and limits of contemporary documentation and presentation of rural architecture offered to ethnology and ethnology-oriented museology and related fields by contemporary trends in the so-called digital humanities and heritage science.
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Flores Soto, José Antonio. « Architecture and Spanish art in the second half of the 20th century. Disciplinary transfers and collaborations ». Norba. Revista de Arte, no 43 (11 janvier 2024) : 285–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.17398/2660-714x.43.285.
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Spanish architecture experienced a revival of modernity in the 1950s and 1960s. The stripping away of the historicist and vernacular forms of the early Franco regime marked this revival; also, due to the disciplinary interaction with the plastic arts, which at that time moved towards abstraction as modernity. This paper traces the lines of transfers and collaborations between architecture, painting and sculpture in a complex moment of interdisciplinary relationship through an analytical reading of different works and events of the moment. It is about outlining an environment of collaboration and interaction between singular architects and artists, who learned from each other and proposed other ways of building the common ‘plastic space’ of the arts.
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Shayegani, Aida, et Viera Joklová. « Investigating privacy principles’ formation in vernacular architecture of arid and semi-arid parts of Iran ». Architecture Papers of the Faculty of Architecture and Design STU 28, no 1 (1 mars 2023) : 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/alfa-2023-0002.
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Abstract Traditional Iranian architecture principles have deep roots in this region’s culture, thoughts, and climatic conditions. Privacy, as one of these principles, which has ever regulated all aspects of life, has been beautifully embodied in the vernacular residential architecture of Iran. It proved to have profound effects which resulted in a specific spatial organization of the house and the placement of various functions, either private or semi-private. Many research studies have claimed that privacy was an attribute of Islamic rules in Iranian architecture. Based on historical and phenomenological analyses of vernacular Iranian architecture this paper strives to confront the privacy principle also according to Iranian (or former Persian) culture, climate, and security conditions. Changed geopolitical and cultural conditions in the 20th century raised new forms of architectural residential morphology almost completely negating the principle of privacy. The question is whether the vernacular principle of privacy should be embodied in the new design of Iranian residential houses or be preserved merely as an expression of former culture increasing the quality of the image of the city and its attractiveness. The research completed by qualitative morphological and analytical methods clarifies the mentioned principles and identifies the definition of privacy, the factors affecting it, the roots of its formation, its influence on the physical-spatial organization of traditional residential architecture in Iran, and its continuation in modern residential architecture in Iran.
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Búliková, Lívia. « Innovations in sacral architecture : The resettlement churches of Emil Belluš ». Architecture Papers of the Faculty of Architecture and Design STU 28, no 2 (1 juin 2023) : 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/alfa-2023-0011.
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Abstract The 20th century saw a great breakthrough in architectural innovation; however, this was less evident in sacred buildings. The Evangelical Church of A. C. was inherently innovative, which was also reflected in the architecture of its churches. The innovativeness of the evangelical denomination can be seen in completely new spatial concepts, morphology, the use of new constructions, materials and building technologies, including modern technical equipment of sacral spaces. This article focuses on two buildings by one architect—Emil Belluš (1899-1979), a doyen of Slovak architecture, whose work significantly influenced the field of sacral architecture of the Evangelical Church of A. C. Innovative contributions can first be seen in the design and later in the construction of two evangelical churches in Nesvady and Senec, in Slovakia, built in the 1950s. The churches were part of a project originally intending to build ten new churches for people who had been resettled as part of the government's post-war migration policy. For several decades, these two churches have remained the last addition to sacral buildings constructed in Slovakia. The article deals with the reasons for the creation of church plans, the socio-political situation of that time, circumstances of their construction, and spiritual ideas and creative contribution of the architect Emil Belluš. The research is based on a detailed study of these temples, their layout, and the use of new technologies, construction principles, morphological elements, and other architectural means in which we seek and define an innovative approach to creation.
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Martonova, Andronika. « A whole century in the vibrating net of arts ». Balkanistic Forum 29, no 3 (1 novembre 2020) : 324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v29i3.19.
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The edition of Bratoeva-Darakchieva, Ingeborg; Genova, Irina; Levi, Claire; Spassova-Dikova, Joanna; Stoilova-Doncheva, Teodora; Tasheva, Stela; Traykova, Elka. Bulgarian 20th Century in Arts and Culture. Institute of Art Studies, 2019, ISBN: 978-954-8594-77-6, 632 рр. 333 ill. http://artstudies.bg/books/BG_XX_EN_2019_IIIzk.pdf in Bulgarian and in English in two separate books comes as a result of a collaborative interdisciplinary project supported by the National Science Fund, Bulgaria, which aims to present a general view on the history of arts in Bulgaria during the 20th century. There are specific but also general, parallel intellectual and artistic processes observed in the field of literature, theatre, music, cinema, visual arts and architecture. The accent is put on phenomena related to the modernization of Bulgarian culture and its place in the context of the flexible, dynamic cultural dimensions of modern Europe. The texts are structured in three parts: Under the Sign of Modern Europe (1878–1944), Metamorphoses of Modernity (1945–1989), Challenges in a Time of Transition (1989–2000). Splitting the period into topical parts creates convenience of sharpening the accents related to various “aspects of change” in the development of a particular art and its specific reflections from the point of view of personal and community identity analysed in synchronous or diachronous terms. The marking of such cross nodes (temporal, socio-cultural, institutional, genric, etc.) by following mosaic-chronological principle is conventional and provocative to the traditional idea concerning developmental trends in Bulgarian culture of the past century. The publication is richly illustrated and has an extensive bibliography. It is intended for a wide range of readers. It is evaluated as excellent edition by the National Science Fund, Bulgaria.
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Djuraeva, Sanabar N., Mahfuza F. Alimova, Akhmedova Mubarak, Nurmat E. Mukhamadiev et Anvar M. Djuraev. « Historiographical Analysis of Tashkent-Medieval Religious Architectural Monuments ». Journal of Law and Sustainable Development 11, no 12 (27 décembre 2023) : e2693. http://dx.doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v11i12.2693.
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Objectives: The primary objectives of this article encompass an in-depth exploration of Tashkent (Shosh) as a pivotal hub along the Great Silk Road, delving into its multifaceted roles in the socio-political, cultural, and spiritual realms of Central Asia. Additionally, the study aims to elucidate the significant contributions made by Sufism representatives and scholars to the advancement of Islamic science. Furthermore, the objectives include examining the construction of urban structures, architectural marvels, mausoleums, mosques, and madrasahs in Tashkent during the XV-XVIII centuries. The article seeks to unravel the formation of a distinctive oriental school of Islamic architecture and conduct an analysis of the lifestyle of the local population based on historical sources.
Methods: The chosen methodology involves a comprehensive investigation into historical records and sources to uncover valuable insights into the socio-political landscape of Turkestan at the close of the 19th century and the initial decades of the 20th century. The article employs a research approach to elucidate the Russian authorities' stance towards architectural monuments and religious shrines in Tashkent. It also incorporates a study of how Russian scientists and local researchers have delved into the history of cultural monuments. The methodology extends to a comparative analysis and addresses historiographical concerns related to the treatment of historical cultural objects. Moreover, the article explores issues surrounding the preservation of these objects and outlines measures for the development of pilgrimage tourism.
Results: The findings of the research shed light on the multifaceted roles played by Tashkent in Central Asia's socio-political, cultural, and spiritual spheres. The article reveals the noteworthy contributions of Sufism representatives and scholars to the advancement of Islamic science. Additionally, the study unveils details about the construction of urban structures, architectural landmarks, mausoleums, mosques, and madrasahs during the XV-XVIII centuries. It presents insights into the formation of an exceptional oriental school of Islamic architecture and offers an analysis of the lifestyle of the local population based on historical sources. The examination of social and political life in Turkestan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, along with the Russian authorities' attitudes towards cultural monuments, forms a significant part of the results.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the article consolidates the obtained insights and addresses historiographical concerns related to the treatment of historical cultural objects. It emphasizes the importance of preserving these cultural heritage sites and highlights measures for the development of pilgrimage tourism. The study concludes by underlining the integral role of Tashkent in Central Asian history, showcasing its cultural richness, and advocating for the continued appreciation and conservation of its architectural and historical treasures.
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Busquets, Joan. « Housing and City : Old Problems, New Approaches ». Modern Housing. Patrimonio Vivo, no 51 (2014) : 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.52200/51.a.sbjoxt1a.
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In the course of the 20th century, housing became a science due to the huge efforts of progressive architects and their great interest in addressing this issue that had been raised with major political impact by Engels in the first half of the 19th century. The concern of modernist architects with these new problems facing the population, prompted advanced designs that are still regarded as exemplary in the history of urbanistics. In the 1930s, housing complexes in Moscow, Berlin, Frankfurt and Rotterdam constituted role models for other cities. They even became banners of housing and a strategy of social innovation in Vienna, with Karl Ehn’s Karl-Marx-Hof, and in Amsterdam, with Michel de Klerk’s Het Schip. Housing design became something rational, almost like a science, and the CIAM (International Congresses of Modern Architecture) provided the framework of discussion for the functionalist vanguard that channeled this concern. However, the misuse of these models by commercial architecture and the scant adaptation of their proposals have turned this experience into something from the past that requires fresh consideration. In this respect, and in view of present-day society’s new paradigms, this article aims to cast some light on new approaches that can be introduced in response to the old problems existing between housing and city.
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Kolesnichenko, Sergii. « Communications Revolution : from Civilizational Phenomenon to Science Communication Perspectives ». Studia Warmińskie 60 (21 décembre 2023) : 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/sw.9564.
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In the study, it was possible to carry out an overview of modern theories of communications revolutions and demonstrate their importance in transforming the foundations of the development of the corresponding social architecture, social institutions, including science, etc. In this analysis, we used the methodological approaches of the philosophy of history, communicative philosophy, social and political philosophy, and the philosophy of science. At the same time, the revolutionary scale of changes and the depth of their impact on society lead to the fact that humanity is forced to abandon the naive-romantic attitude to science (to rationalism as such), which was characteristic of the world at the beginning of the 20th century when it seemed that science was able to overcome all troubles and mistakes of both the physical and social world. That is why the current task of philosophy remains the study of the phenomenon of modern science as a communicative phenomenon of the dynamic 21st century. Industry 4.0 is a heuristic methodological framework for understanding the perspectives of civilizational shifts and re-configuration of communicative processes in science communication, taking into account the approaches of technical and public deliberation. We tended to demonstrate the profound polemical nature of the understanding of the revolutionary nature of social changes and the presence of a wide range of typologies of revolutions (scientific, industrial, communications ones).
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Dirveiks, Ilmārs. « Unusual Transformations of Iecava Manor Barn ». Architecture and Urban Planning 18, no 1 (1 janvier 2022) : 76–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aup-2022-0008.
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Abstract The article offers a study of the oldest building of Iecava manor – a stone barn that has survived after the devastating wars of the 20th century. The history and architecture of the construction of the barn until 2020 seemed to be known. The stone building has a weathercock dated 1797, and the construction time of the building is related to it. The architectural composition of the main façade and some carefully designed details allowed to hypothesize that the architect of the Duke of Courland S. Jensen is the author of the building. A building research study in 2021 found that in the second half of the 18th century, a wooden farmhouse with a basement (or on an existing basement) was built, having a gable roof with pitched ends and timber framed gables. The main façade had a roof overhang, and perhaps this façade was painted red, imitating a brick wall with grey seams. The current appearance of the stone barn was obtained after the exterior walls of the wooden building were replaced by masonry walls. It happened in the first decades of the 19th century. The building was transformed into a masonry structure, leaving the floor beams, ceiling beams, pediments and roof structure of the old wooden building, and expanded by moving the main façade wall ~ 1 m further apart. The function of the wooden building is not clear. Previous hypotheses about a malt in the 18th century are neither denied nor confirmed. The assumption that the brewery was the only brick building in the 1786 inventory is erroneous, as the building was originally made of wood. Today, the barn is the oldest existing building in Iecava manor. This study is an example of the importance of structural thinking and knowledge of structures in architectural research. This knowledge is provided by architecture education that is different from formal analysis practiced in the art sciences.
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KHOKHON, Mykhailo. « TO THE HISTORY AND ARCHITECTURE OF THE BUILDING AT 14 DOROSHENKA STREET IN LVIV ». Vìsnik Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Lʹvìvsʹka polìtehnìka". Serìâ Arhìtektura 5, no 1 (7 juin 2023) : 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sa2023.01.209.
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The residential architectural heritage of Lviv of the late 19th and early 20th centuries is an important part of the history and image of the city. Given the relatively low status of small-scale owners and the lack of funding, their condition is mostly unsatisfactory and requires professional restoration. Practical work is preceded by qualitative research, part of which is a historical reference and an architectural description with valuable elements that are the subject of monument protection. Among the researchers who worked with the object, it is worth mentioning Yakub Levytskyi, Yuriy Biryulyov, Igor Melnyk. It is generally known that the information concerning the object of research is predominantly personalized, and not addressed to the processes of rebuilding the tenement house, mistakes were made in the authorship of the architect, in in the list of attractions, an error was made in the name of the object. The purpose of the article is to draw attention to the segment of monuments of local significance of the 19th - early 20th centuries, their technical condition and the importance of detailed work with archival materials when compiling a historical reference. The novelty of the research is the processing of previously unpublished archival sources based on which inaccuracies were found in previous studies of the object, the creation of a detailed architectural description. The object of study is a residential building located in the Halytskyi administrative district on P. Doroshenko Street, in a historically formed architectural environment, within the historical area and in the development regulation zone. An existing building, a monument of architecture and urban planning of local importance. The building acquired its final appearance in 1911-1912 according to the projects of architects Henrik Salver and Józef Avin. The security number of the monument is 4367-Lv. The building is four-story, atrium-type, covered with a complex roof with basements, an attic and five stairwells. The development facility tentatively consists of four blocks: the front one, with access to Doroshenko Street, the rear one - located in the depth of the site, and the eastern and western oblong ones, which connect the front and rear blocks, forming a closed inner courtyard. The backyard is not accessible for inspection. As a result of the processing of archival materials, the architectural history of the building from the beginning of the 19th to the middle of the 20th century was structured, errors of previous studies and the name of the object in the official list of monuments of local importance of the city of Lviv were revealed. Over the course of its existence, the processing object changed many owners, among them: the Panzias family, Adolf Bauman, the Kasern family. It was during the possession of the Kasserns that it acquired its modern appearance. Such well-known architects of the time as Michal Fechter, Alfred Kamenebrodskyi, Henryk Salver, Josef Avin and others worked on the object. To date, the monument has preserved its layout within the capital walls, the composition, the character of the decoration of the facades and interiors of the passageway and the main stairwell, and the high level of authentic substance that constitute the object of protection of the research object. The decoration of the facades is made in the style of mature modernism, while the interior of the passage and the main stairwell is in the neoclassical style. Despite the satisfactory condition of the load-bearing structures, the general condition of the monument should be defined as unsatisfactory. There is significant damage to the equipment of the walls of the facades and interiors, decorative elements, the courtyard balconies of the rear block are in a state of emergency. A comprehensive approach to the study of the monument will allow a professional approach to drawing up a program of restoration works at the object in the future.
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I Kadek Dwi Noorwatha,, Imam Santosa,, Gregorius Prasetyo Adhitama, et Anak Agung Gede Rai Remawa. « Dewasa Ngundaginin : Cultural History Of Balinese Concept Of Time And Transformation Of Balinese Traditional Architect (Undagi) From Pre-Colonial To Contemporary Era ». Journal of Namibian Studies : History Politics Culture 33 (20 mars 2023) : 6303–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.59670/jns.v33i.5071.
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This study examines how traditional Balinese architects (undagi) have used time from classical to contemporary times. The study aims to understand Balinese culture, specifically the architectural interpretation of time, with an emphasis on undagi practises today. Modern Bali's cultural evolution is reflected in the temporal paradigm shift. The study takes a cultural history approach to create a historiography the social cultural transformation of concept of time in Bali based on government authority and undagi as architectural design labour. The research uses a diachronic system to trace the changes in time from pre-colonial Bali (8th-19th AD), and colonial (19-20 century AD) to contemporary Bali (20th-21st century AD). The research shows that the concept of space and time that is fused in the undagi practice changes when one of its elements, time, undergoes operational changes. The concept of time as a cultural foundation changes the entire cultural fabric of a region and directly transforms the profession of traditional undagi-architects as creators of the traditional spatial layout of a region. This research explains the correlation between the changing concept of time and its influence on the undagi profession, as a cultural preservation effort to preserve the decadent undagi tradition in Bali. This research contributes to research in architectural history, cultural history, cultural preservation discourse and culture-based design. Previous research on the concept of time in Bali that correlates between time, humans and its social consequences in the perspective of cultural anthropology and ritual. Few studies have examined the relationship between time and traditional Balinese undagi practise as traditional architecture builder in contemporary Bali. Comprehending space-time understanding is essential to comprehending culture from the past to the present.
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Zhigaltsova, Tatiana V., Vasiliy N. Matonin, Ekaterina N. Egorova et Natalya N. Bedina. « Construction and Transfer of Collective Memory by the Example of the Pomor Village of Kushereka ». Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 70 (2023) : 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2023-70-109-126.
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The paper delivers a comprehensive historical and ethnographic study of the natural and architectural landscape of the village of Kushereka, Onega District (Uyezd) of the Arkhangelsk Province. Back in the early 20th century, in the church community this village was known as “the center of the Schism”. The authors look into a system of landscape and architectural materials and narrative texts that preserve and convey collective (regional) historical memory. The field research conducted in 1996–1999 and 2019–2020 revealed the transformation of historical memory from the period of the village’s thriving to its current state. The key events in the historical experiences of the local residents were recorded and interpreted through the lens of universal folklore motives. The laws of creation and transmission of historical memory are revealed in the texts (speech), in the architecture, in everyday practices. The architectural history of the village and its layout, reconstructed based on archival data, are also regarded as a source of historical memory. The specific features of speech in the descriptions of the churches testify to the same value and semantic coordinates of culture as the oral tradition. The study carries methodological value for revealing “the idea of place” of local territories, as well as practical significance for the reconstruction of sociocultural and architectural landscapes of an abandoned Pomor settlement.
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Levchenko, Larysa, et Alexander Krakovsky. « Jewish genealogical sources in Dnieper Ukraine at the end of the 18th – beginning of the 20th century : A Historiography ». Scientific Papers of the Kamianets-Podilskyi National Ivan Ohiienko University. History 42 (12 janvier 2024) : 147–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2309-2254.2023-42.147-179.
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This article focuses on the analysis and critique of scientific literature devoted to the sources of Jewish Genealogical Sources in Dnieper Ukraine at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 20th century. The methodological basis of the article is the generally accepted principles of historicism, objectivity and systematicity, as well as the historiographical analysis and synthesis, historical-genetic, comparative-historical, typological, and other methods. The scientific novelty lies in the creation of a historiographical model which includes an analysis of the conditions for the development of historical science and the activities of historians who worked in the field of Jewish history and genealogy. Conclusions. The architecture of the historiographical model for studying the sources of Jewish genealogy from the point of view of periodization covers the imperial (until 1917), Soviet, and Ukrainian Independence periods. A separate segment is foreign historiography (in this work - with no division into periods) focused on the study of sources in the archives of Ukraine not only by foreign researchers but also by institutions. In the imperial period, historians not only studied Jewish history but also engaged archives by discovering and publishing documents. Soviet historiography of the 1920s and 1930s is represented by writings about the history of Jewish communities in certain regions and the role of Jews in social and political processes. Scholars also concentrated on collecting and researching Jewish archives. The anti-Zionist policy of the USSR government and the persecution of Jews during the Stalinist repressions (1930s) and later in the 1950s and 1980s made further research of Jewish history impossible. With the Independence of Ukraine, research on Judaica became significantly more active: articles, monographs, and theses on various topics appeared, conferences were held, and scientific journals and centres were founded. People from Ukraine and abroad searched for Jewish roots in Ukrainian archives. The activation of scientific and practical interests prompted the description of archival documents, the creation of historical and genealogical directories, including those on Jewish topics. Large-scale publishing projects were implemented, and later the digitization of genealogical sources began. Foreign scholars also described Jewish documents in Ukrainian archives. The National Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, the Central Archives of the History of the Jewish People and Yad Vashem in Jerusalem, FamilySearch International, and others joined the projects of digitization and indexing of Jewish documents in the archives of Ukraine.
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Murray, Jennifer. « Community engagement : Leveraging library online tools to support local historical organizations ». College & ; Research Libraries News 81, no 6 (11 juin 2020) : 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/crln.81.6.298.
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Among Floridians, Jacksonville is known as the “First Coast.” It is a reference to the fact that Northeast Florida has some of the oldest European settlements in North America. The numerous local historical organizations are forever challenged to preserve and share the rich history of “all that is Jacksonville–including early settlers, 19th- and 20th-century urban planning and architecture, civil rights and Black history, city governance, and our national parks heritage.” They often do not have the resources needed, but local academic libraries are rich in resources and tools that can benefit organizations outside the library and help bring more awareness to the organizations and the collections they have. As the role of academic libraries continues to evolve with technological changes, libraries are continuously looking for ways to reinvent themselves and expand their role within their university and throughout the greater community.
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Stehlík, Michal. « Creation of Permanent Exhibitions of the National Museum ». Muzeum : Muzejní a vlastivedná práce 55, no 3 (1 septembre 2017) : 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mmvp-2017-0029.
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Abstract At the onset of preparations of new permanent exhibitions of the National Museum (NM) in 2011, it was necessary to define their content. Several expert teams composed of NM staff and other institutions took part in this process. Historical topics were embraced in a novel perspective, their comprehensive presentation was so far absent in the NM. Social science expositions in the History exhibition will map the development of society from the Early Middle Ages until the end of the 20th century. The People exhibition will interlink the topics of anthropology, archaeology and classical archaeology. Natural science topics will be elaborated on three levels – nature around us, stories of evolution, and an experimental area (ExperiMus). They will reveal processes affecting the shape and transformations of Earth. The Social and Natural science parts will be linked through the Treasury exhibition. The Pantheon and the Children’s Museum will form completely independent units. The architecture of exhibitions will be the result of public tenders conducted in compliance with the Act on Public Contracts. New expositions of the NM are to be opened in 2019 (Natural science) and 2020 (Social science) on a total area of 12 000 m2.
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Uvarov, Viktor D. « The History of the Use of Tapestry Art in the Interiors of Public Buildings in the 20–21 Centuries ». Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 65 (2022) : 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2022-65-325-332.
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The paper deals with aesthetic organization of the subject-spatial environment of public interiors by introducing the tapestry object. The author suggests that the introduction of tapestry object into environmental space of public buildings has wide plastic possibilities for organizing the interrelationships of various elements of interior design and creating a harmonious visual environment. The manifestation of such styles as abstractionism, pop-art, abstract expressionism and minimalism in the production of tapestry led to the revival of weaving art. The main unifying principle for the painting and tapestry is the presence of an image, not ornamental and iconic, but plot-themed. Thanks to their virtuoso skills, the weavers were able to reproduce almost any pictorial image with extreme accuracy in a flat lint-free carpet. The study considers examples of the synthesis of architecture and textile art, as well as aspects of the influence of tapestry on the transformation of the environment of the interiors of public buildings of the 20th– 21th centuries. Basing on the analysis of the world experience in the use of tapestry for public interiors, it revealed that this type of art has wide possibilities, both aesthetic and technological. The author concludes that relationship between the plastic forms of architecture and tapestry is able to solve the issues of synthesis of the arts of the 21th century.
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Ratieva, Yulia S., et Yulia V. Rogatina. « “Forms of free choice” and role of designer in modern design ». Urban construction and architecture 13, no 4 (22 janvier 2024) : 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2023.04.24.
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This article makes a number of clarifications about how the design appeared, how it was born. It is generally accepted that the design appeared only in the 20th century, but there are objective reasons to believe that it originated much earlier. The design grew out of architecture and engineering. And the first step towards the emergence of design was the identification in the design of designed objects of the so-called “forms of free choice.” The article explains the difference between technical and artistic creativity, gives the current types of work performed by designers. The history and practice of design convincingly prove that design is not a decoration of the project, but a visually perceived creative concept and a system of author’s compositional solutions built into it and consistent with all factors of influence. Design is a serious market tool that must be actively used to improve the quality and consumer properties of domestic goods.
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Bakus, Grigoriy. « Gothic Сathedrals in the Fire of the World War : Monuments of Medieval Architecture in the Visual Historical Evidence of the 20th Century ». ISTORIYA 14, no 7 (129) (2023) : 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840026931-3.
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“Rotterdam durch deutsche bomben vernichtet” — this inscription in German Language was written on snapshot with most prominent Gothic-styled Church of the city. The nearest area was destroyed completely and only ruins there were everywhere. Today this card, an amateur photo, is a piece of historical evidence both in the fields of longue durée terms of existence for medieval monuments in traditional cityscapes and local societies, which had living there. During the periods of the First and the Second World Wars were made the arrays of images of the same sort with monuments of medieval culture — the cathedrals of Reims, Rouen, Amiens, Laon, the Sint-Laurenskerk in Rotterdam, the Benedictine abbey of Mont Saint-Michel. Together with the earlier images, these photographs allow us to return to the problem of the “Traditional Church in Modern Culture”, which was identified by R. Kieckhepher on another material, as well as to talk about the content of the images of the Middle Ages in the discourses of the 20th century (O. G. Oexle).
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Taras, Yaroslav. « THE VISUAL HERITAGE OF VADYM SHCHERBAKIVSKYI IS THE PRIMARY SOURCE FOR THE STUDY OF THE GENESIS OF UKRAINIAN SACRED CONSTRUCTION, FOLK ART AND ETHNOGRAPHY (BASED ON ARCHIVAL MATERIALS OF THE INSTITUTE OF NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF UKRAINE) ». Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications 18, no 2023 (2023) : 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2023.18.093.
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Photographs and negatives of V. Scherbakivskyi are an important source for studying the genesis of Ukrainian sacred construction, architecture, folk art, and ethnography. They are the basis for the restoration of the artistic tradition, remain relevant, and go far beyond the boundaries of historiographical discourse. The goal is to publicize and analyze information about Vadym Shcherbakivskyi's negatives, which are stored in the funds of the Institute of Ethnology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, to show his familiarity with photographic practice, to highlight their value for architecture, folk art, ethnology, and church history. The object of the study is the legacy of V. Scherbakivskyi's negatives, collected by the Museum of the National Academy of Sciences. The subject is the practice of using visual material by Vadym Shcherbakivskyi to study the genesis of Ukrainian sacred construction, folk art, ethnography and to restore the artistic tradition. Methods: comparative-historical analysis is used for the reconstruction, study and research of certain ethnographic territories of Ukraine; synchronous and diachronic — to characterize the content variability of its photo-fixation, its use for building the genesis of Ukrainian sacred architecture and its origin. The article highlights the cooperation of V. Shcherbakivskyi with the National Academy of Sciences, his scientific research in Galicia at the beginning of the 20th century. and in the Poltava region, it is shown how the collected visual sources allowed V. Shcherbakivskyi to assert the existence of an independent "Ukrainian church style", that the Ukrainian artistic tradition is a confirmation of national identity, it is highlighted how his photo-fixation of Ukrainian church architecture became an important factor in the breakdown of the Great Russian piece in appropriation other people's achievements. It is shown how visual sources serve as artifacts for the study of architecture, folk art, ethnology and Church history, the tasks set for the processing and digitization of photos and negatives of V. Shcherbakivsky and the publication of an album for the 150th anniversary of his birth.
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Khyzhynskyi, Volodymyr, Mykola Lampeka et Valerii Strilets. « Ceramics of Halychyna in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. Scientific and professional schools. Technologies. Personalities. » History of science and technology 11, no 2 (12 décembre 2021) : 383–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2415-7422-2021-11-383-410.
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An analysis of numerous artefacts of the first third of the 20th century suggests that the production of many varieties of art-and-industrial ceramics developed in Halychyna, in particular architectural ceramic plastics, a variety of functional ceramics, decorative tiles, ceramic tiles, facing tiles, etc. The artistic features of Halychyna art ceramics, the richness of methods for decorating and shaping it, stylistic features, as well as numerous art societies, scientific and professional associations, groups, plants and factories specializing in the production of ceramics reflect the general development of this industry in the first half of the century and represent the prerequisites the emergence of the school of professional ceramics in Halychyna at the beginning of the 20th century. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the formation and development of scientific and professional schools of art-and-industrial ceramics of Halychyna in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. The research methodology was chosen, in accordance with the specific factual material, the goals and objectives set in the work, developed on the basis of a systematic approach and the principle of historicism, using the method of complex art analysis, synthesizing the research capabilities of comparative historical, functional, typological research methods. The principle of consistency assumed the consideration of certain issues, in accordance with the sequence of processes that took place in such a popular variety of professional decorative applied art as art ceramics. Due to this approach, the authors tried to focus on a detailed elucidation of the ways of building professional creativity in an inextricable relationship, taking into account the characteristics of a certain material, the needs of appropriate material support, and the establishment of technological processes. Furthermore, such a presentation of the paper material has provided a clearer indication of the possibilities and prospects for the development of the artistic ceramics art. In the process of work, the authors were aware that all the problems related to the art of the first half of the 20th century, including the development in the production of art ceramics in Halychyna, are only at a certain stage of thorough study. That is why this work is one of the stages on this path. In this regard, this study was interpreted by the authors not as one that should finally exhaust the chosen topic, but on the contrary – the work should create an opportunity for further more detailed study of individual phenomena, the work of artists, or the analysis of groups of specific pieces of art.
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Abelleira Doldán, Miguel. « From the Batlló House to the Capitol Bulding. The Interaction Between Furniture and Architecture in Spain in the First Third of the 20th Century ». Res Mobilis 10, no 13-3 (29 juin 2021) : 190–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/rm.10.13-3.2021.190-219.
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Throughout history, each human activity has been demanding and building a specific furniture according to it. But it is arranged in a specific space, forming environmental conditions that must guarantee the appropriate response on each occasion. Sometimes there is a clear link between the two, especially in those cases in which both container and content have been devised unitarily, combining design decisions on the building and object scales. The different degrees of the interrelation between architecture and furniture will be exposed in the study of various cases, all of them carried out in Spain during the first third of the 20th century, whose temporal extremes are the Casa Batlló and the Capitol Building. The various modes of involvement and attribution of belonging to the different artistic movements developed in that period will also be shown.
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Hancock, Mary. « Subjects of Heritage in Urban Southern India ». Environment and Planning D : Society and Space 20, no 6 (décembre 2002) : 693–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d343.
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In this paper I deal with a recent effort, conducted jointly by corporate and voluntary bodies, to create a themed cultural environment in Chennai (formerly Madras), the capital city of the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. This project, not yet completed, fuses craft center with architectural reconstruction, and is the work of upper-caste, globally connected elites. The site, Dakshina Chitra, envisions southern Indian culture and history in ways that are tied to consumerism and to elite perceptions of regional and national heritage. This effort departs from and poses a critique of the versions of culture, history, and identity that have been inscribed by the state in urban public space during the second half of the 20th century—the statues, monuments, and memorials that celebrate Tamil ethnicity as promulgated in the Dravidianist sociopolitical movement. This movement, which originated in the late 19th century, provided a platform for anticolonial and subaltern social movements. It continues in the hands of the political parties who have controlled, at different times, the government of Tamil Nadu since 1967. The competing discourses on heritage posed by these different projects are indicative of political, economic, and cultural transformations associated with liberalization that are now reconfiguring the relations between state and society in southern India. The constructions of locality and history that became visible during the anticolonial struggle of the first half of the 20th century are being challenged by alternative formulations as heritage becomes a marketable good and consumption becomes a vehicle of political participation. With this case I consider the ways that themed urban environments serve not only as indices of the changing political economy, but also as markers of changes in the cultural mediation of political subjectivity.
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Medovarov, Maksim V. « “Construction and Decorative Art” Magazine : A Forgotten Word in the Russian Artistic Criticism of the Early 20th Century ». Observatory of Culture 19, no 1 (3 mars 2022) : 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2022-19-1-88-99.
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The article is devoted to the history of the Moscow magazine “Construction and Decorative Art”, which played a significant role in Russian art criticism in 1903, despite its short (within six months) existence. This topic needs to be addressed due to the small number of comprehensive studies in the field of Russian art criticism of the early 20th century. On the basis of archival materials of censorship, the article reconstructs the creation circumstances of two homogeneous magazines (“Architecture and Decorative Art”, renamed “Free Art”, and “Construction and Decorative Art”) and their actual transformation into one press organ. There is examined the rapprochement of the architects Vasily Borin and Leonid Betelev with the scandalous journalist Alexey Filippov, their struggle for the permission to publish a new Moscow magazine about art in 1900—1902, the patronizing attitude of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs and the Moscow Governor-General to the new initiative of Filippov. The author introduces into scientific circulation important recorded sources related to the transfer of the rights to publish the magazine to Vasily Borin, and his attempt to pass off the former magazine of Filippov and Betelev as his own (hitherto non-existent) magazine “Free Art”. The article analyzes three issues of the illustrated magazine “Construction and Decorative Art” published in 1903. Basing on the data on the magazine’s format and prices, the author concludes that the publication turned out to be expensive and, therefore, unprofitable. The article pays particular attention to the views of Borin and Filippov on the development of contemporary art, Art Nouveau, and the activities of the artists of the group “Mir Iskusstva” (“World of Art”). In the context of a meaningful analysis of the magazine’s articles, there is discussed the honoring of the architect Nikolai Nikitin in connection with his anniversary. The author poses the question of how the issues of “Free Art” at the end of 1903 should be assessed. There are analyzed the causes for the mysterious closure of both the magazines in 1904—1905, which was not formalized in accordance with the law.
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Oliveira, Thainá Thais Silva, et Flávia Olegário Palácios. « History and architectural characteristics of the iron bandstands in Belém, Pará ». PARC Pesquisa em Arquitetura e Construção 14 (24 juin 2023) : e023016. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/parc.v14i00.8670968.
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From the late 19th to the beginning of the 20th century, Belém underwent a comprehensive urban and architectural renovation in Pará, northern Brazil. The transformations in these Amazonian lands, the rubber cycle’s outcomes, included the construction and renovation of squares which were remarkably equipped with prefabricated iron bandstands imported from diverse European countries. Several buildings have remained in the city’s landscape but have been little researched and documented. Meanwhile, they suffer from weathering (mostly corrosion) and inappropriate anthropic actions allied to the absence of proper maintenance, gradually losing their features and pieces. As these facts are a significant challenge to their conservation, this paper aims to document Belém’s eight remaining iron bandstands by investigating their historical trajectories and architectural characteristics as preservation subsidies. The methodological approach was divided into two phases: 1) historical and iconographic study; 2) architectural documentation and analysis. The research’s products consisted of two-dimensional drawings, registration forms, and a comparative analysis of the buildings assembled within Belém’s historical centre. The process allowed the detailing of their backgrounds, origins, and dating. It produced consistent graphic documentation whose interpretation highlighted various architectural and technical solutions due to the uniqueness of each structure. This data advances the knowledge about this kind of building in heritage conservation and construction history, grounding the conclusion that industrialization processes do not define them as homogenous structures.
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Peskov, V. M. « Formation of civil engineering education in Tomsk ». Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture 26, no 3 (13 juin 2024) : 104–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2024-26-3-104-117.
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The history of civil engineering education in Tomsk dates back more than a century. The article presents the prerequisites for the creation of technical and civil engineering education in the Asian part of the Russian Empire in the 19– 20th centuries. The first years of existence of a new architectural school beyond the Urals are describe as well as the formation of the educational process. Some aspects are reflected in works of Siberian scientists and urban planners.Despite the importance of Tomsk as a science city since the end of the 19th century, scientific works on the formation of civil engineering education in the Asian part of Russia and in Tomsk are absent. A historical contribution to the development of civil engineering education by such people as K.K. Lygin, A.D. Kryachkov, I.I. Bobarykov, A.E. Sabek, F.F. Gut, P.F. Fedorovsky, is not fully consecrated in the context of their teaching activities.This work is a comprehensive study of contributions of each historical person to the educational process of civil engineering.The work has a strict chronological sequence, considers formation stages of of civil engineering and architectural education, starting with the opening of the Tomsk Technological Institute, ending with the separation of faculties into a higher educational institution and its relocation to Novosibirsk. Historical events in question took place at the end of the 19th and late in 20th centuries.New information given in the article complements existing historical research, expands available information about problems faced by the first leaders of higher engineering and construction school in Tomsk.
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Davydov, A. N. « The wooden architecture of Archangel during the second half of the 19th‐the beginning of the 20th century : The cultural context and historical background ». Acta Borealia 9, no 1 (janvier 1992) : 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08003839208580409.
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Antipin, Konstantin Sergeevich. « Wandering "paper" dominants : positions and functions of high-rise accents in the urban development projects of Pushchino, 1950–1980s ». Философия и культура, no 6 (juin 2024) : 11–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0757.2024.6.70744.
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The subject of this study are the architectural and urban planning projects of the scientific town of Pushchino of the USSR Academy of Sciences, developed in the second half of the 20th century. It focuses on high-rise accents planned in the master plans from the 1950s to the 1980s, which, though never realized, played a crucial organizing role in the city's developmental compositions over the years. These "paper" projects significantly influenced the actual architectural ensemble of the city. Specific changes in the creative concepts are correlated with personnel shifts within the team that developed the projects for Pushchino. The dynamics and direction of architectural searches are considered within the broad context of the history of Soviet architecture and are compared with global processes and the positions of architectural theorists and philosophers. The research employs a formal and comparative analysis method, structured historically to segment the creative process into periods that reflect both the subject of the research and the broader historical and architectural context of the era. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the comprehensive analysis of numerous urban planning and architectural projects, gathered through extensive research in state and personal archives. This allowed for the first time to consider the work of architects on the planning projects of Pushchino as a dynamic process, revealing changes that occurred at each of its stages. Through the analysis of the development of “paper” dominants, wandering from project to project, changes in the global urban planning concepts of the city were traced. Consequently, the article provides insights into the development of urban planning in Pushchino, viewed through the lens of high-rise accents. It also paves the way for further research into other aspects of the process, contributing to a more comprehensive and profound understanding of urban architectural development.
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Bremner, G. Alex, et David P. Y. Lung. « Spaces of Exclusion : The Significance of Cultural Identity in the Formation of European Residential Districts in British Hong Kong, 1877–1904 ». Environment and Planning D : Society and Space 21, no 2 (avril 2003) : 223–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d310.
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In this paper we discuss the role and significance of European cultural identity in the formation of the urban environment in 19th-century and early-20th-century British Hong Kong. Our purpose is to offer an alternative reading of the social history of Hong Kong-the orthodox accounts of which remain largely predominant in the general historical understanding of that society-by examining the machinations that surrounded attempts by the European colonial elite to control the production of urban form and space in the capital city of Hong Kong, Victoria. Here the European Residential District ordinance of 1888 (along with other related ordinances) is considered in detail. An examination of European cultural self-perception and the construction of colonial identity is made by considering not only the actual ways in which urban form and space were manipulated through these ordinances but also the visual representation of the city in art. Here the intersection between ideas and images concerning civil society, cultural identity, architecture, and the official practices of colonial urban planning is demonstrated. It is argued that this coalescing of ideas, images, and practices in the colonial environment of British Hong Kong not only led to the racialisation of urban form and space there but also contributed to the apparent anxiety exhibited by the European population over the preservation of their own identity through the immediacy of the built environment.
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Wihardyanto, Dimas, et Sudaryono Sudaryono. « ARSITEKTUR KOLONIAL BELANDA DI INDONESIA DALAM KONTEKS SEJARAH FILSAFAT DAN FILSAFAT ILMU ». LANGKAU BETANG : JURNAL ARSITEKTUR 7, no 1 (20 avril 2020) : 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/lantang.v7i1.35500.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Arsitektur merupakan salah satu produk budaya hasil pemikiran manusia yang mampu menggambarkan secara komprehensif bagaimana hubungan dirinya dengan konteks sosial maupun seting lingkungan yang ada. Tidak terkecuali arsitektur kolonial Belanda di Indonesia. Kolonialisasi di Indonesia terutama yang dilakukan oleh Belanda merupakan salah satu babak sejarah penting di Indonesia karena mampu merubah cara berfikir arsitektur di Hindia Belanda semakin modern mendekati yang terjadi di Barat. Pengaruh modernisme dalam arsitektur tersebut tentunya tidak dapat dilepaskan dari perkembangan cara berfikir masyarakat barat yang bertitik tolak dari cara memandang alam dan manusia melalui pendekatan kategorisasi dan analogi. Setelah melalui kurun waktu yang cukup panjang arsitektur kolonial Belanda di Indonesia akhirnya tidak dapat memaksakan penggunaan arsitektur barat secara penuh. Konteks sosial budaya serta seting lingkungan dan iklim yang berbeda akhirnya mampu mengajak para arsitek untuk mengedepankan cara berfikir yang bertitik tolak pada alam melalui pendekatan analogi alih-alih menonjolkan arsitektur barat sebagai simbol manusia modern melalui pendekatan kategorisasi. Kemunculan arsitektur Indis adalah salah satu buktinya. Selanjutnya melalui metode kajian literatur terhadap sejarah perkembangan filsafat barat, metodologi penelitian arsitektur, dan teori-teori mengenai arsitektur kolonial Belanda di Indonesia peneliti mencoba merunut dan merumuskan bagaimana Posisi keilmuan arsitektur kolonial Belanda di Indonesia dalam konteks sejarah filsafat dan filsafat ilmu. Hasil yang didapatkan dari penelitian ini adalah bahwasanya perkembangan arsitektur kolonial di Indonesia berawal dari cara berfikir dualisme dengan mengambil alam sebagai tidak tolak, kemudian beralih menjadi cara berfikir monisme dengan revolusi industri sebagai latar belakang, dan kemudian kembali ke cara berfikir dualisme dengan menempatkan alam sebagai titik tolak pada abad ke 20.DUTCH COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE IN INDONESIA IN THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF PHILOSOPHY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Architecture is one of the cultural products of human thought that can to comprehensively describe how its relationship with the social context and the existing environmental settings. Dutch colonial architecture in Indonesia is no exception. Colonialism in Indonesia, especially those carried out by the Dutch, is one of the important historical phases in Indonesia because it can change the way of thinking architecture in the Dutch East Indies increasingly modern that is happening in the West. The influence of modernism in architecture indeed cannot be separated from the development of western society's way of thinking, which starts from the way of looking at nature and humans through a categorization and analogy approach. After a long period of time, Dutch colonial architecture in Indonesia finally could not force the full use of western architecture. The socio-cultural context and the different environmental and climatic settings were finally able to invite the architects to put forward the way of thinking that starts with nature through an analogy approach instead of highlighting western architecture as a symbol of modern humans through the categorization approach. The emergence of Indis architecture is one of the proofs. Furthermore, through the method of studying literature on the history of the development of western philosophy, architectural research methodology, and theories about Dutch colonial architecture in Indonesia researchers try to trace and formulate the scientific position of Dutch colonial architecture in Indonesia in the context of the history of philosophy and philosophy of science. The results obtained from this study are that the development of colonial architecture in Indonesia started from the way of thinking of dualism by taking nature as not rejecting, then turning into monism with the industrial revolution as a background, and then returning to the way of thinking of dualism by placing nature as a point starting in the 20th century.
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BROWN, CHRISTOPHER. « The Renaissance of Museums in Britain ». European Review 13, no 4 (octobre 2005) : 617–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798705000840.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In this paper – given as a lecture at Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in the summer of 2003 – I survey the remarkable renaissance of museums – national and regional, public and private – in Britain in recent years, largely made possible with the financial support of the Heritage Lottery Fund. I look in detail at four non-national museum projects of particular interest: the Horniman Museum in South London, a remarkable and idiosyncratic collection of anthropological, natural history and musical material which has recently been re-housed and redisplayed; secondly, the nearby Dulwich Picture Gallery, famous for its 17th- and 18th-century Old Master paintings, a masterpiece of 19th-century architecture by Sir John Soane, which has been restored, and modern museum services provided. The third is the New Art Gallery, Walsall, where the Garman Ryan collection of early 20th-century painting and sculpture form the centrepiece of a new building with fine galleries and the forum is the Manchester Art Gallery, where the former City Art Gallery and the Athenaeum have been combined in a single building in which to display the city's rich art collections. The Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, of which I am Director, is the most important museum of art and archaeology in England outside London and the greatest University Museum in the world. Its astonishingly rich collections are introduced and the transformational plan for the museum is described. In July 2005 the Heritage Lottery Fund announced a grant of £15 million and the renovation of the Museum is now underway.
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Schembs, Katharina. « The invention of the “third-world city” : urban planning in Latin America in the 1960s and early 1970s ». Esboços : histórias em contextos globais 28, no 47 (30 mars 2021) : 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7976.2021.e75358.
Texte intégralRésumé :
While the first half of the 20th century was mainly characterized by the importation of urban planning models from Europe and the USA to Latin America, the 1960s represent a turning point: In the context of different development theories, local planners first started to emphasize the supposed structural similarities of Latin American cities and then their parallels with other cities of the Global South. Social theorists, economists and urbanists of the time conceptualized cities not only as litmus tests of the developmental stage of the individual country, but also as motors to enable economic progress. Analyzing different Latin American architectural and urban planning publications, the article traces references toother Latin American and “Third-World” countries that grew in size in the course of the 1960s. In some cases, this even led to South-South contacts in the field of urban planning to the research of which this article is a start.
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Burganova, Maria A. « LETTER FROM THE EDITOR ». Scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The space of culture 18, no 1 (10 mars 2022) : 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36340/2071-6818-2022-18-1-6-9.
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Dear readers, We are pleased to present to you Issue 1. 2022, of the scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The Space of Culture. Upon the recommendation of the Expert Council of the Higher Attestation Commission, the journal is included in the List of Leading Peer-reviewed Scientific Journals and Publications in which the main scientific results of theses for the academic degrees of doctor and candidate of science must be published. The journal publishes scientific articles by leading specialists in various humanitarian fields, doctoral students, and graduate students. Research areas concern topical problems in multiple areas of culture, art, philology, and linguistics. This versatility of the review reveals the main specificity of the journal, which represents the current state of the cultural space. The issue opens with the article "Al Noor Island - a Place Where Art and Culture Meet Nature" by J. Smolenkova. It is devoted to modern architecture and touches upon the philosophy of architecture ecology as a new concept of contemporary construction. On the example of a unique project implemented on the island of Al Noor in the UAE, the author considers examples of pavilions and sculptural installations, united by the theme of new aesthetics and humanistic mutual influence of nature and architecture as new realities of modern society. In her article "Glasstress: a Transparent Border Between Mimicry and Mimesis", M. Burganova analyses the modern artistic process that began in the middle of the 20th century as part of the craft + art concept using the example of "Glasstress. Window to the Future” exhibition, held in the State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg. The Stalinist Empire style, a unique phenomenon in the architecture of the Soviet period, is analysed by V. Slepukhin in the article "Soviet Architecture of the 1930-1950s". The author determines its place among such architectural styles and trends as Art Nouveau, Rationalism and Constructivism and gives a detailed description. In the article “Palladian Architecture of Denmark in the 17th-18th Centuries”, O. Tsvetkova considers the evolution of architecture in Denmark in the 17th-18th centuries, explores the influence of French classicism and Dutch Palladianism on national manifestations of style. On the example of specific buildings, the chronology of the classical architectural tradition development is traced. The creative continuity of architectural dynasties is studied in the context of the pan-European architectural trends of the time; the history of the Danish architecture development is traced. I. Pavlova continues the theme of dialogues in art in the article “The Role of the ‘English’ Theme in One of the Episodes of L. Tolstoy’s Novel, Anna Karenina". The author expresses the opinion that the development of the "English" theme in the episodes of the races and preparations for them serves to dispell false values, the ephemeral virtues of Tolstoy's contemporary society, pride and arrogance. The author believes that the main role of the "English" theme lies in the development and implementation of the moralistic setting of the novel, the expansion of the content space of the work and depiction of the dramatic image of the era. In the article "V. Borovikovsky’s Sketch ‘God the Father Contemplating Dead Christ’ As a Synthesis of Western European and Orthodox Traditions”, V. Makhonina considers iconographic interpretations of the plot and conducts a stylistic analysis of the work. The article "The Concept - Text - Interpretation Triad in Piano Music of the Second Half of the 20th - 21st Centuries" by O. Krasnogorova is devoted to the problems of the performing arts of modern times in the context of the general system of humanitarian thinking. The concept of interpretation from the standpoint of conceptual metaphors and research in the field of musical semiology are considered by the author. In the article, the broad interpretation of a musical text goes beyond the actual musical text into the area of ??signs, metaphors and metonyms. In the article "Instrumental Performance on Wind and Percussion Instruments in the Context of Traditional Rituals Accompanying Work in China", Huang Shuai analyses traditional Chinese wind and percussion instruments; he considers such issues as instrumental combinations and musicians. The author applies the historical research method, source study and musicological analysis of audio and video materials. The publication is addressed to professionals specialising in the theory and practice of the fine arts and philology and all those interested in the arts and culture.
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Omilanowska, Małgorzata. « Gmach Gdańskiej Biblioteki Miejskiej przy ulicy Wałowej ». Porta Aurea, no 20 (21 décembre 2021) : 123–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/porta.2021.20.06.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Following Germany’s unification in 1871, Gdansk was a major municipal centre and a port on the Empire’s map, however it was well past its heyday. In the Gründerzeit, it could not reach as quick a pace of development as other cities of the Reich, and by the late 19th century it did not boast any university. The attempt to catch up on the substantial delay in creating modern public architecture in Gdansk was only made after the fortifications had been dismantled (1895–97). A triangular plot close to St James’s Gate was reserved for the purpose of education and science. It was there that a seat of the city archive and the building of the Secondary School of SS Peter and Paul (Oberrealschule St. Petri und Pauli) were raised. The third edifice was planned as the new home for the Gdansk Library. The precious book collection, whose core was formed by the collection bequeathed by Joannes Bernardinus Bonifacius d’Oria of Naples in 1596, was kept in a former Franciscan monastery, and later in St James’s Church. Attempts to raise a new building to house the collection in the 1820s as designed by Carl Samuel Held failed. Neither was the plan to erect the new library building as an extension of the Dungeon and Prison Gate Complex implemented. It was only Karl Kleefeld’s design from 1901–1902 planning to raise an impressive Gothic Revival complex that finally came to life. Completed in January 1905, the Library welcomed the first readers already on 16 February.
Kleefeld designed the building’s mass on the L -plan layout with a truncated corner and wings. The main reading room boasted elegant, sumptuous, and coherent wooden furnishing, and the gallery’s centrepiece was a ledge decorated with 14 panels featuring bas -relief cartouches with the emblems of the cities of West Prussia. Differing in size, the edifices, were given red -brick elevations with plastered details and glazed green filling, with a sgraffito frieze on the reading room elevation between the ground and first floors. It was the Gdansk Renaissance that dominated in public buildings’ architecture of the city in the last quarter of the 19th century. The resumed popularity of Gothic Revival in its local forms in Gdansk public buildings’ architecture, such as those in the afore - -described Kleefeld’s designs, resulted undoubtedly from a rapid growth of research into historic structures, yet on the other hand it reflected the return to the local tradition (Heimatschutz), which could be observed in the architecture of the German Reich at the time.
Judged in the context of an extremely modest programme of public projects in Gdansk of the period, the creation of the Bildungsdreick with the edifices of the archive, library, and secondary school is to be regarded as a major event in the history of creating public architecture of the city.
As seen against other projects of the time in other Reich cities, the Gdansk City Library stood out neither with its scale, nor innovatory character of the layout solutions. What, however, makes it a special facility are architectural forms that reveal its contribution to the search for the expression of the local tradition. This kind of an archaeological approach to the past and a compilatory additive method of juxtaposing quotes from various buildings, which may have also arisen from the lack of talent of the architect, were undoubtedly in decline in the early 20th century.
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MATTAR, PHILIP. « MARTIN GILBERT, Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century (New York : John Wiley & ; Sons, 1996). Pp. 428. $16.95 paper. » International Journal of Middle East Studies 33, no 1 (février 2001) : 136–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002074380130106x.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Much has been written about Jerusalem since the Madrid peace conference in 1991, most of it by partisans on both sides. Sir Martin Gilbert's work is one of the most entertaining, but least objective. Gilbert is a fellow of Merton College, Oxford University, and a biographer of Sir Winston Churchill and historian of World War II. He begins where his earlier volume, Jerusalem: Rebirth of a City, ended—around the turn of the 20th century. He starts his story with the last few years of Ottoman rule; dwells on British rule (1917–48) and the 1948 war; skims over the years between 1948 and 1967, especially the Jordanian rule of East Jerusalem; then gives a long account of the years after 1967. He ends his book with an endorsement of a plan to return part of East Jerusalem to the Palestinians. Gilbert is a master of the art of compressing an enormous amount of materials about the city's social, architectural, cultural, religious, and political history during the past century into a compelling and readable narrative. His book thus provides a panoramic account of the city, and, because he relies on newspapers, it has an eyewitness quality to it.
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Sheshnev, Aleksandr. « Twin-City Relations between Czechoslovak and Lower Volga Cities in the Second Half of the 20th Century and Their Reflection in Urban Toponymy ». ISTORIYA 13, no 4 (114) (2022) : 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840019850-4.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In post-war Soviet history, an important place was occupied by scientific, technical, socio-cultural and educational practices of interaction between the cities of the Soviet Union and of the Eastern bloc. The special nature of relations was often reinforced by the status of twin cities. This practice has contributed to the strengthening of interaction between officials, residents and various associations at the local and regional levels. The Lower Volga cities such as the Saratov, Balakovo (Saratov region) and Kamyshin (Volgograd region), have developed special stable ties with Czechoslovak cities. During the implementation of such a major energy project of the countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance as the construction of the «Soyuz» gas pipeline, the works in the Lower Volga region was carried out by specialists from Czechoslovakia. A number of industrial and social objects in Kamyshin were built directly with the participation of Czechoslovak scientific and technical specialists. In the urban space, the special nature of relations is reflected in the architectural and cultural heritage; it can be traced in urban toponymy to the present day. After the Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia and the collapse of the socialist bloc, ties were severed. Only between the Slovak Trnava and the Russian Balakovo is symbolic on May 9, 2013 signed an agreement on the resumption of cooperation, providing for interaction in the fields of culture, education, sports, tourism, trade and other socio-economic issues.
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Žukas, Jonas, Kostas Gaitanži et Darius Zabulionis. « Prospects of Intuitive Interaction Modeling in Automated Shape Generation ». Architecture and Urban Planning 18, no 1 (1 janvier 2022) : 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aup-2022-0002.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract In this article, authors discuss new possibilities for the spatial design universal aesthetic development. Creative artistic means are conditioned by the human ability to comprehend and interpret objects in a particular context. Ideas of arts and science coexistence have been relevant since antiquity. The 20th century, especially the Bauhaus movement, gave a rational basis for conjoining artistic inspiration with the parametric constraints. Contemporary digital technologies provide new possibilities to enhance human creative potential by employing scientific methods. In search of material environment evaluation reference points, it is important to establish a robust connection of human mind and physical world. Subjectivity and intersubjectivity of experiences raise issues in human perception studies, involving both phenomenal and material processes. Embodied cognition reveals itself as an intuitive experience or discovery which provides a new perspective for the creative application. The authors aim to investigate the creative opportunities of automated shape generation systems. The main issue is to find a universal application of creative process analysis. Parametric constraints offer the opportunity to use statistical tools in art practice. These constraints are based on embodied cognition capabilities. Combined methods of qualitative and quantitative evaluation help to assess the contextual relevance of the object and to determine the cultural and pragmatic effectiveness of automated design solutions. The study offers theoretical and applied cross-disciplinary research direction to discover new creative means in material environment design, including architecture and urban planning.
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Priyadarshini, M. « Evaluation of the Development of Landscape Architecture Using WSM Method ». 4 1, no 4 (1 décembre 2023) : 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.46632/bmes/1/4/1.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Landscape architecture spans across various dimensions including its objectives, design methodologies, analytical procedures, target clientele, levels of interest, intellectual or knowledge foundations, ethical considerations, connection with the natural environment, and approaches to power dynamics. Within the analytical community, landscape architecture holds a significant role, particularly in landscape ecology, contributing to a comprehensive perspective and wielding influence. The Department of landscape architecture and related fields are spatial Prioritize design to address urban and rural challenges, crafting solutions Parks and garden sand squares etc., considering both environmental and societal needs to foster development and leverage opportunities effectively. This article delves into the practices of regional designers, who configure and organize the design process, while also examining relevant policies. However, regional design principles often exhibit ambiguity, lacking structure and stability, thus presenting challenging scenarios. Moreover, the design process seeks to contribute to broader processes of change, forming an integral aspect of the study. It underscores a dynamic perspective on design, emphasizing communication with stakeholders and the designer's role within the design process, highlighting the need for a renewed cultural outlook. significant portion of the book is that which covers the landscape profession's contribution to the 20th century development to town planning in England and America. Newton discusses the 19th-century English background, including the experimental towns of Saltire, Bourneville, and Port Sunlight and the sociological factors which led to establishing the garden city movement. In Garden Cities of Tomorrow (1902), Ebenezer Howard set out guiding principles which are valid in urban design today: the town and country ideal; limitation in size (32,000 population, 6,000 acres); controlled agricultural buffer zone (greenbelt); development and control by a corporation; planning and density control; separate wards (neighborhoods) developed around the public school; spaciousness for tree-lined streets, public buildings, home sites; ample areas for parks and recreation; provision for industrial employment in municipally or privately owned factories, electrically powered to reduce air pollution; the dispersal of towns separated by controlled agricultural lands; development of intercity transport facilities. The Weighted Sum Method (WSM) is an approach for decision-making and optimization that assesses and contrasts multiple alternatives through a set of criteria. It offers a structured means of amalgamating these criteria, each with its own significance, into a single value. Art in Landscape Architecture, Urban Agriculture and Foodscapes, Therapeutic Landscapes, Socially Engaged Design and Ecological Design. Ecological Impact, Maintenance and Longevity, Community Engagement and Economic Impact. the Ranking of Landscape Architecture. Ecological Design is got the first rank whereas is the Socially Engaged Design is having the Lowest rank.
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Derewenda, Zygmunt S. « On the centennials of the discoveries of the hydrogen bond and the structure of the water molecule : the short life and work of Eustace Jean Cuy (1897–1925) ». Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 77, no 5 (13 août 2021) : 362–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273321006987.
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The bent structure of the water molecule, and its hydrogen-bonding properties, arguably rank among the most impactful discoveries in the history of chemistry. Although the fact that the H—O—H angle must deviate from linearity was inferred early in the 20th century, notably from the existence of the electric dipole moment, it was not clear what that angle should be and why. One hundred years ago, a young PhD student at the University of California, Berkeley, Eustace J. Cuy, rationalized the V-shape structure of a water molecule using the Lewis theory of a chemical bond, i.e. a shared electron pair, and its tetrahedral stereochemistry. He was inspired, in part, by the proposal of a weak (hydrogen) bond in water by two colleagues at Berkeley, Wendell Latimer and Worth Rodebush, who published their classic paper a year earlier. Cuy went on to suggest that other molecules, notably H2S and NH3, have similar structures, and presciently predicted that this architecture has broader consequences for the structure of water as a liquid. This short, but brilliant paper has been completely forgotten, perhaps due to the tragic death of the author at the age of 28; the hydrogen-bond study is also rarely recognized. One of the most impactful publications on the structure of liquid water, a classic treatise published in 1933 by John Bernal and Ralph Fowler, does not mention either of the two pioneering papers. In this essay, the background for the two discoveries is described, including the brief history of Lewis's research on the nature of the chemical bond, and the history of the discovery of the hydrogen bond, which inspired Cuy to look at the structure of the water molecule. This is – to the best of the author's knowledge – the first biographical sketch of Eustace J. Cuy.
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Bočková, Monika. « Rise of container structures along the Danube River in Bratislava : Transformation of the embankment after the river regulation ». Architecture Papers of the Faculty of Architecture and Design STU 28, no 4 (1 décembre 2023) : 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/alfa-2023-0023.
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Abstract The paper traces the particular moments of historical development of the Bratislava (now the capital of Slovakia) embankment along the Danube River during the 20th century until present. The observed territory is understood as a relatively newly formed terrain that resulted as a by-product of river regulation at the end of the 19th century. The emerged space offered attractive and spacious building plots for various new typologies and rather than a compact city block, these were mostly hosted in the container-like structures. Referencing the theoretical work of De Solà-Morales, the containers are understood as self-standing, large-volume envelopes creating a controlled platform for order and consumption. Research was focused on the study of visual archival materials and contributions in architectural journals of the period. The selected aspects were subsequently displayed in the form of author’s schemes, which combine map data with an axonometric representation of the described objects. The paper distinguishes three different periods of embankment development that correspond to the political and economic historical framework and highlights the specific characteristics of each of them. While the interwar era brought the concept of free-standing palaces on the waterfront, the period of socialism was generally characterised by failed ambitious plans. Finally, the period of the neoliberal transformation of the city set the new condition for real estate market and resulted in the construction boom on the waterfront. The long-awaited construction on the waterfront is now in the hands of the private sector, while containers-like residence complexes and shopping malls are ultimately raising the questions about their generic nature.
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Njegovanović, Ana. « Financial Evolution and Interdisciplinary Research ». Financial Markets, Institutions and Risks 7, no 1 (2023) : 71–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/fmir.7(1).71-95.2023.
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This paper (summary of the second chapter of the manuscript “quantum dance”) talks about the multidimensionality of finance through evolution, philosophy with interdisciplinary features (interweaving of neuroscience, mathematics, quantum physics, biology and artificial intelligence). The path of global financial systems that is dependent on emergency infusions, which in medical terms means that the solution is in the operation of the system itself and perhaps a new global finance, quantum finance? (“Economists aren’t trained in money: just imagine the chaos if physicists weren’t trained in gravity”) and financial decision-making. Evolutionary ideas have a long history in the social sciences dating back to Malthus, who played an inspirational role for Darwin (Hodgson, 1993). Veblen (1898) coined the term “evolutionary economics” and began the systematic use of the evolutionary approach in the social sciences (Veblen, 1904). Schumpeter (1911) laid the foundations for evolutionary economics in the 20th century. A decisive role in the creation of the economic branch was played by the works of Alchian (1950), Boulding (1981), Downie (1958), D. Friedman (1998), M. Friedman (1953), Hodgson (1993, 2004), Penrose (1952), Nelson (2018) and Nelson and Winter (1982). The intertwined journey of market outcomes through various cultural traits, trait selection and mutation pressures at different frequencies along with psychological and cognitive bias, network structure, information asymmetry, information waves and institutional environment is the way to study and understand the evolutionary process and social interactions in financial markets (Hirshleifer D ., Shiller R.J., Farmer J.D., Lo A.W., Lo A.W., ). The cultural characteristics of culture and its frequency in its dynamics increase or decrease, changing through individual and social learning. Beliefs and behaviors lead to the transfer of social interactions and observation, implying that culturally transmitted investor ideas or folk models influence trading behaviors and price outcomes. Social finance is characterized by an explicit and broader examination of social transmission processes, cultural characteristics and evolutionary dynamics.
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Vitiello, Veronica, Roberto Castelluccio et Silvia Trampetti. « The Recognition of Cultural Value as an Element for the Preservation of the 20th-Century Heritage. Application of the ICOMOS Multidisciplinary Approach to the ex S.M.O.M. of Pozzuoli ». Heritage 6, no 1 (28 décembre 2022) : 284–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage6010014.
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The actions for the preservation of cultural heritage must work on the identity and specificity of the places, paying the utmost attention to the context relationships. The analysis of these elements is fundamental to the recognition of the intrinsic “value” of the building, of the cultural, architectural, and landscape type and of the “value relations” that the building holds with the surrounding context of the social and economic but, above all, cultural and identity type. The methodological approaches defined by the ICOMOS Document of Madrid–New Delhi recognize the identification of the cultural value as a fundamental passage for the promotion of the 20th-century heritage. The contribution analyzes the design process developed by applying the ICOMOS methodology for the preservation of the cultural value of a building complex in Pozzuoli dating back to the early 1900s. The evolutionary history of the different volumes and the configuration of the “modern ruins” give rise to prospective relationships with the local reality that today assume a stronger identity value than that connected to the original project. The different construction techniques used and the state of conservation of the buildings lead to the identifying of different elements of value and, consequently, to the elaborating different design choices.