Articles de revues sur le sujet « Angelic sin »

This study conducts a literary analysis of the traditions and comments of al-Tabari with regards to Muhammad’s Night Journey and Ascension is undertaken within the context of al-Tabari’s exegesis of Qur’ān, 17:1. The linguistic particularities of the verse reveal notions of divine agency in the Qur’ān of which the Night Journey is one instance; manifesting the hand of God in the life of Muhammad. The hadith traditions therein as presented by al-Tabari are examined both linguistically and thematically. It becomes apparent, in the case of al-Tabari the Night Journey and Ascension of Muhammad marked a key turning point in his status as a Prophet; requiring a fantastical opening of Muhammad’s chest. Motifs of angelic surgery and the removal of “black spots” from the heart of Muhammad shed further light upon the dogmatic debates surrounding the question of infallibility (al-‘ismah) or immunity from sin as an indicator of Muhammad’s Prophethood. Al-Tabari also, presents traditions rich with imaginative apocalyptic and eschatological motifs which infuse the story of Muhammad’s heavenly journey with extra-historical implications. Al-Tabari concludes his exposition with an insistence on the physicality of Muhammad’s ascension, demonstrating the tension between literalism and symbolism in Qur’ānic exegesis and the hadith tradition.

AbstractAnabaptist theologians who vie for the most convincing theory of divine non-violence in the contemporary ‘atonement debate’ quite often fail to appreciate the contributions of medieval scholars such as St Thomas Aquinas. Of course, that failure does have a rationale. Aquinas does, indeed, support various systematic expressions of a satisfaction theory of atonement. In doing so, he insists upon God's violent solution to the problem of sin and also employs language fraught with quid pro quo, mercantile and penal images. Aquinas does attempt to ‘correct’ Anselm and rearticulate the satisfaction theory of atonement; however, his expression of that motif still hinges upon the divine demand for remuneration, balanced accounts or an economic transaction in order to repair the damage done by sin. God's desire for this redemptive reparation results in the necessity of the violent death of an innocent man. Consequently, although Aquinas expresses the notion of necessity differently than Anselm, his theory also necessitates, at best, divine complicity with violence and, at worst, divine insistence on violence. Anabaptist theologians who remain true to the tradition's pacifist roots rightfully cry ‘foul’ in response to Aquinas’ theory. If Jesus of Nazareth fully reveals the character of God as indicated in John 14:7 with the words, ‘if you have seen me, you have seen the Father’, theories of atonement which depict God as condoning or requiring violence do not harmonise with the life and teachings of the man Christians call the Prince of Peace, especially if that violence pertains to the redemption of a loving God's good creation. As a result, those who oppose the implicit divine violence embedded in Aquinas’ satisfaction theory of atonement may opt to disengage with him, to expel him completely from the conversation. Yet I suggest that non-violent atonement theologians pause and rethink their indictment of the angelic doctor. Satisfaction remains the prevalent theme surrounding Aquinas’ atonement motif, but it is not by any means the only image he brings to bear on the topic. In fact, throughout his ruminations on the passion of Christ, St Thomas focuses explicitly on the unfathomable, extravagant and immeasurable divine love as the primary motivation for God's desire and subsequent actions to redeem and restore a sinful humanity. I suggest that, given Aquinas’ emphasis on divine love, Anabaptist theologians may well discover a satisfying interlocutor for further theological conversation which carries significant implications for the life of the church. Indeed, scholastic savants such as Thomas Aquinas still do warrant a place at the communal table.

L’extravagantes delle Revelationes coelestes di Santa Brigida narra l’ascesa al Monte Gargano. Questo testo racconta un episodio della vita di Brigida e invia un preciso messaggio ai lettori, mentre opera su diversi livelli: il simbolico, il narrativo ed il teologico. Pertanto, la descrizione del paesaggio, proposta da Santa Brigida, rappresenta piuttosto un paesaggio dell’anima. L’ambiente è però dipinto con colori foschi e non rimanda alla realtà. L’esposizione culmina nella visione angelica nella grotta di San Michele. Qui gli angeli giustificano il decadimento generale con la corruzione morale delle popolazioni locali. Sicché si può ritenere che la descrizione del paesaggio del Gargano costituisce piuttosto un ammaestramento morale. Un espediente di successo dunque, che trasmette messaggi incisivi.

FINDING OURSELVES AFTER DARWIN: Conversations on the Image of God, Original Sin, and the Problem of Evil by Stanley P. Rosenberg (general editor) and Michael Burdett, Michael Lloyd, and Benno van den Toren (associate editors). Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2018. vii + 375 pages. Paperback; $34.00. ISBN: 9780801098246. Kindle; $16.99. ISBN: 9781493406586. *Finding Ourselves after Darwin responds to questions of how humanity defines itself and understands its primeval origins in a post-Darwinian world. It does so by offering a representative selection of Christian responses to questions about the image of God, original sin, and the problem of evil raised at the interface of evolutionary science and Christian faith. This book grew out of the project "Evolution and Christian Faith" funded by BioLogos, and many contributors participated in several colloquia held at Oxford. *Finding Ourselves after Darwin is thematically and structurally coherent, unlike many similar edited volumes. Two introductory essays by general editor Stanley Rosenberg and associate editor Benno van den Toren introduce the truth-seeking and dialogue-modeling commitments of the book. Following these essays, the book is divided into three parts: (1) The Image of God and Evolution, (2) Original Sin and Evolution, and (3) Evil and Evolution. Each part features five or six contributors' responses to issues raised in each topic. Associate editors Michel Burdett, Benno van den Toren, and Michael Lloyd each provide introductory and conclusory comments to one of the three parts, in which they identify the part's driving questions and then summarize and interact with the material. *Discussion in part 1, The Image of God and Evolution, centers on the ability of four conventional models of imaging (functional, structural, relational, dynamic) to withstand challenges posed by evolution. Defending the viability of these four models takes precedence over intermittent discussion of human uniqueness, origins, and telos. Wentzel van Huysteen's introductory chapter suggests that evolutionary insights help inform a robust understanding of the human capacity for imaging. According to his "bottom-up" approach, the image of God emerged from nature through evolution; he believes we should take this into account when trying to understand the human person. *Following van Huysteen, Mark Harris shares a version of the functional model of imaging, which locates the imago Dei in humanity's role to be God's representative rulers on the earth. Harris uses scripture well but only marginally engages evolutionary theory since, according to him, it poses few challenges to the functional model of imaging. *Next, Aku Visala offers a strong defense for the structural theory of imaging against challenges raised by evolutionary theory. Structural theories of imaging often locate the image of God in uniquely human cognitive, moral, relational, and religious capacities; therefore, challenges to human uniqueness--such as claims that no clear dividing line exists between humans and animals--appear to threaten the viability of structural models of imaging. However, Visala shows that an appropriately modified version of the structural theory withstands these challenges by requiring no such clear dividing line (instead, humans stand apart from animals in the unique degree to which they actualize certain capacities). Visala also suggests that animals can have nonhuman souls and that animals continue to evolve in their imaging capacity; consequently, the "image of God is as much about becoming as it is about being" (p. 77). Visala advocates for an emergent dualist approach to the soul, one which embraces evolutionary insights into the way our "perceptual, conceptual, and emotional systems work" while maintaining that the soul accounts for certain phenomena evolutionary that explanations cannot account for, such as the existence of the person, human dignity, and life after death (p. 71). *Then Jay Oord presents a relational-love model of imaging in which he suggests that "living a life of love" is the essence of imaging (p. 88) and that God invites nonhuman creatures to bear God's image by imitating God's love. *Finally, Ted Peters offers a dynamic model of imaging in which humans are still evolving into the imago Dei. According to this model, the imago Dei exists not in humanity's past or present, but in humanity's future and in the person of Christ. As such, it functions as a "divine call forward" to become increasingly Christ-like (p. 96). Peters refrains from locating the imago Dei in humanity's past because he believes humanity's fallen state is "equiprimordial with our appearance in biological history" (p. 104) and that human nature was not fixed at some historical point but is retroactively determined by what humanity will be at the redemption. Unfortunately, Peters offers no clear definition of the imago Dei or explanation of its incompatibility with fallenness. *All contributors in part 1 affirm human uniqueness although some affirm it only by way of degree. In his concluding comments, editor Michael Burdett encourages readers to explore hybrid models, which allow them to affirm multifaceted understandings of imaging. *Part 2, Original Sin and Evolution, addresses the origins, transmission, and universality of sin. Contributors disagree whether the origins of human sinfulness should be identified with an intentional, human decision to turn away from God at a particular time in history (C. John Collins, Andrew Pinsent, and Gijsbert van den Brink) or with the inevitable realization of innate tendencies for aggression and self-assertion inherited from prehuman ancestors (Christopher Hays). Some contributors present science-compatible Fall narratives. For example, Collins proposes a "federal head" model in which two representative humans intentionally turned away from God at the headwaters of human history, bearing consequences for all humans. Hays, on the other hand, regards the historic placement of the first sin irrelevant since it was not responsible for subsequent sins. According to Hays, we can affirm the universality of sin and human culpability for sin without an originating sin. *McCoy's chapter cautions against misusing Irenaeus's theology to support theologies that dismiss a traditional Fall, which he argues is necessary to Irenaean thought. McCoy's chapter is insightful, but unless the reader is familiar with the external discussion McCoy is responding to, the chapter appears somewhat tangential to part 2's driving questions. *Contributors affirm the universality of sin, although they disagree on the mechanisms that unify humanity in sin and account for the transmission of sin: Collins suggests that unity in sin is rooted in covenant with God, Van den Toren argues that transmission of sin is inseparable from cultural evolution, and Pinsent suggests that original sin is propagated by the absence of supernatural grace (which he suggests was a pre-Fall addition to human nature). *Part 3, Evil and Evolution, addresses questions of why God is not culpable for animal suffering in pre-human history and why God employed violent means of creating; it highlights a variety of avenues available to affirm God's goodness in light of prehuman suffering. Only-way theodicies dominate: they include Rosenberg's view that death and decay are necessary marks of a finite world, Vince Vitale's "non-identity theodicy" (based on the idea that the existence of individuals alive today is contingent on past suffering), and Christopher Southgate's argument that the values of this world come at the expense of its disvalues. Michael Lloyd provides the only substantive free will defense, which attributes a cosmic Fall to free angelic beings, and Richard Swinburne offers an Irenaean soul-making theodicy which argues that the finite amount of suffering God allows us to endure is outweighed by the goodness of the soul-making opportunities it provides. *Part 3 benefits from the way contributors highlight lingering concerns in each other's models. Lloyd's chapter "Theodicy, Fall, and Adam" is exemplary: from only-way theodicies Lloyd calls for better defense of the unique creativity of violence, and from Augustinian nonbeing approaches he calls for a better defense of the inability of God to counteract creation's tendency toward nonbeing now if God will do so post-eschaton. However, since the format of the book does not facilitate intra-book responses, such challenges remain unaddressed. Moreover, editorial content and many contributors assume that prehuman suffering is "evil," and, although some contributors disagree, this assumption is unfortunately never explicitly contested. Nevertheless, part 3 concludes the book in a helpful way: it outlines potential solutions to concerns about evil and the goodness of creation that are discussed throughout the book. *In conclusion, part 1 provides defenses of four models of imaging--sometimes at the expense of discussion concerning human uniqueness, origins, and telos. Part 2 successfully provides a multifaceted discussion on the origins, transmission, and universality of sin. And part 3 offers theodicies that illuminate various directions forward; it also raises many unanswered questions. Ultimately, bringing a representative selection of views to the table--more so than novel ideas--is the function of this book. Editorial contributions unify Finding Ourselves after Darwin as an accessible, well-assembled exploration of truth. Editors, and sometimes contributors, offer epistemological guidance and identify fruitful avenues for future exploration, making the discussion one that uniquely moves the reader forward in their search for truth. Interaction between contributors, when present, adds richness to the discussion but is not consistent throughout the book. Finding Ourselves after Darwin is further unified by a commitment to the doctrinal core that is accompanied by various degrees of flexibility concerning the retention of theological theories that have grown up around certain doctrines. Finding Ourselves after Darwin will help undergraduate students, pastors, and other informed Christians pursue a coherent and scientifically informed faith. *Reviewed by Charlotte Combrink, Religious Studies at Westmont College, Santa Barbara, CA 93108. FINDING OURSELVES AFTER DARWIN: Conversations on the Image of God, Original Sin, and the Problem of Evil by Stanley P. Rosenberg (general editor) and Michael Burdett, Michael Lloyd, and Benno van den Toren (associate editors). Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2018. vii + 375 pages. Paperback; $34.00. ISBN: 9780801098246. Kindle; $16.99. ISBN: 9781493406586. *Finding Ourselves after Darwin responds to questions of how humanity defines itself and understands its primeval origins in a post-Darwinian world. It does so by offering a representative selection of Christian responses to questions about the image of God, original sin, and the problem of evil raised at the interface of evolutionary science and Christian faith. This book grew out of the project "Evolution and Christian Faith" funded by BioLogos, and many contributors participated in several colloquia held at Oxford. *Finding Ourselves after Darwin is thematically and structurally coherent, unlike many similar edited volumes. Two introductory essays by general editor Stanley Rosenberg and associate editor Benno van den Toren introduce the truth-seeking and dialogue-modeling commitments of the book. Following these essays, the book is divided into three parts: (1) The Image of God and Evolution, (2) Original Sin and Evolution, and (3) Evil and Evolution. Each part features five or six contributors' responses to issues raised in each topic. Associate editors Michel Burdett, Benno van den Toren, and Michael Lloyd each provide introductory and conclusory comments to one of the three parts, in which they identify the part's driving questions and then summarize and interact with the material. *Discussion in part 1, The Image of God and Evolution, centers on the ability of four conventional models of imaging (functional, structural, relational, dynamic) to withstand challenges posed by evolution. Defending the viability of these four models takes precedence over intermittent discussion of human uniqueness, origins, and telos. Wentzel van Huysteen's introductory chapter suggests that evolutionary insights help inform a robust understanding of the human capacity for imaging. According to his "bottom-up" approach, the image of God emerged from nature through evolution; he believes we should take this into account when trying to understand the human person. *Following van Huysteen, Mark Harris shares a version of the functional model of imaging, which locates the imago Dei in humanity's role to be God's representative rulers on the earth. Harris uses scripture well but only marginally engages evolutionary theory since, according to him, it poses few challenges to the functional model of imaging. *Next, Aku Visala offers a strong defense for the structural theory of imaging against challenges raised by evolutionary theory. Structural theories of imaging often locate the image of God in uniquely human cognitive, moral, relational, and religious capacities; therefore, challenges to human uniqueness--such as claims that no clear dividing line exists between humans and animals--appear to threaten the viability of structural models of imaging. However, Visala shows that an appropriately modified version of the structural theory withstands these challenges by requiring no such clear dividing line (instead, humans stand apart from animals in the unique degree to which they actualize certain capacities). Visala also suggests that animals can have nonhuman souls and that animals continue to evolve in their imaging capacity; consequently, the "image of God is as much about becoming as it is about being" (p. 77). Visala advocates for an emergent dualist approach to the soul, one which embraces evolutionary insights into the way our "perceptual, conceptual, and emotional systems work" while maintaining that the soul accounts for certain phenomena evolutionary that explanations cannot account for, such as the existence of the person, human dignity, and life after death (p. 71). *Then Jay Oord presents a relational-love model of imaging in which he suggests that "living a life of love" is the essence of imaging (p. 88) and that God invites nonhuman creatures to bear God's image by imitating God's love. *Finally, Ted Peters offers a dynamic model of imaging in which humans are still evolving into the imago Dei. According to this model, the imago Dei exists not in humanity's past or present, but in humanity's future and in the person of Christ. As such, it functions as a "divine call forward" to become increasingly Christ-like (p. 96). Peters refrains from locating the imago Dei in humanity's past because he believes humanity's fallen state is "equiprimordial with our appearance in biological history" (p. 104) and that human nature was not fixed at some historical point but is retroactively determined by what humanity will be at the redemption. Unfortunately, Peters offers no clear definition of the imago Dei or explanation of its incompatibility with fallenness. *All contributors in part 1 affirm human uniqueness although some affirm it only by way of degree. In his concluding comments, editor Michael Burdett encourages readers to explore hybrid models, which allow them to affirm multifaceted understandings of imaging. *Part 2, Original Sin and Evolution, addresses the origins, transmission, and universality of sin. Contributors disagree whether the origins of human sinfulness should be identified with an intentional, human decision to turn away from God at a particular time in history (C. John Collins, Andrew Pinsent, and Gijsbert van den Brink) or with the inevitable realization of innate tendencies for aggression and self-assertion inherited from pre-human ancestors (Christopher Hays). Some contributors present science-compatible Fall narratives. For example, Collins proposes a "federal head" model in which two representative humans intentionally turned away from God at the headwaters of human history, bearing consequences for all humans. Hays, on the other hand, regards the historic placement of the first sin irrelevant since it was not responsible for subsequent sins. According to Hays, we can affirm the universality of sin and human culpability for sin without an originating sin. *McCoy's chapter cautions against misusing Irenaeus's theology to support theologies that dismiss a traditional Fall, which he argues is necessary to Irenaean thought. McCoy's chapter is insightful, but unless the reader is familiar with the external discussion McCoy is responding to, the chapter appears somewhat tangential to part 2's driving questions. *Contributors affirm the universality of sin, although they disagree on the mechanisms that unify humanity in sin and account for the transmission of sin: Collins suggests that unity in sin is rooted in covenant with God, Van den Toren argues that transmission of sin is inseparable from cultural evolution, and Pinsent suggests that original sin is propagated by the absence of supernatural grace (which he suggests was a pre-Fall addition to human nature). *Part 3, Evil and Evolution, addresses questions of why God is not culpable for animal suffering in pre-human history and why God employed violent means of creating; it highlights a variety of avenues available to affirm God's goodness in light of prehuman suffering. Only-way theodicies dominate: they include Rosenberg's view that death and decay are necessary marks of a finite world, Vince Vitale's "non-identity theodicy" (based on the idea that the existence of individuals alive today is contingent on past suffering), and Christopher Southgate's argument that the values of this world come at the expense of its disvalues. Michael Lloyd provides the only substantive free will defense, which attributes a cosmic Fall to free angelic beings, and Richard Swinburne offers an Irenaean soul-making theodicy which argues that the finite amount of suffering God allows us to endure is outweighed by the goodness of the soul-making opportunities it provides. *Part 3 benefits from the way contributors highlight lingering concerns in each other's models. Lloyd's chapter "Theodicy, Fall, and Adam" is exemplary: from only-way theodicies Lloyd calls for better defense of the unique creativity of violence, and from Augustinian nonbeing approaches he calls for a better defense of the inability of God to counteract creation's tendency toward nonbeing now if God will do so post-eschaton. However, since the format of the book does not facilitate intra-book responses, such challenges remain unaddressed. Moreover, editorial content and many contributors assume that prehuman suffering is "evil," and, although some contributors disagree, this assumption is unfortunately never explicitly contested. Nevertheless, part 3 concludes the book in a helpful way: it outlines potential solutions to concerns about evil and the goodness of creation that are discussed throughout the book. *In conclusion, part 1 provides defenses of four models of imaging--sometimes at the expense of discussion concerning human uniqueness, origins, and telos. Part 2 successfully provides a multifaceted discussion on the origins, transmission, and universality of sin. And part 3 offers theodicies that illuminate various directions forward; it also raises many unanswered questions. Ultimately, bringing a representative selection of views to the table--more so than novel ideas--is the function of this book. Editorial contributions unify Finding Ourselves after Darwin as an accessible, well-assembled exploration of truth. Editors, and sometimes contributors, offer epistemological guidance and identify fruitful avenues for future exploration, making the discussion one that uniquely moves the reader forward in their search for truth. Interaction between contributors, when present, adds richness to the discussion but is not consistent throughout the book. Finding Ourselves after Darwin is further unified by a commitment to the doctrinal core that is accompanied by various degrees of flexibility concerning the retention of theological theories that have grown up around certain doctrines. Finding Ourselves after Darwin will help undergraduate students, pastors, and other informed Christians pursue a coherent and scientifically informed faith. *Reviewed by Charlotte Combrink, Religious Studies at Westmont College, Santa Barbara, CA 93108.

El texto realiza una crítica de la propuesta de una contra-pedagogía de la crueldad por parte de Rita Segato, planteando que una lectura simplista del psicoanálisis, que desconoce tanto su estatuto ético como sus conceptos fundamentales, desemboca en una forclusión de la pulsión de muerte que decanta en un moralismo que no impide el retorno en lo real de la misma, ya que se encuentra guiada por una utopía denegada que busca el restablecimiento de un goce absoluto y sin falta, representado por el paraíso pre-patriarcial.

Abstract The criteria used to define Santa Ana winds (SAWs) are dependent upon both the impact of interest (e.g., catastrophic wildfires) and the location and/or time of day examined. We employ a comprehensive definition and methodology for constructing a climatological SAW time series from 1981 through 2016 for two Southern California regions, Los Angeles and San Diego. For both regions, we examine SAW climatology, distinguish SAW-associated synoptic-scale atmospheric patterns, and detect long-term, significant SAW trends. San Diego has 30% fewer SAW days compared to Los Angeles with 80% of SAW events starting in Los Angeles first. Further, 45% of San Diego SAW events are single-day events compared to 35% for Los Angeles. The longest duration event spanned 16 days for Los Angeles (27 November–12 December 1988) and 8 days for San Diego (9–16 January 2009). Although SAW-driven fires can be large and devastating, these types of fires occurred on only 6% and 5% of SAW days for the Los Angeles and San Diego regions, respectively. Finally, we find and investigate an extended period of elevated SAW day count occurring after 2005. This new climatology will allow us to produce month- and season-ahead forecasts of SAW days, which is useful for planning end-of-year staffing coverage by the local, state, and federal fire agencies.

Toki-shakuyaku-san is a traditional Chinese herbal prescriptions that is composed of 6 herbal plants, i.e., peony root, atractylodes lancea rhizome, alisma rhizome, hoelen, cnidium rhizome and Japanese angelica root. Administration with Toki-shakuyaku-san normalized irregular menstrual cycle, healed cervical pseudo-erosion and reduced leukorrhagia in young women who had insufficient luteal function.

Abstract This paper analyses and studies the melodic behavior of five female informants of Mexican origin or descent, three of them residents in the city of Los Angeles in the United States, and two in Mexico, one in Mexico City and the other in Puebla. There are two main objectives: firstly, to contribute to the prosodic description of Mexican Spanish on both sides of the political border between both countries (declarative statements and neutral absolute interrogatives), and secondly, to verify the continuity between the Mexican-American intonation of LA and that of MX Mexican. We followed the methodology developed by the research groups that make up Amper-Mexico and Amper-California Los Angeles, within the framework of the international AMPER project.

Objective: To map and describe the geographic distribution of pediatric hospice care need versus supply in California over a 4-year time period (2007-2010). Methods: Multiple databases were used for this descriptive longitudinal study. The sample consisted of 2036 children and adolescent decedents and 136 pediatric hospice providers. Geocoded data were used to create the primary variables of interest for this study—need and supply of pediatric hospice care. Geographic information systems were used to create heat maps for analysis. Results: Almost 90% of the children and adolescents had a potential need for hospice care, whereas more than 10% had a realized need. The highest density of potential need was found in the areas surrounding Los Angeles. The areas surrounding the metropolitan communities of Los Angeles and San Diego had the highest density of realized hospice care need. Sensitivity analysis revealed neighborhood-level differences in potential and realized need in the Los Angeles area. Over 30 pediatric hospice providers supplied care to the Los Angeles and San Diego areas. Conclusion: There were distinctive geographic patterns of potential and realized need with high density of potential and realized need in Los Angeles and high density of realized need in the San Diego area. The supply of pediatric hospice care generally matched the needs of children and adolescents. Future research should continue to explore the needs of children and adolescents at end of life at the neighborhood level, especially in large metropolitan areas.

Los Angeles County has a number of watercourses which discharge into the Pacific Ocean. Three of these are of major importance in that they traverse the Coastal Plain area of the County. These three are the Los Angeles River, the San Gabriel River, and Ballona Creek. They have a combined drainage area of approximately 1,645 square miles, most of which is within Los Angeles County. Such area not only comprises over 40 percent of the land area of the County but, more important, includes within its boundaries, the great majority of the County's population. The Coastal Plain area of Los Angeles County, prior to installation of flood control works, was probably subject to a greater potential flood hazard than any area of similar size and density of population in the United States. It has been subjected periodically to floods that, descending from the San Gabriel and Santa Monica Mountains, have rushed across the valley floor towards the Pacific Ocean altering topographic features and causing loss of life and property.

The presence and use of petroleum in the Los Angeles area date back to prehistoric times. The automobile-driven Black Gold Rush of the 1890s fueled the emergence of Los Angeles and its port at San Pedro. But oil also had its downsides. The following speakers will address oil-based growth, problems, remedies, and culture.

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of a Social Branding intervention in bars and nightclubs on smoking behavior. Design: Quasi-experimental controlled study. Setting: Bars and nightclubs in San Diego and San Francisco (intervention) and Los Angeles (control). Participants: “Hipster” young adults (age 18-26) attending bars and nightclubs. Intervention: Anti-tobacco messages delivered through monthly anti-tobacco music/social events, opinion leaders, original art, direct mail, promotional activities, and online media. Measures: A total of 7240 surveys were collected in 3 cities using randomized time location sampling at baseline (2012-2013) and follow-up (2015-2016); data were analyzed in 2018. The primary outcome was current smoking. Analysis: Multivariable logistic regression assessed correlates of smoking, adjusting for covariates including electronic cigarette use; differences between cities were evaluated using location-by-time interactions. Results: Smoking in San Francisco decreased at a significantly faster rate (51.1%-44.1%) than Los Angeles (45.2%-44.5%) ( P = .034). Smoking in San Diego (mean: 39.6%) was significantly lower than Los Angeles (44.8%, P < .001) at both time points with no difference in rate of change. Brand recall was not associated with smoking behavior, but recall was associated with anti-tobacco attitudes that were associated with smoking. Conclusion: This is the first controlled study of Social Branding interventions. Intervention implementation was accompanied by decreases in smoking (San Francisco) and sustained lower smoking (San Diego) among young adult bar patrons over 3 years.

Entre los poetas de la segunda generación del exilio republicano español en México se presentan algunas voces femeninas que representan una particular identidad literaria. Sin ser propiamente un grupo, poetas como Nuria Parés, Angelina Muñiz y Francisca Perujo expresan una concepción del exilio, de la memoria y lo femenino como parte de su propuesta poética. Aquí se presenta un esbozo de algunos de sus poemas en el contexto de los estudios sobre el exilio literario.

The writer wonders if the person who assigned the subject of "History of Los Angeles Harbor" was aware that the conference was to be held in the Long Beach Municipal Auditorium. This latter city also has a harbor, the development of which is now so interwoven with that of Los Angeles that the Corps of Engineers in many official papers refers to "Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbors, California." In the evolution of this large, modern, combined harbor with its present friendly internal rivalry, it has been designated by a number of names. Cabrillo in 1542 called the place "Bahia de los Humos." On the charts Vizcaino, 1602-1603, it appears as "Ensenada de San Andres." In 1734, the Spanish Admiral Gonzales gave it the name San Pedro, which still applies to the bay as a whole and to the community along the westerly side of the harbor.

Abstract Using strong-motion data recorded in the Los Angeles region from the 1992 (Mw 7.3) Landers earthquake, we have tested the accuracy of existing three-dimensional (3D) velocity models on the simulation of long-period (≧2 sec) ground motions in the Los Angeles basin and surrounding San Fernando and San Gabriel Valleys. First, the overall pattern and degree of long-period excitation of the basins were identified in the observations. Within the Los Angeles basin, the recorded amplitudes are about three to four times larger than at sites outside the basins; amplitudes within the San Fernando and San Gabriel Valleys are nearly a factor of 3 greater than surrounding bedrock sites. Then, using a 3D finite-difference numerical modeling approach, we analyzed how variations in 3D earth structure affect simulated waveforms, amplitudes, and the fit to the observed patterns of amplification. Significant differences exist in the 3D velocity models of southern California that we tested (Magistrale et al., 1996; Graves, 1996a; Hauksson and Haase, 1997). Major differences in the models include the velocity of the assumed background models; the depth of the Los Angeles basin; and the depth, location, and geometry of smaller basins. The largest disparities in the response of the models are seen for the San Fernando Valley and the deepest portion of the Los Angeles basin. These arise in large part from variations in the structure of the basins, particularly the effective depth extent, which is mainly due to alternative assumptions about the nature of the basin sediment fill. The general ground-motion characteristics are matched by the 3D model simulations, validating the use of 3D modeling with geologically based velocity-structure models. However, significant shortcomings exist in the overall patterns of amplification and the duration of the long-period response. The successes and limitations of the models for reproducing the recorded ground motions as discussed provide the basis and direction for necessary improvements to earth structure models, whether geologically or tomographically derived. The differences in the response of the earth models tested also translate to variable success in the ability to successfully model the data and add uncertainty to estimates of the basin response given input “scenario” earthquake source models.

Focusing on low-skilled workers, I present an empirical analysis of the relationship between transit-based job accessibility and employment outcomes for workers without automobiles. The metropolitan areas examined are Boston, San Francisco, and Los Angeles. Two essential components of the analysis are the calculation of refined job-access measures that take into account travel modes as well as the supply and demand of the labor market, and the incorporation of job-access measures into multinomial logit models. The results indicate that improved transit-based job accessibility significantly augments both the probability of being employed and the probability of working 30 hours or more per week for autoless workers in San Francisco and Los Angeles. Further, in these two areas, job accessibility has a greater effect for autoless workers than for auto-owning workers. Job accessibility plays a more significant role in employment outcomes for autoless workers in San Francisco and Los Angeles, highly auto-dependent areas, than it does in Boston, a more compact area with relatively well-developed transit systems. The empirical findings hold important implications for the theory and policy debate surrounding spatial mismatch.

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie problemu bezpieczeństwa energetycznego w relacjach gospodarczych i politycznych w okresie rządów Angeli Merkel, podczas rządów CDU/CSU – FDP. Problem bezpieczeństwa energetycznego pojawił się w relacjach wzajemnych pomiędzy Berlinem a Moskwą w obecnym stuleciu. W ciągu ostatniej dekady niemiecka gospodarka w znaczący sposób zwiększyła zużycie importowanego, głównie z Rosji, gazu. W 2011 roku w Niemczech nastąpiła prawdziwa „energetyczna rewolucja”. Państwo to zrezygnowało z energetyki atomowej. Ponadto Komisja Europejska zaleciła krajom członkowskim, aby do 2020 roku o 20% zwiększyć energooszczędność produkcji przemysłowej, o 20% zmniejszyć emisję dwutlenku węgla do atmosfery, a 20% zużywanej energii będzie pochodziła ze źródeł odnawialnych. Ta zasada znana jako 20 x 20 x 20 stała się podstawą nowej polityki energetycznej UE. Dla Rosji eksport ropy i gazu jest nie tylko źródłem ogromnych zysków, liczonych w miliardach dolarów i euro, oraz podstawą budżetu państwa. „Zagraniczna polityka energetyczna” jest dla Federacji Rosyjskiej elementem relacji politycznych i gospodarczych z wysoko rozwiniętymi krajami UE.

The Three-Wing Murex, Pteropurpura trialata, is a moderate sized predator that specializes in feeding on the vermetid snail Serpulorbis squamigerus. Reproduction occurs from February to August, but peak activity is April through June. Adult growth is not continuous but occurs in brief spurts most commonly when the water is cool between December and April. Shells from San Diego are notably different in both shape and size from those to the north in Los Angeles, California. The population in Orange County between San Diego and Los Angeles is intermediate for these characteristics. Distribution, abundance, habitat, feeding, reproduction, color forms and sub-adults are reviewed in this paper.

Despite a federal resettlement policy of dispersing Vietnamese refugees entering the United States after the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, refugees resisted and resettled elsewhere. Within the first decade of settlement, the largest concentration of the refugees had formed in the Los Angeles area. This article identifies a number of factors in the rise of Vietnamese communities in Los Angeles, its San Gabriel Valley suburbs, and adjoining Orange County.

This research was carried out to investigate the effect and mechanism of Angelic Shaoyaosan mediated AMPK/SIRT1 positive feedback loop to promote autophagy and regulate systemic inflammatory response in acute pancreatitis. In this study, the rat pancreatic acini AR42J cells were chosen as the research object, the application of hyla induced pancreatic acinar cells made model for acute pancreatitis, application of different concentrations of angelica peony spread effect on building cells, thus divided into control group, built in the module, the low concentration group, concentration and high concentration groups, determined by MTT method was applied to explore the above categories in cell proliferation, cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry, the expression of inflammatory factors in cell supernatant was determined by enzyme-linked immunoassay, and the expression of autophagy marker proteins LC3- ? and P62 was determined by Western-Bolt method. In order to explore the relationship between AMPK and SIRT1, immunoco-precipitation method was used to determine the interaction between AMPK and SIRT1, and dual luciferase experiment was used to explore the effect of AMPK on SIRT1. The AICAR group, BLM-275 group and negative control group were established. To explore the effect of SIRT1 on AMPK, we established SRT 1720 group, EX-527 group and control group. Direct binding between AMPK and SIRT1 should be determined by chromatin co-precipitation assay. In order to further explore the effect of AMPK/SIRT1 positive feedback loop on the systemic inflammatory response of acute pancreatitis, this study selected the medium-concentration Danggui Shaoyajiao SAN group as the control group (group C), and applied AMPK inhibitor BLM-275 and SIRT1 inhibitor EX 527 to the effect of medium-concentration Danggui Shaoyajiao SAN cells, respectively. The expression of autophagy marker proteins LC3- ? and P62 in groups A and B were determined by the Western-Bolt method. Results showed that compared with the control group, the cell survival rate, the expression of AMPK, SIRT1 and LC3-II in the model group were decreased, and the apoptosis rate of iNOS, IL-2, TNF-?, P62 and apoptosis were increased in the model group (P<0.05). the levels of iNOS, IL-2, TNF-?, P62 and cell survival rate in low, medium and high concentration groups decreased gradually, while the expressions of AMPK, SIRT1, LC3-II and cell apoptosis rate increased (P<0.05). The levels of iNOS, IL-2 and TNF-? in the three groups were gradually decreased with the increase of the concentration (P<0.05). Immunoprecipitation showed that AMPK and SIRT1 could bind to each other in cells. The double luciferase experiment indicated that the reporter gene containing the SIRT1 binding site was constructed. The luciferase activity was increased in THE AICAR group and decreased in the BLM-275 group (P<0.05). The reporter gene containing the AMPK promoter binding site was constructed. The luciferase activity in SRT1720 group was increased, while that in EX-527 group was decreased. SIRT1 could directly bind to the AMPK promoter. SIRT1 and LC3- ? protein expressions in group A were down-regulated, and P62 protein was increased (P<0.05). The protein expressions of AMPK and LC3- ? in group B were down-regulated, and the protein expression of P62 was increased (P<0.05). It concluded that AMPK can directly bind to activate SIRT1 expression, and SIRT1 expression can also activate AMPK, forming a positive feedback loop between the two. Therefore, Angelic Shaoyaodong decoction can mediate AMPK/SIRT1 positive feedback pathway to promote autophagy and regulate systemic inflammatory response in acute pancreatitis.

The terrestrial land snail Theba pisana is circum-Mediterranean in native range and widely introduced and pestiferous in regions around the world. In California, USA, T. pisana has been recorded intermittently since 1914, but its source population(s) are unknown, and no morphological or molecular analyses within or between California populations have been published. Therefore, we compared molecular data (CO1, 16S, ITS2) and internal morphology (jaw, radula, reproductive system) in T. pisana collected from Los Angeles and San Diego counties in 2019–2020. DNA barcode (CO1 mtDNA) analysis revealed that T. pisana from Los Angeles County was most similar to T. pisana from the Mediterranean island of Malta, and northern San Diego County-collected specimens were most similar to T. pisana from Morocco. Morphology of the jaw and mucous glands also differed between Los Angeles and San Diego populations, but it is unclear if traits are lineage-specific or artifacts of ontogeny. Several pathways of introduction into Southern California are possible for this species, but evidence for intentional vs. accidental introduction of present populations is lacking. Subsequent investigation(s) could use the data generated herein to assess the provenance of T. pisana elsewhere in California and/or worldwide and inform analyses of reproductive biology and systematics in this widespread species.

Abstract In this study two techniques were used to analyze the linguistic rhythm of Mexican Spanish/English bilinguals in Los Angeles (California): (i)-nPVI, consisting of measurements of durations of successive pairs of vowels, and (ii)-voicing ratios, consisting of a function that calculates the voiced and voiceless portions of the signal. The speech of forty-nine participants in five groups was examined: (G1)-twelve native speakers of English, (G2)-eight Mexican Sp/Eng adult bilinguals who have been in L.A. since childhood, (G3)-eleven Mexican Sp/Eng young bilinguals descendants of immigrants and born in L.A., (G4)-seven Mexican Sp/Eng adult bilinguals who moved to L.A. as adults and (G5)-eleven native speakers of Spanish who have stayed in L.A. for a short period of time. Both methodologies indicate that G1 and G2 show English-like rhythm in both languages while G4 and G5 present Spanish-like rhythm. G3 accommodates rhythm depending on the language. Results reveal how rhythm can suffer attrition and transfer processes depending on the age or length of exposure to the L2. The study also highlights the unique linguistic situation of Los Angeles where members of the Mexican community have different levels of exposure to the Spanish and English languages.

Recordar a Juan Benet —su narrativa, su pensamiento estético y su particular estilo— no es tarea fácil si el estudioso no repara en el lugar indiscutible que la voz singular de este escritor ocupa en el panorama de las letras españolas contemporáneas. Fiel a esta premisa, en Contar por imágenes: la narrativa de Juan Benet (2016), Stefania Imperiale ha logrado perfilar una aproximación crítica novedosa a la obra de Benet, partiendo para tal propósito de la llamada “poética de la estampa”.Acogiendo esta conceptualización de la “estampa” presente en el pensamiento estético de Juan Benet, Imperiale realiza una nueva cala hermenéutica de la narrativa benetiana a la luz de las teorías sobre la imagen de Walter Benjamin y Didi-Huberman. En concreto, Didi-Huberman descubrió en el seno de la historia del arte, cómo cuando contemplaba un fresco de Beato Angelico en el convento de San Marcos de Florencia, unas gotas de color sobre el fresco le hicieron evocar las técnicas pictóricas del artista contemporáneo Jackson Pollock. Esta anécdota, de la que parten las ideas de Didi-Huberman a propósito de la sobredeterminación temporal de la imagen, sirven como punto de arranque para las investigaciones en la narrativa de Benet, en tanto que esos fragmentos o chispazos visuales sin una lógica temporal se dejan sentir en su prosa a partir de un pensamiento fenomenológico, una suerte de visualidad que los narradores de Benet plasman al condensar distintos tiempos evocados en un mismo espacio.

ABSTRACTThis study examines the well-known process of consonant cluster reduction in the English of residents of a San Antonio, Texas, barrio. The study compares Tejano patterns of /-t, d/ deletion with the pan-English pattern summarized by Labov (1989). Results of VARBRUL analysis show that /-t, d/ deletion in Tejano English is constrained by many of the same factors as in other English dialects, including Los Angeles Chicano English. Results also suggest, however, a complex pattern of convergence and divergence. Younger Tejanos are converging toward other dialects of English with respect to the effect of the morphological class on cluster simplification. Yet there is some evidence that they are diverging from other dialects with respect to the effect of syllable stress. On this latter dimension, younger Tejanos replicate the pattern found by Santa Ana (1991) among Los Angeles Chicanos. Finally, the study compares /-t, d/ deletion in Tejano/Chicano English in San Antonio and Los Angeles and shows that, despite many similarities, Mexican American varieties exhibit regional as well as generational differences.

This essay utilizes Reinhold Niebuhr’s theology of the universality of sin to analyze institutional racism, using the 1992 Los Angeles riots as a case study. Contrary to the conventional interpretation of the riots as a conflict between African Americans and Korean Americans, the pervasive institutional racism of the mainstream media of that era spread the riots into multiracial conflicts, which explains Niebuhr’s thinking regarding the universality of sin. Furthermore, the sensationalism of the media that fueled the massive violence deprived African Americans of the moral dynamic for social transformation and victimized Korean Americans as scapegoats. As a result, the institutional processes promoted the status quo that benefited the white privileged class at the expense of the racial minorities. Implications found in this essay may be applicable to current issues, such as anti-Asian racism that has surfaced during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.

La legobiografía, las seudomemorias y ciertos tipos de ficción son formas limítrofes que, al vacilar entre lo real y lo ficcional, los cuestionan y subvierten peculiarmente. A partir de la tensión esencial producida por ello, este ensayo analiza El arte de la fuga (1996) de Sergio Pitol, Molinos sin viento (2001) de Angelina Muñiz-Huberman y varios de los últimos relatos (2012) de Alice Munro, que ella misma ha separado de sus ficciones. La idea es subrayar qué les ocurre a nociones como las del ser, la memoria y la escritura debido a dicha vacilación.

The Port of Long Beach, in cooperation with the Port of Los Angeles and the Corps of Engineers, has been working on the development of a Master Plan for the San Pedro Bay area. This Master Plan, nicknamed the "2020 Plan", is intended to project the Port's land and channel requirements through the year 2020. Any landfill expansion program would be implemented in phases throughout the life of the Master Plan. The initial phases of such a plan would greatly limit the ability of the Port to revise the future configuration of landfill phases, making it important for the Port to determine a final landfill configuration before implementing the early phases. In developing the 2020 Plan, the Port projected a need for approximately 2,600 acres of additional land. In attempting to turn this 2,600 acre figure into a landfill scheme, the controlling agencies had to take a number of factors into consideration, including (1) water quality and tidal circulation; (2) potential ship motion problems; (3) additional berths required for future development; (4) land and waterside transportation corridors required; (5) availability of dredge material for creating the land; (6) available areas for creating landfills; (7) efficiency of land usage in various configurations; (8) types of ships anticipated to use the new landfills; (9) types of terminals anticipated to be located on the new landfills. The Port of Long Beach developed two basic schemes which addressed the requirements listed above. In either case, the landfill configuration for the Port of Los Angeles remained the same. The first scheme (called the island scheme, Figure 1) had the advantage of more closely matching the proposed Port of Los Angeles development. Water quality and tidal circulation would be improved with this scheme. The second scheme (called the horseshoe scheme, Figure 2) created a channel on the Long Beach side which did not match the orientation of the channel on the Los Angeles side. This channel was better protected from wave forces than the island scheme, where ships would have to be berthed along the exposed southerly boundary.

The rich decapod assemblage from the late Eocene of San Feliciano hill (Orgiano, Monti Berici, Vicenza, NE Italy) was partially recorded by De Angeli and Garassino (2002, 2014). Herein, two new crabs, Bericirinia bretoni n. gen., n. sp. (Epialtidae MacLeay, 1838) and Orgianocarcinus bericus n. gen., n. sp. (Dairidae Ng and Rodriguez, 1986) are reported from San Feliciano Hill, located in Monti Berici, Orgiano. Moreover, two well-preserved specimens assigned to Actaeites lobatus Müller and Collins, 1991 (Xanthoidea MacLeay, 1838, incertae sedis) allowed to add some morphological characters to the original description of the holotype, lacking the fronto-orbital margin.

AbstractObjective:To evaluate regional differences in factors associated with food insufficiency during the initial months of the COVID-19 pandemic among three major metropolitan regions in California, a state with historically low participation rates in the Supplementation Nutrition Assistance Program, the nation’s largest food assistance programme.Design:Analysis of cross-sectional data from phase 1 (23 April–21 July 2020) of the US Census Household Pulse Survey, a weekly national online survey.Setting:California, and three Californian metropolitan statistical areas (MSA), including San Francisco–Oakland–Berkeley, Los Angeles–Long Beach–Anaheim and Riverside–San Bernardino–Ontario MSA.Participants:Adults aged 18 years and older living in households.Results:Among the three metropolitan areas, food insufficiency rates were lowest in the San Francisco–Oakland–Berkeley MSA. Measures of disadvantage (e.g., having low-income, being unemployed, recent loss of employment income and pre-pandemic food insufficiency) were widely associated with household food insufficiency. However, disadvantaged households in the San Francisco Bay Area, the area with the lowest poverty and unemployment rates, were more likely to be food insufficient compared with those in the Los Angeles–Long Beach–Anaheim and Riverside–San Bernardino–Ontario MSA.Conclusions:Food insufficiency risk among disadvantaged households differed by region. To be effective, governmental response to food insufficiency must address the varied local circumstances that contribute to these disparities.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify regions of Los Angeles County with high burdens of serious mental illness and determine whether these regions align with those experiencing the greatest economic hardship. Design/methodology/approach This cross-sectional study analyzed the estimated prevalence of serious mental illness and the locations of publicly funded mental health service providers within each census tract of Los Angeles County. The burden of serious mental illness was calculated for each census tract using these variables and an optimized hot spot analysis was conducted to determine which regions were the most underserved in terms of serious mental illness. Findings There is a significantly higher burden of serious mental illness in Southeastern Los Angeles and Pomona Valley than in the rest of Los Angeles County (p = 0.01). The same can be said regarding the Lancaster-Palmdale area and San Fernando Valley (p = 0.05). These areas do appear to align with the areas of Los Angeles County with an economic hardship index in the fourth quartile. Originality/value Mental health initiatives targeting the four hot spot regions should be given priority by the County of Los Angeles. This is especially true when allocating funds from Proposition 63, which aims to address mental health disparities in underserved, unserved or inappropriately served populations.

I have simulated 0–0.5 Hz viscoelastic ground motion in Los Angeles from M 7.5 earthquakes on the San Andreas fault using a fourth-order staggered-grid finite-difference method. Two scenarios are considered: (a) a southeast propagating and (b) a northwest propagating rupture along a 170-km long stretch of the fault near Los Angeles in a 3D velocity model. The scenarios use variable slip and rise time distributions inferred from the kinematic inversion results for the 1992 M 7.3 Landers, California, earthquake. The spatially variable static slip distribution used in this study, unlike that modeled in a recent study,1 is in agreement with constraints provided by rupture dynamics. I find peak ground velocities for (a) and (b) of 49 cm/s and 67 cm/s, respectively, near the fault. The near-fault peak motions for scenario (a) are smaller compared to previous estimates from 3D modeling for both rough and smooth faults.1,2 The lower near-fault peak motions are in closer agreements with constraints from precarious rocks located near the fault. Peak velocities in Los Angeles are about 30% larger for (b) 45 cm/s compared to those for (a) 35 cm/s.

Fire following earthquake (FFE) is a significant problem in California. Potential FFE were examined for the ShakeOut Scenario assuming a Mw 7.8 event on a morning in mid-November, with breezy (10 mph) low humidity conditions. FFE is a nonlinear process whose modeling does not have great precision – in many cases the only clear result is differentiation between a few small fires versus major conflagration. For the scenario, analysis indicates approximately 1,600 ignitions, with the central Los Angeles basin experiencing hundreds of large fires. Estimated loss is hundreds to perhaps a thousand lives, and approximately 200 million sq. ft. of residential and commercial building floor area, corresponding to a loss of perhaps as much as one hundred billion dollars virtually fully insured. Mitigation opportunities include construction of a seismically reliable regional saltwater pumping system to protect central Los Angeles, and automated gas shut-off devices in densely built areas.

Although the Maya Diaspora is often seen as the result of the Civil War in Guatemala during the 1980s, small numbers of Maya were becoming experienced travelers to El Norte from the 1970s. I was a teacher at the Acatec Parochial School of San Miguel starting in 1960, and the people in that area had great economic problems from unproductive lands. Much of the land was stony and the fields were located on the slopes of the mountains, therefore people went to look for temporary work in the lowland plantations. Many people ventured to the nearby cities: Comitan and Comalapa, Chiapas, Mexico, to get clothes, hats, shoes, food and drinks to sell in their villages. One of them, Juan Diego from San Rafael, in one of his trips in early 1970, met a Mexican who told him about economic opportunities in the United States. Afterward they decided to go to Los Angeles, California. Later on, he helped his friend Jose Francisco Aguirre (Chepe) from San Miguel to come to Los Angeles.

La sociedad se moderniza pero el habitus se reproduce. Se transforma el ámbito de lo público, de la producción social, de la política y de la cultura; sin embargo las concepciones de lo que significa ser mujer se han producido legitimando el espacio de lo doméstico como el lugar donde la mujer cumple sus tareas reproductivas. En la escritura de narradoras contemporáneas, como Angeles Mastreta y Silvia Molina, se encuentra la propuesta de nueve formas identitarias que transgreden el habitus tradicional de la feminidad, construyendo uno nuevocon características de autonomía y de reapropiación del cuerpo femenino y la sexualidad.

Directors of blind children's centers in Phoenix, San Francisco, Boston, Los Angeles, and other cities report increased enrollments because of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and cortical visual impairment, but there is no official tracking or registry of blind children nationwide ...

Abstract CLIMEX and MED-FOES models integrate climate and data on Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), biology and use it to define the environmental suitability for the pest at specific geographical locations. CLIMEX calculates growth indices as indicators of conditions that are suitable for medfly population growth. MED-FOES incorporates additional information on pest management interventions to simulate the process and timing of medfly eradication. CLIMEX simulations of climatic suitability in California and Florida indicated that the most favorable periods for medfly population growth are March through May and October through November, whereas the environment would be especially stressful during the summer months, except when irrigation is applied. With irrigation, California is highly suitable for medfly population growth during the summer months. Due to cool temperatures, medfly populations are likely to decline significantly in January through February in Los Angeles, Tampa, and Miami, and probably not survive in San Francisco. According to MED-FOES simulations, it possibly would take longer to eradicate medfly from California than Florida, particularly if the incursions are initiated in the summer months. Medfly annual growth indices for the ENSO La Niña years are relatively low for San Francisco and Los Angeles but above neutral for Tampa and very high for Miami. During the El Niño phase, the growth index remains unchanged for San Francisco, increases for Los Angeles, and decreases for Tampa and Miami. CLIMEX and MED-FOES models are useful for informing plans to manage invasion threats from medfly and other invasive insects.