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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Anti-inflammatory molecules »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 9 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Anti-inflammatory molecules"

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Serafini, Mauro, Ilaria Peluso et Anna Raguzzini. « Flavonoids as anti-inflammatory agents ». Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 69, no 3 (23 juin 2010) : 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002966511000162x.

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Epidemiological evidence suggests that a high intake of plant foods is associated with lower risk of chronic diseases. However, the mechanism of action and the components involved in this effect have not been identified clearly. In recent years, the scientific community has agreed to focus its attention on a class of secondary metabolites extensively present in a wide range of plant foods: the flavonoids, suggested as having different biological roles. The anti-inflammatory actions of flavonoids in vitro or in cellular models involve the inhibition of the synthesis and activities of different pro-inflammatory mediators such as eicosanoids, cytokines, adhesion molecules and C-reactive protein. Molecular activities of flavonoids include inhibition of transcription factors such as NF-κB and activating protein-1 (AP-1), as well as activation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). However, the in vitro evidence might be somehow of limited impact due to the non-physiological concentrations utilized and to the fact that in vivo flavonoids are extensively metabolized to molecules with different chemical structures and activities compared with the ones originally present in the food. Human studies investigating the effect of flavonoids on markers of inflammation are insufficient, and are mainly focused on flavonoid-rich foods but not on pure molecules. Most of the studies lack assessment of flavonoid absorption or fail to associate an effect on inflammation with a change in circulating levels of flavonoids. Human trials with appropriate placebo and pure flavonoid molecules are needed to clarify if flavonoids represent ancillary ingredients or key molecules involved in the anti-inflammatory properties of plant foods.
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Murray, P. J. « STAT3-mediated anti-inflammatory signalling ». Biochemical Society Transactions 34, no 6 (25 octobre 2006) : 1028–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0341028.

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IL-1O (interleukin-10) negatively regulates inflammation through a mechanism that blocks the expression of pro-inflammatory genes encoding cytokines, chemokines, cell-surface molecules and other molecules required for the full activation of the innate and adaptive immune responses. The signalling pathway used by the IL-10 receptor to generate the anti-inflammatory response requires STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) and is indirect. Thus STAT3 activates other genes whose task is to selectively control transcription of inflammatory targets. Here, I summarize current knowledge of the key features of IL-10 signalling and make predictions concerning the mechanism of IL-10 at the level of inflammatory genes. Understanding IL-10 signalling should be a gateway to the development of broadly acting anti-inflammatory agents.
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Bucciantini, Monica, Manuela Leri, Pamela Nardiello, Fiorella Casamenti et Massimo Stefani. « Olive Polyphenols : Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties ». Antioxidants 10, no 7 (29 juin 2021) : 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10071044.

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Oxidative stress and inflammation triggered by increased oxidative stress are the cause of many chronic diseases. The lack of anti-inflammatory drugs without side-effects has stimulated the search for new active substances. Plant-derived compounds provide new potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant molecules. Natural products are structurally optimized by evolution to serve particular biological functions, including the regulation of endogenous defense mechanisms and interaction with other organisms. This property explains their relevance for infectious diseases and cancer. Recently, among the various natural substances, polyphenols from extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), an important element of the Mediterranean diet, have aroused growing interest. Extensive studies have shown the potent therapeutic effects of these bioactive molecules against a series of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. This review begins from the chemical structure, abundance and bioavailability of the main EVOO polyphenols to highlight the effects and the possible molecular mechanism(s) of action of these compounds against inflammation and oxidation, in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the mechanisms of inhibition of molecular signaling pathways activated by oxidative stress by EVOO polyphenols are discussed, together with their possible roles in inflammation-mediated chronic disorders, also taking into account meta-analysis of population studies and clinical trials.
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Al-Khayri, Jameel M., Gandasi Ravikumar Sahana, Praveen Nagella, Biljo V. Joseph, Fatima M. Alessa et Muneera Q. Al-Mssallem. « Flavonoids as Potential Anti-Inflammatory Molecules : A Review ». Molecules 27, no 9 (2 mai 2022) : 2901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092901.

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Hydroxylated polyphenols, also called flavonoids, are richly present in vegetables, fruits, cereals, nuts, herbs, seeds, stems, and flowers of numerous plants. They possess numerous medicinal properties such as antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammation. Studies show that flavonoids activate antioxidant pathways that render an anti-inflammatory effect. They inhibit the secretions of enzymes such as lysozymes and β-glucuronidase and inhibit the secretion of arachidonic acid, which reduces inflammatory reactions. Flavonoids such as quercetin, genistein, apigenin, kaempferol, and epigallocatechin 3-gallate modulate the expression and activation of a cytokine such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-8 (IL-8); regulate the gene expression of many pro-inflammatory molecules such s nuclear factor kappa-light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), activator protein-1 (AP-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM), and E-selectins; and also inhibits inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and lipoxygenase, which are pro-inflammatory enzymes. Understanding the anti-inflammatory action of flavonoids provides better treatment options, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-induced inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease, obstructive pulmonary disorder, arthritis, Alzheimer’s disease, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, and cancer. This review highlights the sources, biochemical activities, and role of flavonoids in enhancing human health.
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Kubes, Paul. « Polymorphonuclear leukocyte – endothelium interactions : a role for pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules ». Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 71, no 1 (1 janvier 1993) : 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y93-013.

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The movement of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) from the mainstream of blood to the extravascular space is a characteristic feature of the inflammatory response. This process requires that the PMN initially contacts the endothelium, then adheres firmly to the vessel wall, and finely migrates out of the microvasculature. Each of these events requires signals or pro-inflammatory molecules that direct the PMN to the potential site of inflammation. These molecules include histamine, which appears to be of importance in the initial recruitment of PMNs, leukotriene B4, which promotes PMN adhesion, and platelet-activating factor, which may contribute to both the adhesion process as well as the migration through the endothelial barrier. Although many other pro-inflammatory molecules have been identified, including the cytokines and complement, the three aforementioned molecules are used in this review as paradigms of the varying functions that pro-inflammatory molecules have in the inflammatory process. There is a growing body of evidence that in addition to the many pro-inflammatory agents found in the body there are a number of important anti-inflammatory molecules, including nitric oxide, prostacyclin, and adenosine. Each of these molecules possess important properties that serve to interrupt or protect against the ongoing inflammatory process. The anti-inflammatory potential of these endogenous molecules is discussed.Key words: nitric oxide, histamine, platelet-activating factor, prostacyclin, leukotriene B4, adenosine.
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JOHNSTON, M. J. G., J. A. MacDONALD et D. M. McKAY. « Parasitic helminths : a pharmacopeia of anti-inflammatory molecules ». Parasitology 136, no 2 (15 décembre 2008) : 125–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182008005210.

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SUMMARYInfection with parasitic helminths takes a heavy toll on the health and well-being of humans and their domestic livestock, concomitantly resulting in major economic losses. Analyses have consistently revealed bioactive molecules in extracts of helminths or in their excretory/secretory products that modulate the immune response of the host. It is our view that parasitic helminths are an untapped source of immunomodulatory substances that, in pure form, could become new drugs (or models for drug design) to treat disease. Here, we illustrate the range of immunomodulatory molecules in selected parasitic trematodes, cestodes and nematodes, their impact on the immune cells in the host and how the host may recognize these molecules. There are many examples of the partial characterization of helminth-derived immunomodulatory molecules, but these have not yet translated into new drugs, reflecting the difficulty of isolating and fully characterizing proteins, glycoproteins and lipid-based molecules from small amounts of parasite material. However, this should not deter the investigator, since analytical techniques are now being used to accrue considerable structural information on parasite-derived molecules, even when only minute quantities of tissue are available. With the introduction of methodologies to purify and structurally-characterize molecules from small amounts of tissue and the application of high throughput immunological assays, one would predict that an assessment of parasitic helminths will yield a variety of novel drug candidates in the coming years.
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Yang, Shih-Chun, Ahmed Alalaiwe, Zih-Chan Lin, Yu-Chih Lin, Ibrahim A. Aljuffali et Jia-You Fang. « Anti-Inflammatory microRNAs for Treating Inflammatory Skin Diseases ». Biomolecules 12, no 8 (3 août 2022) : 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12081072.

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Skin inflammation occurs due to immune dysregulation because of internal disorders, infections, and allergic reactions. The inflammation of the skin is a major sign of chronic autoimmune inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis (AD), and lupus erythematosus. Although there are many therapies for treating these cutaneous inflammation diseases, their recurrence rates are high due to incomplete resolution. MicroRNA (miRNA) plays a critical role in skin inflammation by regulating the expression of protein-coding genes at the posttranscriptional level during pathogenesis and homeostasis maintenance. Some miRNAs possess anti-inflammatory features, which are beneficial for mitigating the inflammatory response. miRNAs that are reduced in inflammatory skin diseases can be supplied transiently using miRNA mimics and agomir. miRNA-based therapies that can target multiple genes in a given pathway are potential candidates for the treatment of skin inflammation. This review article offers an overview of the function of miRNA in skin inflammation regulation, with a focus on psoriasis, AD, and cutaneous wounds. Some bioactive molecules can target and modulate miRNAs to achieve the objective of inflammation suppression. This review also reports the anti-inflammatory efficacy of these molecules through modulating miRNA expression. The main limitations of miRNA-based therapies are rapid biodegradation and poor skin and cell penetration. Consideration was given to improving these drawbacks using the approaches of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), nanocarriers, exosomes, and low-frequency ultrasound. A formulation design for successful miRNA delivery into skin and target cells is also described in this review. The possible use of miRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic modalities could open a novel opportunity for the diagnosis and treatment of inflammation-associated skin diseases.
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Bansal, Yogita, Purva Sethi et Gulshan Bansal. « Coumarin : a potential nucleus for anti-inflammatory molecules ». Medicinal Chemistry Research 22, no 7 (10 novembre 2012) : 3049–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00044-012-0321-6.

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Côrtes Filho, Aldo Barbosa, Danyo Maia Lima, Pâmala Évelin Pires Cedro, Tátilla Putumujú Santana Mendes, Alana Caise dos Anjos Miranda, Maíra Mercês Barreto, Evely Rocha Lima, Baraquizio Braga do Nascimento Junior et Gildomar Lima Valasques Junior. « In silico screening of brazilian semiarid compounds to identify potential drugs with glucocorticoid receptor interaction ». Research, Society and Development 9, no 9 (5 septembre 2020) : e734997865. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i9.7865.

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The glucocorticoid receptor regulates the anti-inflammatory response, and prevents transcription of anti-inflammatory substances such as nuclear factor kB and lipocortin-1, IL-2, IL-6, TNF and prostaglandins. Thus, a search for new molecules with potential interaction with the glucocorticoid receptor is an interesting strategy for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Virtual screening has proven to be a viable tool for discovering new products at lower cost and practicality. Thus, the aim of this study is to identify and evaluate brazilian semiarid compounds with anti-inflammatory potential with glucocorticoid receptor action through molecular coupling. Protein selection was performed by searching the 3D structure database, Protein Data Bank. A total of 382 semi-arid molecules available in the ZINC database of State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS) were used. Molecular docking was performed using Autodock Vina and as interaction clouds analyzed by the Discovery Studio Visualizer program. Mometasone furoate shows a binding energy of -12.7 Kcal.mol-1. A ZINC 69481862 molecule fits Lipinski and Veber rules, however, the best interaction was the ZINC 69482012 molecule, evidenced by the binding energy -11.2 Kcal.mol-1. Analyses of intermolecular interactions have shown that Van der Waals interactions and electrostatic bonds are crucial for the binding of the molecule at the receptor's active site. It is necessary to test in vitro to verify the viability and toxicity of the potential drug.
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Peyrottes, Agathe, Garance Coquant, Loïc Brot, Dominique Rainteau, Philippe Seksik, Jean-Pierre Grill et Jean-Maurice Mallet. « Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Analogues of N-Acyl Homoserine Lactones on Eukaryotic Cells ». International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no 24 (11 décembre 2020) : 9448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249448.

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Background: Since acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) profiling has been described in the gut of healthy subjects and patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the potential effects of these molecules on host cells have raised interest in the medical community. In particular, natural AHLs such as the 3-oxo-C12-HSL exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. Our study aimed at finding stable 3-oxo-C12-HSL-derived analogues with improved anti-inflammatory effects on epithelial and immune cells. Methods: We first studied the stability and biological properties of the natural 3-oxo-C12-HSL on eukaryotic cells and a bacterial reporter strain. We then constructed and screened a library of 22 AHL-derived molecules. Anti-inflammatory effects were assessed by cytokine release in an epithelial cell model, Caco-2, and a murine macrophage cell line, RAW264.7, (respectively, IL-8 and IL-6) upon exposure to the molecule and after appropriate stimulation (respectively, TNF-α 50 ng/mL and IFN-γ 50 ng/mL, and LPS 10 ng/mL and IFN-γ 20 U/mL). Results: We found two molecules of interest with amplified anti-inflammatory effects on mammalian cells without bacterial-activating properties in the reporter strain. The molecules furthermore showed improved stability in biological medium compared to the native 3-oxo-C12-HSL. Conclusions: We provide new bio-inspired AHL analogues with strong anti-inflammatory properties that will need further study from a therapeutic perspective.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Anti-inflammatory molecules"

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Coste, Emmanuel. « Development of small molecules as anti-inflammatory and anti-resorptive drugs ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9941.

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Rheumatoid arthritis is an auto-immune inflammatory disease that leads to stiff and swollen joints. Patients also have severe bone destruction of the affected joints and another common symptom of rheumatoid arthritis is a generalised bone loss that can lead to osteoporosis. Currently, there are many treatments for rheumatoid arthritis, which provide a recession of the inflammatory symptoms. However, none of these treatments are able to provide a complete protection against the rheumatoid arthritis-induced bone loss. Furthermore, the most effective available treatments such as glucocorticoids or the new biological drugs are not optimal since they either cause severe side effects or are very expensive and difficult to produce. Hence, there is a real need for new cost-effective treatments that can act on both inflammation and bone loss symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. ABD compounds are small molecules, relatively easy to synthesize at reasonable cost. In this thesis, I discuss the effects of these small molecules on both rheumatoid arthritis-induced inflammation and bone loss. Daily treatments with the ketones ABD328 and ABD345, or with the sulphonamide ABD455 prevent inflammation in an animal model of rheumatoid arthritis. Furthermore, micro-CT and histology analysis showed that these treatments also provide a reliable protection against bone destruction of affected joints and generalised bone loss. In vitro data showed that this protective effect on bone was osteoclast specific. Indeed, Ishow here that treatment of other bone cells (such as osteoblasts or macrophages) with ABD compounds does not affect their biology. The mechanism of action of these compounds has also been studied and I show here that ABD compounds inhibit both inflammation and osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting the signalling pathways that are activated in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF . This work led to the design and synthesis of further improved compounds, such as ABD599, that are currently considered as very interesting candidates for clinical trials. In conclusion, the ABD compounds, as small cost-effective molecules, represent a novel class of rheumatoid arthritis treatments by acting on both inflammation and bone loss symptoms of the disease.
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Battu, Ganga Rao. « Anti-inflammatory and phytochemical studies of a Kenyan traditional medicinal plant, Commiphora kua ». Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366837.

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Prins, Louis Hendrik Albertus. « Polycyclic cage compounds as carrier molecules for neuroprotective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs / Louis H.A. Prins ». Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1479.

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Eduardo, Da Silva Acarilia. « Nanotechnological delivery systems for the oral administration of active molecules : Polymeric microparticles and microemulsions applied to anti-inflammatory and anti-infectious drugs ». Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00856598.

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This thesis was devoted to the development of innovative oral delivery systems for two different molecules. In the first part, microparticles (MPs) based on xylan and Eudragit® S-100 were produced and used to encapsulate 5-aminosalicylic acid for colon delivery. Xylan was extracted from corn cobs and characterized in terms of its physicochemical, rheological and toxicological properties. The polymeric MPs were prepared by interfacial cross-linking polymerization and spray-drying and characterized for their morphology, mean size and distribution, thermal stability, crystallinity, entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release. MPs with suitable physical characteristics and satisfactory yields were prepared by both methods, although the spray-dried systems showed higher thermal stability. In general, spray-dried MPs would be preferable systems due to their thermal stability and absence of toxic agents used in their preparation. However, drug loading and release need to be optimized. In the second part of this thesis, oil-in-water microemulsions (O/W MEs) based on medium-chain triglycerides were formulated as drug carriers and solubility enhancers for amphotericin B (AmB). Phase diagrams were constructed using surfactant blends with hydrophilic-lipophilic balance values between 9.7 and 14.4. The drug-free and drug-loaded MEs presented spherical non-aggregated droplets around 80 and 120 nm, respectively, and a low polydispersity index. The incorporation of AmB was high and depended on the volume fraction of the disperse phase. These MEs did not reduce the viability of J774.A1 macrophage-like cells for concentrations up to 25 µg/mL of AmB. Therefore, O/W MEs based on propylene glycol esters of caprylic acid may be considered as suitable delivery systems for AmB.
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Silva, Acarilia Eduardo da. « Nanotechnological delivery systems for the oral administration of active molecules : Polymeric microparticles and microemulsions applied to anti-inflammatory and anti-infectious drugs ». Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/13309.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:13:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AcariliaES_TESE.pdf: 9221805 bytes, checksum: 71876e327362584aeb9dcac7d3652c4d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-05
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
This thesis was devoted to the development of innovative oral delivery systems for two different molecules. In the first part, microparticles (MPs) based on xylan and Eudragit? S- 100 were produced and used to encapsulate 5-aminosalicylic acid for colon delivery. Xylan was extracted from corn cobs and characterized in terms of its physicochemical, rheological and toxicological properties. The polymeric MPs were prepared by interfacial cross-linking polymerization and spray-drying and characterized for their morphology, mean size and distribution, thermal stability, crystallinity, entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release. MPs with suitable physical characteristics and satisfactory yields were prepared by both methods, although the spray-dried systems showed higher thermal stability. In general, spraydried MPs would be preferable systems due to their thermal stability and absence of toxic agents used in their preparation. However, drug loading and release need to be optimized. In the second part of this thesis, oil-in-water microemulsions (O/W MEs) based on mediumchain triglycerides were formulated as drug carriers and solubility enhancers for amphotericin B (AmB). Phase diagrams were constructed using surfactant blends with hydrophiliclipophilic balance values between 9.7 and 14.4. The drug-free and drug-loaded MEs presented spherical non-aggregated droplets around 80 and 120 nm, respectively, and a low polydispersity index. The incorporation of AmB was high and depended on the volume fraction of the disperse phase. These MEs did not reduce the viability of J774.A1 macrophage-like cells for concentrations up to 25 μg/mL of AmB. Therefore, O/W MEs based on propylene glycol esters of caprylic acid may be considered as suitable delivery systems for AmB
Esta tese teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de novos sistemas de libera??o para duas mol?culas distintas. Na primeira parte, micropart?culas ? base de xilana e Eudragit? S-100 foram produzidas para encapsular ?cido 5-aminosalic?lico visando ? libera??o c?lonespec?fica. A xilana foi extra?da de sabugos de milho e caracterizada quanto ?s suas propriedades f?sico-qu?micas, reol?gicas e toxicol?gicas. Em seguida, dois m?todos de microencapsula??o foram utilizados: reticula??o interfacial polim?rica e secagem por aspers?o. Os sistemas produzidos foram caracterizados quanto ? morfologia, tamanho m?dio e distribui??o, estabilidade t?rmica, cristalinidade, taxa de encapsula??o e libera??o do f?rmaco in vitro. Foram obtidas micropart?culas com adequadas caracter?sticas f?sicas e rendimentos satisfat?rios atrav?s dos dois m?todos, embora os sistemas aspergidos tenham apresentado maior estabilidade t?rmica e sejam considerados mais interessantes devido a sua maior estabilidade t?rmica e aus?ncia de agentes t?xicos. No entanto, ajustes precisam ser feitos para melhorar a encapsula??o e libera??o do f?rmaco. Na segunda parte, microemuls?es do tipo ?leo em ?gua (MEs O/A) com base em triglicer?deos de cadeia m?dia (MCT) foram produzidas visando ao carreamento de anfotericina B (AmB) e aumento da sua solubilidade. Foram obtidas MEs O/A sem e com AmB com got?culas em torno de 80 e 120 nm, respectivamente, e ?ndices de polidispers?o de 0,25 e 0,31, respectivamente. A taxa de incorpora??o da AmB foi alta e dependente do volume da fase dispersa. A viabilidade celular n?o foi afetada at? 25 μg/mL da AmB. Portanto, MEs O/A a partir de MCT podem ser promissores sistemas de libera??o para AmB
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Huang, Tzu-Hsuan. « Fusion of anti-HER2/neu with inflammatory cytokines IFN-a and TNF-a results in molecules that elicit an anti-tumor response or potentiate wound healing ». Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1276406491&sid=11&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Gnansounou, Senankpon Martial. « Etude des activités anti-inflammatoire, antioxydante et screening par chromatographie gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse d’extraits éthanoliques de trois fabacées du Bénin : isolement de molécules bioactives ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0603.

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Face à la résurgence de pathologies infectieuses, notre étude a porté sur le potentiel thérapeutique de Dialium guineense, Parkia biglobosa et Tamarindus indica afin de rechercher des molécules bioactives pouvant contrer l’antibiorésistance ou ses corolaires. L’état de l’art des molécules bioactives des trois plantes a montré que de nombreuses familles de composés sont identifiées dans différents organes aériens. Toutefois le lien avec les activités biologiques reste non élucidé. Ensuite, nous avons évalué quelques activités biologiques des extraits éthanoliques ou hydro-éthanoliques des feuilles, fruits et écorces. Avec de bons taux de viabilité cellulaires, les extraits de D. guineense (écore) ainsi que ceux de P. biglobosa (feuilles) et T. indica (écorce) ont des ratios d’activités antiinflammatoires de 458,2 ; 161 et 174,6 respectivement. Ces valeurs sont supérieures à celle de la dexaméthasone utilisée comme témoin. Le test KRL a montré une activité antiradicalaire dose dépendante dans la gamme de 0 à 20mg/L. In vitro, 1g de chacun des extraits susmentionnés présente une capacité antioxydante respectivement équivalente à 1585 ; 2092 ; 5071 et 2246 mg de Trolox. Les extraits ont par la suite été analysés par GC-MS révélant pour la première fois la présence de lupéol et de sitostérol dans l’écorce de D. guineense. Enfin, l’étude nutritionnelle des trois fruits révèle, à travers les fortes teneurs en nutriments (80% de sucre pour D. guineense), leur possible contribution à la lutte contre la malnutrition au Bénin et la nécessité d’œuvrer à leur conservation.Mots-clés : Pathologies infectieuses, antibiorésistance, anti-inflammatoire, antioxydant, molécules bioactives
In a context of infectious diseases resurgence, our study focused on therapeutic potential of Dialium guineense, Parkia biglobosa and Tamarindus indica in order to search for bioactive molecules that can counter antibiotic resistance or its corollaries. The state of the art of on bioactive molecules from the three plants has shown that many families of compounds are identified in different aerial organs. However, the link with biological activities remains unclear. Next, we evaluated some biological activities of ethanolic or hydroethanolic extracts of leaves, fruits and bark. With good cell viability levels, extracts of D. guineense (bark) as well as those of P. biglobosa (leaves) and T. indica (bark) have anti-inflammatory activity ratios of 458.2; 161 and 174.6 respectively. These values are higher than that of dexamethasone used as positive control. The KRL test showed dose-dependent antiradical activity in the range of 0 to 20mg / L. In vitro, 1 g of each of the abovementioned extracts has an antioxidant capacity respectively equivalent to 1585 ; 2092 ; 5071 and 2246 mg of Trolox. The extracts were then analyzed by GC-MS revealing for the first time the presence of lupeol and sitosterol in the bark of D. guineense. Finally, the nutritional study of the three fruits reveals, through the high levels of nutrients (80% sugar for D. guineense), their possible contribution to fight malnutrition in Benin and the need of their conservation. Keywords : Infectious diseases, antimicrobial resistance, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, bioactive molecules
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D'ORAZIO, GIUSEPPE. « Glycoderivatives : drug candidates and molecular tools ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/41154.

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The research project is focused on the development and the synthesis of glycoderivatives as potential drug candidates, for therapeutic use, and as molecular tools, for the study of biological processes. The project includes the study of SGLT1 (Sodium-Glucose co-transporter 1), its role in inflammatory processes and the development of potential carbohydrate-based anti-inflammatory agents. Furthermore, new glycoderivatives and glycoconjugates will be synthetized for other potential pharmacological applications such as the targeting of cytotoxic drugs, as novel potential anticancer agents, and for the development of molecular tools to study several biological phenomena.
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Pujo, Julien. « Caractérisation de molécules lipidiques produites par les bactéries probiotiques Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 : rôle dans l’homéostasie intestinale ». Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30199.

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De nombreuses études portant sur le microbiote intestinal ont mis en évidence son importance dans la physiologie et la physiopathologie de l’hôte. Les bactéries, acteurs majeurs du microbiote, participent au maintien de l’homéostasie intestinale en régulant plusieurs fonctions essentielles allant de la protection de la barrière intestinale au développement du système immunitaire. Des altérations de la composition et de la diversité de ce microbiote ont été observées dans des pathologies du tractus digestif comme le syndrome de l’intestin irritable et les maladies inflammatoires chroniques de l’intestin. Afin de restaurer l’homéostasie intestinale, des thérapies utilisant des bactéries probiotiques ont été utilisées. Parmi les bactéries probiotiques testées, Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (E. coli Nissle 1917) a été décrite comme exerçant des fonctions anti-diarrhéiques, analgésiques et anti-inflammatoires. Néanmoins les mécanismes d’actions impliqués dans ces activités demeurent inconnus. Afin de les mettre en évidence, nous avons utilisé deux approches en spectrométrie de masse pour analyser les lipides bactériens. Une première approche sans apriori, nous a permis de mettre en évidence la production de lipopeptides dont le C12AsnGABAOH constitué d’un acide gras de 12 carbones, d’une asparagine et du GABA, le neurotransmetteur inhibiteur majoritaire du système nerveux. Ce lipopeptide était produit par des enzymes codées par des gènes faisant partis d’un cluster : l’îlot pks. A l’inverse du GABA seul, le C12AsnGABAOH traversait la barrière épithéliale intestinale (BEI) in vitro et in vivo. L’ajout de l’aminolipide par la bactérie confère donc au GABA la capacité d’atteindre les terminaisons nerveuses sensitives. Ce lipopeptide diminuait l’activation neuronale induite par l‘activation de nocicepteurs dans des cultures de neurones sensitifs via le récepteur GABAB. In vivo, il inhibait l’hypersensibilité viscérale induite par l’activation de nocicepteurs chez la souris. Dans une deuxième étude, nous avons réalisé une étude en spectrométrie de masse avec apriori en recherchant les acides gras à longue chaine (AGLC) hydroxylés dans différentes souches d’E. coli. Le C18-3OH un AGLC de 18 carbones possédant une hydroxylation en position 3 était produit en plus grande quantité par les bactéries E. coli Nissle 1917 indépendament de l’ilôt pks. Le C18-3OH n’était pas capable de traverser la BEI et s’accumulait dans les cellules in vitro, dans les tissus ex vivo, et dans le colon in vivo. Dans les tissus, le C18-3OH modulait l’expression de gènes qui était sous la dépendance du récepteur PPAR-γ. Enfin nous avons mis en évidence dans un modèle de colite induite par le DSS que le C18-3OH réduisait la perméabilité paracellulaire et les paramètres inflammatoires chez la souris. Ces travaux de thèse nous ont permis de démontrer pour la première fois que les bactéries E. coli Nissle 1917 pouvaient communiquer avec les cellules de l’hôte en sécrétant des lipopeptides et des AGLC. Deux d’entre eux le C12AsnGABAOH et le C18-3OH étaient des molécules bioactives. Le C12AsnGABAOH inhibait l’hypersensibilité viscérale et le C18-3OH réduisait le statut inflammatoire des cellules épithéliales intestinales. Ces composés lipidiques pourraient être impliqués dans les effets probiotiques exercés par E. coli Nissle 1917 et représenter des agents thérapeutiques dans le traitement de la douleur viscérale et de l’inflammation intestinale
Numerous studies have highlighted the importance of intestinal microbiota in the physiology and physiopathology of the host. Bacteria, the most represented microorganisms of the microbiota, contribute to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis by regulating several essential functions ranging from the protection of the intestinal barrier to the development of the immune system. Impairment in the composition and diversity of this microbiota have been observed in pathologies of digestive tract such as irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. In order to restore intestinal homeostasis, therapies using probiotic bacteria were used. Among probiotic bacteria tested, Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (E. coli Nissle 1917) has been used for its anti-diarrheal, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of action involved in these therapeutic effects remain unknown. In order to study them, we used two approaches in mass spectrometry to analyse bacterial lipids. A first untargeted approach, allowed us to highlight the production of lipopeptides including C12AsnGABAOH composed by a fatty acid of 12 carbons, an asparagine and GABA (gamma amino butyric acid), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the nervous system. This lipopeptide was produced by enzymes encoded by genes of a cluster call the pks island. In contrast to GABA alone, C12AsnGABAOH crosses the intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) in vitro and in vivo. The addition of the aminolipid by the bacteria confer to the GABA the ability to reach sensory nerve endings. This lipopeptide decreased neuronal activation induced by activation of nociceptors in sensory neuron primary cultures via the GABAB receptor. In vivo, it inhibited visceral hypersensitivity induced by activation of nociceptors in mice. In a second study, we carried out a mass spectrometry targeted approaches looking for hydroxylated long chain fatty acids (LCFA) in different strains of E. coli. C18-3OH a LCFA of 18 carbons with a hydroxylation on its third position was produced in higher amounts by E. coli Nissle 1917 independently of the pks island. The C18-3OH was not able to cross the IEB and accumulated in cells in vitro, in tissues ex vivo and in colon in vivo. In tissues, C18-3OH modulated the expression of genes regulated by PPAR-γ receptor. Finally, in a DSS-induced colitis in mice, C18-3OH decreased paracellular permeability and inflammatory parameters. These thesis works allowed us to demonstrate for the first time that E. coli Nissle 1917 could signal to host cells by secreting lipopeptides and LCFAs. Two of them C12AsnGABAOH and C18-3OH were bioactive molecules. C12AsnGABAOH inhibited visceral hypersensitivity and C18-3OH reduced the inflammatory status of intestinal epithelial cells. These lipid compounds could be involved in the probiotic effects exerted by E. coli Nissle 1917 and represent therapeutic agents in the treatment of visceral pain and intestinal inflammation
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Simi, Anastasia. « Molecular basis for the anti-inflammatory properties of chlomethiazole / ». Stockholm, 2003. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2003/91-7349-621-9/.

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Livres sur le sujet "Anti-inflammatory molecules"

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G, Bazán Nicolás, Botting Jack H et Vane John R, dir. New targets in inflammation : Inhibitors of COX-2 or adhesion molecules : proceedings of a conference held on April 15-16, 1996, in New Orleans, USA, supported by an educational grant from Boehringer Ingelheim. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996.

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W, Pruzanski, et Vadas P. 1953-, dir. Novel molecular approaches to anti-inflammatory therapy. Basel : Birkhäuser Verlag, 1995.

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Pruzanski, Waldemar, et Peter Vadas, dir. Novel Molecular Approaches to Anti-Inflammatory Therapy. Basel : Birkhäuser Basel, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7276-8.

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N, Cohn Jay, et Abrams William B, dir. Cardiovascular drugs. Mount Kisco, N.Y : Futura Pub. Co., 1985.

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W, Houde Raymond, Ley Timothy J et Hollister Leo E. 1920-, dir. Analgesics and NSAID. Mount Kisco, N.Y : Futura Pub. Co., 1985.

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(Editor), N. Bazan, Jack H. Botting (Editor) et Sir John R. Vane (Editor), dir. New Targets in Inflammation : Inhibitors of COX-2 or Adhesion Molecules. Springer, 1996.

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Bazan, N., Jack H. Botting et Sir John R. Vane. New Targets in Inflammation : Inhibitors of COX-2 or Adhesion Molecules Proceedings of a Conference Held on April 15-16, 1996, in New Orleans, USA, Supported by an Educational Grant from Boehringer Ingelheim. Springer London, Limited, 2012.

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Bazan, N., Jack H. Botting et Sir John R. Vane. New Targets in Inflammation : Inhibitors of COX-2 or Adhesion Molecules Proceedings of a Conference Held on April 15-16, 1996, in New Orleans, USA, Supported by an Educational Grant from Boehringer Ingelheim. Springer, 2012.

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Parlato, Marianna, et Jean-Marc Cavaillon. Innate immunity and the inflammatory cascade. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0299.

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Inflammation results from a complex interaction between a large number of mediators able to induce each other and to favour the generation of other inflammatory molecules (e.g. free radicals, lipid mediators, and proteases). The perpetuation of inflammation by these cascades of mediators is favoured by their ability to induce coagulation, leukocyte recruitment, and cell and tissue alteration (apoptosis, necrosis, and barrier disruption). Other cascades of mediators occur to generate anti-inflammatory mediators favouring the healing process. A neuroendocrine loop and neuromediators from central and peripheral nervous system are also involved in the process, allowing a return to homeostasis.
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Vadas, Peter, et Waldemar Pruzanski. Novel Molecular Approaches to Anti-Inflammatory Therapy. Springer Basel AG, 2013.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Anti-inflammatory molecules"

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Sharanya, C. S., et Madathilkovilakath Haridas. « Anti-inflammatory Molecules : Enzyme Inhibitors ». Dans Bioresources and Bioprocess in Biotechnology, 201–33. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4284-3_9.

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Bhavya, B. C., et Madathilkovilakath Haridas. « Anti-inflammatory Molecules : Immune System Mediators ». Dans Bioresources and Bioprocess in Biotechnology, 235–68. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4284-3_10.

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Nagaich, Upendra, et Vandana Chaudhary. « Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs : Concepts and Innovations ». Dans Biologically Active Small Molecules, 165–244. New York : Apple Academic Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003283119-11.

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Fassina, Giorgio. « Complementary Peptides as Recognition Molecules ». Dans Novel Molecular Approaches to Anti-Inflammatory Therapy, 109–20. Basel : Birkhäuser Basel, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7276-8_11.

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Lordan, Ronan, Constantina Nasopoulou, Alexandros Tsoupras et Ioannis Zabetakis. « The Anti-inflammatory Properties of Food Polar Lipids ». Dans Bioactive Molecules in Food, 553–86. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78030-6_95.

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Lordan, Ronan, Constantina Nasopoulou, Alexandros Tsoupras et Ioannis Zabetakis. « The Anti-inflammatory Properties of Food Polar Lipids ». Dans Bioactive Molecules in Food, 1–34. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54528-8_95-1.

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Todd, Robert F., Paul J. Simpson et Benedict R. Lucchesi. « Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Monoclonal Anti-Mo1 (CD11b/CD18) Antibodies In Vitro and In Vivo ». Dans Leukocyte Adhesion Molecules, 125–37. New York, NY : Springer New York, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3234-6_10.

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Banerjee, Ena Ray. « Nanoparticles as Anti-inflammatory and Pro-regenerative Therapeutic Molecules ». Dans Perspectives in Translational Research in Life Sciences and Biomedicine, 57–88. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5870-7_2.

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Mahapatra, Debarshi Kar, Vivek Asati et Sanjay Kumar Bharti. « Perspectives of Chalcone-Based Nf-Kβ Inhibitors as Anti-Inflammatory Agents ». Dans Biologically Active Small Molecules, 45–58. New York : Apple Academic Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003283119-4.

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Lucas, Alexandra, Liying Liu, Erbin Dai, Ilze Bot, Kasinath Viswanathan, Ganesh Munuswamy-Ramunujam, Jennifer A. Davids et al. « The Serpin Saga ; Development of a New Class of Virus Derived Anti-Inflammatory Protein Immunotherapeutics ». Dans Pathogen-Derived Immunomodulatory Molecules, 132–56. New York, NY : Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1601-3_11.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Anti-inflammatory molecules"

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Mykhailenko, Olha, et Victoriya Georgiyants. « Potential Benefits of Ukrainian <em>Crocus sativus</em&gt ; as Anti-inflammatory agent ». Dans MOL2NET'22, Conference on Molecular, Biomedical & Computational Sciences and Engineering, 8th ed. - MOL2NET : FROM MOLECULES TO NETWORKS. Basel, Switzerland : MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mol2net-08-13075.

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Lima, Eric G., Liming Bian, Francis B. Gonzales, Gerard A. Ateshian et Clark T. Hung. « Influence of Interleukin Treatment on Engineered and Native Articular Cartilage ». Dans ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-176220.

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Injury to the diarthrodial joint is often associated with elevated levels of cytokines and other inflammatory molecules. While the influence of interleukin on articular cartilage has been well-studied, its effects on engineered cartilage are not. The presence of inflammatory factors in the injured joint would be expected to affect the performance of implanted engineered cartilage repair tissue [1] and this effect may be especially pronounced in underdeveloped tissues [2]. The current study addresses this issue by examining the influence of interleukin (IL-1α and IL-1β) on engineered cartilage mechanical and biochemical properties at sequential stages of development. Furthermore, dexamethasone, an anti-inflammatory steroid that has been shown in some cases to suppress interleukin-induced degradation of native cartilage [3], was examined in the context of engineered constructs.
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Guha, Snigdha. « Efficacy of Great Northern Beans-derived γ-glutamyl Peptides in Reducing Vascular Inflammation ». Dans 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/pykq1684.

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The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is estimated at nearly 37% in the United States. Elevated blood glucose, elevated triglycerides, high blood pressure, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein, result in increased levels of inflammation and pathogenesis of various CVDs such as atherosclerosis and hypertension. Dietary γ-glutamyl peptides (γ-GPs), naturally found in dry beans, have exhibited beneficial biological activities to reduce chronic inflammation. One such type of dry bean, Great Northern bean (GNB), is an important agricultural commodity for the US and for the state of Nebraska. The present study developed a green-chemistry-based scalable technology for isolating the γ-GPs from GNBs. The γ-GPs-enriched fraction can significantly reduce vascular inflammation in human endothelial cells. The γ-GP (γ-EV) found in various foods including beans, can significantly reduce the tumor necrosis factor-ɑ (TNF-ɑ)-induced increased expression of inflammatory adhesion molecules (VCAM-1, E-Selectin), chemokine (MCP-1), and cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8) in human aortic endothelial cells. The anti-inflammatory effect of γ-EV is mediated through the allosteric activation of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). The route of transport of γ-EV across the intestinal monolayer was found to be via the PepT1 and paracellular pathways with the apparent permeability (Papp) of 1.56×10–6cm/s. Furthermore, γ-EV was found to be effective in reducing vascular inflammation in vivo, in a high-fat diet (HFD: 40 kcal% fat, 1.25% cholesterol) feed ApoE-/- mice, where γ-EV intervention (150mg/kg BW) significantly reduced the expression of inflammatory biomarkers such as VCAM-1, ICAM-1, LOX-1, and improved the pathological characteristics of the atherosclerotic plaques in the aorta. In addition, the splenic FoxP3+ and CD25+ cells within the total lymphocyte population were significantly decreased in the γ-EV-treated group. Thus, the present study highlights the potential use of γ-glutamyl peptides, as a functional food ingredient for the prevention and management of CVDs.*Snigdha Guha, Honored Student Award Winner; Peter and Clare Kalustian Award Winner*
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Chen, C. T., S. Park, M. Bhargava et P. A. Torzilli. « Inhibitory Effect of Mechanical Load on IL-1 Induced Cartilage Degradation Is Mediated by Interferon-Gamma and IL-1 Receptor 1 ». Dans ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-193230.

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Matrix remodeling in articular cartilage is regulated by the elevation and activation of aggrecanases (ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) [2–4, 7–9, 10]. Several recent studies from our and other groups have shown that mechanical loading can counteract interleukin 1 (IL-1) induced pro-inflammatory and catabolic events by down-regulating aggrecanases, MMPs, and pro-inflammatory genes [1, 3, 5, 6], but the molecular mechanism is not clear. Many previous studies have shown that the regulation of pro-inflammatory effect of IL-1 come from several aspects: anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β, IL-10, IL-6 and interferon γ), IL-1 receptor related proteins (IL-1R1, IL-1R2, and IL-1Ra) as well as a family of intracellular inhibitory protein called Suppressor Of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS.) SOCS1 and SOCS3 are especially important, since they can inhibit both MAPK and NF-κB pathways induced by IL-1 [12]. The objective of this study was to determine whether mechanical load affected anti-inflammatory mediators along with anti-catabolic events.
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Chin, LiKang, Anthony Calabro et Kathleen A. Derwin. « Development and Characterization of Tyramine Substituted-Hyaluronan (TS-HA) Enriched Fascia for Rotator Cuff Repair ». Dans ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19553.

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The failure rate of rotator cuff repair is reportedly as high as 70%. Several commercially available extracellular matrices are indicated for augmentation of rotator cuff repair. However, none has yet demonstrated both the appropriate biological milieu and mechanical properties for tendon healing. We are interested in fascia lata for its tendon-like mechanical properties. We propose modulating inflammation by enriching fascia lata with high molecular weight hyaluronan (HA), a molecule well known for its anti-inflammatory properties. Of particular interest is tyramine-substituted hyaluronan (TS-HA), i.e., HA substituted with tyramine adducts to allow cross-linking between chains. The extent to which TS-HA treatment affects the mechanical properties of fascia lata is not known. The objectives of this study are to develop and characterize TS-HA enriched fascia lata and to investigate the hypothesis that TS-HA treatment does not significantly decrease the mechanical properties of fascia.
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Nikolić, Miloš, Marina Mijajlović et Nikola Nedeljković. « Anti-Inflammatory Screening of Thiourea Derivatives Based on Molecular Docking Studies ». Dans Sinteza 2022. Beograd, Serbia : Singidunum University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15308/sinteza-2022-365-372.

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Holland, Sacha J., Alex M. Owyang, Sothy Yi, Chi Young, Sylvia Braselmann, Roy Frances, Arthur Bagos et al. « Abstract 4869 : Small molecule inhibitors of the anti-inflammatory TAM receptor MerTK ». Dans Proceedings : AACR 107th Annual Meeting 2016 ; April 16-20, 2016 ; New Orleans, LA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-4869.

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Holland, Sacha J., Alexander M. Owyang, Sylvia Braselmann, Chrystelle Lamagna, Sothy Yi, Chi Young, Roy Frances et al. « Abstract B060 : Small molecule inhibitors of the anti-inflammatory TAM receptor MerTK ». Dans Abstracts : Second CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference : Translating Science into Survival ; September 25-28, 2016 ; New York, NY. American Association for Cancer Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.imm2016-b060.

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Miranda, Vanessa Regina, et Nelson Henrique Morgon. « Estudo Teórico in silico da Interação entre Geraniol e o Sítio Ativo da Opsina Bovina ». Dans VIII Simpósio de Estrutura Eletrônica e Dinâmica Molecular. Universidade de Brasília, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21826/viiiseedmol202053.

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The bovine opsin protein, 6PGS, is present in the eye of the Bos taurus species, and has activity throughout the period of development of the retina, remaining until its adult stage. The interaction of the geraniol ligand, which has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, with the active site of the protein was studied through theoretical calculations using Density Functional Theory. The molecular structure results show that in the interaction process of geraniol with the active site of 6PGS there is a distortion in the geometry of the ligand. Through the UV-Vis spectra, a shift of the wavelength maximum value in relation to the free geraniol is observed, of the order of 50 nm.
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Park, Wansu, et Young-Jin Kim. « Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Quercetin on RAW 264.7 Mouse Macrophages Induced with Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid ». Dans 1st Electronic Conference on Molecular Science. Basel, Switzerland : MDPI, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecms-1-a003.

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