Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Aprassia »

The Pygopodidae comprise an enigmatic group of legless lizards endemic to the Australo-Papuan region. Here we present the first complete mitochondrial genome for a member of this family, Aprasia parapulchella, from Australia. The mitochondrial genome of A. parapulchella is 16 528 base pairs long and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes and the control region, conforming to the typical vertebrate gene order. The overall mitochondrial nucleotide composition is 31.7% A, 24.5% T, 30.5% C and 13.2% G. This corresponds to a total A+T content of 56.3%, which is similar to that of other squamate lizard genomes.

Questo lavoro propone un nuovo strumento psicometrico per diagnosticare l'aprassia ideomotoria. A partire da modelli cognitivi che assumono l'esistenza di due processi cognitivi per l'imitazione di gesti, distinti funzionalmente e anatomicamente (una via semantica per l'imitazione dei gesti conosciuti e una via diretta per la riproduzione di gesti nuovi), il test mira a identificare deficit selettivi in base al contenuto (gesti conosciuti vs gesti nuovi) e al segmento dell'arto superiore che esegue il movimento (distale vs prossimale). Diagnosticare in modo adeguato il disturbo aprassico ideomotorio e infatti una condizione necessaria per programmare l'iter riabilitativo dei pazienti con lesioni cerebrovascolari.

Here, I review phylogenetic studies of the lizard family Pygopodidae, a group of 47 extant species that diversified in Australia and New Guinea. The goal of this study was to examine published phylogenetic and phylogenomic hypotheses on pygopodids to identify the strengths and weaknesses in our understanding of their phylogeny. Many parts of the pygopodid family tree are well established by multiple independent tree inferences including: (1) all multispecies genera (i.e., Aprasia, Delma, Lialis, Pletholax, and Pygopus) are monophyletic groups; (2) the root of the pygopodid tree is located along the branch leading to the Delma clade, thus showing that Delma is the sister group to all other pygopodid genera; (3) the Aprasia repens group, Delma tincta group, and several other groups of closely related species are demonstrated to be monophyletic entities; and (4) the monotypic Paradelma orientalis is the sister lineage to the Pygopus clade. Based on accumulated phylogenetic evidence, two taxonomic recommendations are given: Paradelma merits generic status rather than being subsumed into Pygopus as some earlier studies had suggested, and the monotypic Aclys concinna should be recognized as a member of Delma (following current practice) until future studies clarify its placement inside or outside the Delma clade. One chronic problem with phylogenetic studies of pygopodids, which has limited the explanatory power of many tree hypotheses, concerns the undersampling of known species. Although the continual addition of newly described species, especially over the past two decades, has been a major reason for these taxon sampling gaps, deficits in species sampling for ingroups and/or outgroups in several studies of pygopodid species complexes has confounded the testing of some ingroup monophyly hypotheses. Ancient hybridization between non-sister lineages may also be confounding attempts to recover the relationships among pygopodids using molecular data. Indeed, such a phenomenon can explain at least five cases of mito-nuclear discordance and conflicts among trees based on nuclear DNA datasets. Another problem has been the lack of consensus on the relationships among most pygopodid genera, an issue that may stem from rapid diversification of these lineages early in the group’s history. Despite current weaknesses in our understanding of pygopodid phylogeny, enough evidence exists to clarify many major and minor structural parts of their family tree. Accordingly, a composite tree for the Pygopodidae was able to be synthesized. This novel tree hypothesis contains all recognized pygopodid species and reveals that about half of the clades are corroborated by multiple independent tree hypotheses, while the remaining clades have less empirical support.

Budidaya ikan air tawar di wilayah Desa Bojong telah menjadi usaha ekonomi masyarakat. Namun sebagian besar masyarakat masih menganggap bahwa usaha tani ikan merupakan sampingan dan usaha rumahan oleh sebab itu budidaya ikan masih bersifat tradisional, sehingga nilai ekonomi kurang optimal. Kelompok tani/pedagang ikan Mina Santosa merupakan poktan/kokdakan yang mengalami pasang surut baik dalam manajemen maupun produksinya. Kuliah Kerja Nyata (KKN) merupakan kegiatan akademik dengan bobot 3 SKS. melalui tema Pembelajaran dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (PPM) mahasiswa melakukan kegiatan selama 384,5 > 380 Jam Kerja Efektif Mahasiswa (JKEM). Tujuan program KKN PPM memberi kesempatan pada mahasiswa untuk belajar membantu dan memecahkan permasalahan masyarakat. Bagi mitra, mampu meningkatkan nilai tambah secara ekonomi, dan bagi Perguruan Tinggi mampu mengimplementasikan ilmu dan jaringan keilmuan untuk membantu masyarakat menggunakan metode Partisipatory Rural Aprasial (PRA) kegiatan belajar dan bekerja bersama kelompok sasaran secara bertahap melalui sosialisasi, pelatihan dan pendampingan. Program utama kegiatan KKN PPM meliputi 1). Tata kelola organisasi, 2). Budidaya ikan air tawar; 3). Olahan berbasis ikan, dan 4). Sosial budaya.. Mahasiswa mendapatkan pembimbingan oleh Dosen Pembimbing Lapangan dan narasumber keahlian yang dibutuhkan sesuai program kerja. Hasil KKN PPM antara lain perubahan perilaku masyarakat dalam berwirausaha, tata kelola kelompok tani dan pedagang ikan lebih tertata, budidaya ikan menerapkan sistem ecogreen, pemanfaatan ikan, dan limbah ikan (waste product) untuk berbagai olahan, serta dinamisnya kondisi sosial budaya masyarakat dalam kelompok tani/pedagang ikan. Publikasi kegiatan dan hasil olahan dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan teknologi informasi seperti media sosial

Aim. High order control of movements and gestures is attributed to a cortico-subcortical network involving the fronto-parietal cortex and connections, and the striatum. Damage within the basal ganglia would be neither necessary nor sufficient to cause clinically evident apraxia, but would add to praxis errors caused by fronto-parietal dysfunction. While the cortical component of the praxis network has been repeatedly investigated, this is the first study directly exploring the contribution of the striatum: we correlated dopaminergic uptake measured with 123-ioflupane Single Photon Emission Tomography (SPET) and PET FDG cerebral metabolism with severity of ideomotor apraxia in Cortico-Basal Syndrome (CBS). Patients and methods. Patients were evaluated with De Renzi’s Test for Ideomotor Apraxia, which allows to score separately movements performed with hand and fingers or with arm and hand, and meaningful and meaningless gestures. Both upper limbs were assessed. Occipital-striatum ratios of dopaminergic uptake were measured semiquantitatively for left and right caudate and putamen. Partial correlation analysis between apraxia scores and SPET parameters was conducted using Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale III, MMSE scores, disease duration and age as covariates. Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons was applied. PET FDG uptake was quantified using SPM software. Results. Eleven patients diagnosed with CBS according to recent standardised criteria were included into the study. They were eight women and three men with a mean age of 70.3 years +7.8, a mean disease duration of 28.2 months +14.6, and a MMSE score of 19.7 +4.1 on average. Partial correlation analysis after Bonferroni correction showed a statistically significant relationship between reduced dopaminergic uptake in the left striatum (caudate and putamen) and poor performance of gestures with the left fingers. A correlation was demonstrated between a cluster of reduced metabolism at PET FDG in the frontal left hemisphere and right apraxia scores in the CBS subjects. Discussion. Even if confirmation in a larger sample is needed, our findings confirm a cortical involvement in the praxis network and support a role of the basal ganglia on praxis dysfunction in subjects with CBS. Conclusions. In CBS, damage to the basal ganglia is not only responsible for extrapyramidal signs and symptoms, but also contributes to the development of ideomotor apraxia.

Disturbi del linguaggio e aprassia si associano frequentemente, sia in pazienti con lesioni cerebrali dovute a ictus emisferico e sinistro, sia in pazienti con malattie degenerative, in particolare nei soggetti affetti da Demenza Semantica. Numerosi studi comportamentali e di neuro immagine, effettuati su soggetti sani e pazienti, mostrano che queste due abilità cognitive sono in parte supportate dalle stesse vie neurali, ma la natura dell’interazione tra linguaggio e prassia dipende dagli specifici aspetti cognitivi che vengono presi in esame. Per questo motivo, sono stati condotti tre studi con l’obiettivo di investigare la relazione tra diversi compiti prassici e linguistici. Anzitutto, i meccanismi cognitivi che permettono l’imitazione di gesti con e senza significato sono stati studiati in pazienti con lesioni cerebrali sinistre, conseguenti a ictus, in relazione alla prestazione ottenuta in una batteria per l’afasia, in un compito di denominazione e comprensione di verbi, e in un compito di associazione semantica (il quale richiedeva di associare oggetti in base a caratteristiche diverse, come ad esempio associare due oggetti che possono essere usati insieme per completare un’azione). La prestazione dei pazienti nell’imitazione di gesti con significato, rispetto a quelli senza significato, è risultata essere significativamente inferiore rispetto ai soggetti di controllo. Inoltre, i pazienti che ottenevano un punteggio migliore nel compito di associazione di oggetti, quando era richiesto di scegliere i due oggetti che potevano essere usati insieme nella stessa azione, avevano una prestazione significativamente migliore nel compito di imitazione di gesti significativi. Il secondo studio è stato condotto in un gruppo di pazienti con malattie degenerative, con l’obiettivo di indagare i correlati neurali di tre diversi tipi di conoscenze semantiche sugli oggetti (ovvero manipolazione, funzione e contesto d’uso). Prestazioni dissociate nei tre tipi di conoscenze semantiche sono risultate associate a tre distinti pattern di ipometabolismo. In particolare, prestazioni deficitarie nella manipolazione correlavano significativamente con ipometabolismo nel giro angolare sinistro e in aree temporali inferiori e medie posteriori, mentre prestazioni deficitarie nella funzione e nel contesto d’uso correlavano significativamente con ipometabolismo nel polo temporale sinistro, nel giro fusiforme sinistro e in aree temporali anteriori sinistre. Infine, è stato indagato il ruolo delle conoscenze sulla manipolazione e sulla funzione nell’uso di oggetti, in pazienti con malattia di Alzheimer. I pazienti che avevano prestazioni deficitarie nel compito di associazione di oggetti in base alla manipolazione avevano una probabilità significativamente maggiore di presentare un deficit anche nei compiti di uso di oggetti. Una buona prestazione nel compito di associazione di oggetti in base alla funzione, invece, aumentava significativamente la probabilità di essere risparmiati nell’uso di oggetti. In conclusione, i risultati mostrano che le conoscenze semantiche sulle azioni, come ad esempio la capacità di associare oggetti che possono essere usati insieme nella stessa azione e le conoscenze sulla manipolazione degli oggetti, potrebbero essere l’elemento in comune tra prassia e linguaggio.
Linguistic and praxis deficits often co-occur in patients with stroke-related left hemisphere lesions and in those with neurodegenerative diseases, especially Semantic Dementia. Many behavioral and neuroimaging studies involving both patients and healthy participants revealed that these two cognitive abilities are at least partially supported by common neural pathways, but the interpretation of the interaction between language and praxis depends on which cognitive aspects are examined. For this reason, three studies involving different praxis and linguistic tasks were conducted. First, cognitive processes that enable imitation of meaningless and meaningful gestures were studied in left hemisphere stroke patients through performance obtained in a general standardized battery for aphasia, in verb naming and comprehension tasks, and in a semantic association task (which included various types of semantic association, e.g. matching objects that could be used together in the same action). Patients were significantly more affected in the imitation of meaningful, as opposed to meaningless, gestures. Higher scores in imitation of meaningful gestures were significantly predicted by better performance on the semantic association task when participants were required to associate objects that could be used together to perform a familiar, meaningful action. A second study investigated neural correlates of three distinct types of conceptual object knowledge (i.e. manipulation, purpose and context of use), in a group of neurodegenerative patients. In association with disproportionate behavioral responses on each type of object knowledge, three distinct patterns of hypometabolism emerged. Specifically, manipulation knowledge significantly correlated with the left angular gyrus, and left posterior middle and inferior temporal areas, whereas purpose and context of use significantly correlated with the left temporal pole, the left fusiform gyrus and left anterior temporal areas. Finally, the role of manipulation and function knowledge in object use was investigated in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Poor performance in matching pictures of objects that could be manipulated in the same way significantly predicted the probability of having a deficit in object use. Conversely, flawless performance when matching pictures of objects that shared the same function, significantly predicted positive outcomes in objects use tasks. Taken together, results show that action semantic knowledge, which encompasses knowledge about which objects can be used together in a purposeful action as well as manipulation knowledge, may be the joining element where action and language interact and overlap.

This study arose from a conservation dilemma between the need to conserve a population of the endangered pink tailed legless lizard, Aprasia parapulchella and crucial upgrading of Canberra's sewerage treatment plant. The study focused on conservation biology and how it could be applied to the management of A. parapulchella. As little biological information was available on A. parapulchella, research was focused on obtaining data that would be beneficial in the conservation management of the species. This included the dietary and habitat requirements, population status and structure and population relocation and habitat restoration. A. parapulchella was found to occur in low relative densities at all sites (maximum 9.1 lizards per 1000 rocks turned, Mt Taylor). Populations of the species appear to be larger than has been considered previously, however numbers are still below 500 individuals per site. Sexual dimorphism is present in the species with females achieving longer snout-vent lengths than males. Sex ratios were equal in all sites, however average size of lizards was different at the four main study sites, indicating differences in population structure. The life history of A. parapulchella can be summarised as long-lived, late maturing (3rd or 4lh year of life) with a low reproductive rate (single clutch of two eggs per year). A. parapulchella is a dietary specialist feeding on about 11 different species of ants. Interestingly, the lizards also live with the same species that they feed upon. By far the most important species in the diet and homesite requirements of A. parapulchella is the ant Iridomyrmex rufoniger. A. parapulchella shows positive selection towards the species in homesite choice, is found most commonly in the nests of this ant, and selects its brood over the brood of other ant species in diet experiments. In addition this ant was represented in the diet of A. parapulchella more commonly than any other ant. The relationship between ants and A. parapulchella appears to be unique and the mechanisms of this specialisation require further investigation. The vegetation associations where A. parapulchella occur are different across the range of the species. Sites at Bendigo and West Wyalong support mallee communities, while in the ACT region, Bathurst and Tarcutta, A. parapulchella appears to be a habitat specialist, being found most commonly in sites dominated by grass species, both native and introduced. A. parapulchella lives beneath rocks in grassland sites. Rocks that the species uses for homesites are commonly between 100 and 150 mm wide, 120-220 mm long and 50 and 150 mm thick. There were significant differences between the sizes of rocks used at different sites and between different seasons. Rocks used by females were significantly larger than rocks used by juvenile lizards. Twelve other species of reptile were found to use rocks in grassland sites, with rocks partitioned within the community on the basis of size and shape. An experimental relocation of A. parapulchella was conducted to try to determine ideal habitat conditions for the survival of relocated individuals. Unfortunately of the 114 lizards released, only 15 were recaptured. Although recaptures were low, trends indicated that treatments of Themeda triandra and very high rock densities had the highest survival rates. Key habitat variables were reinstated at the Lower Molonglo Dam site however restoration is preliminary with more time needed for the habitat to be suitable for occupation by A. parapulchella. What started as a situation that was likely to have a deleterious impact on A. parapulchella has been turned into a conservation success story. Without the involvement of ACT Electricity and Water, much of the basic biology of A. parapulchella would still be unknown. The findings will now form a solid basis from which to effectively conserve A. parapulchella. The project provides an example of the conservation success that can be achieved between industry and conservation partnerships.

Orientador: Maria Irma Hadler Coudry
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Esta pesquisa ocupa-se da inter-relação dos processos cognitivos - linguagem e praxia - bem como das alterações lingüísticas e práxicas comuns a lesões cerebrais adquiridas, respectivamente - afasias e apraxias. Tais processos são estudados pela Neuropsicologia e Neurolingüística tradicionais sob uma perspectiva dissociativa, ou seja, como se fossem processos independentes, autônomos. Diferente da tradição das áreas acima citadas, adota-se, neste estudo, uma perspectiva teórico-metodológica que privilegia a relação de tais processos, considera-se que podem ser apreendidos a partir de suas condições de uso, ou seja, tais processos podem ser analisados em contexto de produção e interpretação de sentido verbal e nãoverbal. Assume-se, pois, o postulado vygotskyano de que a linguagem participa, direta ou indiretamente, da organização e funcionamento de todos os processos cognitivos: atenção, percepção, memória, praxia e raciocínio lógico-formal. Tal fato pressupõe um funcionamento cerebral dinâmico, sistêmico e integrado. Realiza-se, nesta pesquisa, um estudo neurolingüístico de caso, em que se analisam dados lingüístico-práxicos extraídos do companhamento longitudin~1de CF, orientado por uma concepção enunciativo-discursiva de linguagem. Analisa-se o papel estruturante do prompting fonético, gestual e das cenas enunciativas para a produção oral e gestual de CF; destacando-se a relação da língua com o exteriordiscursivo - termo usado por COUDRY nos estudos discursivos da afasia - como condição de fundamental importância para a atividade significativa. Deriva desta abordagem teórica um procedimento de avaliação de praxia bucofacial para conhecer a produção gestual dos órgãos faciais e bucais - estes últimos referidos como fonoarticulatórios e relacionados ao nível fonológico da linguagem. Tal procedimento difere da avaliação tradicional da apraxia buco-facial assentada em comandos verbais descontextualizados, formulados segundo a variedade padrão e normativa de língua e privilegiando a atividade metapráxica
Abstract: The aim of this research is to discuss the inter-relation of the cognitive processes - language and praxia, as well as linguistic and praxical alterations which are common in acquired brain lesions, respectively, aphasia and apraxia. These processes are studied by traditional Neurophychology an Neurolinguistic under a dissociative approach, that is, like independent or autonomous processes. Unlike the traditional studies in the areas mentioned above, this study adopts a theoretical and methodological perspective which emphasizes the relation of those processes, considering that they can be apprehended within their conditions of effective use. In other words, such processes can be analysed in the context of production and interpretation of verbal and non-verbal significance. This research assumes the vygotskyan postulate that language participates, directly or indirectly, of the organization and functioning of ali cognitive processes: attention, perception, memory, praxia and logical-formal thought which, in turn, presuppose a dynamic, systemic and integrated brain functioning. A neurolinguistic case study is carried on this research, in which linguistic-praxical data are taken from the longitudinal research and therapeutical procedures of CF, oriented by a discursive conception of language. The structuring role of the phonetic and gestural 'prompting' and of the so-called 'enunciative scenes' for the oral and gestural production of CF is analyzed. It is also emphasized the relation of the language system with ali the exterior facts which are also involved in language activities - 'exterior discursivo', term used by COUDRY in her discursive studies of aphasia - as a condiction of fundamental importance to the significative activity. From this theoretical approach derives som e evaluation procedures of buco-facial praxia to better understand the gestural production of the facial and oral organs - which are referred to as phono-articulatory, and are related to the phonological level of language. These procedures differ from the traditional evaluation of buco-facial apraxia which are constituted by contextless verbal commands elaborated according to the standard and normative language, privileging the metapraxical activity
Mestrado
Mestre em Linguística

This study examined the ant communities of several grasslands of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and their relevance to the pink-tailed legless lizard, Aprasia parapulchella (Pygopodidae). A. parapulchella is a fossorial species that shares burrows with, and eats the brood of, several grassland ant species. Foraging ants were collected from sites by pitfall trapping throughout one calendar year and comparisons of ant communities made between seasons and sites of differing vegetation structure. Competition between ant species for artificial nest sites and the effects of temperature on selection of nest site selection were also studied. The role that ants play in the distribution of A. parapulchella was investigated by (i) comparing ant faunas from several sites throughout the geographic range of the lizard, including sites in New South Wales and Victoria, (ii) performing feeding preference experiments with A. parapulchella, and (iii) investigating the seasonal nature of brood production and nest establishment by ants in ACT grasslands. Major findings were used to make recommendations to assist in the management, including rehabilitation, of A. parapulchella grassland sites. Low insolation appears to significantly affect the ant species composition of grassland sites in the ACT relative to other Australian vegetation types. In the ACT grassland sites, large species of the Dominant Dolichoderinae functional group were absent, or present only in very low numbers. The communities were species-poor relative to other Australian studies with only 60 species being recorded across all sites studied, with no more than 21 species recorded at any site on any sampling occasion. Whilst ant species community structure was highly variable between seasons and sites, more than 95% of ants were from the three functional groups, Dominant Dolichoderinae, Generalized Myrmicinae and Opportunists. The communities were numerically dominated throughout the year by the ubiquitous species groups Iridomyrmex 'rufoniger' and Rhytidoponera 'metallica'. Almost all taxa increased in foraging abundance during summer months and Pheidole spp., Monomorium spp., Crematogaster sp. Paratrechina sp. and Notoncus ectalomoides were occasionally locally abundant. There were no significant relationships between ant and vegetation community structures, but Solenopsis sp. showed an alliance with sites that had a high abundance of Themeda australis (kangaroo grass), whilst Crematogaster sp. and Paratrechina sp. are potential bioindicators of disturbance from grazing or pasture improvement. Iridomyrmex 'rufoniger' were the numerically dominant foraging ants, making up 50% of all captures, but they held only 80% of their nest sites when faced with competition from other species. R. 'metallica' and Pheidole spp. on the other hand, gained 80% more nests than they lost to other taxa. I. 'rufoniger' and R. 'metallica' both preferred nest sites with warmer temperature regimes when given the choice, and this assisted them to tend brood throughout the year. All ant species in ACT grasslands had summer peaks in brood production. Most nests were inactive throughout the cooler months and nest founding was predominantly between September and November. The common species, Iridomyrmex spp., Paratrechina sp. and R. 'metallica' held winged reproductives in their nests from April and all ant taxa had released all alates by mid- November. Although there were differences in ant community structure throughout the range of A. parapulchella, the ubiquitous R. 'metallica' and I. 'rufoniger' were always abundant, whilst again, Dominant Dolichoderinae and associated subordinate taxa were absent or present only in relatively low numbers. The lizards consumed brood from all the common ant species in ACT grasslands and showed preference for consuming brood of, and living with, small Iridomyrmex spp. The range of the small Iridomyrmex spp. preferred by A. parapulchella extends far beyond that of the lizard. Its distribution is apparently not restricted by the range of its ant prey species. For rehabilitation of A. parapulchella sites in the ACT, it is recommended that a significant ground cover of native grasses is established to ensure the low abundance of large and territorial ants from the Dominant Dolichoderinae functional group. Along with a high abundance of shallow surface rocks, this will ensure the establishment of ant communities that are numerically dominated by small Iridomyrmex spp., which are preferred by A. parapulchella for homesite sharing and as a food source.

Orientador: Maria Irma Hadler Coudry
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Esta pesquisa se ocupa da análise de fatos lingüístico-cognitivos/psíquicos de um poeta afásico (SL). Adota a perspectiva teórico-metodológica da Neurolingüística Discursiva (ND) desenvolvida na UNICAMP por Coudry, desde 1988 e, nesse sentido, parte do princípio de que os sujeitos afásicos, tal como sujeitos não afásicos, realizam trabalho lingüístico-cognitivo/psíquico, cuja expressão nas afasias pode ser entendida como processos alternativos de significação. São apresentados e discutidos alguns dos processos alternativos de significação que SL usa para lidar com a afasia e manter-se sujeito da linguagem. Destaca-se o papel da função poética na emergência de tais processos e na reorganização da linguagem. A análise dos dados, realizada especialmente à luz dos conceitos jakobsonianos, possibilitou refinar conhecimentos acerca dos processos alternativos/criativos de significação; favoreceu a compreensão de como SL afásico lidava com a bipolaridade da linguagem e com os demais processos cognitivos/psíquicos. Além do estudo de caso, esta pesquisa analisa parte da produção teórica e metodológica referente às afasias no âmbito da Neurologia/Neurociência e da Fonoaudiologia, e apresenta a Neurolingüística Discursiva (ND) como uma importante referência aos estudos e às práticas clínicas junto a sujeitos cérebro-lesados
Abstract: This research deals with an analysis of the linguistic-cognitive/psychic facts of an aphasic poet subject (SL). It adopts the theoretical-methodology perspective of the Discursive Neurolinguistics (ND) which has been developed in UNICAMP by Coudry since 1988 and thus part of the principle is that aphasic subjects as well as the non-aphasic ones carry out linguistic-cognitive/psychic work whose expression in aphasias can be understood as alternative processes of signification. Some of the alternative processes of signification are presented and discussed and those are used by SL to deal with aphasia and remain subject of the language. The role of the poetic function is highlighted in case of an emergency of such processes and in reorganizing the language.The data analysis which is carried out especially under the jakobsonian concepts could detail the knowledge related to alternative processes of signification that is to favor the understanding of how aphasic SL deals with the bipolarity of the language and with other cognitive/psychic processes. In addition to the case study, this research analyzes part of the theoretical and methodological production of Neurology/Neurocience and of Phonoaudiology related to aphasias and presents Discursive Neurolinguistic (DN) as an important reference to the studies and to clinical practices with damaged brains subjects
Doutorado
Doutor em Linguística