Thèses sur le sujet « Anatolia centrale »

Il lavoro analizza una serie di installazioni da fuoco, fisse e mobili, rinvenute nei siti dell'Anatolia orientale e centrale, attraverso un censimento delle installazioni in relazione al loro contesto di ritrovamento (con relative schede di catalogo). Nello specifico i manufatti si possono suddividere in focolari, focolari portatili, pentole con sostegno, bruciaprofumi, incensieri/fornelli portatili. Ognuna di queste installazioni ha una diffusione, una posizione, una funzione abbastanza precisa che verrà analizzata nella parte finale dell'elaborato che è dedicata alla discussione dei dati raccolti affrontando diverse tematiche: la diffusione delle installazioni da fuoco in esame in differenti periodi e in differenti regioni, il contesto di ritrovamento degli oggetti all'interno di uno stesso sito e all'interno di siti diversi, la loro posizione nello spazio, la loro presenza o meno in zone limitrofe, la loro tecnica costruttiva, la loro associazione con altre strutture, cercando di valutare se esistono continuità e/o differenze nella funzione o nelle funzioni di questi manufatti tre le aree prese in esame. Infine una parte è dedicata a tentativi di archeologia sperimentale svolti in questi anni dalla missione archeologica dell'Università Ca' Foscari ad Aradetis Orgora attraverso esperimenti su repliche di alcuni tipi focolari antichi che sono stati analizzati in questo lavoro.

Cette thèse est consacrée à la caractérisation pétrologique et géochimique des basaltes quaternaires post-collisionnels d’Anatolie centrale (strato-volcans Erciyes et Hasandağ et volcanisme dispersé d'Obruk-Zengen et de Karapınar), en se focalisant sur l’évolution spatio-temporelle de ce magmatisme de la Cappadoce (Turquie). Par la géochronologie K-Ar, la coexistence de basaltes alcalins et calco-alcalins a été démontrée, parfois dans un même lieu et à la même époque. Par ailleurs, nos résultats montrent aussi que ces basaltes peuvent être très jeunes (quelques milliers d’années seulement). La minéralogie des basaltes quaternaires de la Cappadoce est la suivante : plagioclase, olivine, clinopyroxène, orthopyroxène et oxydes (magnétite, ilménite). Pourtant, seuls les basaltes de l’Erciyes contiennent de l’orthopyroxène, alors que ceux du Hasandağ et du volcanisme dispersé d’Obruk-Zengen et de Karapınar en sont dépourvus. Les phénocristaux de plagioclases présentent souvent des figures de déséquilibre, attribuées au processus de mélange magmatique : zonages complexes (normaux, inverses, oscillatoires), richesse en inclusions vitreuses, figures de résorption. Toutefois, la minéralogie observée est compatible avec un processus de cristallisation fractionnée dominant. Les géobaromètres utilisés montrent que l’origine des magmas de l’Erciyes est plus superficielle que celle des autres sites. Les résultats en géochimie confirment la dualité minéralogique observée entre l’Erciyes et les autres secteurs, ainsi que les caractères alcalins (néphéline normative) et calco-alcalins de basaltes parfois contemporains. Tous les basaltes étudiés sont enrichis en LREE et LILE. Les données isotopiques (Sr, Nd, Pb, O) montrent l’importance de la source lithosphérique enrichie. L’ensemble des données géochimiques montre aussi la signature d’autres sources et processus comme la contamination par la croûte continentale et l’héritage d’une ancienne subduction
This thesis revealed the petrological and geochemical characterization of post-collisional Quaternary basalts of Central Anatolia (Erciyes and Hasandağ stratovolcanoes, and dispersed volcanisms of Obruk-Zengen and Karapınar), focusing on the spatiotemporal evolution of the magmatism in Cappadocia (Turkey). K-Ar geochronology indicated the coexistence of alkaline and calc-alkaline basalts from the same location and age. Moreover, the results also show that these basalts may be very young (a few thousand years). The mineralogy of Quaternary basalts from the Cappadocia is as follows: plagioclase, olivine, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and oxides (magnetite, ilmenite). Orthopyroxene is observed only in basalts of Erciyes, while it is lacking in Hasandağ and dispersed volcanisms of Obruk-Zengen and Karapınar. The plagioclase phenocrysts often exhibit disequilibrium features attributed to magma mixing process: complex zoning (normal, inverse, oscillatory), concentric zones rich in melt inclusions, resorption features. However, the observed mineralogy is consistent with a dominant fractional crystallization process. The estimated geobarometer show that the origin of magmas of Erciyes is shallower than the other settings. The results in geochemistry confirm not only the mineralogical duality between Erciyes and the other settings but also the coexistence of alkaline (normative nepheline) and calc-alkaline characters of contemporary basalts. All studied basalts are enriched in LREE (Light Rare Earth Elements) and LILE (Large Ion Lithophile Elements). The isotopic data (Sr, Nd, Pb, O) indicate the importance of enriched lithospheric source. All geochemical data also display the signature of other sources and processes such as contamination by the continental crust and heritage of a former subduction

I. Problématique et limite du sujet. C’est un truisme que de dire que l’alimentation fut et demeure l’une, si ce n’est la préoccupation principale de toute population. La question des stocks de denrées alimentaires agite encore les marchés actuels et les famines sont loin d’avoir disparu dans le monde. Ces préoccupations étaient tout aussi importantes en Anatolie centrale au IIe millénaire av. J.-C. (périodes des comptoirs assyriens de Cappadoce puis hittite), cadre de cette thèse, et l’étude menée sur la conservation et le stockage des denrées alimentaires à cette période a permis de mettre en lumière les différentes méthodes utilisées. Étant archéologue de formation, j’ai axé mes recherches en priorité sur les vestiges archéologiques, mais l’ensemble de la documentation a été prise en compte qu’il s’agisse de la céramique, des scellements, mais aussi des sources écrites ou des données apportées par l’archéobotanique, l’archéozoologie ou l’entomologie et les analyses chimiques. Cette approche interdisciplinaire, permettant d’avoir une vision la plus complète possible, est une nécessité absolue pour des domaines de recherche comme celui-ci. Ces données sont aussi complétées, leur interprétation nuancée ou approfondie par les renseignements fournis par l’archéologie expérimentale et l’ethnoarchéologie. II. Le corpus. Le sujet n’ayant jamais fait l’objet d’une synthèse, il a fallu au préalable répertorier l’ensemble des sites de cette zone et parmi eux déterminer lesquels disposaient de dispositifs de stockage ou d’informations sur la conservation des denrées. La documentation complète des 56 sites recensés pour la zone géographique et chronologique a été prise en compte (volumes 2 et 3) avec pour objectif premier de recenser et d’étudier en détail les installations, fixes et mobiles, consacrées au stockage. Chaque dispositif est discuté et analysé pour lui-même ainsi que tous les indices permettant de déterminer le mode de gestion en vigueur, notamment les marques portées par les céramiques et les scellements. Les sources textuelles qui nous sont parvenues sont à la fois des tablettes d’argile écrites en cunéiforme akkadien ou hittite et des inscriptions en hiéroglyphe louvite. Elles ont, dans la mesure du possible, été recensées et utilisées. L’ensemble de ces données est traité, autant que faire se peut, par niveaux d’occupation, du plus ancien au plus récent. Chacun des sites identifiés fait l’objet d’une étude approfondie (volume 2) et illustrée (volume 3), présentée dans l’ordre alphabétique des noms actuels. Le volume 2 est précédé d’une introduction expliquant l’organisation du volume, la méthode utilisée pour déterminer le corpus et les difficultés rencontrées. III. Analyse et synthèse des données. Le volume 1, divisé en quatre parties, fait la synthèse de l’ensemble des données rassemblées et examinées dans le corpus documentaire tout en les combinant aux informations apportées par l’ethnoarchéologie ou l’archéologie expérimentale et en les complétant par la comparaison avec d’autres domaines de recherche. III.1. Les denrées et les méthodes de conservation. La première partie concerne la conservation des denrées alimentaires. Dans ce cadre, sont d’abord présentées les ressources alimentaires qui étaient disponibles (chapitre 1). Ce travail se fonde à la fois sur les renseignements fournis par les textes et les analyses archéobotaniques, archéozoologiques et entomologiques. Grâce à ces données, il est possible de dresser une liste des ressources mais il est parfois difficile de déterminer ce qui était réellement consommé, en l’absence d’indications précises. Les facteurs responsables de la limitation de la conservation des denrées alimentaires sont ensuite étudiés afin de déterminer les causes potentielles de dégradation : les données environnementales, les attaques par des « nuisibles », etc. (chapitre 2). Plusieurs moyens peuvent être utilisés pour prolonger la conservation de ces denrées, comme les techniques de séchage, de fumage, de salage ou l’utilisation de différents liquides aux propriétés anti-oxydantes, voire une combinaison de plusieurs de ces techniques (chapitre 3). Quelques études de cas sont ensuite proposées à partir de grandes catégories d’aliments, comme les céréales, la viande et le poisson, les fruits et des boissons, alcoolisées ou non (l’eau, le vin, la bière, mais aussi le lait et ses dérivés) (chapitre 4). III.2. Analyses des dispositifs de stockage. La seconde partie est consacrée à l’examen détaillé des dispositifs de stockage. Après avoir mis en place des définitions, chaque dispositif est envisagé d’un point de vue fonctionnel : matériau, techniques de construction, dimensions, fonctionnement, etc. On parvient ainsi à dresser la liste des spécificités de chaque structure et à établir, pour certaines d’entre elles, une typologie (chapitre 1). On constate alors le recours principal aux magasins et pièces de stockage de manière générale, mais aussi aux silos (de différents modules, dont les plus connus sont ceux de la capitale hittite, Boğazköy/Ḫattuša) et aux fosses. D’autres types de dispositifs sont attestés le plus souvent uniquement par les textes comme les granges ou les greniers (?), soit que les bâtiments n’aient pas été identifiés comme tels, soit qu’ils aient été situés uniquement dans les campagnes (non fouillées) ou encore que cela soit dû au hasard des fouilles. Le second et dernier chapitre de cette partie aborde l’étude des aménagements dont certains de ces dispositifs peuvent être dotés et celle des contenants, dont la majorité est constituée par la céramique. Toutefois, les contenants en matériaux périssables, bien que très rarement conservés en Anatolie centrale, ne sont pas omis. Ils sont notamment abordés grâce aux données textuelles et ethnographiques mais aussi grâce aux empreintes conservées au revers des scellements. Une grande attention est portée à la méthodologie à mettre en place pour étudier les contenants de stockage, pour identifier leur fonction et leur visibilité archéologique (entraînant une disproportion entre les différents types de contenants qui nous sont parvenus). Des études de cas sont là aussi proposées, l’ensemble de la céramique anatolienne n’ayant pu être traitée dans le détail. Par le recours à quelques études menées sur les sources textuelles et aux quelques restes archéobotaniques découverts dans des contenants, on s’est interrogé sur la possibilité de faire correspondre les noms anciens avec des contenants découverts en fouilles mais aussi les denrées avec ces mêmes contenants. Si on peut parfois réussir à faire correspondre certains termes avec des formes céramiques, on constate en revanche, qu’aucun récipient ne semble être destiné à une seule denrée, mais tout au plus, et encore dans de rares cas, à de grandes catégories de denrées (solides ou liquides). Enfin, une courte partie tente de replacer ces contenants dans leur contexte archéologique et de déterminer l’organisation et la disposition interne des espaces de stockage. III.3. Protection et gestion des espaces de stockage. La troisième partie est consacrée quant à elle à la protection et à la gestion des espaces de stockage. Elle se divise en deux chapitres. La protection et la sécurisation des dispositifs de stockage est d’abord analysée (chapitre 1), à travers deux aspects : la protection contre les attaques naturelles et la sécurisation des dispositifs contre les vols. Le premier aspect regroupe les moyens de lutter contre les détériorations potentielles. Plusieurs techniques sont utilisées, souvent de manière conjuguée, afin de bénéficier de conditions optimales de conservation : cela va, entre autres, des pièges à animaux aux incantations religieuses en passant par les répulsifs et insecticides naturels. Les incantations peuvent également être utilisées comme moyen de lutte contre les vols. Dans ce cas précis, il est préférable de sécuriser les accès aux réserves (porte, fenêtre, etc.), le plus souvent en les limitant ou en les munissant de dispositifs de fermeture (scellements et verrous). Le gardiennage est également employé. Un long chapitre est consacré à la gestion des denrées alimentaires (chapitre 2). Il regroupe l’ensemble des indices permettant de la reconstituer. En effet, les pratiques administratives du IIe millénaire anatolien sont encore relativement mal connues (si ce n’est de manière très générale), notamment pour le stockage mais aussi pour tous les aspects en lien avec l’alimentation (gestion des troupeaux, des jardins et des champs, distribution des rations, etc.). Ainsi, le marquage des jarres est d’abord pris en compte ainsi que l’analyse de quelques objets en céramique ayant pu faire partie de ce système à savoir les « lunules » (objets en forme de croissant de lune, le plus souvent perforés à leurs extrémités). L’étude se poursuit par le traitement des scellements puis par les sources écrites. La disposition des scellements au moment de leur découverte permet, si tant est qu’un relevé précis et une étude complète soient réalisés, de déterminer ce qui était scellé et par qui et ainsi de restituer une partie de l’organisation administrative interne et ses rapports avec l’extérieur (cela vaut bien sûr majoritairement pour les grands organismes mais aussi, à moindre échelle, pour le cadre domestique). Les sources textuelles sont ici interrogées du point de vue du calendrier agricole et religieux (certaines fêtes hittites, dites « saisonnières », faisant intervenir des dispositifs de stockage) et de celui du personnel lié aux denrées alimentaires (notamment par l’analyse de leurs titres comme l’AGRIG, responsable des magasins royaux à l’époque hittite). Enfin, la localisation des espaces de stockage est à nouveau prise en compte, en s’intéressant alors à l’aspect pratique de leur gestion (comme leur remplissage). III.4. Synthèse. Une fois les données cataloguées et analysées, il est nécessaire de les replacer dans leur contexte à la fois topographique, à l’échelle de la ville, géographique, à l’échelle de l’Anatolie centrale, administratif et historique afin de dresser un bilan, période par période (d’abord la période paléo-assyrienne puis la période hittite), des méthodes de conservation et des techniques de stockage. On notera une grande disproportion dans les données, mais aussi une différence dans la nature des documentations disponibles, notamment au niveau textuel, pour chacune des périodes. En effet, la période des comptoirs assyriens de Cappadoce a principalement livré des demeures et des archives privées (à Kültepe, l’ancienne Kaneš, notamment) alors que les textes du domaine hittite appartiennent majoritairement à la sphère religieuse et que l’habitat hittite nous est moins bien connu. De même, l’organisation politique et administrative des deux périodes n’est pas tout à fait similaire. Cependant, les données consultées sont assez complémentaires et la comparaison entre les deux périodes permet d’avoir une vue d’ensemble plus précise. IV. Conclusion. Dans l’état actuel de la documentation, le tableau dressé ici est encore partiel, cet examen attentif permet néanmoins de comprendre comment le stockage s’intégrait dans la vie quotidienne des anciens Anatoliens. Et le stockage semble y avoir été omniprésent. Il n’a pas été possible de déceler d’évolutions techniques concernant les méthodes de conservation ou les dispositifs de stockage, ni de véritables particularités géographiques. Cependant, les résultats de cette étude montrent clairement que la présence d’installations de stockage et la façon dont elles ont été conçues répondent à des besoins précis qui s’inscrivent généralement dans des modes de pensée et d’organisation plus globaux. Cette réflexion nous engage donc à considérer plus en profondeur les aspects fondamentaux de la vie quotidienne et notamment à prendre en compte les aménagements de stockage, y compris les simples fosses, parfois négligées. Il faut apprendre à regarder ces dispositifs autrement que comme de simples installations techniques et à les envisager d’un point de vue interdisciplinaire. En fait, leur étude permet d’établir les fondements d’une connaissance beaucoup plus proche de la réalité antique, dans des domaines aussi divers que l’histoire des techniques, l’urbanisme ou encore l’organisation administrative en Anatolie au IIe millénaire av. J.-C. Ceci est vrai pour le stockage mais également pour d’autres domaines de la vie quotidienne encore trop peu abordés.
I. Subject and scope. It is a truism to say that food was and remains one of the principal concerns of a population, if not its main preoccupation. Still today, the problem of stocks of foodstuffs keeps the markets in flux, and famines in the world are far from having disappeared. These concerns were equally important in Central Anatolia during the second millennium B.C. (periods of the Assyrian, then Hittite merchant colonies in Cappadocia), the context of this thesis, and the study of the conservation and storage of foodstuffs during this period allows us to shed light on the various methods then used. As an archaeologist, I have given priority in my research to archaeological vestiges, but all available documentation has been taken into account, whether it concerns ceramic pots and seals, or involves written sources or data from archaeo-botany, archaeo-zoology, entomology or chemical analyses. This interdisciplinary approach, enabling the most complete view possible, is an absolute necessity for research areas such as this one. The abovementioned data is also supplemented, its interpretation nuanced and deepened by information provided by experimental archaeology and ethno-archaeology. II. Corpus. Since no detailed overview of the subject previously existed, it was first necessary to list all the sites in this zone, and determine which of them possessed storage facilities or information on the conservation of foodstuffs. The complete documentation of the 56 sites inventoried for the geographic and chronological zone was examined (volumes 2 and 3) in the aim of listing and studying in detail both fixed and mobile storage installations. Each facility is discussed and analyzed in its own right, as are all indications or clues as to how it was managed, notably marks on pots and seals. Textual sources having come down to us are both clay tablets written in Akkadian cuneiform or Hittite and inscriptions in Luwian hieroglyphs. To the extent possible, they were inventoried and used. All this data was processed, to the best of our capabilities, according to occupation levels, from the most ancient to the most recent. Each of the sites identified was studied in depth (volume 2) and illustrated (volume 3), presented in alphabetical order using present-day names. Volume 2 is preceded by an introduction explaining the volume’s organisation, the method used to determine the corpus and the difficulties encountered. III. Analysis and synthesis of data. Volume 1, in four parts, is a synthesis of all the data gathered and examined in the documentary corpus. This data is also combined with information from ethno-archaeology and experimental archaeology, supplemented by the comparison with other research domains. III.1. Foodstuffs and preservation methods. The first part deals with the preservation of foodstuffs. Under this heading, we first list available food resources (chapter 1), based both on information found in texts and archaeo-botanical, archaeo-zoological and entomological analyses. Thanks to this data, it is possible to list resources, but in the absence of precise indications it is sometimes difficult to determine what was actually consumed. Factors limiting the conservation of foodstuffs are then studied, in order to determine possible causes of degradation: environmental data, attacks by pests, etc. (chapter 2). Several means can be used to prolong the preservation of foodstuffs, techniques such as drying, smoking, salting, or using various liquids with anti-oxidising properties, even a combination of these techniques (chapter 3). We then present a few case studies within the broad categories of foods: grains, meat and fish, fruits and both alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks (water, wine, beer, but also milk and its derivatives) (chapter 4). III.2. Analyses of storage facilities. The second part is devoted to the detailed study of storage facilities. Having established a set of definitions, we view each installation from a functional point of view: materials, construction techniques, dimensions, how it works, etc. This enables us to list the specificities of each structure and establish a typology for some (chapter 1). We see that the majority are warehouses and storage rooms, but there are also silos (different modules, the best known being those of the Hittite capital, Boğazköy/Ḫattuša) and underground pits. Other types of installations are most often mentioned in texts as barns or possibly granaries, either because the constructions were not later identified as storage facilities, or because they were located outside the cities and not excavated, or due to the chance element of excavations. The second and last chapter in this part examines the layout to be found in some of these structures as well as the containers, the majority of which are ceramic pots; however, we have not omitted containers made of perishable materials, though they have rarely been preserved in Central Anatolia. They are brought up thanks in particular to textual and ethnographic data, as well as to imprints preserved on the backs of seals. A great deal of attention has been placed on the methodology to be set up for the study of storage containers, in order to identify their function and archaeological visibility, which leads to a disproportion between the different types of containers having come down to us. Given the impossibility of treating all Anatolian pots in detail, we present some case studies. Using a few studies based on textual sources and archaeo-botanical remains discovered in containers, the question arose as to the possibility of matching up ancient names with containers discovered in excavations, but also the foodstuffs with these same containers. Although it is sometimes possible to make certain terms correspond with certain shapes of pot, no recipient seems destined for a single foodstuff – at best, and only in rare cases, for broad categories such as solids or liquids. Finally, a short section attempts to put these containers in their archaeological context and determine the organisation and internal workings of storage spaces. III.3. Protection and management of storage spaces. The third part is devoted to the protection and management of storage spaces. It is in two chapters. The protection and securing of storage installations is first analysed (chapter 1) in terms of two aspects: protection against natural attacks and securing against burglary. The first aspect regroups ways of combating potential deterioration. Several techniques are used, often together, so as to achieve optimum conservation conditions: animal traps, natural insect repellents and insecticides, religious incantations and others. Incantations can also be used against burglaries. In that case, it is preferable to secure access to storage rooms (doors, windows, etc, most often by limiting their number or by providing them with closure devices (seals and locks). Guardians are also employed. A long chapter is devoted to the management of food stocks (chapter 2). It regroups all indications that might enable us to reconstitute how stocks were managed. Administrative practices of the second Anatolian millennium are still not very well known, concerning storage in particular, but also for all aspects linked to food (management of herds, gardens and fields, distribution of rations, etc.). Thus we turn first to the marking of earthenware pottery, as well as to the analysis of some ceramic objects which could have been included in the system, namely “lunulae” (crescent shaped objects, usually perforated at either end). On the condition of a complete and precise study, the place where a seal was discovered enables us to know what was sealed inside the jar and by whom and thus reconstitute part of the internal administrative organization and its relations with the outside world (this is true of course, mainly for large administrative bodies but also on a smaller scale, in the domestic context). Textual sources are examined from the point of view of the agricultural and religious calendar (certain Hittite festivals, known as “seasonal”, included storage installations) and also from the point of view of the personnel linked with foodstuffs (in particular through the analysis of their titles, such as AGRIG, the person in charge of royal stocks during the Hittite era). Finally, the location of storage spaces is again considered, with emphasis on practical aspects of management (filling, for example). III.4. Synthesis. Once catalogued and analysed, data must be put back in its context – at once topographic, on the scale of the city, geographic, on the scale of Central Anatolia, administrative and historic – in order to draw up an inventory, period by period (Old Assyrian, then Hittite), of conservation methods and storage techniques. There is significant disproportion in the data, but there is also a difference in the nature of available documentation for each of the periods, textual in particular. The period of the Assyrian merchant colonies in Cappadocia tells us mainly about private dwellings and archives (particularly in Kültepe, formerly Kaneš), whereas the majority of Hittite texts belong to the religious sphere and we know less about Hittite habitat. In like manner, political and administrative organisation is not exactly similar in the two periods. However, the data consulted was sufficiently complementary and the comparison between the two periods gives us a more precise overview. IV. Conclusion. Given the present state of documentation, the tableau presented here is still only partial. However, this careful examination nonetheless enables us to understand how storage was an integral part of the daily life of the ancient Anatolians, and a feature seemingly omnipresent. It was not possible to detect technical evolutions concerning conservation methods or storage mechanisms, or true geographical particularities. However, the results of this study show clearly that storage facilities and the way they were conceived usually answered to precise needs which were part and parcel of more global modes of thought and organisation. This idea prompts us to examine more closely the fundamental aspects of daily life, and among others, to take storage facilities into account, including simple underground pits, which are sometimes neglected. It is important to see these facilities as more than mere technical installations and to view them from an interdisciplinary point of view: their study provides us with fundamental knowledge much closer to the reality of ancient times in fields as diverse as the history of techniques, urban development or the administrative organisation in Anatolia in the second millennium B.C. This is true for storage, as it is for other areas of daily life as yet insufficiently studied.
I. Problematica e limite della ricerca. E’ un’ovvietà dire che l’alimentazione sia stata e resti una delle preoccupazioni principali di tutte le popolazioni. L’immagazzinamento delle derrate alimentari è ancor oggi un problema all’ordine del giorno dei mercati mondiali e le carestie sono lungi dall’essere scomparse. Preoccupazioni non minori riguardarono le popolazioni dell’Anatolia del II millennio a.C. (il periodo delle colonie assire di Cappadocia), che costituisce il tema di questa tesi. In quanto archeologa, ho concentrato soprattutto la mia attenzione sulla problematica archeologica e sui dati della cultura materiale, ma ho anche preso in considerazione i risultati delle analisi archeobotaniche, archeozoologiche, entomologiche e chimiche. Mi sono anche a lungo soffermata sulle fonti epigrafiche, cercando di dare alla mia ricerca un approccio interdisciplinare. II. Il corpus. L’argomento non è stato prima d’ora trattato da studi di sintesi. Si è dovuto quindi procedere ad una schedatura dettagliata, sito per sito, del materiale per quanto riguarda i dispositivi di stoccaggio e di conservazione dei prodotti alimentari. I dati relativi a 56 siti sono forniti alfabeticamente nei voll. 2 e 3, sia in forma narrativa che in forma grafica e tabellare. I testi cuneiformi pertinenti sono trattati per lo più in traduzione, mettendo in rilievo quando necessario problemi di ordine lessicale e interpretativo. Ciascun dispositivo è stato sottoposto ad analisi specifica, riferendolo anche al tipo di sistema di gestione delle risorse ricostruibile. III. Analisi e sintesi dei dati. Il volume 1, diviso in quattro parti, fornisce la sintesi e le conclusioni dell’intero lavoro, incrociando i dati archeologici ed epigrafici con quelli etnoarcheologici e sperimentali. III.1. Derrate e metodi di conservazione. La prima parte concerne la conservazione dei prodotti alimentari. Si inizia con una presentazione del repertorio delle risorse alimentari disponibili (capitolo 1). Ci si occupa poi dei fattori responsabili del degrado organico e dei limiti di conservazione dei prodotti, dai fattori ambientali agli insetti, ecc. (capitolo 2). Diversi mezzi possono essere utilizzati per prolungare la conservazione di tali prodotti alimentari, come le tecniche di essiccazione, di concimazione, di salatura o l’utilizzazione di diversi liquidi con proprietà antiossidanti, o addirittura una combinazione di parecchie di queste tecniche (capitolo 3). Si propongono da ultimo degli studi di casi, che riguardano le grandi categorie d’alimenti: cereali, latte e suoi derivati, carne, pesci, frutta e bevande (acqua e bevande inebrianti) (capitolo 4). III.2. Analisi dei dispositivi di stoccaggio. La seconda parte della tesi è dedicata all’esame dei dispositivi di stoccaggio. Dopo aver discusso la terminologia e fissato le definizioni tecniche, ogni dispositivo è considerato dal punto di vista funzionale: materiale, tecniche di costruzione, dimensioni, funzionamento ecc. Si arriva così a stabilire la lista dei caratteri specifici di ogni struttura all’interno di una tipologia (capitolo 1). Sono considerati non solo magazzini e generici locali di stoccaggio, ma anche silos e fosse. Altri tipi di dispositivi, attestati unicamente dai testi (fienili o granai) e non identificati sul terreno, vengono ugualmente discussi. Il secondo capitolo di questa parte riguarda lo studio dei contenitori (per lo più di ceramica, ma non solo) e delle sigillature apposte su di essi. Anche qui vengono proposti studi di casi, per l’impossibilità di trattare in modo completo le problematiche della ceramica anatolica di secondo millennio. Ci si sofferma tra l’altro sulla nomenclatura dei recipienti nelle fonti testuali, proponendo alcune ipotesi di identificazione. Anche quando l’identificazione è possibile o probabile, si riscontra tuttavia la pratica di utilizzare lo stesso tipo di contenitore per diversi prodotti alimentari. Infine, in una breve parte finale si tenta di collocare questi contenitori nel loro contesto archeologico e di determinare l’organizzazione e la disposizione interna degli spazi di stoccaggio. III.3. Protezione e gestione degli spazi di stoccaggio. La terza parte è dedicata allo studio della gestione e protezione degli spazi di stoccaggio. La protezione e la sicurezza dei magazzini sono analizzate da due punti di vista (capitolo 1): la protezione contro gli attacchi naturali e la sicurezza contro i furti. Diverse tecniche di difesa sono utilizzate, spesso in modo congiunto, per creare condizioni ottimali di conservazione: dalle trappole per animali, agli insetticidi naturali, agli incantesimi. Gli incantesimi possono essere anche utilizzati come modo di lotta contro i furti. La sicurezza è ricercata attraverso la limitazione di porte e finestre, che vengono per lo più muniti di dispositivi di chiusura (sigillatura e chiavistello). Un lungo capitolo è poi dedicato alle gestione dei prodotti alimentari (capitolo 2). Le pratiche amministrative del secondo millennio in Anatolia sono ancora relativamente mal conosciute, sia per quanto riguarda la gestione diretta degli alimenti, sia altri aspetti ad essa legati (gestione degli animali, dei giardini e dei campi, distribuzione delle razioni ecc.). I marchi apposti sulle giare costituiscono uno degli elementi di riflessione. Ma vi sono anche altri materiali discussi, come le falci di luna miniaturizzate in ceramica e, naturalmente, le sigillature. La disposizione delle sigillature al momento della loro scoperta permette infatti -- a condizione che vi sia un rilievo preciso -- di determinare quello che era sigillato e per conto di chi; e così di ricostituire una parte dell’organizzazione amministrativa interna e dei suoi rapporti con l’esterno. Dalle fonti testuali ittite si ricavano in proposito molte informazioni, a cui si aggiungono quelle sul calendario agricolo e religioso e sul personale addetto ai prodotti alimentari (per es. l’ AGRIG, responsabile dei magazzini reali). III.4. Sintesi. Una volta catalogati e analizzati, i dati devono essere rimessi nel loro contesto, tanto topografico, alla scala della città, geografico, alla scala dell’Anatolia centrale, che amministrativo e storico allo scopo di stabilire un bilancio, periodo per periodo (prima il periodo paleo assiriano poi il periodo ittita) dei metodi di conservazione e delle tecniche di stoccaggio. Si osserva una grande sproporzione nei dati ma anche, per ogni periodo, una differenza nelle natura della documentazione disponibile soprattutto al livello testuale. Infatti il periodo dei fondachi assiriani della Cappadocia ha messo in evidenza principalmente delle abitazioni e degli archivi privati (a Kültepe, l’antica Kanes soprattutto) allora che i testi del dominio ittita appartengono in maggior parte alla sfera religiosa che l’abitazione ittita ci é conosciuta meno bene. Del resto l’organizzazione politica e amministrativa dei due periodi non é del tutto simile. Nonostante ciò i dati consultati sono abbastanza complementari e il paragone fra i due periodi permette di avere una visione d’insieme più precisa. IV. Conclusione. Nello stato attuale della documentazione il quadro presentato é ancora parziale, ma questo esame approfondito permette di capire in che modo lo stoccaggio si integrava nella vita quotidiana degli antichi Anatoliani. E pare che lo stoccaggio sia stato presente ovunque. Non é stato possibile scoprire le evoluzioni tecniche relative ai metodi di conservazione o ai dispositivi di stoccaggio, né delle vere e proprie particolarità geografiche. Ciò nonostante i risultati di questo studio dimostrano chiaramente che la presenza di installazioni di stoccaggio e il modo con cui sono state concepite rispondono a dei bisogni precisi che si inscrivono generalmente in modi di pensiero e di organizzazione globali. Questa riflessione ci spinge dunque a considerare con maggior profondità gli aspetti fondamentali della vita quotidiana e più specialmente a prendere in considerazione le sistemazioni di stoccaggio, comprese le semplici fosse talvolta trascurate. Bisogna imparare a considerare questi dispositivi non solo come semplici installazioni tecniche ma anche da un punto di vista interdisciplinare. Infatti il loro studio permette di stabilire i fondamenti di une conoscenza molto più vicina alla realtà antica in domini tanto diversi quanto la storia delle tecniche, l’urbanistica o ancora l’organizzazione amministrativa dell’Anatolia durante il II millennio avanti Cristo. Questo é vero per lo stoccaggio ma ugualmente per altri domini della vita quotidiana ancora troppo poco evocati.

La présente thèse vise à apporter des éclaircissements sur la réapparition du souci défensif, sa matérialisation et son évolution en Anatolie occidentale et centrale au début du premier millénaire av. J.-C. (Xe-VIe s.). Le territoire soumis à l'examen comprend la Phrygie, la boucle de l'Halys, la Carie, la Lydie, l'Ionie, l'Eolide et la Troade. Cette étude s'intéresse en premier lieu aux différentes méthodes de fortification utilisées au cours de cette période. Par l'examen des principales caractéristiques architecturales des murs de défense (techniques de construction, dispositifs défensifs), cette étude cherche à déterminer de quelle manière ces nouvelles constructions s'inscrivent dans la tradition architecturale anatolienne et dans quelle mesure leurs concepteurs contribuèrent à l'évolution de celle-ci en adoptant et en transformant les méthodes de fortification qui en sont issues. La construction d'un rempart, parce qu'elle impliquait de nombreux acteurs, était un fait de société majeur. Par leur conception, les techniques utilisées pour leur construction, leur emprise dans le paysage, les murailles sont des monuments chargés de symboles et des témoins privilégiés de l'histoire des sociétés qui les ont construites et perfectionnées. Au-delà des considérations archéologiques, cette étude s'attache donc aussi à replacer la construction de fortifications dans le contexte militaire mouvementé de l'Anatolie préclassique et tente également d'évaluer l'impact d'un tel projet de construction dans l'histoire politique et sociale des populations anatoliennes de l'âge du fer.

Concentrations of elements and ions measured in samples collected between February 1993 and December 2000 at a rural site in central Anatolia were investigated to evaluate the chemical composition of atmosphere at central Anatolia, to determine pollution level of the region, to study temporal variability of the pollutants and to investigate the sources and source regions of air pollutants in the region. Level of pollution at central Anatolia was found to be lower than the pollution level at other European countries and Mediterranean and Black Sea regions of Turkey. Enrichment factor calculations revealed that SO42-, Pb and Ca are highly enriched in the aerosol
whereas, soil component has dominating contribution on observed concentrations of V, Mg, Ca and K. SO42-/(SO2+SO42-) ratio observed in Ç
ubuk station indicates that contribution of distant sources is more important than the contribution of local sources on observed SO42- levels. SO42-/NO3- ratio calculations showed that Central Anatolia is receipt of SO42- from Eastern European countries. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis revealed 6 source groups, namely motor vehicle source, mixed urban factor, long range transport factor, soil factor, NO3- factor and Cd factor. Distribution of Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) values showed that main source areas of SO42-, NH4+ and Cd are western parts of Turkey, Balkan countries, central and western Europe, central Russian Federation and north of Sweden and Finland
NO3- are the regions located around the Mediterranean Sea
and there is no very strong potential source area observed for NH3 and Pb.

Ç
iç
ekdagi basin developed on the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex (CACC) is a foreland basin developed as the southern integral part of the Ç
ankiri Basin during the Late Paleocene to middle Oligocene. The basin has two compartments separated by the Ç
iç
ekdagi High comprises two sedimentary cycles. The oldest cycle comprises Barakli, Kocaç
ay and Bogazkö
y formationsa and is exposed both in the northern and the southern sectors. They were deposited in marine conditions. The second cycle comprises incik and Gü
vendik formations and was deposited in continental settings. The first cycle comprises uniformly south-directed paleocurrent directions in both the northern and southern sectors whereas the second cycle deposits are represented by south-directed directions in the southern sector, and bimodal directions in the northern sector. In addition, the second cycle formations contain progressive unconformities and coarsening upwards sequences indicative of thrusting. Internal structures of the units and paleostress data indicate that the basin experienced over-all compression and local extension due to flexural bending. This gave way to inversion of some of the normal faults and uplift of the Ç
iç
ekdagi High during the deposition of second cycle in the Late Eocene to middle Oligocene time which subsequently resulted in compartmentalization of the basin.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate systematic fairy chimney development within Cappadocian ignimbrites. The first step in the sudy is to identify fairy chimney producing ignimbrites. Accordingly the fairy chimneys are formed within Kavak ignimbrite, at Kavak-Zelve transition, and within Zelve and Cemilkö
y ignimbrites. Field measurements are taken from the fairy chimneys to quantify the shape and the size. Slope of the selected areas are identified to investigate the most suitable topography. Analysis have shown that fairy chimneys have basal diameters ranging from 9.7 to 13.7 m, with heights in the range from 8.41 to 21.73 m. The slopes of fairy chimneys are 60 to 70 degrees with a slight asymmetry towards the upslope. The chimneys are sligthy rounded due to the erosion in the slope direction. Distances between the fairy chimneys change from a minimum of 5.45 m for Zelve and 42.72 m for Kavak chimneys. Fairy chimneys are developed in two stages. The first stage is the generation of topography suitable for the formation of fairy chimneys. Three main factors in this stage are degree of welding, thickness of ignimbrite and topographic slope. In the second stage, several local features contribute for the final shaping of the chimneys.

In this revisional study based on the the genus Vicia in Central Anatolia large quantities of data have been compilled from specimens representing the group of the taxa being studied. These data were then synthesized to make taxon descriptions, keys, geographical distributions and ecological preferences. Since 2009, about 700 specimens have been collected from Central Anatolia and examined as the research materials. In addition, a large number of specimens have also been studied in the following herbaria ANK, GAZI, MUG, HUB and E. According to the Flora of Turkey (Davis 1985), there were 16 species found in Central Anatolia. But this study has shown that genus Vicia covers 22 species (V. noeana, V. anatolica, V. pannonica, V. hybrida, V. sericocarpa, V. narbonensis, V. galilaea, V. ervilia, V. caesarea, V. cracca, V. villosa, V. monantha, V. canescens, V. cappadocica, V. articulata, V. cassubica, V.peregrina, V. truncatula, V. grandiflora, V. lathyroides, V. cuspidata, V sativa) in this region. v Some morphological characters were used to understand whether they have a diagnostic value or not. These characters, which include habit, leaf, stem, inflorescence, calyx, corolla and style properties, were compared at infrageneric level and species level. Systematic value of pollen micromorphology, trichome micromorphology and petal epidermal micromorphology of Vicia in Central Anatolia were observed. Pollen grains equatorial view, polar view and exine ornamentations, trichome types of calyces and leaves can be useful for separating the species in sectional level. Geographical and ecological distributions maps were updated. In addition to this, the conservation status of the genus Vicia in Cental Anatolia was reassessed at regional level. The threat categories include 2 taxa DD, 1 taxon CR, 7 taxa EN, 1 taxon VU, 1 taxon NT and 14 taxa LC. The main threat categories for this genus are identified as overgrazing, constructions, land clearing and urbanizations. The infrageneric delimitations were performed by the use of multivariate analysis. Identification keys for sections and species were also given. Synonym, species updated descriptions, phenology, habitat, distribution in Central Anatolia, distribution in Turkey and general distribution, phytogeograpy, endemism, specimen citations photographs of species and distribution maps were also indicated.

Central Anatolia exhibits good examples of calc-alkaline and alkaline magmatism of similar age in a collision-related tectonic setting (continent-island arc collision). In the Central Anatolia region, post-collisional plutonic rocks (around 79.5 to 66.6 Ma) intrude Palaeozoic-Mesozoic metamorphic rocks overthrust by Upper Cretaceous ophiolitic units to make up the Central Anatolian Massif. In the Massif, three different intrusive rock types are recognised based on their geochemical characteristics: (i) calc-alkaline (Behrekdag, Cefalikdag, Celebi-BCC); (ii) transitional (Baranadag-B); and (ii) alkaline (Hamit-H). The BCC and B plutonic rocks are metaluminous, I-Type ranging from monzodiorite to granite. The H plutonic rocks are metaluminous to peralkaline, predominandy A-Type ranging from nepheline monzosyenite to quartz syenite. Two types of igneous enclave have been recognised in the BCC plutonic rocks; (i) fine-grained (Type-I); and (ii) medium-grained to porphyritic with feldspar megacrysts (Type-II). Field, petrographic and geochemical evidence suggest that the Type-I enclaves originated from injection of mafic magma into more silicic magma. Field, petrographic and mineralogical evidence together with major and trace element geochemistry suggest that the Type-II enclaves formed as cumulates of early-crystallised minerals (e.g. clinopyroxene, plagioclase, amphibole and biotite) from the granitoid magmas. All intrusive rocks show enrichment in LILE and LREE relative to HFSE and have high (^87)Sr/(^86)Sr and low (^143)Nd/(^144)Nd ratios. These characteristics indicate an enriched mantle source region(s) carrying a subduction component inherited from pre-collision subduction events. Rb, Nb, Y versus SiO(_2) diagrams and the tectonic discrimination diagram of Rb and the (Y+Nb) suggest that the BCC, B and H plutonic rocks have been affected by crustal assimilation combined with fractional crystallisation processes. Coexistence of calc-alkaline and alkaline magmatism in the Central Anatolian Massif has been attributed to mantle source heterogeneity before collision. Either thermal perturbation of the metasomatised lithosphere by delamination of the thermal boundary layer (TBL) or removal of a subducted plate (slab breakoff) are the likely mechanisms for the initiation of the post-collisional magmatism in the Massif.

A ordem Characiformes compreende cerca de 1700 espécies formalmente descritas que habitam a região Neotropical e com três famílias exclusivas da região da Etiópica subsaariana. Possui formas herbívoras, carnívoras e detritívoras, sendo uma ordem com hábitos ecológicos diversos. A classificação formal das famílias da ordem é baseada quase que estritamente em caracteres osteológicos e poucos caracteres de outras naturezas são utilizados para estabelecer hipóteses filogenéticas no grupo. Dessa maneira, o estudo do complexo morfológico encefálico preencheu essa lacuna representada pela ausência de novos caracteres de outra natureza morfológica que contribuam para o melhor entendimento das relações de parentesco entre os Characiformes. O presente estudo teve como objetivos principais a descrição e ilustração da macro morfologia encefálica de representantes das famílias de Characiformes e o levantamento de caracteres filogeneticamente informativos relacionados a esse complexo morfológico. Foram examinados 52 táxons terminais e 42 caracteres encefálicos. Adicionalmente a matriz de dados encefálicos, foram incoporados 126 caracteres osteológicos que definem os principais agrupamentos de Characiformes. O comportamento dos caracteres encefálicos foi mapeado através de uma análise de parcimônia, dessa maneira auxiliando a sustentar vários arranjos filogenéticos. Alguns arranjos filogenéticos novos foram obtidos, tais como, a relação de grupo-irmão entre Hemiodontidae + Chalceidae; Cynodontidae + Acestrorhynchidae como clado-irmão de Erythrinoidea; Gasteropelecidae + Triportheidae + Bryconidae sendo mais relacionados entre si; Crenuchidae como grupo-irmão de Characidae. Além dessas relações, corroborramos a elevação de algumas subfamílias de Characidae para o status de família, como Acestrorhynchidae, Bryconidae, Cynodontidae, Iguanodectidae e Triportheidae. A família Characidae tendo Heterocharacinae como ramo basal e sustentada principalmente por caracteres osteológicos tendo adicionalmente, um caráter exclusivo encefálico. Aphyoditeinae + Aphyocharacinae + Cheirodontinae mais relacionados e a subfamília Characinae como um grupo monofilético.
Characiformes comprises about 1.700 formally described species inhabiting the Neotropical region and three exclusives families of sub-Saharan Etiopic. The species of the order have herbivorous, carnivorous and detritivores feeding habits, being an order of several ecological habits. The formal classification of the families of the order is based almost exclusively on osteological characters and very few of characters of other types are used to establish phylogenetic hypotheses in the group. Thus, the present study of brain morphological complex aims to fill this gap represented by the absence of new morphological characters of another nature that might contribute to a better understanding of the relationships among the Characiformes. Thus, the present study had as main objectives the description and illustration of external brain morphology of representatives of all the families of Characiformes and the searching for phylogenetically informative encephalic morphological characters. For this, 52 terminal taxa and 42 brain characters were examined, in addition of brain data set, have been examined 126 osteological characters that define the main groups of Characiformes. The behavior of brain characters was mapped through a parsimony analysis, thus helping to sustain several phylogenetic arrangements of Characiformes. Some new phylogenetic arrangements were obtained, such as: the sister-group relationship between Hemiodontidae + Chalceidae; Cynodontidae + Acestrorhynchidae as clade-sisters of Erythrinoidea; Gasteropelecidae + Triportheidae + Bryconidae forming a monophyletic group; Crenuchidae as sister group of Characidae. In addition to these relationships, we corroboratethe elevation of some subfamilies of Characidae to family status, such as Acestrorhynchidae, Bryconidae, Cynodontidae, Iguanodectidae and Triportheidae. The Characidae family having Heterocharacinae as the most basal clade and sustained mainly by osteological characters, plus an exclusive character of brain nature. Aphyoditeinae + Aphyocharacinae related to Cheirodontinae and, Characinae subfamily as a monophyletic group.

This study comprises analysis of geological, geomorphological constraints that played role in the site selection of caravanserais. In order to do this, 15 caravanserais located along a route from NevSehir-Aksaray-Konya to BeySehir were used. The data used in the study include a caravanserai database, lithological maps, and digital elevation model of the area. GIS analyses performed in the study are proximity, visibility, and probability distribution (PDA). The first step is the generation of the ancient trade route which is used as a reference in other analysis. Results of the analysis indicate that the average distance between consequent caravanserais is 10 km. PDA suggests that there should be two more caravanserais between BeySehir - Yunuslar and one caravanserai between Obruk - Sulatnahani hans. Caravanserais are very close to a water source but not at their immediate vicinity. Groundwater is not considered in this study
dominant water sources are streams, springs and lakes. Their visibility tested in an area of 78 km2 shows a great variation suggesting that visibility is not considered during the site selection. Ignimbrite, limestone and marble are preferred rocks types although other rocks such as clastic rocks are exposed in closer distances.

This thesis investigates the morphological, chemical and growth characteristics of zircon mineral in relation with the granitoid petrology. Physical and chemical variations recorded within zircon crystals during evolution of the Central Anatolian Granitoids are discussed. The thesis focuses on twelve granitoid samples from the Ekecikdag, Agaç
ö
ren and Terlemez regions from western part of central Anatolia. These granitoids are differentiated into S- and H-type granitoids on the basis of field, petrographical and whole-rock geochemical aspects. In granitoids concerned, zircon is associated with biotite, allanite and plagioclase, and zircon populations mainly comprise P- and S-type zircon crystals, with rare G-, L- and J-types. Typology method combined with cathodoluminescence imaging revealed that S- and H-type granitoids show intrusive aluminous autochthonous and hybrid character, respectively. Zircons generally have euhedral to subhedral cores exhibiting zoning, although sometimes faint, but inherent and embayed cores also exist. Large scale, first order, and/or small-scale second order oscillatory zoning and effects of late stage recrystallization are observed within zircon crystals. Multi-corrosion zones within zircons are characterized by sharp changes in crystal forms with decreased Zr and Si, and increased U, Th and REE+Y contents, beside infrequent increase in Hf, Sc, Ta, Ti, Ca, Al and Fe elements. These zones are interpreted to be formed by transient heating of the resident felsic magma due to mafic melt contribution, at the time of mixing/mingling processes of the H-type granitoids, and then zircons re-grow in magma source reflecting a mafic character. Corrosion stages within zircons of S-type granitoids, on the other hand, were probably formed by mantle-derived melts producing heat for resorption of zircons without direct contribution.

This dissertation examines the faunal remains from a series of Neolithic archaeological sites located in Central Anatolia dated from the 9th to the 6th millennium cal BC. The purpose of this research is to reinterpret previously published faunal datasets and present new faunal data from Central Anatolia in order to elucidate subsistence patterns for this region The research is divided into two sections. The first section will review published palaeoenvironmental, archaeological and zooarchaeological data which have been used to established subsistence behaviour for the region. Critical to this review is the addition of new zooarchaeological data sets from Asikli Hoytuk and the renewed excavations at Catalhoyiik (East). The second section presents the results of the zooarchaoelogical analysis of faunal remains from the newly excavated sites at Pinarbasi A and B located on the Konya Plain in Central Anatolia. Pinirbasi , Site A is the earliest excavated site in Central Anatolia, dated at 8500 cal BC; Site B is contemporaneous with the latter part of the Catalhoyuk (East) sequence and is dated at 6400 cal BC. The re-examination of faunal data published from Central Anatolian sites appear to contradict commonly accepted patterns which characterise the Region as the centre of cattle domestication for the Near East. Based on the faunal data analysed, there is not enough data to currently state that cattle were locally domesticated within Central Anatolia and then distributed outwards to other centres. The examination of Pinarbasi A faunal data indicates hunting and broad spectrum subsistence was practiced at 8500 cal BC in Central Anatolia. However, due to the small morphological size of sheep bones recovered, herding is speculated. In addition, there is also evidence of longer, semi-sedentary occupation of the site due to the presence of cultural material that includes indigenous microlith tools and stone and mud brick foundations. Pinarbasi B' s faunal assemblage revealed subsistence practices characteristic of a herd based economy. Sheep and goat remains dominate the assemblage in addition to the continuation of seasonal hunting of larger wild taxa. Based on the new data from Pinarbasi Site A and B, and the reanalysis of new and existing faunal data, it is argued that Central Anatolian settlement and subsistence patterns did not display a pattern of gradual change in subsistence from hunting and gathering to plant and subsequently animal domestication that appear in the rest of the Levant but rather the domestication of animals appears to be quite early based on Central Anatolia's present chronological composition. Central Anatolian sites appear to be settled with domestic caprines. It is only speculated that in later levels of Catalhoyuk (East), Erbaba and Catalhoyuk (West) that domestic cattle will be found.

TAXONOMIC STUDIES ON THE GENUS SALVIA L. (LABIATAE) IN CENTRAL ANATOLIA, TURKEY SAFI BAGHERPOUR Ph.D., Department of Biological Sciences Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Musa Dogan June 2010, 203 pages This research study is a revision of the genus Salvia (Labiatae) in Central Anatolia. The author has carried out extensive research studies conducted in a 3 year period starting from June 2005 by collecting specimens from all the localities in Central Anatolia, Turkey. Specimens collected from Turkey by the other researchers and kept either in Turkey or abroad were also examined. The samples were studied using their root, stem and leaf morphology including essential characteristics of flowers. Using this information dendograms were obtained and taxa cut off lines were drawn. The cross sectional preparations of stem and leaf were observed for taxonomical evaluation. Salvia taxa leaf surface, flower organs and seed surface were studied for understanding the diagnostic value of their micro morphological characteristics. Anatomical sections of the specimens were analyzed under light microscope and the data was used for further taxa separations. The Salvia species were further investigated for their pollen characteristics such as surface view and dimensions. Numeric taxonomic methods were used for constructing a natural infrageneric grouping in the genus as far as the species allows. Using software and computer grouping each sample was ranked and placed into specific taxa. First the samples were identified by using the species key given in Turkish Flora. According to the Turkish Flora there were two ways to identify samples. One way based on the stamen features and the other based on the leaves and flowers. For nomenclatural reasons the specimens were cross checked with the existing type specimens known from Turkey and kept in some international herbaria. This thesis is formed by two sections. The first section is comprised of introduction, materials and methods and basic findings. Basic finding are the result of morphological, anatomical, palynological and ecological investigations. In the second section of the thesis, a revision of Salvia in Central Anatolia, Turkey is given. This includes results of numeric studies and infrageneric grouping. Soil types and habitat characteristics were also studied. Soil samples were taken from the various locations and analyzed for their content. The populations were revisited to determine the sustainability and vulnerability of each taxon. IUCN threat categories were determined based on habitat information and species limitations. The phenological data and relevant field observations were all recorded. In Central Anatolia 43 Salvia species were found. Among the specimens collected from the area one taxon was re-discovered after 116 years.

Infectious diarrhea results in 2 to 5 million deaths worldwide per year, and treatments that are safe, effective, and readily available are under investigation. The field of medicinal ethnobotany focuses on plants that are used by different cultural groups for treating various diseases and evaluates these plants for efficacy and cytotoxicity. In the present study, ethnobotanical research was conducted with Central Anatolian villagers in Turkey. Folk concepts and etiologies surrounding diarrhea were analyzed, as were salient plant-based remedies for diarrhea. Reviewing the literature, 91 plant species were described as anti-diarrheal in all of Turkey. In Central Anatolia, villagers described 35 species. For continued research via bactericidal and bacteriostatic bioassays, 15 plants were selected. Methanolic and aqueous extracts of medicinally used plant parts were evaluated for inhibitory properties against 10 diarrhea-causing bacteria in the first bioassay, and later 21 bacteria in a second assay utilizing spectrophotometry. The cytotoxic properties were also evaluated in an Alamar Blue Assay using HepG-2, PC-3, and SkMEL-5 human cell lines. While several extracts showed bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties, the methanolic extract of R. canina galls inhibited the most bacteria at the lowest concentrations. They were not cytotoxic. Thus, R. canina methanolic gall extracts were selected for bio-assay guided fractionation. Antibacterial activity was maintained in the third fraction which was composed of almost pure ellagic acid. The bioassay was repeated with standard ellagic acid, and the polyphenol retained potency in inhibiting multiple bacterial strains. Several other extracts showed promise for safe, effective anti-bacterial remedies for diarrhea.

The aim of this thesis was to reconstruct dietary choices for Neolithic populations in Anatolia and Poland using stable isotope analysis, and to examine the extent to which local environmental factors in these regions affected the isotope values recorded from skeletal collagen. In total 278 new δ13C and δ15N values were obtained from human and animal bone collagen for this project (161 from the site of Oslonki 1, 59 from Barçin Höyük, and 58 from the site of Aktopraklik). From an environmental perspective, the multi-level statistical modelling highlighted a clear relationship with δ13C and δ15N and moisture availability, which was most evident through the proxy of mean annual precipitation (MAP). The modelling highlighted a 0.4‰ decrease in d13C for every 100mm decrease of MAP, and a 0.5‰ decrease in d15N for every 100mm decrease between sites. The δ13C and δ15N values for the North-West Anatolian sites are the first dietary isotopic studies for the Neolithic period in the region. The values are largely commensurate with the dietary isotope studies from Neolithic sites located on the Central Anatolian plateau, with the caveat that the North-West sites perhaps had a greater reliance on herbivore protein (instead of plant protein) than their plateau counterparts. The dietary reconstruction of Oslonki 1 uncovered a rather unexpected outcome - namely that status exerted a degree of control over human diet. If this is indeed true it will be the earliest evidence in Europe of a distinct relationship between the socioeconomic status and diet of an individual.

The Adana Basin of southern Turkey, situated at the SE margin of the Central Anatolian Plateau is ideally located to record Neogene topographic and tectonic changes in the easternmost Mediterranean realm. Using industry seismic reflection data we correlate 34 seismic profiles with corresponding exposed units in the Adana Basin. The time-depth conversion of the interpreted seismic profiles allows us to reconstruct the subsidence curve of the Adana Basin and to outline the occurrence of a major increase in both subsidence and sedimentation rates at 5.45 – 5.33 Ma, leading to the deposition of almost 1500 km3 of conglomerates and marls. Our provenance analysis of the conglomerates reveals that most of the sediment is derived from and north of the SE margin of the Central Anatolian Plateau. A comparison of these results with the composition of recent conglomerates and the present drainage basins indicates major changes between late Messinian and present-day source areas. We suggest that these changes in source areas result of uplift and ensuing erosion of the SE margin of the plateau. This hypothesis is supported by the comparison of the Adana Basin subsidence curve with the subsidence curve of the Mut Basin, a mainly Neogene basin located on top of the Central Anatolian Plateau southern margin, showing that the Adana Basin subsidence event is coeval with an uplift episode of the plateau southern margin. The collection of several fault measurements in the Adana region show different deformation styles for the NW and SE margins of the Adana Basin. The weakly seismic NW portion of the basin is characterized by extensional and transtensional structures cutting Neogene deposits, likely accomodating the differential uplift occurring between the basin and the SE margin of the plateau. We interpret the tectonic evolution of the southern flank of the Central Anatolian Plateau and the coeval subsidence and sedimentation in the Adana Basin to be related to deep lithospheric processes, particularly lithospheric delamination and slab break-off.
Il Bacino di Adana (Turchia meridionale) é situato in posizione esterna rispetto al margine sud-orientale del plateau anatolico centrale. Il bacino risulta ubicato in posizione strategica per registrare i principali cambiamenti della topografia e dell’assetto tettonico avvenuti durante il Neogene nel Mediterraneo orientale. Utilizzando dati sismici provenienti dall’industria petrolifera abbiamo correlato 34 profili sismici con le unitá corrispondenti affioranti nel Bacino di Adana. La conversione da tempi a profonditá dei profili sismici interpretati ci ha permesso di ricostruire la curva di subsidenza del Bacino di Adana e di individuare un evento caratterizato da un importante aumento della subsidenza associato ad un considerevole incremento del tasso di sedimentazione. Questo evento, avvenuto tra 5.45 e 5.33 Ma ha portato alla deposizione di quasi 1500 km3 di conglomerati e marne. La nostra analisi di provenienza della porzione conglomeratica mostra che la maggior parte del sedimento proviene dal margine sud-orientale del plateau anatolico centrale e dalle aree situate a nord di questo. La comparazione di questi risultati con la composizione litologica di conglomerati recenti e con le litologie affioranti nei bacini di drenaggio attuali mostra cambiamenti rilevanti tra le aree di provenienza del sedimento Messiniane e quelle attuali. Riteniamo che questi cambiamenti nelle aree sorgente siano il risultato del sollevamento e della successiva erosione del margine sud-orientale del plateau anatolico centrale. Questa ipotesi é supportata dal confronto delle curve di subsidenza del Bacino di Adana e del Bacino di Mut, un bacino principalmente neogenico situato sulla sommitá del margine meridionale del plateau. La comparazione delle due curve di subsidenza mostra che l’evento di forte subsidenza del Bacino di Adana é coevo ad un episodio di sollevamento del margine meridionale del plateau anatolico centrale. La raccolta di un fitto dataset strutturale acquisito nella regione di Adana mostra differenti stili deformativi per i margini nord-occidentale e sud-orientale del bacino. La porzione nord-occidentale del bacino, debolmente sismica, é caratterizzata da strutture estensionali e transtensive che tagliano I depositi neogenici, verosimilmente accomodando il sollevamento differenziale tra il bacino e il margine sud-orientale del plateau. Riteniamo che l’evoluzione tettonica del margine meridionale del plateau anatolico centrale e la contemporanea subsidenza e sedimentazione nel Bacino di Adana sia da ricondurre a processi litosferici profondi, in particolar modo delaminazione litosferica e slab break-off.

Drought, which is an important result of the climate change, is one of the most serious natural hazards globally. It has been agreed all over the world that it has adverse impacts on the production of agriculture, which plays a major role in the economy of a country. Studies showed that the results of the drought directly affected the crop yields, and it seems that this negative impact will continue drastically soon. Moreover, many researches revealed that, Turkey will be affected from the results of climate change in many aspects, especially the agricultural production will encounter dry seasons after the rapid changes in the precipitation amount. Insurance is a well-established method, which is used to share the risk based on natural disasters by people and organizations. Furthermore, a new way of insuring against the weather shocks is designing index-based insurance, and it has gained special attention in many developing countries. In this study, our aim is to model weather index based drought insurance product to help the small holder farmers in the Cental Anatolia Region under different models. At first, time series techniques were applied to forecast the wheat yield relying on the past data. Then, the AMS (AgroMetShell) software outputs, NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) values were used, and SPI values for distinct time steps were chosen to develop a basic threshold based drought insurance for each province. Linear regression equations were used to calculate the trigger points for weather index, afterwards based on these trigger levels
pure premium and indemnity calculations were made for each province separately. In addition to this, Panel Data Analysis were used to construct an alternative linear model for drought insurance. It can be helpful to understand the direct and actual effects of selected weather index measures on wheat yield and also reduce the basis risks for constructed contracts. A simple ratio was generated to compare the basis risk of the different index-based insurance contracts.

Limited knowledge about the 3000-year period between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age in central Anatolia, Turkey, prevents any understanding of change or continuity in crop production, consumption and crop husbandry techniques. This research aims to address this bias through the examination of archaeobotanical remains from the four central Anatolian Chalcolithic sites of Çatalhöyük West, Çamlıbel Tarlası, Canhasan I and Kuruçay and the consequent investigation of their crop economies. This work draws on multiple methods and techniques to understand the plant-related activities that occurred at the sites. The four chosen sites bookend the Chalcolithic period (c. 6000-3000 cal BC) and provide the opportunity for exploring the interrelationship between crop choice, crop husbandry, settlement size, surrounding environment and social organisation. Differences in crop species such as hulled barley, glume wheats and pulses, particularly lentil and bitter vetch occur at all four sites with species choice community specific. Multiple methods are used to disentangle the depositional processes, such as dung burning, that formed the assemblages, providing an indication of the origin of the archaeobotanical material and allowing inferences about the nature of weed seeds found. Crop processing activities are evident at all sites, with the dehusking of glume wheat contributing significantly to the archaeobotanical assemblage. The analysis of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes of crops coupled with the functional ecology of arable weeds, indicate that crop husbandry techniques/regimes were site specific and were influenced by site size/population as well as environmental conditions. The identification of the crops grown and the methods used to cultivate and process them have implications for understanding the social context of such activities, and the broader socio-economic background of a period preceding the great changes in social structure seen in the Bronze Age.

Le hasan dagi, strato-volcan d'anatolie centrale (turquie), comprend 2 cones terminaux: grand hasan dagi (3253 m) et petit hasan dagi (3069 m). Son volume est estime a 354 km#3 et il couvre une superficie de 760 km#2 environ. Une approche pluri-disciplinaire nous a permis de retracer son evolution volcano-structurale, dynamique (styles eruptifs) et magmatologique. Nous avons distingue 3 grands stades d'evolution au cours de son histoire: 1) systeme de kecikalesi (13 ma environ) presente une depression d'origine calderique. Les caracteres mineralogiques et geochimiques (presence de pigeonite et affinite tholeiitique) en font un systeme independant du hasan dagi (s. S. ); 2) le paleo-hasan dagi (7 ma environ) est constitue d'empilement de coulees d'andesites basaltiques, lahars et ignimbrites rhyolitiques. Ce dernier episode conduit a l'effondrement d'une caldera. Les caracteres mineralogiques et geochimiques sont similaires a kecikalesi, a l'exception de la presence de grenat microlitique dans les laves et les ignimbrites du paleo-hasan dagi; 3) le hasan dagi (s. S. ) s'est edifie en deux etapes (le meso-hasan dagi et le neo-hasan dagi) caracterisees par 2 stades calderiques. Les produits sont des domes-coulees andesitiques, dacitiques et plus rarement rhyolitiques, avec nuees ardentes associees, des nappes d'ignimbrites rhyodacitiques et rhyolitiques et des breches intrusives. Les dernieres eruptions datent de moins de 6000 ans. Le melange magmatique est a l'origine des laves intermediaires. La serie calco-alcaline moyennement potassique est complete (basalte a rhyolite). Les termes les plus differencies sont fortement potassiques. D'autre part, un volcanisme basaltique accompagne tous les appareils centres. Nous avons distingue 3 generations: premiere generation, liee aux edifices anciens (kecikalesi et paleo-hasan dagi) a opx; deuxieme generation, interstratifiee dans la serie du meso-hasan dagi; troisieme generation, contemporaine du neo-hasan dagi calco-alcalin, a mineralogie de basaltes alcalins (feldspaths potassiques, nepheline normative, cpx de basaltes intraplaques), mais affinite orogenique. Sur le plan geochimique, certains de ces basaltes contiennent des microlites de grenat automorphe; dont l'origine est a rapporter a un processus de fusion partielle (croute subductee ou croute inferieure)

In this study, morphology, anatomy and systematics of the Genus Lathyrus L. (Leguminosae) in Central Anatolia is presented. Comparative morphological characters and their variation in the Genus
Calyx, leaf, corolla and pollen grains micro-morphology of the species
Anatomy of the species
Ecology, endemism, phytogeography and IUCN threat categories of the species
Numerical analysis and Revision of the genus in Central Anatolia were conducted. For the first time the calyx, corolla and leaf micromorphology, and the anatomical characteristics of Lathyrus were examined. Infrageneric delimitation of the species is performed by using multivariate analysis. As a result of morphological and anatomical data, it is suggested that L. haussknechtii should be classified as different species not variety of L. brachypterus. v The collected specimens was crosschecked with neighboring floras and the existing type specimens known from Turkey ANK, GAZI, HUB, KNYA, CUFH, Erciyes, and Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) herbaria. Morphological and micromorphological characters of pollen grains were revealed. It was determined that the pollen grains size and sculpturing were important diagnostic characters for the species. The statistical analysis was applied to compare P/E ratios of the pollen grains of studied taxa. According to this analysis, the P/E ratio is important diagnostic feature for most of the sections and the species. Sectional key and species key were prepared and updated. Expanded descriptions, GPS data, some photographs and some notes on the taxonomy of the species were given.

The Early Iron Age across the Mediterranean and Near East is increasingly being understood as a highly dynamic period socially and politically. In the context of Anatolia, the end of the Hittite Empire and the western Anatolian polities brought about varied responses throughout the geo-political landscape, which arguably influenced societies of the Middle Iron Age. This movement from the Early to Middle Iron period (ca. 1200-800 BCE) will be examined, for the dynamics which took place during these centuries were arguably instrumental in giving Middle Iron communities their appearance as we currently understand them historically and archaeologically. In examining the character of political authority during the Early-Middle Iron Age in central Anatolia, I define it as a process of coordinating material and symbolic resources in order to promulgate a sense of social order and enabling agency. I shall examine the extent to which storage practices were implicated in these socio-political developments. Storage is a means by which people manage and preserve resources for variable lengths of time, and the aim will be to examine the extent to which such management and control was involved in the workings of political authority. Two sites in separate regions of central Anatolia – Gordion and Çadır Höyük – will comprise the case studies informing the discussion. To investigate the connection between storage and political authority, I shall focus on identifying areas used for storage in the settlements, based on material culture associated with the activity; changing patterns through time; and the association between these shifts in storage patterns and other changes visible in the archaeological record. This, in turn, will allow for a discussion of the degree of connection between storage with the political authority workings at the two sites, and what this may articulate about Early-Middle Iron Age dynamics in central Anatolia.

This thesis is an interdisciplinary comparative analysis of the socio-economic developments of three regions in Anatolia: Lycia, Isauria and north central Anatolia in the late antique period (c. AD 330-600s). I present the most up-to-date picture of late antique settlement in these regions by collating recent evidence, particularly amphorae and settlement remains, derived from research conducted in these regions over the past few decades. From this picture, I analyse what the location of settlement and archeological remains within sites may reveal concerning the ways in which settlements participated in local, region and interregional exchange networks. As these three regions share the common geographic features of bordering major maritime areas and encompassing mountainous interiors, I examine how geography may have impacted the location of settlement and the movement of goods and people. By integrating areas located on opposite Anatolian coastlines, I examine how differing maritime networks may have impacted settlement development. This tripartite comparison attempts to establish northern Anatolia alongside its southern counterpart in the discourse of late antique economy and settlement development. Alongside this regional analysis, I discuss methodological considerations, such as the ways in which the current state of research and various research methods impact our analysis and interpretation of late antique settlement development. This study reveals that sub-regions within Lycia, Isauria and north central Anatolia developed in diverse ways and that the ways in which each region participated in wider exchange differed. I argue that overarching narratives of development, such as 'prosperity' and 'decline' do not accurately reflect the development of these regions. In sum, this thesis contributes an up-to-date analysis of the settlement development of Lycia, Isauria and north central Anatolia to the wider discourse of late antique regional development, which engages and challenges discourse surrounding the economic development of these regions in Late Antiquity.

In this study, a halophilic archaea Halobacterium salinarium TG13 which is isolated from Tuz Lake in Central Anatolia was characterized biochemically and genetically. Halobacterium salinarium DSM3754 and Halobacterium salinarium S9 strains were used as a reference strain through the experiments. In biochemical characterization
total protein profiles of strains was compared by using 1D SDS PAGE. Total protein profile of the isolated strain has shown differences. The SDS-PAGE profile of the purified purple membrane showed only single band by coomassie staining. Molecular weight and pI values of the protein isolated from Halobacterium salinarium TG13 and Halobacterium salinarium S9 were estimated by 2D SDS-PAGE as 22 kD and 5.4, respectively. Photoactivity of purple membrane of the strains was investigated. pH change of the purple membranes were observed upon illumination. This protein might be corresponded to bacteriorhodopsin. In genetical characterization
polymorphism of genomic DNA of strains was scanned with RAPD-PCR. Plasmid DNA profiles of strains was determined to make use of RFLP technique. RAPD-PCR and RFLP analyses have shown that Halobacterium salinarium TG13 is different strain from reference Halobacterium salinarium strains (H.s. S9 and H.s. DSM3754).

Cette thèse a pour but de présenter l’état de nos connaissances sur la conservation et le stockage des denrées alimentaires au Proche-Orient ancien et plus particulièrement en Anatolie centrale au IIe millénaire av. J. -C. En effet, la conservation et le stockage constituent des piliers essentiels de l’alimentation de toute société, en permettant de rendre disponibles les denrées. Mais au-delà de cet aspect, le sujet permet également d’aborder le quotidien des sociétés anciennes : tout d’abord au niveau des connaissances techniques (méthodes de conservation, constructions des silos, etc. ) mais aussi de celui de l’organisation sociale et économique, administrative et politique. Étant archéologue de formation, les recherches ont été axées en priorité sur les vestiges archéologiques, mais l’ensemble de la documentation a été prise en compte qu’il s’agisse de la céramique, des scellements, mais aussi des sources écrites ou des données apportées par l’archéobotanique, l’archéozoologie ou l’entomologie et les analyses chimiques. Ces données sont aussi complétées, leurs interprétations nuancées ou approfondies par les renseignements fournis par l’archéologie expérimentale et l’ethnoarchéologie. Cette approche interdisciplinaire semble être la seule solution permettant de traiter un tel sujet afin d’avoir in fine une vue d’ensemble la plus complète possible
This thesis aims to present the state of our knowledge on the question of preservation and storage of foodstuffs in the Ancient Near East and more particularly in Central Anatolia in the IInd millennium BC. Indeed, preservation and storage are essential mainstay of the food in any society, by allowing to make foodstuffs available. But beyond this aspect, the subject also allows to approach the everyday life of the ancient societies, at different levels: first of all the technical knowledge (methods of preservation, building of silos, etc. ) but also the social and economic, administrative and political organization. As an archaeologist, the priority was given to archaeological remains, but all available documentation has been taken into account, whether it concerns ceramic pots and seals, or involves written sources or data from archaeobotany, archaeozoology, entomology or chemical analyses. These data are also supplemented, their interpretation nuanced and deepened by information provided by experimental archaeology and ethno-archaeology. This interdisciplinary approach seems to be the only solution allowing to deal with such a subject to have in fine the most complete view possible

Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo comparativo da morfologia externa do sistema nervoso central (SNC) das espécies da família Pseudopimelodidae. A importância dos estudos do SNC dos Siluriformes neotropicais torna-se evidente frente à grande diversidade morfológica das espécies reconhecidas atualmente. Os encéfalos dos peixes examinados foram dissecados, e após a secção dos nervos cranianos e da medula espinhal, retirados da cabeça para posterior morfometria de suas principais subdivisões. Com isso, descrevemos detalhadamente a morfologia externa do SNC de Pseudopimelodus bufonius, que pertence ao gênero tipo da família Pseudopimelodidae, e o comparamos com P. charus e P. mangurus. Além disso, o posicionamento filogenético dos gêneros dessa família foi estudado por meio de 41 caracteres obtidos da morfologia externa do SNC de 28 táxons terminais, incluindo as espécies do grupo externo. Um cladograma de consenso estrito foi obtido a partir de duas árvores mais parcimoniosas. Essa árvore apresentou 99 passos, com índices de consistência e retenção de 0,62 e 0,85, respectivamente. Pudemos notar alguns padrões na forma, posição e tamanho das subdivisões do SNC para todas as espécies. Foram feitas comparações intraespecíficas de acordo com o tamanho relativo e forma das principais subdivisões do SNC. Com as análises filogenéticas, Heptapteridae é a família que se manteve como grupo irmão do clado composto por (Phreatobius sanguijuela (Pimelodidae, Pseudopimelodidae)). As relações filogenéticas entre os gêneros de Pseudopimelodidae também foram estudadas e o grupo contendo (Pseudopimelodus aff. pulcher (Cruciglanis, Pseudopimelodus)) foi considerado irmão do grupo contendo (Lophiosilurus (Cephalosilurus (Batrochoglanis, Microglanis))). Ainda propomos algumas sinapomorfias do grupo de espécies Pseudopimelodus aff. pulcher, as quais reforçam sua monofilia dentro da família. As hipóteses propostas no presente estudo coincidem com as de algumas análises recentemente realizadas. A relação da família Pseudopimelodidae de maior proximidade com Pimelodidae, assim como este clado tendo mais proximidade com Phreatobius e Heptapteridae como grupo irmão de todas as famílias, corrobora as mais recentes pesquisas, que utilizam dados de caracteres morfológicos e de genética molecular.
Comparative study of the gross morphology of central nervous system (CNS) among species of the family Pseudopimelodidae was made. Improvements studies of CNS of neotropical Siluriformes becomes evident due to the high morphological diversity of species currently recognized. After section of the cranial nerves and spinal cord, the brains were removed and major subdivisions were measured. Gross morphology of CNS of Pseudopimelodus bufonius, which belongs to genre type of family Pseudopimelodidae, was described and compared with congeners. Furthermore, the phylogenetic position of all genera of family was studied by 41 characters obtained from gross morphology of CNS. Twenty-eight taxa including out group species were analyzed. From two most parcimonious tree a strict consensus cladogram was obtained. These trees had 99 steps and consistency and retention indices of 0.62 and 0.85, respectively. In all examined species patterns in shape, position and size of major subdivisions of CNS were found and compared. Family Heptapteridae is sister group of clade comprising (Phreatobius Sanguijuela (Pimelodidae, Pseudopimelodidae)). Group comprising (Pseudopimelodus aff. Pulcher (Cruciglanis, Pseudopimelodus)) was considered sister group of clade comprising (Lophiosilurus (Cephalosilurus (Batrochoglanis, Microglanis))). Monofily of Pseudopimelodus aff pulcher species-group by some synapomorphies were proposed. The hypotheses showed in this study are consistent with the analysis of some recently performed where greater proximity among Pseudopimelodidae and Pimelodidae was proposed. Furthermore, Phreatobius sanguijuela located as sister group of this clade. Family Heptapteridae was proposed as sister group of all groups which supports the latest research using morphological and molecular datas.

An integrated micropaleontological, mineralogical and sequence stratigraphical investigation was carried out across the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/P) boundary in the Haymana basin, Turkey. A 29.41 m thick boundary section consisting of limestones and marls was measured and 90 samples were analyzed. Biostratigraphic and chronostratigraphic works are based on the planktonic foraminifera. 64 planktonic species were identified and 5 biozones were established. The biozones are, in ascending order, Planoglobulina acervulinoides zone, Racemiguembelina fructicosa zone, Pseudoguembelina hariaensis zone for the Late Maastrichtian
Guembelitria cretacea (P0) zone and Parvulorugoglobigerina eugubina (P1a) zone for the Early Danian. In order to detect the mineralogical changes across the boundary bulk and clay minerals were analyzed using X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Calcite, quartz,feldspar and the clay minerals composed of smectite (montmorillonite) and chlorite are the main components of the rocks. A decrease in calcite and an increase in the detrital minerals (quartz, feldspar) and the clay minerals were detected in the boundary beds. In order to find out the depositional history of the area a detailed microfacies study was performed and 10 microfacies type were determined. The microfacies types defined correspond to slope to basin environment. Based on microfacies analyses, the sequence stratigraphic framework of the boundary beds was constructed. K/P boundary beds were recorded in the transition of transgressive systems tract to highstand systems tract, coinciding with a maximum flooding surface. These beds show a similar pattern with many other K/P boundary beds in different locations of the world indicating eustatic sealevel variations overprint the tectonic control in the basin.

In the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex (CACC) the Late Cretaceous post-collisional granitic magmatism is followed by Eocene extension, resulting in formation of roughly E-W trending transtensional basins. Formation of these basins was accompanied by calc- alkaline- mildly alkaline volcanism. The volcanic rocks, mainly subaques lava flows and subareal domes are concentrated along these basins and associated with Middle Eocene (Bartonian) Mucur Formation. They are basic to intermediate and are classified as basalt, basaltic andesite and rarely alkali basalt and trachy-andesite. All studied samples are strongly and variably LREE enriched relative to chondrite with the (La/Sm)N ratio of 2.26- to 6.17. They have negative Nb-Ta and Ti anomalies in the primitive mantle normalized diagram, and are characterized by low Nb/La (0.21 to 0.62), Ce/Pb (3.70-34.90) and Nb/U ratios (1.11-30), which may indicate an interaction with the Late Cretaceous granitic host rocks in the course of their ascent. The volcanic rocks display similar but variable ranges of Sr, Nd and Pb isotope values. Relatively high values of &epsilon
Nd (0.53 to 4.33) indicate an isotopically depleted mantle source. Combined trace element and isotope compositions of the Eocene samples suggest that they were derived from a heterogeneous lithospheric mantle source that had been metasomatized by subduction related agents such as fluids and/or melts during a previous geodynamic event. Geochemistry and geotectonic setting point out that lithospheric delamination was the most likely mechanism to generate these calc-alkaline to mildly alkaline volcanic rocks in the CACC.

This thesis presents the results of charcoal analysis from the Neolithic sites of Çatalhöyük and Pınarbaşı in South-Central Anatolia, Turkey. The treatment of the subject centres upon two major issues: I. An improvement of the currently available methodological and analytical tools in the field of charcoal analysis, in order to evaluate in an objective way the taphonomic status of wood charcoal macro-remains and thus allow formulating viable working hypotheses on firewood selection and consumption. For this purpose, the current state of affairs in charcoal analysis is re-assessed, aiming at clarifying the major methodological and interpretive debates within the discipline. Furthermore, the available evidence on wood charcoal taphonomy alongside firewood selection and consumption is critically reviewed. Drawin from this body of theory, some new methodological avenues are proposed and tested on the wood charcoal assemblages derived from Çatalhöyük and Pınarbaşı. It is argued that through such a holistic assessment of wood charcoal taphonomy, concentrating mainly in clarifying the impact of source and context on taxon representation,m crucial information can be obtanied concerning the dominant patterns of fuel use and exploitation. The results of this process are finally evaluated against other, independent lines of evidence (i.e. excavation records, archaeobotany, zooarchaeology, pollen analysis, etc.) II. An innovative appreoach to vegetation reconstruction in the context of Near Eastern archaeobotany and palaeoecology grounded on the analysis of woodland habitats in terms of their seasonal and temporal transformations, and their potential responses to natural and/or anthropogenic disturbance. The main purpose is to identify long-term patterns of interaction between human strategies of woodland exploitation and past vegetation. It is argued furthermore that the dominant perceptions of the availability of landscape resources, shaped by the full compendium of economic strategies practised at the settlement level, are the major determinant in what concerns both the modes and the intensity of woodland exploitation. Finally, the charcoal data are evaluated against the available evidence for the evolution of settlement patterns and subsistence strategies in South-Central Anatolia during the early Holocene. The aim is to ecamine whether they may conform to a general trajectory of temporal changes that can be regionally traced concerning the perception and exploitation of landscape resources.

The patterns of human diet and migration of the population of Boğazköy in north-central Anatolia were investigated through the application of carbon (δ13C), nitrogen (δ15N) and sulphur (δ34S) stable isotope analysis of bone collagen. The materials used for this research include human and faunal bone samples dating from the Bronze Age to the Roman period. This is the first isotopic study conducted at Boğazköy and for these time periods in north-central Anatolia. The aim of the research was both to reconstruct the dietary habits and mobility patterns of this community as well as investigating the usefulness of δ34S analysis as a dietary tool in this region of Anatolia. Examining the diet and economy at Boğazköy through an isotopic perspective provides a clearer understanding of the life of the inhabitants of the city and sheds light of the political and sociological changes observed during this period in Anatolia. Analysis across different periods revealed that the Bronze Age stands out with the most enriched δ15N (9.9±0.8‰) and δ34S (12.6±3.0‰) values, suggesting a higher consumption of protein in relation to later periods and/or foreign origin for these individuals. With the exception of the Bronze Age, dietary behaviours were very similar across all phases of occupation and do not differ significantly from those observed at other Anatolian sites. The δ13C (‒18.6±0.4‰) and δ15N (9.0±0.9‰) average values for the Iron Age, Hellenistic and Roman periods suggested a diet predominantly based on C3 terrestrial sources. Variations between individuals, implying the consumption of different levels of animal protein, were not directly connected to sex or age. The δ13C results for several of the domestic animals suggest inclusion of C4 plants in their diets. Slight elevated δ13C values for humans indicates the consumption of these animals or the variability of C3 plant values, which may relate to the aridity of this region. The δ15N results suggest the consumption of low quantities of meat, dairy products and/or the contribution of pulses. The application of δ34S has also provided insight into Boğazköy’s economy by suggesting the use of transhumance as a herding strategy during the Iron Age. The presence of foreigners during the Hittite period is also implied by the δ34S results from the human samples. These indicate a coastal provenance where sea-spray effect was visible; however, the lack of a δ34S baseline data for large regions of Anatolia hinders further interpretation of the results.

The study area is situated on the northern extension of the Tuzgolu basin, (Central Anatolia) and contains Upper Cretaceous--Tertiary volcanic, clastic, and carbonate rocks with evaporites deposited on an ophiolitic melange basement, the Ankara Melange. The present structure of the area is the result of tectonism during late Alpine movements. The movements controlled the timing and conditions of sediment accumulation. The Bala basin evolved on the northern continental margin of the Kirsehir block. A brief period of south dipping subduction, which originated a continental island arc, was followed by oblique subduction, transform fault and continent to continent collision stages. These determined the shape and depositional characteristics of the basin. This is supported by independent magnetic evidence which suggests a 90° anti-clock wise rotation of the Kirsehir block during the Upper Cretaceous-Eocene period. Deposition of sediments occurred in two phases. The Upper Cretaceous-Middle Eocene phase contains seven formations, Four are believed to have been deposited in a deep marine environment by mass movements and turdidity currents sometimes forming submarine fans, and two are shallow marine to continental deposits. The seventh is composed mainly of Andean type calcalkaline volcanic rocks and their pyroclas-tics and was formed by subaerial lava flows. The formations reflect conditions of deposition in different parts of the basin and therefore some are the time equivalent of others. The Middle Eocene to probably Oligocene phase consists of two interfingering formations deposited in continental and marine environments of deposition. Palaeocurrent and petrographic data suggest that during the first phase, the source area was to the southeast and formed by volcanic rocks of Sarikaya formation and Ankara Melange, while in the second phase sediments were derived.

Orientador: Luiz Carlos Vulcano
Resumo: Este estudo teve por objetivo descrever a anatomia das estruturas intracranianas em capivaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) in vivo por meio da ressonância magnética, propiciando informações mais detalhadas da anatomia encefálica e ocular desta espécie. Foram utilizados oito animais e duas peças anatômicas encefálicas para o estudo descritivo comparando-os com animais domésticos e outros roedores, sendo observado redução dos sulcos e giros cerebrais, bulbos olfatórios e hipófise proeminentes e evidenciação do ventrículo olfatório. Além das estruturas do encéfalo, foram avaliados também o bulbo ocular e a órbita desses animais obtendo a média (+ DP) do comprimento axial do bulbo ocular de 24,1 + 1,8 mm, profundidade da câmara anterior de 2,8 + 1,8 mm, espessura da lente de 8,5 + 0,7 mm e espessura do nervo óptico de 2,9 + 0,6 mm e 2,6 + 0,6 mm para o terço proximal e distal, respectivamente. Com esses estudos, foi possível concluir que capivaras apresentaram sulcos e giros em maior proporção do que outros roedores e a hipófise e bulbo olfatório dessa espécie foram mais amplos quando comparado aos animais domésticos. Além disso, as estruturas da órbita apresentaram melhor detalhamento da sequência T1 de ressonância magnética e que as medidas, apesar de serem utilizadas na rotina ultrassonográfica, podem ser utilizadas como complemento para o estudo da órbita de capivara por meio da ressonância magnética.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to describe the anatomy of intracranial structures in living capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) providing more detailed information of brain, eye and orbit anatomy of this species. Eight capybaras and two anatomic encephalic specimens were used for the descriptive study comparing them with domestic animals and other rodents, observing reduction of the sulcus and gyrus, prominent olfactory bulb and pituitary, and presence of the olfactory ventricle. In addition, ocular bulb and orbit of these animals were also evaluated, obtaining the (+ SD) of the axial length of the eye bulb of 24.1 + 1.8 mm, anterior chamber depth of 2.8 + 0.6 mm, lens thickness of 8.5 + 0.7 mm, and optic nerve thickness of 2.6 + 0.6 and 2.9 + 0.6 mm from proximal to distal portion, respectively. In conclusion, capybaras had sulcus and gyrus in a greater proportion than other rodents and the hypophysis and olfactory bulb were more extensive when compared to domestic animals. In addition, the orbital structures presented better detail on T1 MR images and that measurements used in the ultrasound routine can be used as a complement for the study of the orbit of capybaras by means of MRI exams.
Doutor

The aim of this study is to define mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of phlogopite-pargasite enriched ultramafic-mafic cumulate rocks from Kuranç
ali (Kirsehir) and their implications for petrology and regional geological setting. The Kuranç
ali rocks, found within an allochthonous sliver, are representative for the isolated members of the Central Anatolian Ophiolites, derived from closure of Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan branch of Alpine Neotethys. The rocks overthrust the Metamorphic Ophiolitic Mé
lange (the uppermost part of the Central Anatolian Metamorphics) and cut by felsic dykes of the Late Cretaceous Central Anatolian Granitoids. The Kuranç
ali rocks are unusually enriched in phlogopite and pargasite with varying crystal sizes. They are also composed of diopsidic augite, plagioclase, rutile, ilmenite, sphene, apatite and pyrite. The rocks are divided into six types
clinopyroxenite, clinopyroxenite-with-hydrous minerals-plagioclase, phlogopitite, hornblendite, layered gabbro and diorite. Evaluation of detailed EMP data from constituent minerals of different rock types showed that phlogopite with high Fe2+-Fe3+-Al[6]-Ti, diopsidic-augite with high Ca-Al(t)-Ti, Si-undersaturated pargasite with high Al[4]-K-Na-Ti-contents and intercumulus plagioclase with a wide range of composition (an%=40.61-98.58) display unusual compositions. Substitution mechanisms and elemental variations of the minerals suggest crystallization from hydrous metasomatized mantle, high water pressure and oxygen fugacities during formation of the Kuranç
ali rocks. Major oxide, trace and rare earth element abundances of the rock units were used to evaluate petrological characteristics. Chemical and tectonic discrimination diagrams, and parallel multi-element and REE patterns with highly enriched in LILE and LREE relative to HREE and HFSE show strong calc-alkaline affinity with slight alkaline features. Troughs at Nb-Ta and Ti characterize the rocks but these elements are slightly enriched than N-MORB. The rocks show high LREE/HREE ratios. Both unusual mineralogical and geochemical features of the rocks show that the rocks were generated in an arc environment. Moreover, they require a mantle wedge source strongly influenced by metasomatic components (fluid/melt) derived from subducting slab and/or OIB-like alkaline melt. Comparison of the rocks with tectonically well-defined rocks displays that they are generated in an intra-oceanic arc environment, but owe a comparison with fore-arc back-arc Central Anatolian Ophiolites within supra-subduction zone environment revealed that Kuranç
ali rocks are different and generated in an arc basement.

The North Anatolian Fault (NAF) is one of the world&rsquo
s largest active continental strikeslip faults, and forms the northern margin of the Anatolian plate. Although its geologic and geomorphologic features are well defined, crustal deformation and associated seismicity around central segment of the NAF is relatively less-known. In this study, we analyzed locations and focal mechanisms of 172 events with magnitude &ge
3, which are recorded by 39 broadband seismic stations deployed by the North Anatolian Passive Seismic Experiment (2005-2008). Distribution of the events shows that the local seismicity in the area is widely distributed, suggesting a widespread continental deformation, particularly in the southern block. For the entire data set, P- and S- arrival times are picked and events are relocated using the HYPOCENTER program. Then, relocated events which have a good azimuthal coverage with a maximum gap of 120°
and at least 13 P- wave readings are selected and 1-D inversion algorithm, VELEST, is used to derive the 1-D seismic velocity model of the region. The final model with updated locations is later put together to the FOCMEC program, to obtain focal mechanisms solutions. In this step, an iterative scheme is applied by increasing the number of data errors. To obtain more unique solutions, first motions of P and SH v phases are used along with SH/P amplitude ratios. Resultant 109 well-constrained focal mechanisms later used to perform stress tensor inversion across the region. Our focal mechanisms suggest a dominant strike-slip deformation along two major fault sets in the region. In the east, E-W trending splays (Ezinepazari, Almus, and Laç
in Kizilirmak) show right-lateral strike-slip motion similar to the NAF whereas in the west, N-S trending faults (Dodurga, Eldivan) show left lateral strike-slip motion. Overall, stress orientations are found as: maximum principal stress, &sigma
1, is found to be subhorizontal striking NW-SE, the intermediate principle stress, &sigma
2, is vertically orientated and the minimum principal stress, &sigma
3, is found to be NE &ndash
SW striking, consistent with the strike-slip regime of the region.

Around 1000 ya, Turkic language started to be introduced to Turkey and Azerbaijan (Region of language replacement, RLR) in parallel with the migrations of Turkic speaking nomadic groups from Central Asia. The Central Asian contribution to the RLR was analyzed with four admixture methods considering different evolutionary forces. Furthermore, the association between the Central Asian contribution and the language replacement episode was estimated by comparatively analyzing the Central Asian contribution to RLR and to their non-Turkic speaking neighbors. In the present study, analyses revealed that Chikhi et al.&rsquo
s (2001) method represents the closest estimates to the true Central Asian contributions. Based on this method, it was observed that there were lower male (13%) than female (22%) contributions from Central Asia to Anatolia, with wide ranges of confidence intervals. Lower contribution, with respect to males, is to be explained by homogenization between the males of the Balkans and those of Anatolia. In Azerbaijan this contribution was 18% in females and 32% in males. Moreover, results pointed out that the Central Asian contribution in RLR can not be totally attributed to the language replacement episode because similar, or even higher, Central Asian contributions in northern and southern non-Turkic speaking neighbors were observed. The presence of a 20% or more admixture proportion in the RLR, and the presence of even higher contributions around the region, suggested that language might not be replaced inaccordance with &ldquo
elite dominance model&rdquo
.

The aim of this project is to produce new archaeobotanical evidence for the early-mid Neolithic sequence of Çatalhöyük in Central Anatolia, and use it as a basis for investigation into the nature and scale of crop husbandry at a long-living early farming settlement in south-west Asia. The archaeobotanical weed record is here considered the primary source of information on the aspects of crop husbandry indicative of different cultivation practices (i.e. permanence, seasonality and intensity) and crucial for distinguishing between contrasting agricultural systems (i.e. intensive vs. extensive cultivation) Of the thousands of archaeobotanical samples available from the study site, 115 samples from the early-mid Neolithic occupation were selected as archaeobotanically rich and originating from archaeologically well-defined situations (‘primary deposits’). Crop remains dominate the selected dataset and it is suggested that crop processing is one of the major source of the material. Another major taphonomic factor contributing to, and shaping the macro-botanical assemblage is burning of animal (sheep/goat) dung as fuel, as has been documented by micromorphological, and previous and current archaeobotanical analysis of macro-remains and phytoliths at the site. It has been proposed that residues from the two processes (crop processing and dung burning) are mixed in many archaeological deposits, obscuring the distinction between and impeding consideration of the two separate practices. Various analytical approaches are applied and combined in order to ‘disentangle’ arable weeds from dung-derived taxa in the archaeological deposits. In order to determine the stage(s) of crop processing represented by the samples, ethnoarchaeological models and ethnographically-derived statistical methods for crop processing analysis are employed. The archaeobotanical criteria for identification of dung-derived material, supported by the ethnographic information, ecological data and observations from the sheep/goat feeding experiments, are used for recognition of the material arriving at the site via burning of dung. The variability in the assemblage is explored using the correspondence analysis; the patterning revealed the differences between arable weeds and wild taxa deriving from sheep/goat dung, enabling the clear separation of the two datasets. The material identified as deriving from sheep/goat dung offers a basis for consideration of livestock diet, with wider implications for land use and integration with farming. The archaeobotanical weed data are compared on the basis of their ecological characteristics to the modern weed surveys and studies of traditional crop husbandry regimes. The results indicate that crops were grown in fixed plots sown in autumn and managed using intensive methods (e.g. careful tillage, weeding, manuring) implying close proximity of the fields to the settlement. The combined evidence from animal and crop husbandry suggests intensive garden cultivation as the most plausible model for early-mid Neolithic Çatalhöyük. The identified cultivation system has implications for issues such as settlement location, residents’ mobility, crop cultivation productivity and long-term sustainability, as well as social context of farming possibly reflected in the settlement’s spatial organisation.

Les proprietes vectorielles des roches pyroclastiques sont utilisees dans ce memoire pour caracteriser leurs processus de mise en place et pour localiser geographiquement la source des nappes d'ignimbrite. Les applications s'adressent a la province volcanique d'anatolie centrale (turquie) et a l'etna (sicile). Une analyse de la fabrique magnetique de l'ignimbrite de kizilkaya montre que l'origine de l'asm est variable dans ce type de roche. L'asm est coaxiale de la fabrique de forme mais les relations entre axes magnetiques et cinematiques sont complexes. Durant l'histoire de la mise en place, l'ignimbrite s'est comportee surtout comme un fluide de type newtonien. Une aggradation par palier est proposee comme mecanisme de depot dans cette unite. La localisation de la source est estimee par plusieurs methodes. L'une est basee sur la densite de recouvrement des eventails d'erreur asm. Une autre est basee sur la recherche du point du plan geographique a partir duquel les donnees directionnelles divergent le moins. Les resultats indiquent que la source est situee au sud-ouest de la ville de derinkuyu. D'autres methodes quantitatives nouvelles sont proposees dans la these. L'etude d'une autre ignimbrite est faite par analyse d'image de photographies prises sur le terrain. On montre que les fragments lithiques noyes dans une matrice cendreuse, developpent une fabrique similaire a celle produite par rotation interrompue de marqueurs rigides plonges dans un fluide visqueux d'inertie importante, soumis a un cisaillement simple lent. Le depot se serait fait en masse dans cette unite. A l'etna, on montre par l'analyse de fonction d'orientation de marqueurs rigides que les produits associes a la caldera du cratere elliptique sont en fait des pyroclastites soudees et non des coulees brechifiees par vesiculation progressive. Une synthese de la geologie des ignimbrites de cappadoce est presentee. Six grandes unites sont reconnues (surface: 2 500 a 10 500 km#2 ; volume: 80 a 300 km#3). Leurs sources sont situees au nord et au sud du massif de l'erdas. En outre, le massif tres fracture de sahinkalesi tepe est une importante structure de soulevement

During the evolutionary path, cetaceans experienced a return to waters and hence had to adapt many of their anatomical and physiological features to this new life. Many organs and systems present several modifications and specialisations and the nervous system either displays peculiar features. Despite a strong interest in studying these peculiarities, many areas of the cetaceans nervous system lack a detailed anatomical, histological and neurochemical description. The aim of the present research is to investigate the neurochemistry of different central and peripheral regions of the Delphinidae nervous system, including anatomical and histological features. We developed four anatomical studies on the central and peripheral nervous system of dolphins under healthy and pathological conditions. We investigated the architecture and distribution of calretinin-immunoreactivity in the lateral nucleus of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) amygdala, and the Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) expression in the spinal cord and spinal ganglia of the bottlenose dolphin. Subsequently, we focused on nitrergic and substance P immunoreactive (SP) neurons in the enteric nervous system of the bottlenose dolphin intestine. Finally, we designed a preliminary study on the expression of calcium binding proteins and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the cortex and cerebellum of striped dolphins (Stenella Coeruleoalba) affected by morbillivirus. In each of these studies, interesting and unreported peculiarities have been described, together with features that are more conserved across mammalian species. This collection of studies is a little contribution to the current knowledge on cetaceans’ nervous system. We believe that anatomy and other basic sciences represent the necessary way that leads to a better knowledge and understanding of these peculiar animals, with a view to planning proper and effective conservation strategies.

This research uses quantitative and qualitative data collected from ten Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic sites in Central and Southwest Anatolia (Asikli Hoyuk, Catalhoyuk, Canhasan III, Canhasan I, Guvercinkayasi, Hoyucek, Badamagaci, Erbaba, Hacilar and Kuru9ay) to investigate the relationship between the use of household and community space and chronological, regional and subsistence changes. This relationship was explored using data about buildings, the distribution of subsistence activities, upper storeys, building entry, open spaces and inter-household arrangements. It was concluded that inter-site differences in building size, configuration and design were marked, suggesting local rather than global trajectories of the kind associated with chronology, region or subsistence. Nevertheless, three trends were identified. Firstly, buildings became larger over time on many sites. Secondly, building density was higher in Central Anatolia due largely to the agglomerated architecture found only in that region. Thirdly, throughout the Neolithic, buildings typically housed single nuclear households but building differentiation, absent at Asikli Hoyuk, increased over time and was present at Catalhoyuk. During the Early Chalcolithic, buildings became more differentiated. These changes mirrored those found in the Levant and Northern Iraq but their use by some writers to construct a three-stage socio-political model (collaborative small households, corporate kinship and simple hierarchical systems) was rejected. A relationship was found between changes in household configuration and animal domestication in Central Anatolia where three sites had documented faunal evidence. It was concluded that further research in Near Eastem and eastern Mediterranean contexts was needed to test the strength of this relationship, particularly the correlation between settlement size, architectural configuration, subsistence strategies and demography. The research also evaluated the qualitative and quantitative methodologies (including space syntax) used to study household space and concluded that an approach combining ethnographic analogy, systematic description and statistical analysis was most effective.

This thesis presents the results of the analysis of the anthracological remains (charred fuel wood waste debris) retrieved from the archaeological sites of Pınarbaşı, Boncuklu, Can Hasan III, Çatalhöyük East and Çatalhöyük West, located in the Konya plain of south-central Anatolia, Turkey. Together, these sites span the time period between ~15-7.5 ka cal. BP. The main aims of the present study are: (a) to characterise the use of prehistoric woodlands in south-central Anatolia and its changes through time during this critical period for the development of settled life and early agricultural economies, (b) to investigate the nature and scale of woodland management activities and anthropogenic impacts on prehistoric woodland vegetation, and (c) to assess the representativeness of the anthracological assemblages for reconstructing the composition, structure, form and distribution of late Pleistocene and early to mid-Holocene woodland vegetation in south-central Anatolia, and its changing ecologies in relation to climate, woodland growth conditions and human impacts. Anthracological analyses focused on charcoal macro-remains retrieved from a range of primary (fire features) and secondary (middens, building infill, and general dispersed contexts) fuel wood waste deposits. The methodologies applied included the taphonomic assessment of charcoal densities, standard taxon frequency and ubiquity quantitative analyses, and the quantitative and qualitative analysis of wood calibre and the dendroecological features preserved in archaeological charcoal specimens. The results of these analyses were further explored through the application of a range of multivariate quantitative techniques. The same techniques were also used to integrate the results of anthracological analyses with dung fuel seed archaeobotanical and select hunted and herded faunal datasets, in order to evaluate their co-variation, and thus reconstruct the co-evolution of landscape practices and anthropogenic impacts across space and time. This thesis demonstrates the unique potential of anthracology to provide novel and highly original insights in the palaeoecology and palaeoeconomy of Southwest Asia, particularly with regard to the investigation of vegetation history, the origin and developments of early anthropogenic landscapes and the nature of people-environment interactions during the transition from foraging to farming.

El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar la magnitud y el impacto del cáncer colorrectal en el Hospital Militar Central a través de la tasa de morbilidad y mortalidad, calculados a partir de los datos de base poblacional del Registro de Cáncer del Hospital Militar Central, se incluyeron en este estudio 86 casos de pacientes con diagnóstico anatomopatológico de cáncer colorrectal, desde enero del 2001 a diciembre del 2013 en el servicio de Cirugía del Hospital Militar Central. Estos casos fueron elegidos de manera no probabilística por conveniencia, la información referente a cada caso fue registrado en una ficha de recolección de datos, los datos obtenidos fueron evaluados con el paquete estadístico SPSS. Se obtuvo como resultado que la tasa de morbilidad en el Hospital Militar Central entre los años 2001-2013 es de 5.3% y la tasa de mortalidad es de 6.5%. Este estudio concluye que las tasas de mortalidad y morbilidad de cáncer colorrectal en el Perú son relativamente bajas. Además, a nivel nacional y mundial la tasa de morbilidad y mortalidad por cáncer es variable según el área geográfica o centro de salud donde se realice el estudio, y estas tasas presentan un claro patrón ascendente.
Trabajo académico

The aim of this study is to investigate the petrography, geochemistry and evolution of quartz-tourmaline-rich rocks occurring in a wide breccia zone within the Late Cretaceous Kerkenez Granitoid (Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex (CACC), Turkey). The approximately 40-m wide main breccia zone has a NE-SW trend and is characterized by intense cataclastic deformation. The breccia zone can be traced several kilometers towards the west and generally occurs as tourmaline-filled faults and 1mm-30cm-thick veins within the granitoid. On the basis of mineralogical and textural features, rocks within this zone are defined as tourmaline veins, tourmaline-breccias and quartz-tourmaline rocks. These rocks are generally composed of quartz, tourmaline and granitic fragments. Petrographical investigations and electron-microprobe analyses indicate that, there are three optically and chemically different tourmaline generations. From oldest to youngest, the tourmalines are classified as blue pleochroic feruvites, blue-green pleochroic schorls and green-light green pleochroic schorls. The chemistry of the tourmalines suggests that these tourmalines crystallized from boron rich fluids derived from an evolving magma. Consequently, the quartz tourmaline-breccia zone is considered to have formed by the injection of overpressured boron rich fluids into faults and fractures present within the Kerkenez Granitoid. Fluid-filled faults and fractures were sealed by quartz-tourmaline crystallization. This led to further fractionation in the magma, new fluid pressure accumulations, reactivation of faults and crystallization of different tourmaline generations. Tourmaline-breccia zones are scarce in the literature and the presence of such rocks within the CACC is first reported in this study.

This study aims to find out major factors acting on steppe biodiversity of Inner Anatolia by focusing on one million hectares of mountainous land. Quantitative data on common plants, breeding birds and butterflies as well as environmental and land use data were collected at 33 sites determined by environmental stratification. Data has been analyzed with Spearman&rsquo
s rank correlation, canonical correspondence analysis, detrended correspondence analysis, two-way indicator species analysis and hierarchical partitioning. Results show that elevation, current grazing intensity, distance to woodlands and arable lands are the main determinants of richness and diversity. Other important factors are soil Magnesium and organic matter for plants
local heterogeneity and shrub/tree density for birds
plant richness and mud-puddling sites or wind shelters attracting butterflies. Altitude and grazing intensity have negative effects on biodiversity whereas soil Magnesium and proximity to other vegetation types have positive effects. In sites with more than 90% herbaceous coverage, shrub/tree density is a good indicator for the richness patterns of all groups. The richest sites are low mountain shrubby steppes close to woodlands and arable lands, ploughed 30-100 years ago but then abandoned and experienced light or no grazing afterwards. Six major plant communities are distinguished by gypsum bedrock, altitude and years since land abandonment. Four main bird assemblages are differentiated with landscape and local heterogeneity and composition and wood density of the sites. Various factors act on richness and diversity patterns on steppes, differing for species groups and assemblages. Conservation actions should encompass conservation priority species, represent different species assemblages, consider all major factors mentioned above especially landscape and local heterogeneity including different seral stages and sustaining conservation through nature-friendly land use. Planning afforestation in the way not to destroy rich steppes and building awareness on steppes as a value are important conservation actions.

Determina cuáles son los marcadores tumorales (MT) más utilizados en el monitoreo posquirúrgico de los pacientes con cáncer colorectal sometidos a resección quirúrgica y analizar su tendencia a la normalización, así como su utilidad para discriminar las recurrencias. Estudio de tipo cohorte retrospectivo en el cual se revisaron las historias clínicas de pacientes que fueron sometidos a cirugía resectiva por cáncer colorectal en el Hospital Militar Central “Luis Arias Schreiber”, durante el periodo Enero 2003-Diciembre 2007, con el objetivo de analizar los resultados del monitoreo por MT. Durante el periodo de estudio se registraron un total de 56 casos (61% varones, con una edad promedio de 67.9 ± 13.2 años) de pacientes con cáncer colorectal sometidos a cirugías resectivas. En la mayoría de los casos el cáncer se localizó en colon (83%), era de tipo carcinoma (98%) y se encontraba en estadíos IIIA (48%) o IV (39%) de la clasificación TNM. En el 53% de los casos no se dosó ningún MT en el prequirúrgico, siendo los marcadores más utilizados el ACE (41%) y el CA-19.9 (29%). En promedio durante el prequirúrgico se pudo observar que el número de MT utilizados fue significativamente mayor en el postquirúrgico que en el prequirúrgico (2.2± 0.6 vs 0.9 ± 1.1, p <0.001). En total se registraron 4 (7.1%) de recurrencias, registrándose diferencias significativas entre las medias de los MT pre y post quirúrgicos ACE (13.2 ± 21.3 vs. 83.8 ± 21.3, p <0.001), Ca-19.9 (28.9 ± 31.2 vs. 82.9 ± 84.8, p <0.001) y CA-72.4 (17.2 ± 22.6 vs. 235.5 ± 199.3, p <0.001). no encontrándose mayores diferencias entre los niveles pre y posquirúrgicos de los MT AFP (5.9 ± 7.9 vs. 2.9 ± 0.4, p =0.440) ni CA-125 (18.6 ± 21.3 vs. 10.0 ± 1.5, p =0.569). En la experiencia del Hospital Militar Central el ACE, es el marcador tumoral más utilizado en el seguimiento de los pacientes con cáncer colorectal sometidos a resección quirúrgica; el cual tuvo utilidad en identificar casos de recurrencia al año de seguimiento. El resto de marcadores tumorales no tuvieron utilidad significativa.
Trabajo académico