Bibliographies thématiques / Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.)

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) »

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Publié le 11 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.)"

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Silfverberg-Dilworth, E., C. L. Matasci, W. E. Van de Weg, M. P. W. Van Kaauwen, M. Walser, L. P. Kodde, V. Soglio et al. « Microsatellite markers spanning the apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) genome ». Tree Genetics & ; Genomes 2, no 4 (9 août 2006) : 202–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11295-006-0045-1.

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Raj, Danuta, Izabela Fecka et Aneta Starzec. « Recent advances on health properties of orchard apple fruits (Malus x domestica Borkh.) ». Farmacja Polska 76, no 3 (27 avril 2020) : 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32383/farmpol/121026.

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van Dyk, M. M., et D. J. G. Rees. « BIN MAPPING OF EST-SSRS IN APPLE (MALUS X DOMESTICA BORKH.) ». Acta Horticulturae, no 814 (mars 2009) : 681–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009.814.116.

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Foster, Toshi, Chris Kirk, William T. Jones, Andrew C. Allan, Richard Espley, Sakuntala Karunairetnam et Jasna Rakonjac. « Characterisation of the DELLA subfamily in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) ». Tree Genetics & ; Genomes 3, no 3 (17 novembre 2006) : 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11295-006-0047-z.

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DU, ZHANYUAN, et WILLIAM J. BRAMLAGE. « Superoxide Dismutase Activities in Senescing Apple Fruit (Malus domestica Borkh.) ». Journal of Food Science 59, no 3 (mai 1994) : 581–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1994.tb05567.x.

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Bound, Sally. « Precision Crop Load Management of Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) without Chemicals ». Horticulturae 5, no 1 (28 décembre 2018) : 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae5010003.

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Fruit thinning is an important management practice in commercial apple production. The standard industry practice for crop load management in many countries is based on bloom and/or post-bloom chemical thinning (CT) followed up with hand thinning. However, the response to CT is unpredictable and there is an increasing awareness of the environmental impact of many chemicals. Hence there is a need to find alternate environmentally acceptable methods for managing crop load. Artificial bud extinction (ABE), a thinning method that imitates natural bud extinction by manually removing buds before bud break, has been suggested as a potential tool to replace chemical thinning, but there have been no studies comparing ABE and chemical thinning. Trials were established in Tasmania, Australia to determine how ABE technology compares with best practice CT programs in terms of yield, fruit quality, and cost of implementation. Results from these trials demonstrated consistent fruit set of both Gala and Fuji apple under ABE management compared with conventional management. Fruit weight was increased in all ABE treatments from 5% up to 38%. The four studies presented here have demonstrated that ABE is a feasible alternative to chemical thinning, improving reliability of crop load management with increased predictability of fruit size and yield. Trees are significantly thinned before flowering, controlling biennial bearing. In addition, bud position is optimised, fruit is well spaced and light distribution into the canopy is enhanced. In terms of costs, implementation of ABE is comparable to managing crop load with CT programs but has the advantage that crop load management costs reduce in subsequent years after the initial tree set-up. ABE is also suitable for use in organic apple orchards.
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Yahyaa, Mosaab, Samah Ali, Rachel Davidovich-Rikanati, Muhammad Ibdah, Alona Shachtier, Yoram Eyal, Efraim Lewinsohn et Mwafaq Ibdah. « Characterization of three chalcone synthase-like genes from apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) ». Phytochemistry 140 (août 2017) : 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.04.022.

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Chevreau, E., Y. Lespinasse et M. Gallet. « Inheritance of pollen enzymes and polyploid origin of apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) ». Theoretical and Applied Genetics 71, no 2 (décembre 1985) : 268–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00252066.

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Labuschagné, I. F., K. Schmidt, J. H. Louw et A. Sadie. « BREEDING LOW-CHILL REQUIRING APPLE CULTIVARS (Malus x domestica BORKH.) IN SOUTH AFRICA ». Acta Horticulturae, no 538 (octobre 2000) : 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2000.538.49.

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Morkūnaitė‐Haimi, Šarūnė, Jurgita Vinskiene, Gražina Stanienė et Perttu Haimi. « Differential Chloroplast Proteomics of Temperature Adaptation in Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) Microshoots ». PROTEOMICS 19, no 19 (octobre 2019) : 1800142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmic.201800142.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.)"

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KERSCHBAMER, EMANUELA. « Identification of selective sweeps in domesticated apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) ». Doctoral thesis, country:IT, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10449/25045.

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The domesticated apple (Malus × domestica) is one of the most cultivated plant over the world and is one of the most genetically polymorphic agricultural species. Studying the genetic diversity of the apple germplasm could provide important hints about the domestication process as giving a valuable resource for high reso- lution genetic mapping, QTL analysis and breeding programs. Advances in next generation sequencing technologies have driven the costs of DNA sequencing down to the point that whole genome re-sequencing (WGS) is now feasible for high di- versity, large genome species. The aim of this work is to gain information on genome-wide genetic variability patterns in apple and to identify regions of the genome that may have been selected during the process of plant domestication. SNPs were called from Illumina short reads for 63 apple cultivars represen- tative of European germplasm diversity. The identified SNPs (over 15 millions) were filtered for quality and to avoid repeated and paralogous regions. Additional filters (minor allele frequency and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium) were applied to discard variants derived from genotyping errors resulting in a final number of 426,321 SNPs . The SNPs kept after the quality filters were used to study the population structure and the genetic diversity. A weak stratification of the ana- lyzed population emerged both from the principal component analysis (PCA) and a model based clustering approach performed using fastStructure. This analysis showed the presence of three subpopulations with a high level of admixture. FST between each couple of sub-groups was 0.055, 0.083 and 0.096 that indicate a moderate differentiation. Two different approaches were used to identify selective sweeps. The first is based on allelic frequencies and the site frequency spectrum (SFS) and it is implemented in the software SweeD. The second is based on linkage disequilibrium patterns and the omega statistic and it is implemented in the software OmegaPlus. Regions that were identified by both softwares were merged and used as candidate regions for positive selection resulting in 1,194 sweeps on the whole genome. A total of 153 gene predictions were extracted from these candidate regions and annotated using Gene Ontology terms and mapping on the KEGG pathway database. Similarity searches were also performed against plant databases to find gene orthologs and to better understand the function of candidates. The annotation revealed that genes under positive selection are involved in pathways like photosynthesis, protein ubiquitination, plant hormone signal transduction and starch and sucrose metabolism. In particular for the plant hormone signal transduction, were identified the auxin influx carrier and a SAUR family protein that lead to cell enlargement and plant growth and the ethylene insensitive protein 2 that leads to fruit ripening and senescence. The genes identified in regions under positive selection that were functionally annotated are consistent with the domestication traits for a better fruit: bigger, tastier and sweeter
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Kerschbamer, Emanuela. « Identification of selective sweeps in domesticated apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424163.

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The domesticated apple (Malus × domestica) is one of the most cultivated plant over the world and is one of the most genetically polymorphic agricultural species. Studying the genetic diversity of the apple germplasm could provide important hints about the domestication process as giving a valuable resource for high resolution genetic mapping, QTL analysis and breeding programs. Advances in next generation sequencing technologies have driven the costs of DNA sequencing down to the point that whole genome re-sequencing (WGS) is now feasible for high diversity, large genome species. The aim of this work is to gain information on genome-wide genetic variability patterns in apple and to identify regions of the genome that may have been selected during the process of plant domestication. SNPs were called from Illumina short reads for 63 apple cultivars representative of European germplasm diversity. The identified SNPs (over 15 millions) were filtered for quality and to avoid repeated and paralogous regions. Additional filters (minor allele frequency and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium) were applied to discard variants derived from genotyping errors resulting in a final number of 426,321 SNPs . The SNPs kept after the quality filters were used to study the population structure and the genetic diversity. A weak stratification of the analyzed population emerged both from the principal component analysis (PCA) and a model based clustering approach performed using fastStructure. This analysis showed the presence of three subpopulations with a high level of admixture. FST between each couple of sub-groups was 0.055, 0.083 and 0.096 that indicate a moderate differentiation. Two different approaches were used to identify selective sweeps. The first is based on allelic frequencies and the site frequency spectrum (SFS) and it is implemented in the software SweeD. The second is based on linkage disequilibrium patterns and the omega statistic and it is implemented in the software OmegaPlus. Regions that were identified by both softwares were merged and used as candidate regions for positive selection resulting in 1,194 sweeps on the whole genome. A total of 153 gene predictions were extracted from these candidate regions and annotated using Gene Ontology terms and mapping on the KEGG pathway database. Similarity searches were also performed against plant databases to find gene orthologs and to better understand the function of candidates. The annotation revealed that genes under positive selection are involved in pathways like photosynthesis, protein ubiquitination, plant hormone signal transduction and starch and sucrose metabolism. In particular for the plant hormone signal transduction, were identified the auxin influx carrier and a SAUR family protein that lead to cell enlargement and plant growth and the ethylene insensitive protein 2 that leads to fruit ripening and senescence. The genes identified in regions under positive selection that were functionally annotated are consistent with the domestication traits for a better fruit: bigger, tastier and sweeter
Il melo domestico (Malus × domestica) è una delle piante più coltivate al mondo ed è tra le specie agricole geneticamente più polimorfiche. Studiare la diversità genetica in melo può dare importanti suggerimenti sul processo di domesticazione e valide risorse per creare mappe genetiche ad alta risoluzione, per analisi di QTL e nei programmi di breeding. I miglioramenti nelle tecnologie di sequenziamento del DNA, dette NGS, hanno ridotto di molto i costi del sequenziamento al punto che i risequenziamenti completi di genomi sono ora fattibili anche per specie ad alta diversità genetica e dal genoma molto grande. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è l'analisi della variabilità genetica dell’intero genoma di melo e l'identificazione di regioni genomiche sottoposte a selezione durante il processo di domesticazione. A tale scopo 63 cultivar di melo, rappresentanti l’intera diversità del germoplasma europeo, sono state sequenziate con teconolgia Illumina. Dalle sequenze sono stati predetti oltre 15 milioni di SNP che sono stati filtrati eliminare le predizioni scadenti o legate a regioni ripetute e paraloghe. Ulteriori filtri (minor allele frequency e Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium) sono stati applicati per eliminare gli SNP derivati da errori di genotipizzazione. Il numero finale degli SNP filtrati è risultato di 426'321. Gli SNP rimasti dopo i filtri di qualità sono stati usati per studiare la struttura di popolazione e la diversità genetica. Dall'analisi delle componenti principali e da un metodo di clusterizzazione implementato in fastStructure, è emersa una debole stratificazione della popolazione analizzata. Questa analisi ha mostrato la presenza di tre sottopopolazioni con un alto livello di admixture. L’FST tra ogni coppia di sottopopolazioni è risultato di 0,055, 0,083 and 0,096 indicando un livello di differenziazione moderato. Due diversi approcci sono stati usati per identificare 'selective sweep'. Il primo è basato sulle frequenze alleliche e sul 'site frequency spectrum' (SFS) ed è implementato nel software SweeD. Il secondo è basato sui pattern di 'linkage disequilibrium' e la statistica ω ed è implementato nel software OmegaPlus. Le regioni del genoma che sono state identificate da entrambi i software sono state usate come regioni candidate sotto selezione positiva. In tutto il genoma le regioni sotto selezione sono risultate 1'194. In totale 153 predizioni geniche sono state estratte dalle regioni candidate e annotate usando i termini della Gene Ontology e con i pathway metabolici descritti nel database KEGG. Ricerche di similarità in database di piante sono state fatte per trovare geni ortologhi e per capire meglio la funzione dei geni candidati. L'annotazione ha rivelato che i geni sotto selezione positiva sono coinvolti in vari processi quali la fotosintesi, l'ubiquitinazione di proteine, la trasduzione del segnale ormonale delle piante o il metobolismo di amidi e zuccheri. In particolare, per la trasduzione del segnale, sono stati identificati l'importatore dell'auxina e una proteina della famiglia SAUR che agiscono sull'aumento della dimensione cellulare e sulla crescita della pianta e la proteina 2 insensibile all'etilene che porta alla maturazione del frutto e alla senescenza. Le annotazioni funzionali disponibili ascrivono i geni identificati a ruoli fisiologici coerenti con i tratti fenotipici attesi per un processo di domesticazione. Per esempio i tratti legati al miglioramento delle caratterisitche del frutto come la dimensione, il gusto e la dolcezza
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Soeker, Mogamat Khashief. « Genetic mapping of fruit quality traits in apple (malus x domestica borkh.) ». University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4797.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
Apple fruit quality is of utmost importance to apple farmers and breeders in the selection and commercialization of new cultivars. Fruit size, colour, texture, firmness and taste are all traits that affect the quality of fruit. In this study the genetic contribution of these traits, and others were evaluated in order to generate the genetic markers required for the application of marker assisted selection in fruit quality breeding. Three mapping populations, ‘Prima’ x ‘Anna’, ‘Golden Delicious’ x ‘Priscilla’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ x ‘Anna’, consisting of 87, 87 and 141 respectively, were used in the study. Fruit samples were analysed, using a range of visual, physical and sensory measurements, over a period of three years, and the data was then correlated using statistical analysis. Traits analysed included stripe-ness, fruit colour, fruit size, fruit form, ground colour, russet, texture, fruit firmness, juiciness, sugar content, acidity, taste, skin toughness, %TSS, fruit mass and diameter. ANOVA detected significant levels of variation between the three families for all traits except taste and russet; while highly significant ‘within family’ variation was also observed for all traits in pre- and post-storage analyses, except for sugar content (sweetness) and fruit form. Within family variation also contributed the largest percentage towards the variance components of all traits. Heritability estimates found stripe-ness to be the most heritable trait, from subjective analyses, while heritability values ranged from 0.41 to 0.84 for instrumentally measured traits. The genetic maps for the three populations were generated using both published microsatellites and new EST-SSR and DART markers, using JoinMap 4.0". The integrated genetic linkage maps of ‘Prima’ x ‘Anna’, ‘Golden Delicious’ x ‘Priscilla’, ‘Golden Delicious’ x ‘Anna’ consisted of 398 (133 SSR and 265 DArT), 353 (80 SSR and 273 DArT) and 213 (87 SSR and 126 DArT) markers respectively. The maps were 1021.6cM, 1079cM and 1302.7cM in length, respectively. Location of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for 14 fruit quality traits was detected using MapQTL 5.0" and a total of 79 pre-storage and 60 poststorage QTLs were identified on the three mapping populations. Comparative genome analysis and the role of various genes on the outcome of fruit quality can now be investigated. Using the integrated genetic maps, and the QTLs identified, candidate markers associated with these QTL can be used for marker-assisted selection, to increase the speed and efficiency of the apple breeding program.
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Maharaj, Ramsey. « Genetic analysis of resistance to apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh) ». Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4347_1258010463.

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Amongst the many problems facing the apple industry, apple scab is one of the most challenging experienced by producers. This disease is caused by Venturia inaequalis, which causes lesions to develop on both the fruit and leaves. The fungus is usually controlled by extensive use of sprays, but molecular genetics have made more environmentally friendly techniques available. This study was aimed at constructing a genetic linkage map from apple, which would be used in marker-assisted selection (MAS).

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Marondedze, Claudius. « Functional genomic characterization of fruit quality traits in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh) ». Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7794_1286309138.

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The domesticated apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.), belonging to the Malus genus of the Rosaceae family, is one of the edible pomaceous fruits. Since it is one of the important commercial fruit crops worldwide, the quality of the fruit is crucial to breeders and farmers as it ultimately determines acceptance of a cultivar for consumption. Fruit quality is also a critical determinant factor that is used to estimate the potential of apples to have a long shelf life. The introduction of marker-assisted selection (MAS) has allowed hastening of traditional breeding and selection of high-quality apple cultivars. The availability of genetic linkage maps, constructed by positioning molecular markers throughout the apple genome, enables the detection and analysis of major genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) contributing to the quality traits of a given genotype. 
herefore, the primary aim of this study was to construct a genetic linkage map of the &lsquo
Golden Delicious&rsquo
x &lsquo
Dietrich&rsquo
population for the identification of QTLs associated with fruit quality traits and then to examine the apple fruit pulp proteome with a specific focus on fruit firmness. In this regard, genomic DNA was extracted from leaves of the &lsquo
Golden Delicious&rsquo
x Dietrich&rsquo
population and used in megaplex PCR reactions. The PCR products were analysed prior to scoring of alleles. Polymorphic markers were then used to construct genetic linkage maps. The genetic linkage maps constructed in this study comprise of 167 simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers, 33 of these were newly developed markers. The 17 linkage groups of apple were constructed and aligned to existing apple genetic maps. The maps span 1,437.8 cM and 1,491.5 cM for &lsquo
Golden Delicious&rsquo
and &lsquo
Dietrich&rsquo
, respectively.

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Zhu, Hong. « Investigation of Regulatory Mechanisms of Chemical-Mediated Fruit Thinning in Apple (Malus X Domestica Borkh.) ». Diss., Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30220.

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Fruit thinning is critical to the success of apple industry because most apple trees are prone to biennial bearing characterized by heavy bloom and over-cropping in the â onâ year and low or no cropping in the â offâ year. Fruit thinning can improve fruit size, increase return bloom, and reduce alternate bearing habit of apple trees. Chemical thinning has been widely used as a horticultural practice by growers for years in apple and other fruit production. However, its thinning results are often variable and very difficult to predict since parameters as well as their interactions (e.g. concentration, environmental condition, cultivar response) that affect thinning effectiveness have been poorly defined and the regulatory mechanisms at molecular level remain to be illustrated. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to characterize the physiological and molecular responses of the apple trees to the thinning treatments, and then use key genes as molecular markers for screening potential thinning agents. The long-term goal is to understand how the applied chemicals and environmental factors interact and regulate key regulatory genes as well as the thinning effectiveness during thinning process, and establish a predictable model for the improvement of fruit thinning consistency and effectiveness in apple and other fruit trees. Effects of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), shading, amimoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on young apple fruit abscission, leaf and fruit ethylene production, and the expression of genes related to ethylene biosynthesis, perception and cell wall degradation were examined in â Golden Deliciousâ apples (Malus x domestica borkh.). NAA at 15 mgâ ¢L-1 and shading increased fruit abscission and ethylene production of leaves and fruit when applied at a 12-mm stage of fruit development, whereas AVG, an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis, at 250 mgâ ¢L-1 reduced NAA-induced fruit abscission and ethylene production of leaves and fruit. 1-MCP at 160 mgâ ¢L-1 had no effect on fruit abscission but induced ethylene production by both leaves and fruit. Changes in the gene expression pattern responding to each treatment were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR. NAA treatment was found to enhance the expression of genes related to ethylene biosynthesis (MdACS5A, MdACS5B and MdACO1) and perception (MdETR1, MdETR1b, MdETR2, MdERS1 and MdERS2). AVG reduced NAA-induced expression of these genes except for MdERS2 in the fruit abscission zone (FAZ). NAA increased the expression of a polygalacturonase gene (MdPG2) in the FAZ but not in the fruit cortex (FC), whereas AVG reduced NAA-enhanced expression of MdPG2 in the FAZ. These results suggest that ethylene biosynthesis, ethylene perception, and MdPG2 gene are involved in young fruit abscission caused by NAA. On the other hand, 1-MCP did not affect the expression of MdACS5A and MdACS5B in the FAZ, although it enhanced the expression of these two genes in the FC from 6 to 24 hours post-treatment. The expression of MdACO1 in both tissues was increased by 1-MCP after 3 or more days post-treatment. 1-MCP had only a small influence on the expression of most ethylene receptor genes, with the exception of MdETR1, which was up-regulated in the FC to a level similar to that observed for NAA treatment. In response to 1-MCP, in the FAZ, the expression of MdCel1 and MdPG2 was up-regulated at the beginning and the end, respectively, of the experiment, but otherwise remained at or below control levels. 1-MCP did not inhibit NAA-induced abscission of young apple fruit, suggesting that abscission does not solely depend on ethylene signal transduction, or that the periods of effectiveness for 1-MCP and ethylene were asynchronous in this study. Gene expression analysis also revealed that both NAA and shading enhanced the expression of gene related to ABA biosynthesis in the FAZ, which suggested the involvement of ABA in young fruit abscission. Global gene expression profile during young fruit abscission was analyzed using an apple oligonucleotide microarray. More than 700 genes were identified with reproducible changes in transcript abundance in the FAZ after NAA treatment. Genes associated with abscission, ethylene, ABA, cell wall degradation, mitochondrial activity, glycolysis, lipid catabolism, secondary metabolism, abiotic stress, and apoptosis were upregulated, while genes involved in regulation of cell cycle, cell wall biosynthesis, photosynthesis, carbon fixation, chromatin assembly, auxin transport/efflux, cytoskeleton function, and flower development were generally downregulated. Comparison of changes in the gene expression patterns during NAA-induced fruit abscission with shading-induced fruit abscission revealed similarities, but also considerable differences. The data suggested that young fruit were shutting down growth and energy production and undergoing a certain kind of programmed cell death (PCD) induced by these different stimuli. Gene expression analysis in abscising young fruit revealed that photosynthesis, carbon utilization, and ABA/ethylene pathways appeared to operate in both NAA- and shading-induced fruit abscission. However, more sugar signaling genes were regulated in shading-induced fruit abscission, compared to NAA-induced fruit abscission.
Ph. D.
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Bulley, Sean M. W. « Modification of gibberellin biosynthesis in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) for an improved dwarfing habit ». Thesis, Open University, 2002. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.394756.

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Labuschagne, Iwan Frederick. « An investigation into the genetic variation of chilling requirement in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) progenies ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52677.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Various experiments were undertaken over a period of five years to investigate the feasibility of initiating a large-scale programme of controlled apple breeding and selection for the improvement of climatic adaptation, using budbreak number (NB) as a practical criterion of selection. NB is preferred to time of budbreak as sole criterion on the grounds that early budbreak is associated with low NB under local conditions. Variation within and between adult and juvenile seedling families was investigated and the genetic control of the traits involved was assessed, as well as direct and correlated responses to selection. In initial experiments different rating criteria for NB as measure of chilling requirement were tested in association with vegetative and reproductive budbreak time and flowering duration, viz, a classification index based on number and distribution of budbreak (pDS grade), an index where shoot length with increased budbreak was included in the index calculation (pDS index) and bud break number expressed as number per 100 cm of shoot length (NB index). Variance analysis (ANOVA and Variance component analyses) detected significant variation within seedling families for budbreak time and NB, but estimates of genetic components of variance between families were generally low. High genetic variance among seedlings within families is most likely due to the high level of heterozygosity in the parental cultivars as is characteristic of vegetatively propagated crops. Intra-class correlation coefficients for clones within and between families indicate moderate genetic determination for NB with broad sense heritabilities around 30 percent. Realized heritabilities calculated from response to two-way truncation selection were between 40 and 60 percent. For budbreak time (reproductive and vegetative), the broad sense heritability averaged around 75 and 69 percent, respectively, indicating a high degree of genetic determination. Significant response to selection for NB of one-year-old shoots of young seedlings and from seedlings grown into adult trees showed that pre-selection for increased budbreak successfully identified seedlings genetically inclined to more and better distribution of budbreak within a set time of 21 days after initial budbreak. Correlated responses indicated additional advantages of practical and horticultural value, viz, uniformity and position of bud break, and the number and length of side shoots. In general, it is concluded from responses to two-way selection that utilizable genetic variance in NB is present within seedling families and thus that selection may successfully be applied as an early screening method for increased budbreak in adult trees. The NB index of intact one-year-old shoots under prevailing sub-optimal winter conditions is therefore proposed as criterion of selection for improvement of climatic adaptation, and combined selection utilizing genetic variation between and within crosses as the selection method.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verskeie proewe is oor 'n periode van vyf jaar uitgevoer om die toepaslikheid van 'n grootskaalse appelteel- en seleksieprogram vir die verbetering van klimaatsaanpasbaarheid te ondersoek met 'aantal knopbreke' (NB) as praktiese seleksiekriterium. NB word verkies bo tyd van knopbreek op grond daarvan dat vroeë knopbreek onder plaaslike toestande met lae NB gepaard gaan. Variasie binne en tussen volwasse en jong saailingfamilies en die genetiese beheer van die betrokke eienskappe is ondersoek, asook direkte en gekoreleerde seleksieresponsie. In die aanvangs-eksperimente is verskillende kriteria vir die kwantifisering van aantal knopbreke getoets as potensiële maatstawwe van die inherente kouebehoefte in appelsaailinge. Die tyd van vegetatiewe en reproduktiewe knopbreek en blomperiode is ook getoets. Die volgende indekse is gebruik: 'n klassifikasie-indeks om die aantal en verspreiding van knopbreke te beskryf (pDS graad), 'n indeks waar die lootlengte, met verhoogde aantal knopbreke, ingesluit is in die berekening van die indekswaarde (PDS indeks), en knopbreke uitgedruk as die aantal per 100 cm lootlengte (NB indeks). Variansie analise (ANOVA en variansie komponent analise) het betekenisvolle variasie binne saailingfamilies aangetoon vir tyd van, en aantal knopbreke. Ramings van genetiese komponente van variansie tussen families was relatief klein. Hoë genetiese variansie tussen saailinge binne families is waarskynlik te wyte aan die hoë vlak van heterosigositeit in die ouergenotipes, wat kenmerkend is van gewasse wat vegetatief voortgeplant word. Intraklas korrelasie koëffisiënte vir klone tussen en binne families het gedui op 'n middelmatige oorerflikheid in die breë sin (ongeveer 30 persent) vir aantal knopbreke. Verhaalde oorerflikhede wat bereken is vanaf responsie op twee-rigting atknottingsseleksie was tussen 40 en 60 persent. Vir tyd van knopbreek (vegetatief en reproduktief) was die breësin oorerflikhede ongeveer 75 en 69 persent, onderskeidelik, wat aanduidend is van 'n hoë graad van genetiese bepaling. Betekenisvolle responsie op seleksie vir NB van jong saailinge en saailingbome wat volwassenheid bereik het toon dat pre-seleksie vir knopbreke saailinge kan identifiseer wat geneties meer knopbreke en 'n beter verspreiding van knoppe binne 'n periode van 21 dae na die eerste knopbreek lewer. Gekorreleerde responsie op seleksie toon 'n addisionele voordeel van praktiese en tuinboukundige belang, naamlik, meer en langer sylote. In opsomming kan dit gestel word dat responsie op twee-rigting seleksie bruikbare genetiese variasie vir NB binne saailingfamilies ontgin het en dat seleksie vir verhoogde aantal knopbreke suksesvol toegepas kan word. Die NB indeks op een-jaar-oue hout word dus voorgestel as seleksiekriterium vir verbetering van klimaatsaanpasbaarheid onder plaaslike sub-optimale wintertoestande, en gekombineerde seleksie "combined selection" wat genetiese variasie binne en tussen kruisings benut as seleksiemetode.
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Xia, Rui. « MicroRNAs and Trans-acting siRNA pathways in Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) and Peach (Prunus persica) ». Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/19364.

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The unveiling of small RNA (sRNA)-mediated gene regulatory pathways has profoundly shaped our understanding of the complexity of gene regulation. In eukaryotes, sRNAs have been found to control cellular metabolism, growth and differentiation, to maintain genome integrity, and to combat viruses and mobile genetic elements. To gain insight into the roles of small RNAs in apple and peach, we conducted sRNA-seq, computational analysis and molecular experiments to genome-widely characterize their microRNAs (miRNAs) and trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA) pathways.
We identified totally 75 miRNAs or families, including 23 conserved, 10 less-conserved and 42 apple-specific ones, and 118 miRNA target genes in apple. Two classical trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA) pathways, miR390-TAS3 and miR828-TAS4, were characterized with similar but unique tasiRNA biogenesis profiles and target specificities. Importantly, miR159, miR828 and miR858 can collectively target up to 81 MYB genes potentially involved in diverse aspects of plant growth and development. In contrast to the location of the miR159 target site in a sequence-divergent region, the target sites of miR828 and miR858 are located in the region encoding the conserved R3 repeat domain of MYB proteins. 10 out of the 19 miR828-targeted MYBs undergo the biogenesis of various phased siRNA (phasiRNA), which potentially regulate diverse genes outside the MYB family. In peach, totally 94 miRNAs or families and 80 target genes were identified. Similar pathways of tasiRNA (miR828-TAS4 and miR390-TAS3) or phasiRNA (miR828-MYB-siRNA) processing were also characterized in peach.
Taking advantage of reverse computation and public available deep-sequencing data, we demonstrated that the miRNA-TAS-PPR-siRNA pathway is a highly dynamic and widespread feature of eudicots. Nine eudicot plants, representing six different plant families, have evolved similar tasiRNA pathways to instigate phasiRNA production from PPR �genes, which are triggered by different 22-nt miRNAs, including miR7122, miR1509, and fve-PPRtri1/2 and through distinct mechanistic strategies, like miRNA direct-targeting or indirect-targeting through TAS-like genes, one-hit or two-hit, or even two layers of tasiRNA-TAS interactions. We found that the MIRNA genes of these miRNA triggers show great identity with the Arabidopsis MIR173, implying a common origin of this group of miRNAs (super-miR7122). Combined results from phylogenetic analyses and conservation extent profiling revealed that the super-miR7122 was potentially evolved from another miRNA superfamily (super-miR4376), which probably originated from the miR390. Additionally, the miR482/2118-NB-LRR-siRNA pathway was found to be conserved, but evolved with distinct features, in apple and peach.
Taken together, widespread and complex miRNA and tasiRNA regulatory networks have been adapted in apple and peach. They add another crucial layer of regulation on gene activity and stability, and must exert essential functions in all aspects of plant life.

Ph. D.
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10

Nosarzewski, Marta. « SORBITOL DEHYDROGENASE EXPRESSION IN APPLE FRUIT ». UKnowledge, 2007. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/485.

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Sorbitol, the primary photosynthate and translocated carbohydrate in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.), is converted to fructose by SORBITOL DEHYDROGENASE (SDH; EC 1.1.1.14) which is active in apple fruit throughout fruit development. Apple fruit set and early development is very sensitive to carbohydrate availability, but details on carbohydrate metabolism during this phase are limited. The first objective of this work was to determine if SORBITOL DEHYDROGENASE, the primary enzyme responsible for metabolism of the major phloem-transported carbohydrate sorbitol, is present and active during apple fruit set and early development. The second objective of this work was to determine if SDH genes are differentially expressed and how their patterns of expression may relate to SDH activity in apple seed and cortex during early fruit development. Nine different genes encoding SDH were determined from analysis of a cDNA library and genomic-clones. Northern, Western and ELISA analyses showed that SDH transcripts and SDH protein were present in the fruit during the first 5 weeks after bloom and comprised 7 to 8 % of the total extractable protein. Whole fruit SDH activity was highest at 2 to 3 weeks after bloom in each of three cultivars, Lodi, Redchief Delicious and Fuji. Seed SDH activity was found to be much higher than cortex SDH activity per mg and g FW, and seed SDH activity contributed significantly to whole fruit SDH activity during the first five weeks of development after bloom. Five of the nine SDH genes present in apple genome were expressed in apple fruit (SDH1, SDH2, SDH3, SDH6, SDH9). Expression of SDH6 and SDH9 was seed-specific and expression of SDH2 was cortex-specific. Using 2D SDS-PAGE and Western analyses, SDH isomers with pI values 4.2, 4.8, 5.5 and 6.3 were found in seeds, and SDH isomers with pI values 5.5, 6.3, 7.3 and 8.3 were found in cortex. The present work is the first to show that SDH is differentially expressed and highly active in seed and cortex during early development. Thus, SDH during apple fruit set and early development may play a primary role in defining fruit sink activity.
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Livres sur le sujet "Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.)"

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A Computer management system for Apple ("Malus X domestica" Borkh.) germplasm with resistance to disease and arthropod pests. [Washington, D.C.?] : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1986.

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Cheng, Lailiang. Photosynthesis in relation to nitrogen in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) leaves. 1999.

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Plotto, Anne. Instrumental and sensory analysis of 'Gala' apple (Malus domestica, Borkh) aroma. 1998.

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Menendez, Ricardo A. Identification of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) clones based on isozymic diversity. 1985.

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Guak, Sunghee. Water relations, stomatal conductance, and abscisic acid content of container-grown apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) plants in response to sorbitol-induced osmotic stress. 1998.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.)"

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Pereira-Lorenzo, S., A. M. Ramos-Cabrer et M. Fischer. « Breeding Apple (Malus x Domestica Borkh) ». Dans Breeding Plantation Tree Crops : Temperate Species, 33–81. New York, NY : Springer New York, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-71203-1_2.

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Fructuoso, Maria Luisa López, et Gemma Echeverría Cortada. « Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) ». Dans Handbook of Fruit and Vegetable Flavors, 247–63. Hoboken, NJ, USA : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470622834.ch15.

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Yao, J. L., D. Cohen, R. Atkinson et B. Morris. « Transgenic Apple (Malus x domestica) ». Dans Transgenic Trees, 153–70. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59609-4_11.

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Milewska-Pawliczuk, E. « Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) : In Vitro Induction of Androgenesis ». Dans Haploids in Crop Improvement I, 250–63. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61499-6_11.

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Štampar, F., J. Smole, B. Javornik, A. Solar et M. Viršček-Marn. « Inheritance of leaf isozymes in apple (Malus domestica Borkh. and Malus floribunda Van Houtte) ». Dans Developments in Plant Breeding, 301–3. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0467-8_61.

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Kumar, Satish, Richard K. Volz, David Chagné et Susan Gardiner. « Breeding for Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) Fruit Quality Traits in the Genomics Era ». Dans Genomics of Plant Genetic Resources, 387–416. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7575-6_16.

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Cin, V. Dal, G. Galla, A. Boschetti, A. Dorigoni, R. Velasco et Angelo Ramina. « Ethylene involvement in auxin transport during apple fruitlet abscission (Malus × domestica L. Borkh) ». Dans Advances in Plant Ethylene Research, 89–93. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6014-4_19.

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Stella, S., F. Costa et S. Sansavini. « Expression profile of ripening-related genes during ethylene evolution and fruit softening in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) ». Dans Advances in Plant Ethylene Research, 239–42. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6014-4_52.

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Ampomah-Dwamena, Charles, Nitisha Bhargava, Sumathi Tomes, Kui Lin-Wang, Caitlin Elborough, Cecilia H. Deng et Ria Rebstock. « Elevating fruit carotenoid content in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh) ». Dans Methods in Enzymology. Elsevier, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.mie.2022.03.007.

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Mühlbauer, Werner, et Joachim Müller. « Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) ». Dans Drying Atlas, 259–68. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818162-1.00029-8.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.)"

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Penzel, Martin, Nikos Tsoulias, Werner B. Herppich, Cornelia Weltzien et Manuela Zude-Sasse. « Mapping the fruit bearing capacity in a commercial apple (Malus x domestica BORKH.) orchard ». Dans 2020 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Agriculture and Forestry (MetroAgriFor). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/metroagrifor50201.2020.9277563.

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Nesterova, Nadezhda Viktorovna. « Anatomic and diagnostic features of bagasse and bagasse's powder of wild (malus sylvestris l.) and domestic (malus domestica borkh.) apple fruit ». Dans VI International applied research conference. TSNS Interaktiv Plus, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-111709.

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Lévano, Marcos, Camilo Friz et Billy Peralta. « WATER BALANCE OPTIMIZATION : CASE STUDY BY THE FAO PENMAN-MONTEITH MODEL IN APPLE TREE CULTIVATION (MALUS DOMESTICA BORKH.) SUPPORTED BY WEB, BIO-BIO, CHILE ». Dans 13 th IADIS International Conference Information Systems 2020. IADIS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33965/is2020_202006l006.

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