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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Apache Indians – Social conditions"
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Jevtović, Dušan. « Sociolingvistički pristup ideologiji / Sociolinguistic Approaches to the Ideology ». AM Journal of Art and Media Studies, no 5 (15 avril 2014) : 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25038/am.v0i5.65.
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In the thesis named "The Savage against Civilization: the Sociolinguistic Analysis of Images of Native Americans in Western" is given a specific approach to research of the ideological and stylistic characteristics of images of the Indians and Indian wars in classical and contemporary Western, as well as their connections with appropriate social conditions. Besides the analysis of the chosen movies, this research required: 1) an insight into a historical causality of given images and into their genealogy; 2) an insight into their function in the context of a popular movie genre; 3) the review of a sociolinguistic theory of Basil Bernstein and of its anthropological application in the work of Mary Douglas; 4) finding a way of using a sociolinguistic theory on the film language. The basic concepts of Bernstein’s theory – studies about the two speech codes (restricted and elaborated), which are conditioned by different social circumstances and are conducive to different ideologies – here are applied on mostly mutually opposing views of Indians-whites conflicts in classical and contemporary Western. As examples for classical Western I used those from John Ford’s movies (Stagecoach, Rio Grande, Fort Apache, She Wore a Yellow Ribbon, The Searchers, Cheyenne Autumn), and for those from contemporary Western, after the precursors from fifties (Broken Arrow, Apache) I took revisionist movies from 1970 (Little Big Man, Soldier Blue) and post-revisionist Western Dances with Wolves. The thematic and sociolinguistic analysis of images from these movies confirmed a rule which can be also seen in some images from the past centuries: a noble savage and a bad savage persist as opposition to Western civilization throughout different periods of the genre, changing some of their characteristics in accordance with the historical context. Furthermore, the assumption about the crucial importance of the style usage in shaping of different ideological views was confirmed in accordance with a sociolinguistic theory.
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Tripathi, Ritu, Daniel Cervone et Krishna Savani. « Are the Motivational Effects of Autonomy-Supportive Conditions Universal ? Contrasting Results Among Indians and Americans ». Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 44, no 9 (16 avril 2018) : 1287–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218764663.
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In Western theories of motivation, autonomy is conceived as a universal motivator of human action; enhancing autonomy is expected to increase motivation panculturally. Using a novel online experimental paradigm that afforded a behavioral measure of motivation, we found that, contrary to this prevailing view, autonomy cues affect motivation differently among American and Indian corporate professionals. Autonomy-supportive instructions increased motivation among Americans but decreased motivation among Indians. The motivational Cue × Culture interaction was extraordinarily large; the populations exhibited little statistical overlap. A second study suggested that this interaction reflects culturally specific norms that are widely understood by members of the given culture. When evaluating messages to motivate workers, Indians, far more than Americans, preferred a message invoking obligations to one invoking autonomous personal choice norms. Results cast doubt on the claim, made regularly in both basic and applied psychology, that enhancing autonomy is a universally preferred method for boosting motivation.
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Muratorio, Blanca. « Dominant and Subordinate Ideologies in South America : Old Traditions and New Faiths ». Culture 4, no 1 (22 juin 2021) : 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1078317ar.
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The first part of this article discusses the dominant ideologies about the Indians of the Andean Highlands and the Amazon Basin in Colonial, post-Colonial, and contemporary times. The analysis concentrates on the “image of the Indian” or the ideological conceptions of ethnicity that emerge in the context of changing social relations among Indians, representatives of the State, dominant classes, and missionaries. Some of the anthropological approaches to the problem of ethnicity are also discussed. The second part of the article examines the attempts made by indigenous organizations to reformulate ethnicity as an oppositional ideology under present social, economic, and political conditions.
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Clay, Julie Anna, Tom Seekins et Cecilia Cowie. « Secondary Disabilities among American Indians in Montana ». Rural Special Education Quarterly 11, no 2 (juin 1992) : 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/875687059201100205.
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American Indians with disabilities living on three reservations in Montana were specifically targeted in the development and implementation of a consumer-directed secondary disability surveillance instrument. Seventy-five American Indians completed the surveillance instrument reporting on the severity of 40 conditions that affected their health and independence. The data suggest that several environmental (e.g., access) and behavioral (e.g., pain management) problems are significant issues. These results parallel those from a broader sample of Montanans. However. due to the social-economic and political characteristics of American Indians with a disability, the preventive measures to decrease the incidence and prevalence of secondary disabilities may be difficult to achieve.
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Abbas, Abbas. « The Racist Fact against American-Indians in Steinbeck’s The Pearl ». ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 3, no 3 (25 septembre 2020) : 376–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.34050/elsjish.v3i3.11347.
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the social conditions of Indians as Native Americans for the treatment of white people who are immigrants from Europe in America. This research explores aspects of the reality of Indian relations with European immigrants in America that have an impact on discriminatory actions against Indians in John Steinbeck's novel The Pearl. Social facts are traced through fiction as part of the genetics of literary works. The research method used is genetic structuralism, a literary research method that traces the origin of the author's imagination in his fiction. The imagination is considered a social reality that reflects events in people's lives. The research data consist of primary data in the form of literary works, and secondary data are some references that document the background of the author's life and social reality. The results of this research indicate that racist acts as part of American social facts are documented in literary works. The situation of poor Indians and displaced people in slums is a social fact witnessed by John Steinbeck as the author of the novel The Pearl through an Indian fictional character named Kino. Racism is an act of white sentiment that discriminates against Native Americans, namely the Indian community.
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Sanchez-Antonio, Juan Carlos. « Capitalismo, ciencias sociales y colonialidad ». Comparative Cultural Studies - European and Latin American Perspectives 7, no 14 (15 mars 2022) : 7–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/ccselap-13461.
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I pretend to analyze the relationships between capitalism, coloniality and social sciences from the Latinamerican decolonial perspective. From the outset I defend the thesis that the brutal use of blacks and blacks, Indians and Indians, in the extraction of an invaluable amount of gold and silver in America, served as a historical condition for the globalization of capital and the industrialization of Europe, creating historical colonial conditions on which the social sciences will build their scientific discourse against the light. I briefly examine the way in which the Euro-Northamerican social sciences have served as a colonial knowledge-power device for the sub-alternation of non-scientific knowledge. In the end, I pondered the importance of overcoming modernity-postmodernity as the foundation of capital from a transmodern horizon that goes beyond capitalism.
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TROVATO, FRANK. « ABORIGINAL MORTALITY IN CANADA, THE UNITED STATES AND NEW ZEALAND ». Journal of Biosocial Science 33, no 1 (janvier 2001) : 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932001000670.
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Indigenous populations in New World nations share the common experience of culture contact with outsiders and a prolonged history of prejudice and discrimination. This historical reality continues to have profound effects on their well-being, as demonstrated by their relative disadvantages in socioeconomic status on the one hand, and in their delayed demographic and epidemiological transitions on the other. In this study one aspect of aboriginals’ epidemiological situation is examined: their mortality experience between the early 1980s and early 1990s. The groups studied are the Canadian Indians, the American Indians and the New Zealand Maori (data for Australian Aboriginals could not be obtained). Cause-specific death rates of these three minority groups are compared with those of their respective non-indigenous populations using multivariate log-linear competing risks models. The empirical results are consistent with the proposition that the contemporary mortality conditions of these three minorities reflect, in varying degrees, problems associated with poverty, marginalization and social disorganization. Of the three minority groups, the Canadian Indians appear to suffer more from these types of conditions, and the Maori the least.
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Gonzales, Juan L. « Asian Indian Immigration Patterns : The Origins of the Sikh Community in California ». International Migration Review 20, no 1 (mars 1986) : 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838602000103.
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This article outlines the immigration and settlement patterns of Asian Indians in the United States from the turn of the century to the present decade. The focus is on the efforts of the Sikh pioneers to succeed in what can only be viewed as a hostile social environment, marked primarily by racial discrimination and legal restrictions on their entry into this country. With modifications in the U.S. immigration laws of 1965 an educated professional class of Asian Indians have monopolized the flow of immigrants from India, with the result that the Sikhs presently constitute a small proportion of the total number of Asian Indians in the U.S. However, the recent political crisis in India has served to galvanize the American Sikh community into political action. This has resulted in a political split between the Sikhs and other Asian Indians in this country. This article concludes with an analysis of the demographic composition of the “third wave” Asian Indian immigrants in the United States and their potential impact on political conditions in India.
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Frager, Ruth A. « Labour History and the Interlocking Hierarchies of Class, Ethnicity, and Gender : A Canadian Perspective ». International Review of Social History 44, no 2 (août 1999) : 217–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859099000486.
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“No nation is supposed to be so advanced as the British nation, no race so progressive as the white”, declared Cotton's Weekly, the newspaper of the Social Democratic Party of Canada. “BUT HERE IN TORONTO NO CHINESE, NO HINDOOS, NO JAPS, NO INDIANS, NO BLACKS, NO FOREIGNERS NEED BE IMPORTED. WHITE GIRLS AND MEN OF BRITISH BIRTH BREAK THE STRIKES.” It was 1911. The newspaper was commenting on strike-breaking by “white” workers during a strike at a Toronto garment factory where male and female Jews had walked out. The newspaper compared this with cases out West: “In British Columbia when miners rise up in rebellion against the shameful conditions, Chinese are brought into the mines. In this and other western provinces, Japs, Hindoos, and Indians fill the places of the white toilers because they live on cheaper food and under such intolerable conditions no white people can stand it.”
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Chaube, Nandita, et . « Rohingya Crisis : a Possible Threat to the Character Strengths of Indians ». International Journal of Engineering & ; Technology 7, no 3.30 (24 août 2018) : 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.30.18162.
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The current study focuses on the influence of Rohingya crisis on the character strengths of Indian citizens. The study explains about the Rohingya crisis and its origination. It is discussed in the study that how chaotic conditions in Myanmar resulted in the exodus of Rohigya muslims from the country who are infiltrating neighbouring countries which are best approachable to them. Countries which are the signatories of UNHCR are supposed to allow them to enter their country but India not being a signatory of the same should not be forced to do that. However, the debate is still continuing on this issue referring few acts which support the permission to refugees to enter our country. In such circumstances Rohingyas are struggling for their livelihood and survival and getting involved in many antinational and anti-social activities. Consequently the legal citizens of India are substantially suffering and facing threat to develop their character strengths. The circumstances specially affecting the character strengths of forgiveness, social intelligence, kindness, humour, love and modesty etc. because their main focus is on the fulfilment of their daily necessities, based on the resources and peaceful social environment which is getting disturbed because of the Rohingya influx. This is resulting in the chaotic conditions in the society which are not letting the legitimate citizens of India to achieve mental peace and grow themselves from inside which is very important to strengthen the character strengths within ourselves. The current paper explains these issues in detail to generate a deep insight among the Indian citizens and to help Government of India in making decisions on this matter.
Thèses sur le sujet "Apache Indians – Social conditions"
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HENDERSON, ERIC BRUCE. « WEALTH, STATUS AND CHANGE AMONG THE KAIBETO PLATEAU NAVAJO (ARIZONA) ». Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187979.
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This study focuses on the wealth stratification system of the Navajo of the Kaibeto Plateau. The Kaibeto Plateau was settled by the Navajo in the mid-nineteenth century. By the 1930s they had developed an economically and socially stratified society rooted in a livestock economy and influenced by institutions of the surrounding society. In the years since livestock activities have been severely constrained by the federal government: Holdings have been radically decreased and pastoralism has ceased to be the main source of income and subsistence. These changes are described and analyzed. Wealth stratification is conceived of as a phenomenon to be explained and one which has implications for the study of social change. In the 1930s a handful of families owned most of the livestock in the region. These families were, uniformly, descendants of the wealthier and more prominent early settlers. Even after federal programs destroyed the economic advantage these wealthy families possessed, the children of the relatively wealthy have, at least until recent years, continued to prosper (relative to their poorer neighbors) in various ways. They have, on average, higher levels of educational attainment and better occupational profiles. The different responses of individuals at different levels in the social hierarchy have effected the composition of the rural population. More descendants of the wealthy have moved away and/or married individuals from distant communities. Social structures which functioned in the livestock economy to integrate families in the region have disintegrated. The chapter has emerged as an important social and political unit. Although the wealthy families seemed to have dominated chapter politics initially, recent elections indicate a declining influence. The historical facts reported here indicate the importance of social variability in the study of social change. It is argued that the Navajo were never a socially homogeneous group. Thus institutional pressures and shifting government policies have not affected all families in the same manner. Such findings have implications not only for the way in which anthropologists theorize about tribal people and social change, but also have implications for those responsible government officials who seek to formulate solutions to perceived problems on contemporary American Indian reservations.
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Powers, Timothy A. « Conscious choice of convenience, the relocation of the Mushuau Innu of Davis Inlet, Labrador ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22808.pdf.
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Walz, Marta E. « A new war cry : a rhetorical analysis of the Native American social movement ». Virtual Press, 1992. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/864929.
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Chapter one began with an introduction to the Native American social movement. The history of relations between the United States and the Native Americans was given, as well as a description of the origins of the Native American social movement. A literature review of communication studies was given which detailed the contributions of Randall Lake to the understanding of Native American rhetoric and the Native concept of time, along with the contributions of Richard Morris, Philip Wander, and Gerry Philipsen. Two research questions were presented dealing with the rhetorical confrontation of the movement and the success of the movement since 1969.Chapter Two detailed the functional approach to social movements schema that was developed by Charles Stewart, Craig Smith, and Roger Denton. Stewart et al. identify five functions that must be fulfilled in order for a social movement to exist and succeed. The functions are: 1) transforming perceptions of history, 2) altering perceptions of society, 3) prescribing courses of action, 4) mobilizing for action, and 5) sustaining the social movement.Chapter Three contains analysis of the four representative events of the progress of the NativeAmerican movement since 1969. The four events are: 1) the 1969 takeover of Alcatraz, 2) the 1973 takeover of wounded Knee, 3) the 100 year anniversary observance of the Wounded Knee massacre, and 4) the protests surrounding the celebration of the Columbus Day quincentennial.Chapter Four contains the summary and conclusions drawn from the analysis of the four events. The findings in terms of the research questions are that the movement has deemphasized the confrontational nature of its activities and this deemphasis has contributed significantly to the movement's newfound successes in the 1980s and 1990s.Department of Speech Communication
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Waite, Gerald E. « The red man's burden : establishing cultural boundaries in the age of technology ». Virtual Press, 1994. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/902499.
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The technology of the dominant society, the omnipresence of a cash economy, and a history of the brutal treatment of culturally distinct peoples are among the assimilative pressures faced by native peoples within the United States. Some indigenous cultures have managed to resist the forces of assimilation in ways that are both adaptive and culturally sustaining. The Pueblos of the Southwestern United States have managed to preserve their culture through the creation of cultural boundaries that are both adaptive and culturally sustaining. The processes which serve to strengthen and renew the symbols which represent these boundaries are those of "revitalization" and "resynchronization," both of which arise from Pueblo religious practices and from the Pueblos' strong sense of family.Department of Anthropology
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Spiegel, Jerry M. « The social and economic impacts of environmental degradation on a northern Ontario Indian reserve community / ». Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65341.
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Fox, Terri-Lynn, et University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. « Intergenerational communication & ; well-being in Aboriginal life ». Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2004, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/257.
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This thesis discusses intergenerational communication and well-being in Aboriginal life, using a literature review and research conducted in relation to the Blood people and culture. It addresses issues concerning lack of communication of traditional ways of knowing, teaching, and being. Interviews were used to better understand the dynamics of intergenerational communication and well-being. It is historically know by First Nations communities that the older people of the clan or tribe taught the children from infancy to adolescence. This, unfortunately, is not the case in many First Nations communities today, due to colonization, assimilation, and segregation. It is hoped this research will assist those who wish to develop, implement and enhance future social, educational, and health programs for the well-being of the First Nations child, family and community. The results also suggest ways in which to enhance and foster the value of elders in the community.218 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm.
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Ellis, Rebecca. « A taste of movement : an exploration of the social ethics of the Tsimanes of lowland Bolivia ». Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2901.
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This thesis explores Tsimane understandings and creations of varying forms of sociality. Each chapter addresses different but related issues concerning sociality. Fieldwork was carried out in three riverine settlements over the period from December 1991 to August 1994. The thesis shows that sociality is created and perpetuated by individuals as a processual endeavour, and does not amount to a tangible structure predicated upon fixed social relationships. Community in a physically bound sense is not found amongst the Tsimanes. Given forms of sociality are shown to rest more upon an appropriateness or inappropriateness of mood or affectivity. These are created and effected by subtle details of each individual’s presence amongst others. Social presence is understood by the Tsimanes as both potentially nurturant and predatory. Tsimanes are explicit about their ideas of preferred and abhorred social presence and behaviour of human and non-human others. This thesis explores ways in which such ideas are articulated to create a discourse on social ethics. A Tsimane aesthetics of social living carries with it practical implications for creating and perpetuating forms of sociality. An underlying theme of the thesis is one of mobility and the oscillating nature of Tsimane movements between different groups of kin and affines, and between moods and forms of sociality. I demonstrate that the high value placed by the Tsimanes upon movement, and the enjoyment they experience from it, most efficiently enable the achievement of correct social existence. A lack of knowledge and intention, ultimately resulting in illness and death, are principally deemed to occur as a result of immobility.
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Dullabh, Neela. « An examination of the factors influencing the spatial distribution of the Indian communities in Grahamstown, King William's town, Queenstown and Uitenhage from 1880 to 1991 ». Thesis, Rhodes University, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005506.
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This study examines the factors influencing the spatial distribution of the Indian communities of Grahamstown, King William's Town, Queenstown and Uitenhage from 1880 to 1991. Primary sources of information were used to determine both the spatial distribution of the four communities and the factors influencing the distribution found. These primary sources included the use of directories, municipal and archival sources of information, interviews as well the work of various authors. The study found that the spatial distribution of Indians in the four study areas were similar with the Indians occupying residential and commercial premises in the central areas of the urban centres. After 1980 there was a substantial movement to other areas. Prior to 1950 the municipalities played an important role in influencing spatial distribution. However, after the introduction of the Group Areas Act, the govennment controlled Indian spatial distribution. Thus the Group Areas Act was the most important factor affecting Indian spatial distribution. Indians in small urban centres in the Cape Province were segregated and their spatial distribution was controlled both prior to and after 1950. Anti-Indian legislation and restrictions were the main factors influencing Indian spatial distribution.
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Gagnon, Jean 1953 Oct 27. « Le navettage de travailleurs autochtones et sa portée économique pour les communautés du nord de la Saskatchewan / ». Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75689.
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This dissertation deals with the organized commuting of native labour in northern Saskatchewan, it causes, and the economic consequences for the communities involved. A neo-marxist approach is used towards those objectives. The search for explanations is carried out through the analysis of the scenario of implementation of the commuting programs: the role of Capital, the initiator of the programs, is examined in the light of its imperatives (accumulation, legitimation); State action is discussed with respect to its roles of integration, legitimation, support to accumulation, and that of a capitalist; the participation of the native people is seen from a perspective where their culture and social fabric have been altered, in spite of apparently strong idiosyncrasies. The consequences of participation in commuting, and of the revenues thereby brought to the communities, are consistent with already existing trends among northern native population: a decline of reciprocity; an assimilation to capitalist society (consumption and monetization); a local circulation of income which varies in importance from a place to another, but which everywhere favors exclusively the local bourgeoisie; the survival of subsistence economy; and the enhancement of dependence and economic vulnerability.
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Pauli, Gisela. « The creation of real food and real people : gender complementarity among the Menku of Central Brazil ». Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11062.
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The thesis aims to provide a first ethnographic description of the Menkü of Central Brazil by focussing on their non-hierarchical gender-complementarity as it realises itself in relationships of production and reproduction. The first part of the thesis comprises of an introduction to the group from a historical point of view by providing a description of the Menkü's historical experiences during this century. This is followed by a description of the settlement, and the social spaces it encompasses. The second part focusses on the creation of real food by firstly elaborating social and physical aspects of material production. Secondly, it explores the metaphysical aspects of production and reproduction by uncovering the relationships human beings engage in with the world of masters of the elements, animals and ancestors. The third part of the thesis investigates processes underlying the creation of real people by focussing on Menkü life cycle, kinship and social organisation. A person's life is depicted in the way it is geared towards the acquisition of gendered skills of production and reproduction, which are fully manifested by the married couple. An outline of the Menkü system of classificatory marriage reveals the stress on the married couple from another point of view. It will be shown that the ideal marriage partners are identified by a conflation of gender and affinity. The last chapter explores the generation of sociality as it reveals itself in happiness, abundance and togetherness. It shows the extent to which a high communal morale is preconditioned upon non-hierarchical gender-relationships.
Livres sur le sujet "Apache Indians – Social conditions"
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Perry, Richard John. Apache reservation : Indigenous peoples and the American state. Austin, TX : University of Texas Press, 1993.
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Whitewolf, Jim. The autobiography of a Kiowa Apache Indian. New York : Dover Publications, 1991.
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Dávila, José Medina González. ¿Qué significa ser apache en el siglo XXI ? : Continuidad y cambio de los lipanes en Texas. México, D.F : Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 2015.
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Swedberg, Cecilia. Institutions and economic development : A historical-sociological prespective. Stockholm] : Dept. of Sociology, Stockholm University, 2000.
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Salomón, Elvira Martínez. Las relaciones interculturales de los apaches en el contexto de Western New Mexico University. [Mexico] : Universidad Autónoma Intercultural de Sinaloa, 2019.
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Lund, Bill. The Apache Indians. Mankato, Minn : Bridgestone Books, 1998.
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Jastrzembski, Joseph C. The Apache. New York : Chelsea House, 2011.
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Santella, Andrew. The Apache. New York : Children's Press, 2001.
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Santella, Andrew. The Apache. New York : Children's Press, 2001.
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Bial, Raymond. The Apache. New York : Benchmark Books, 2001.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Apache Indians – Social conditions"
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Inglis, Patrick. « Conclusion ». Dans Narrow Fairways, 231–38. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190664763.003.0013.
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A majority of India’s population is young and growing. They seek good jobs and better opportunities. Yet too many Indians can only find work in precarious and informal conditions without guaranteed contracts, protections in the workplace, and other benefits. They may not be like the golf caddies who feature in this study, but more and more they are finding themselves obligated to perform servility and deference at the side of wealthy citizens in order to generate an income and make ends meet. Social mobility, as such, becomes tied to the whims and fancies of elites, who become like governments-in-miniature with the power to decide whether a family has enough food to eat or a child receives a decent education. Not only a challenge to social mobility among India’s poor, this state of affairs also presents a challenge to the legitimacy of the larger society, as a whole.
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Clarke, Colin. « Plural StratiWcation : Colour-Class and Culture ». Dans Decolonizing the Colonial City. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199269815.003.0012.
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Urbanization in Kingston since independence, as the previous chapter demonstrated, has placed a very heavy burden on the already disadvantaged lower class. This burden is expressed in their dependence on the informal sector of employment, high rates of unemployment, rental of high-density accommodation (or outright squatting), shared access to toilet facilities, and lack of piped-water connections in the tenements—all these problematic characteristics piling up in the downtown areas—quintessentially in West Kingston. There is clearly a stratification of living conditions ranging from affluence in the uptown suburbs via a modicum of comfort in the middle zone around Half Way Tree and Cross Roads to outright deprivation in the downtown neighbourhoods. It was argued in the previous chapter that this stratification of living conditions is underpinned by class-differentiated neighbourhoods; as this chapter will show, these circumstances mesh with—and reinforce—colour-class stratification and cultural pluralism, or what I have called plural stratification (to distinguish it from class stratification alone). After the Second World War, it became the conventional wisdom among Caribbean social scientists (of local birth) to depict Jamaica—and the Windward and Leeward Islands—as colour-class stratifications. This had the advantage of linking these Caribbean stratifications to occupational/class systems in the US and Europe, while pointing to a colonial history of colour differentiation, which shadowed class and reinforced it. So, the upper class was white or pass-as-white, the middle class brown and black, and the lower class black with some brown (Henriques 1953: 42). A number of racially or ethnically distinct groups originally fell outside this colour-class stratification, but had, over time, been accommodated within it: Jews were absorbed into the upper class, as were the Syrian professionals; Chinese, the remaining Syrians, and a few East Indians were middle class; the majority of East Indians were lower class. Two further aspects of colour-class need underlining. There was a tendency for its advocates to regard class as unproblematic and consensual, as in the American tradition of social analysis (Parsons 1952). In short, the whole colour-class system was dependent upon the almost complete acceptance by each group of the superiority of the white, and the inferiority of the black (Henriques 1953).
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Olsen, Christopher J. « A Savage Place ». Dans Political Culture and Secession In Mississippi, 17–37. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195131475.003.0002.
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Abstract “The present inhabitants,” wrote Judge Ephraim Kirby upon his arrival in frontier Mississippi, “are illiterate, wild and savage, of depraved morals.” One hopes he exaggerated, but Kirby’s judgment captures the spirit of many early settlers struggling to tame the state’s savage conditions. Mostly a wilderness, much of the state belonged to American Indians until the 1820s and 1830s, when a succession of treaties cleared the way for white settlement. Even at the time of secession, many areas still resembled a frontier. Another early resident spoke for thousands when he recalled “that the times then tried the stuff men were made of.” Part of the settlement heritage, reinforced and sustained by slavery and scattered residence, was a glorification of certain manly virtues: physical courage and aggressiveness, but also reliability and loyalty neighbors and kin. Confirmed in public, face-to-face encounters between men, these values defined masculinity and reinforced the demands of honor, linking individual men with their peers in the community. After 1830 rapid immigration sparked social and economic development and created a more complex society. Settlers began to enjoy greater social stability, more coherent and supportive neighborhoods, and some outward signs of ̒̒civilization.̓̓