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1
Nascimento, Rodolfo Gomes do, Ronald de Oliveira Cardoso, Zeneide Nazaré Lima dos Santos, Denise da Silva Pinto et Celina Maria Colino Magalhães. « Housing conditions and the degree of home satisfaction of elderly riverside residents of the Amazon region ». Psico-USF 22, no 3 (décembre 2017) : 389–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712017220301.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract At the crossroads of environmental psychology and social gerontology, this descriptive and exploratory study investigates the housing conditions of the elderly who live close to an Amazonian river and assesses their degree of satisfaction with their housing. Using four instruments, we study 23 elderly residents of the river islands of the municipality of Cametá, Pará, Brazil. Despite high territorial isolation, low socioeconomic status, and largely inappropriate housing conditions, the results reveal the elderly’s overall satisfaction with their home environment, except in relation to accessibility and safety. The data of this study give larger visibility to people’s main needs in this context and provide relevant information for the planning of social and health policies aimed at bettering the quality of this stage of the life span.
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Fontes, Jassiel V. H., Paulo R. R. de Almeida, Harlysson W. S. Maia, Irving D. Hernández, Claudio A. Rodríguez, Rodolfo Silva, Edgar Mendoza, Paulo T. T. Esperança, Ricardo Almeida Sanches et Said Mounsif. « Marine Accidents in the Brazilian Amazon : The Problems and Challenges in the Initiatives for Their Prevention Focused on Passenger Ships ». Sustainability 15, no 1 (25 décembre 2022) : 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010328.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Brazilian Amazon is part of one of the largest river systems in the world, in which the transport of cargo and passengers is commonplace. However, several accidents still occur to passenger ships, causing fatalities. Transportation occurs commonly in remote regions, where there are transport inequalities, and emergency assistance is hard to find. This can affect sustainability in communities with considerable levels of economic and social vulnerability. More information is needed about accidents involving inland transport in the Amazon, to identify the threats to ships and propose strategies for accident prevention. This paper addresses the main problems that long-distance passenger ships face in the Brazilian Amazon, presenting an integrated framework towards accident prevention. First, the present situation is characterized in terms of ship description, spatial distribution, and regulations that are applicable. Next, possible causes of passenger ship accidents are discussed, including topics of concern that should be considered in the Amazon waterways. Finally, measures to help minimize passenger ship accidents are proposed, and the social relevance is discussed. It was found that accidents in the Amazon are due to a combination of human and environmental factors. Stakeholders should strengthen the technical and legal training of ship operators. The use of new technologies for navigational aid and necessary maintenance of ships is suggested. Marine accident prevention initiatives should consider local conditions, such as environmental preservation, cultural respect, and difficulties related to navigation through the complex riverine system of the Amazon region.
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Bandeira, Iris Celeste Nascimento, Raimundo Almir Costa da Conceição, Milena Marília Nogueira de Andrade, Sheila Gatinho Teixeira, Dianne Danielle Farias Fonseca, Joao Batista Marcelo de Lima, Andressa Macedo Silva de Azambuja et al. « FLUVIAL EROSION RISK ANALYSIS : AN AMAZON STUDY CASE ». REVISTA GEONORTE 12, no 39 (12 juillet 2021) : 01–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21170/geonorte.2021.v.12.n.39.01.25.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In the Amazon region, there are more than 26.000 people living in areas at risk of fluvial erosion processes. In addition to the large number of people impacted, studies have shown that the erosion patterns identified on the margins of mega rivers in the Amazon region are distinct due to the fact they are related the mass movement leading to great soil displacement known as ‘Terras Caidas’. In this context, this study aims to evaluate quantitatively the degrees of risk in areas subject to fluvial erosion in three communities: Itanduba, São Braz, and Fátima de Urucurituba. The methods include hazard attributes, as well as vulnerability aspects, through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). A multitemporal analysis were made to validated the marginal erosion at the studied areas. The results indicated a high risk of fluvial erosion on these areas. The local families lives under high and very high social vulnerability in conditions with little infrastructure and very close to the susceptible erosive riverbank. The riverbank is composed of poorly consolidated sediments, show instability indicators, and are usually associated to drainages with flow rates above 100.000m3/s. The results and methodology brings an important contribuition to territorial planning of the region.
4
Kabunda Badi, Mbuyi. « Extractivismo, conflictos y ecocidio en África : el caso de la cuenca del río Congo (República Democrática del Congo) y del delta de Níger (Nigeria) ». Estudios Críticos del Desarrollo 10, no 19 (25 novembre 2020) : 123–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35533/ecd.1019.mkb.
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Africa accounts for 33 percent of the planet’s natural resources: minerals, foodstuff s and energy sources. However, those resources do not contribute to an improvement in living conditions of Africans. Instead of a blessing, those resources have become a curse, as is the case of the Niger Delta. Africa also possesses significant forest resources. The jungles of the Congo River watershed make up the second-largest tropical biodiversity region after the Amazon. Unfortunately, the survival of these jungles has been threatened by the effects of mineral and agricultural exploitation, wars of depredation, and the activities of multinational logging companies. In contrast, protection efforts gain new territory with the creation of national parks and protected areas, the application of jungle management regulations and efforts of reforestation, and with greater adoption by mining and oil multinationals of their social and environmental responsibilities. The problem is structural and requires the adoption of another model of development, based on post-growth and eco-development, in place of the current ecocide.
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Valerio, Aline de M., Milton Kampel, Vincent Vantrepotte, Nicholas D. Ward et Jeffrey E. Richey. « Optical Classification of Lower Amazon Waters Based on In Situ Data and Sentinel-3 Ocean and Land Color Instrument Imagery ». Remote Sensing 13, no 16 (4 août 2021) : 3057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13163057.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Optical water types (OWTs) were identified from an in situ dataset of concomitant biogeochemical and optical parameters acquired in the Amazon River and its tributaries, in the Lower Amazon region, at different hydrological conditions from 2014 to 2017. A seasonal bio-optical characterization was performed. The k-means classification was applied to the in situ normalized reflectance spectra (rn(λ)), allowing the identification of four OWTs. An optical index method was also applied to the rn(λ) defining the thresholds of the OWTs. Next, level-3 Sentinel-3 Ocean and Land Color Instrument images representative of the seasonal discharge conditions were classified using the identified in situ OWTs as reference. The differences between Amazon River and clearwater tributary OWTs were dependent on the hydrological dynamics of the Amazon River, also showing a strong seasonal variability. Each OWT was associated with a specific bio-optical and biogeochemical environment assessed from the corresponding absorption coefficient values of colored dissolved organic matter (aCDOM) and particulate matter (ap), chlorophyll-a and suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentrations, and aCDOM/ap ratio. The rising water season presented a unique OWT with high SPM concentration and high relative contribution of ap to total absorption compared to the other OWTs. This bio-optical characterization of Lower Amazon River waters represents a first step for developing remote sensing inversion models adjusted to the optical complexity of this region.
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DE OLIVEIRA, ELANE D. CUNHA, ALAN C. DA CUNHA, NATALINA B. DA SILVA, RAQUEL CASTELO-BRANCO, JOÃO MORAIS, MARIA PAULA C. SCHNEIDER, SILVIA M. M. FAUSTINO, VITOR RAMOS et VITOR VASCONCELOS. « Morphological and molecular characterization of cyanobacterial isolates from the mouth of the Amazon River ». Phytotaxa 387, no 4 (11 janvier 2019) : 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.387.4.1.
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The Amazon region contains a great diversity of species, and the Amazon River basin accounts for almost 20% of all the freshwater in the world. Despite the favorable environmental conditions in this region, little is known about the cyanobacterial diversity of this waterbody, especially at the mouth of the river. In this paper, we used the polyphasic approach to identify 14 cyanobacterial strains isolated in the Amazon River on the inlet site from a drinking water supply located close to the river mouth. The isolated strains were characterized based on morphology, behavior in culture, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, phylogenetic analysis and potential for toxin production. The isolated strains belong to seven different genera, namely, Alkalinema, Cephalothrix, Limnothrix, Leptolyngbya, Phormidium, Pseudanabaena and an unidentified Nostocales taxa that may represent a new genus. Strikingly, there were no new species, nor detection of gene clusters associated with cyanotoxin production. However, the phylogenetic placements of the Amazonian strains of Limnothrix and Pseudanabaena provide new insight into the taxonomy of these genera, reinforcing the need for taxonomic revision.
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Müller, Letícia Morgana, Renato Kipnis, Mariane Pereira Ferreira, Sara Marzo, Bianca Fiedler, Mary Lucas, Jana Ilgner, Hilton P. Silva et Patrick Roberts. « Late Holocene dietary and cultural variability on the Xingu River, Amazon Basin : A stable isotopic approach ». PLOS ONE 17, no 8 (3 août 2022) : e0271545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271545.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Although once considered a ‘counterfeit paradise’, the Amazon Basin is now a region of increasing interest in discussions of pre-colonial tropical land-use and social complexity. Archaeobotany, archaeozoology, remote sensing and palaeoecology have revealed that, by the Late Holocene, populations in different parts of the Amazon Basin were using various domesticated plants, modifying soils, building earthworks, and even forming ‘Garden Cities’ along the Amazon River and its tributaries. However, there remains a relatively limited understanding as to how diets, environmental management, and social structures varied across this vast area. Here, we apply stable isotope analysis to human remains (n = 4 for collagen, n = 17 for tooth enamel), and associated fauna (n = 61 for collagen, n = 28 for tooth enamel), to directly determine the diets of populations living in the Volta Grande do Rio Xingu, an important region of pre-Columbian cultural interactions, between 390 cal. years BC and 1,675 cal. years AD. Our results highlight an ongoing dietary focus on C3 plants and wild terrestrial fauna and aquatic resources across sites and time periods, with varying integration of C4 plants (i.e. maize). We argue that, when compared to other datasets now available from elsewhere in the Amazon Basin, our study highlights the development of regional adaptations to local watercourses and forest types.
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Nittrouer, Charles A., David J. DeMaster, Steven A. Kuehl, Alberto G. Figueiredo, Richard W. Sternberg, L. Ercilio C. Faria, Odete M. Silveira et al. « Amazon Sediment Transport and Accumulation Along the Continuum of Mixed Fluvial and Marine Processes ». Annual Review of Marine Science 13, no 1 (3 janvier 2021) : 501–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060457.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Sediment transfer from land to ocean begins in coastal settings and, for large rivers such as the Amazon, has dramatic impacts over thousands of kilometers covering diverse environmental conditions. In the relatively natural Amazon tidal river, combinations of fluvial and marine processes transition toward the ocean, affecting the transport and accumulation of sediment in floodplains and tributary mouths. The enormous discharge of Amazon fresh water causes estuarine processes to occur on the continental shelf, where much sediment accumulation creates a large clinoform structure and where additional sediment accumulates along its shoreward boundary in tidal flats and mangrove forests. Some remaining Amazon sediment is transported beyond the region near the river mouth, and fluvial forces on it diminish. Numerous perturbations to Amazon sediment transport and accumulation occur naturally, but human actions will likely dominate future change, and now is the time to document, understand, and mitigate their impacts.
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Paiva, R. C. D., W. Collischonn, M. P. Bonnet et L. G. G. de Gonçalves. « On the sources of hydrological prediction uncertainty in the Amazon ». Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, no 9 (5 septembre 2012) : 3127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3127-2012.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract. Recent extreme events in the Amazon River basin and the vulnerability of local population motivate the development of hydrological forecast systems using process based models for this region. In this direction, the knowledge of the source of errors in hydrological forecast systems may guide the choice on improving model structure, model forcings or developing data assimilation systems for estimation of initial model states. We evaluate the relative importance of hydrologic initial conditions and model meteorological forcings errors (precipitation) as sources of stream flow forecast uncertainty in the Amazon River basin. We used a hindcast approach that compares Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (ESP) and a reverse Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (reverse-ESP). Simulations were performed using the physically-based and distributed hydrological model MGB-IPH, comprising surface energy and water balance, soil water, river and floodplain hydrodynamics processes. The model was forced using TRMM 3B42 precipitation estimates. Results show that uncertainty on initial conditions plays an important role for discharge predictability, even for large lead times (∼1 to 3 months) on main Amazonian Rivers. Initial conditions of surface waters state variables are the major source of hydrological forecast uncertainty, mainly in rivers with low slope and large floodplains. Initial conditions of groundwater state variables are important, mostly during low flow period and in the southeast part of the Amazon where lithology and the strong rainfall seasonality with a marked dry season may be the explaining factors. Analyses indicate that hydrological forecasts based on a hydrological model forced with historical meteorological data and optimal initial conditions may be feasible. Also, development of data assimilation methods is encouraged for this region.
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Cohen, Julia Clarinda Paiva, David Roy Fitzjarrald, Flávio Augusto Farias D'Oliveira, Ivan Saraiva, Illelson Rafael da Silva Barbosa, Adilson Wagner Gandu et Paulo Afonso Kuhn. « Radar-observed spatial and temporal rainfall variability near the Tapajós-Amazon confluence ». Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia 29, spe (décembre 2014) : 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-778620130058.
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Standard Amazonian rainfall climatologies rely on stations preferentially located near river margins. River breeze circulations that tend to suppress afternoon rainfall near the river and enhance it inland are not typically considered when reporting results. Previous studies found surprising nocturnal rainfall maxima near the rivers in some locations. We examine spatial and temporal rainfall variability in the Santarém region of the Tapajós-Amazon confluence, seeking to describe the importance of breeze effects on afternoon precipitation and defining the areal extent of nocturnal rainfall maxima.We used three years of mean S band radar reflectivity from Santarém airport with a Z-R relationship appropriate for tropical convective conditions. These data were complemented by TRMM satellite rainfall estimates. Nocturnal rainfall was enhanced along the Amazon River, consistent with the hypothesis that these are associated with the passage of instability lines, perhaps enhanced by local channeling and by land breeze convergence. In the daytime, two rainfall bands appear in mean results, along the east bank of the Tapajós River and to the south of the Amazon River, respectively.
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Paiva, R. C. D., W. Collischonn, M. P. Bonnet et L. G. G. Gonçalves. « On the sources of hydrological prediction uncertainty in the Amazon ». Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no 3 (20 mars 2012) : 3739–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-3739-2012.
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Abstract. Recent extreme events in the Amazon River basin and the vulnerability of local population motivate the development of hydrological forecast systems (HFSs) using process based models for this region. In this direction, the knowledge of the source of errors in HFSs may guide the choice on improving model structure, model forcings or developing data assimilation (DA) systems for estimation of initial model states. We evaluate the relative importance of hydrologic initial conditions (ICs) and model meteorological forcings (MFs) errors (precisely precipitation) as sources of stream flow forecast uncertainty in the Amazon River basin. We used a hindcast approach developed by Wood and Lettenmaier (2008) that contrasts Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (ESP) and a reverse Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (reverse-ESP). Simulations were performed using the physically-based and distributed hydrological model MGB-IPH, comprising surface energy and water balance, soil water, river and floodplain hydrodynamics processes. Model was forced using TRMM 3B42 precipitation estimates. Results show that uncertainty on initial conditions play an important role for discharge predictability even for large lead times (~1 to 3 months) on main Amazonian Rivers. ICs of surface waters state variables are the major source of hydrological forecast uncertainty, mainly in rivers with low slope and large floodplains. ICs of groundwater state variables are important mostly during low flow period and southeast part of the Amazon, where lithology and the strong rainfall seasonality with a marked dry season may be the explaining factors. Analyses indicate that hydrological forecasts based on a hydrological model forced with historical meteorological data and optimal initial conditions, may be feasible. Also, development of DA methods is encouraged for this region.
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Queiroz, Kristian Oliveira de. « FLOATING TERRITORIAL ARRANGEMENTS OF THE RIVER LAKE OF TEFÉ AND COARI IN THE AMAZONAS ». Mercator 21, no 1 (15 juin 2022) : 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4215/rm2022.e21011.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The largest urban centers of the Middle Solimões River region in Amazonas State, the cities of Tefé and Coari, have hundreds of traditional Amazonian fluvial structures exercising different spatial functions, they are the floating ones. The objective of this article is to understand the role of the floatings in these cities for regional development and territorial integration. At first, a classification is proposed based on the identification of the residential, commercial, institutional and service functions performed by the floatings in both lakes. Then, a characterization and classification of the floating territorial arrangements of these cities is elaborated. This reading provides subsidies for the understanding of social and economic relations in peripheral fluvial spaces in the Amazon useful or not to integrate the territory and develop this complex region of brazilian sociospatial formation. Keywords: : Floating, Floating Territorial Arrangements, Tefé, Coari, Amazon.
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Dias, Camila Loureiro. « Jesuit Maps and Political Discourse : The Amazon River of Father Samuel Fritz ». Americas 69, no 01 (juillet 2012) : 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500001814.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Long associated with the context of territorial disputes on the definition of the Amazon frontiers of the Iberian empires in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the map of the Amazon River designed by Jesuit Samuel Fritz is as famous as it is misunderstood. The map is, in fact, quite poorly understood, in both the field of cartographic history, where it would certainly occupy a place of importance, and the nascent field of Amazon social history, where it often serves as a supporting illustration. In fact, even the context in which this map was produced raises disputes that require further study, distinct from those undertaken by nationalist historiographies of the countries that share borders in Amazonia. For example, few studies have been carried out regarding the means of territorial occupation and their inherent conflicts during the first centuries of European colonization of this region. It is precisely for such analysis that the map of Samuel Fritz stands as an important document for historians: more than simply rendering the course of the Amazon River it transmits a political discourse, as does any map, intrinsic to the context in which it was produced.
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Dias, Camila Loureiro. « Jesuit Maps and Political Discourse : The Amazon River of Father Samuel Fritz ». Americas 69, no 1 (juillet 2012) : 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2012.0052.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Long associated with the context of territorial disputes on the definition of the Amazon frontiers of the Iberian empires in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the map of the Amazon River designed by Jesuit Samuel Fritz is as famous as it is misunderstood. The map is, in fact, quite poorly understood, in both the field of cartographic history, where it would certainly occupy a place of importance, and the nascent field of Amazon social history, where it often serves as a supporting illustration. In fact, even the context in which this map was produced raises disputes that require further study, distinct from those undertaken by nationalist historiographies of the countries that share borders in Amazonia. For example, few studies have been carried out regarding the means of territorial occupation and their inherent conflicts during the first centuries of European colonization of this region. It is precisely for such analysis that the map of Samuel Fritz stands as an important document for historians: more than simply rendering the course of the Amazon River it transmits a political discourse, as does any map, intrinsic to the context in which it was produced.
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Behling, Hermann, et Marcondes Lima da Costa. « Holocene Environmental Changes from the Rio Curuá Record in the Caxiuanã Region, Eastern Amazon Basin ». Quaternary Research 53, no 3 (mai 2000) : 369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2117.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractHolocene environments have been reconstructed by multiproxy studies of an 850-cm-long core from Rio Curuá dating to >8000 14C yr B.P. The low-energy river lies in the eastern Amazon rain forest in the Caxiuanã National Forest Reserve, 350 km west of Belem in northern Brazil. Sedimentological, mineralogical, and geochemical dates demonstrate that the deposits correspond to two different environments, sediments of an active river before 8000 14C yr B.P. and later a passive river system. The pollen analytical results indicate four different local and regional Holocene paleoenvironmental periods: (1) a transition to a passive fluvial system and a well-drained terra firme (unflooded upland) Amazon rain forest with very limited development of inundated forests (várzea and igapó) (>7990–7030 14C yr B.P.); (2) a sluggish river with a local Mauritia palm-swamp and similar regional vegetation, as before (7030–5970 14C yr B.P.); (3) a passive river, forming shallow lake conditions and with still-abundant terra firme forest in the study region (5970–2470 14C yr B.P.); and (4) a blocked river with high water levels and marked increase of inundated forests during the last 2470 14C yr B.P. Increased charcoal during this last period suggests the first strong presence of humans in this region. The Atlantic sea level rise was probably the major factor in paleoenvironmental changes, but high water stands might also be due to greater annual rainfall during the late Holocene.
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De Majo, Claudio. « Fire and Power on the River Basin : Irregular Warfare and Socio-Environmental Consequences of the Guerrilla in Araguaia, Brazil ». Global Environment 14, no 1 (17 février 2021) : 58–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/ge.2021.140103.
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The aim of this article is to retrace a guerrilla episode that occurred in the Amazon region of Araguaia during the military dictatorship in Brazil (1972?1975), opposing a group of militants from the Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB) and the National Brazilian Army. Taking advantage of the geographical characteristics of the region, a small group of guerrilla fighters was able to confront a large military contingent for almost three years. As this article demonstrates, appealing to the powerful symbolic potential of the Amazon jungle, the guerrilla created a solid environmental narrative of force and shrewdness supported by the local population. However, as military forces began to better explore the region and to resort to irregular warfare strategies, they managed to curb the guerrilla, exterminating almost every member involved in the fight. Finally, this article looks at the marked socio-environmental scars that the conflict left in the region, and how these influenced social, political and ecological equilibriums during the following decades.
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Guarda, Patricia Martins, Magale Karine Diel Rambo, Mayana Mendes Dias Machado, Fabrício de Oliveira Ramos, Danylo Bezerra Mendes, Emerson Adriano Guarda et José Expedito Cavalcante Da Silva. « Monitoring the water quality Formoso river of the Amazon Region – Brazil using principal component analysis ». Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciências Ambientais 12, no 5 (28 mars 2021) : 94–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.6008/cbpc2179-6858.2021.005.0009.
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The expansion of the agricultural frontier poses a major threat to the quality of water bodies and conservation and biodiversity of biomes. In the Tocantins-Araguaia, hydrographic region is located the largest irrigated flood type rice project in the world, and in the inter-harvest period, the area is still used for soybean production. Considering the great economic, environmental and social importance of the area, the objective of this study was to evaluate the water quality Considering the great economic, environmental and social importance of the area, the objective of this study was to evaluate the water quality of a river in the Amazon Region, Brazil, and to identify the critical pollution sites in the area of influence of the agricultural project. The monitoring occurred between April 2018 and February 2019, during periods of drought and drought. The water quality was evaluated based on the determination of 34 physical-chemical and 2 microbiological parameters. The comparison of the values obtained with the limits allowed by the legislation for class II waters pointed out samples with high total phosphorus values, which can lead to eutrophication phenomena, concentrations above the expected of metals such as Fe, Cu, and Mn and samples with low percentage of dissolved oxygen. The main component analysis (PCA) showed little variation along the river, i.e., homogeneity in the different points evaluated in the same collection; however, the comparison between collections with different seasonalities revealed quite divergent results, reinforcing that seasonal variations can aggravate the changes in the water quality of the river.
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Rudzin, Johna E., Lynn K. Shay et Benjamin Jaimes de la Cruz. « The Impact of the Amazon–Orinoco River Plume on Enthalpy Flux and Air–Sea Interaction within Caribbean Sea Tropical Cyclones ». Monthly Weather Review 147, no 3 (1 mars 2019) : 931–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-18-0295.1.
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Abstract The influence of the Amazon–Orinoco River plume in the Caribbean Sea on latent and sensible heat flux (enthalpy flux) and tropical cyclone (TC) intensity is investigated for Hurricanes Ivan (2004), Emily (2005), Dean (2007), and Felix (2007) using dropwindsonde data, satellite sea surface temperature (SST), and the SMARTS climatology. Relationships among enthalpy fluxes, ocean heat content relative to the 26°C isotherm depth (OHC), and SST during storm passage are diagnosed. Results indicate that sea surface cooling in the river plume, a low-OHC region, is comparable to that in the warm eddy region, which has high OHC. An isothermal layer heat budget shows that upper-ocean cooling in the river plume can be explained predominantly by sea-to-air heat flux, rather than by entrainment flux from the thermocline. The latter two findings suggest that relatively large upper-ocean stratification in the plume regime limited entrainment cooling, sustaining SST and enthalpy flux. Inspection of atmospheric variables indicates that deep moderate wind shear is prevalent, and equivalent potential temperature is enhanced over the river plume region for most of these storms. Thus, sustained surface fluxes in this region may have provided warm, moist boundary layer conditions, which may have helped these storms to rapidly intensify even over relatively low-OHC waters and moderate shear. These findings are important because several Caribbean Sea TCs, including these cases, have been underforecast with respect to intensity and/or rapid intensifications, yet minimal upper-ocean observations exist to understand air–sea interaction during TCs in the salinity-stratified Amazon–Orinoco plume regime.
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FAVACHO, Breno Inglis, Jerson Rogério Pinheiro VAZ, André Luiz Amarante MESQUITA, Fábio LOPES, Antonio Luciano Seabra MOREIRA, Newton Sure SOEIRO et Otávio Fernandes Lima da ROCHA. « Contribution to the marine propeller hydrodynamic design for small boats in the Amazon region ». Acta Amazonica 46, no 1 (mars 2016) : 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201501723.
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ABSTRACTIn the Amazon, river navigation is very important due to the length of navigable rivers and the lack of alternative road networks. Boats usually operate in unfavorable conditions, since there is no hydrodynamic relation among propellers, geometry, and the dimensions of the boat hull. Currently, there is no methodology for propeller hydrodynamic optimization with low computational cost and easy implementation in the region. The aim of this work was to develop a mathematical approach for marine propeller design applied to boats typically found on Amazon rivers. We developed an optimized formulation for the chord and pitch angle distributions, taking into account the classical model of Glauert. A theoretical analysis for the thrust and torque relationships on an annular control volume was performed. The mathematical model used was based on the Blade Element Momentum Theory (BEMT). We concluded that the new methodology proposed in this work demonstrates a good physical behavior when compared with the theory of Glauert and the experimental data of the Wageningen B3-50 propeller.
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Nurzhanova, Karmaliyev et Sengaliyev. « NATURAL AND SOCIAL FACTORS OF OPISTORCHOSIS CIRCULATION IN WEST KAZAKHSTAN REGION ». THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no 22 (19 mai 2021) : 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6046256-1-3.2021.22.401-408.
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The formation and course of epidemic and epizootic processes of opisthorchiasis is influenced by natural-ecological and socio-economic factors. Geographical position of the Ural River basin, the proximity of the Volga focus, species diversity and abundance of commercial species of cyprinids, ecological conditions in the Ural basin, in floodplain water bodies and in small rivers of West Kazakhstan region, connected with the Ural River, the dietary habits of people, intensive migration of population create optimal conditions for the functioning of parasitic system of opisthorchiasis and contribute to the spread of this invasion among the population of the Ural region.The risk of infection with opisthorchiasis at the natural and social levels remains high. The territory of West Kazakhstan region has the following natural and ecological conditions: it is confined to the Ural-Caspian lowland. Surface waters of West Kazakhstan region are represented by rivers, lakes and reservoirs. In the Ural River and its basin, there are many mollusks Bithynia leachi and fish species, among which there are potential carriers of opisthorchian metacercariae – bream, ide, dace, redfin, tench, wild carp, carp, white bream, roach, asp, prussian and crucian carp, chub, minnow, sabre fish, blue bream. In the region, the incidence of opisthorchiasis in people is annually recorded. A significant part of the infected population lives in settlements located along the banks of the Ural River and its floodplain reservoirs.
21
Paredes-Trejo, Franklin, Humberto Alves Barbosa, Jason Giovannettone, T. V. Lakshmi Kumar, Manoj Kumar Thakur et Catarina de Oliveira Buriti. « Long-Term Spatiotemporal Variation of Droughts in the Amazon River Basin ». Water 13, no 3 (30 janvier 2021) : 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13030351.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Amazon River Basin (ARB) plays an important role in the hydrological cycle at the regional and global scales. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the incidence and severity of droughts could increase in this basin due to human-induced climate change. Therefore, the assessment of the impacts of extreme droughts in the ARB is of vital importance to develop appropriate drought mitigation strategies. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive characterization of dry spells and extreme drought events in terms of occurrence, persistence, spatial extent, severity, and impacts on streamflow and vegetation in the ARB during the period 1901–2018. The Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) at multiple time scales (i.e., 3, 6, and 12 months) was used as a drought index. A weak basin-wide drying trend was observed, but there was no evidence of a trend in extreme drought events in terms of spatial coverage, intensity, and duration for the period 1901–2018. Nevertheless, a progressive transition to drier-than-normal conditions was evident since the 1970s, coinciding with different patterns of coupling between the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), and Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) as well as an increasing incidence of higher-than-normal surface air temperatures over the basin. Furthermore, a high recurrence of short-term drought events with high level of exposure to long-term drought conditions on the sub-basins Ucayali, Japurá-Caquetá, Jari, Jutaí, Marañón, and Xingu was observed in recent years. These results could be useful to guide social, economic, and water resource policy decision-making processes in the Amazon basin countries.
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Rodrigues-Filho, JL, DS Abe, P. Gatti-Junior, GR Medeiros, RM Degani, FP Blanco, CRL Faria et al. « Spatial patterns of water quality in Xingu River Basin (Amazonia) prior to the Belo Monte dam impoundment ». Brazilian Journal of Biology 75, no 3 suppl 1 (août 2015) : 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.02914bm.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract The Xingu River, one of the most important of the Amazon Basin, is characterized by clear and transparent waters that drain a 509.685 km2 watershed with distinct hydrological and ecological conditions and anthropogenic pressures along its course. As in other basins of the Amazon system, studies in the Xingu are scarce. Furthermore, the eminent construction of the Belo Monte for hydropower production, which will alter the environmental conditions in the basin in its lower middle portion, denotes high importance of studies that generate relevant information that may subsidize a more balanced and equitable development in the Amazon region. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the water quality in the Xingu River and its tributaries focusing on spatial patterns by the use of multivariate statistical techniques, identifying which water quality parameters were more important for the environmental changes in the watershed. Data sampling were carried out during two complete hydrological cycles in twenty-five sampling stations. The data of twenty seven variables were analyzed by Spearman's correlation coefficients, cluster analysis (CA), and principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed a high auto-correlation between variables (> 0.7). These variables were removed from multivariate analyzes because they provided redundant information about the environment. The CA resulted in the formation of six clusters, which were clearly observed in the PCA and were characterized by different water quality. The statistical results allowed to identify a high spatial variation in the water quality, which were related to specific features of the environment, different uses, influences of anthropogenic activities and geochemical characteristics of the drained basins. It was also demonstrated that most of the sampling stations in the Xingu River basin showed good water quality, due to the absence of local impacts and high power of depuration of the river itself.
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Marengo, José A., Carlos A. Nobre, Javier Tomasella, Marcos D. Oyama, Gilvan Sampaio de Oliveira, Rafael de Oliveira, Helio Camargo, Lincoln M. Alves et I. Foster Brown. « The Drought of Amazonia in 2005 ». Journal of Climate 21, no 3 (1 février 2008) : 495–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1600.1.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract In 2005, large sections of southwestern Amazonia experienced one of the most intense droughts of the last hundred years. The drought severely affected human population along the main channel of the Amazon River and its western and southwestern tributaries, the Solimões (also known as the Amazon River in the other Amazon countries) and the Madeira Rivers, respectively. The river levels fell to historic low levels and navigation along these rivers had to be suspended. The drought did not affect central or eastern Amazonia, a pattern different from the El Niño–related droughts in 1926, 1983, and 1998. The choice of rainfall data used influenced the detection of the drought. While most datasets (station or gridded data) showed negative departures from mean rainfall, one dataset exhibited above-normal rainfall in western Amazonia. The causes of the drought were not related to El Niño but to (i) the anomalously warm tropical North Atlantic, (ii) the reduced intensity in northeast trade wind moisture transport into southern Amazonia during the peak summertime season, and (iii) the weakened upward motion over this section of Amazonia, resulting in reduced convective development and rainfall. The drought conditions were intensified during the dry season into September 2005 when humidity was lower than normal and air temperatures were 3°–5°C warmer than normal. Because of the extended dry season in the region, forest fires affected part of southwestern Amazonia. Rains returned in October 2005 and generated flooding after February 2006.
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MICHANIE, SILVIA, FRANK L. BRYAN, NELLY MENDOZA FERNÁNDEZ, MAGDA MOSCOSO VIZCARRA, DORA TABOADA P., OBDULIA NAVARROS., AURORA BRAVO ALONSO et M. LITA SANTILLAN. « Hazard Analyses of Foods Prepared by Inhabitants Along the Peruvian Amazon River ». Journal of Food Protection 51, no 4 (1 avril 1988) : 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-51.4.293.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Hazard analyses of food preparation practices were conducted in two households in Indiana (a settlement along the Peruvian Amazon River), in a household in a cluster of about a half dozen houses up river, and in three households in Belen (a district near Iquitos), Peru. These analyses consisted of watching all steps of the operation, recording temperatures throughout all these steps, and collecting samples of food and testing them for common foodborne pathogens and indicator organisms. Foods prepared included rice, plantains, yuca, dry fish, fresh fish, beef, and chicken. During cooking, foods attained temperatures of at least 93.3°C; they usually boiled. Such time-temperature exposure would kill vegetative forms of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, but not heat-resistant spores. When cooked foods were leftover, they were kept either on tables or on the unheated stoves or grills on which they were cooked. During this interval, at the prevailing ambient temperature and high humidity of the jungle region, conditions were such that considerable microbial growth could occur. Time of exposure, however, limited counts to the 105–106 level. In the evening, foods were only mildly reheated, if reheated at all, so temperatures were not attained in the center regions of the food that would have killed microorganisms that had multiplied during the holding period. Hence, the primary critical control point is holding between cooking and serving, but cooking and reheating are critical control points also.
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Medd, Rupert J. M., et Hélène Guyot. « Eyewitness Accounts during the Putumayo Rubber Boom ». Journeys 20, no 2 (1 décembre 2019) : 58–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/jys.2019.200204.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Between 1870 and 1915 Peru experienced a rubber-boom, extending into the Putumayo River region in 1893. This huge region of Amazonian forests was controlled by the Peruvian Amazon Company (P. A. Co.). Although Peruvian, they had British company directors and a British-Barbadian workforce. Their methods of extraction generated unimaginable degrees of human and ecological violence. Roger Casement, a British diplomat, was sent on a harrowing mission to investigate these allegations made by travelers. His Amazon Journal takes precedence; however, Peruvians also responded to the situation, reporting to the Geographical Society of Lima. Included are two forgotten yet influential Peruvian explorers: the geographer Manuel Antonio Mesones Muro and the engineer Cárlos Oyague y Calderón. By highlighting some of the early debates that circulated between Europe and Latin America on the natural resources and people of the Amazon forests, the focus is to draw out textual examples of perceptions on race, environment, and early consumer responsibility. Supported by coloniality/modernity theories, it also asks whether this form of travel writing was functioning as a resistance literature to imperialism for the time. Thus, this study investigates alternative readings that might also inform twenty-first-century scholars and activists as they articulate environmentalist and even social and ecological positions.
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Monteverde, Corrie, Fernando De Sales et Charles Jones. « Evaluation of the CMIP6 Performance in Simulating Precipitation in the Amazon River Basin ». Climate 10, no 8 (22 août 2022) : 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli10080122.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Brazilian Amazon provides important hydrological cycle functions, including precipitation regimes that bring water to the people and environment and are critical to moisture recycling and transport, and represents an important variable for climate models to simulate accurately. This paper evaluates the performance of 13 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models. This is done by discussing results from spatial pattern mapping, Taylor diagram analysis and Taylor skill score, annual climatology comparison, cumulative distribution analysis, and empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. Precipitation analysis shows: (1) This region displays higher rainfall in the north-northwest and drier conditions in the south. Models tend to underestimate northern values or overestimate the central to northwest averages. (2) The southern Amazon has a more defined dry season (June, July, and August) and wet season (December, January, and February) and models simulate this well. The northern Amazon dry season tends to occur in August, September, and October and the wet season occurs in March, April, and May, and models are not able to capture the climatology as well. Models tend to produce too much rainfall at the start of the wet season and tend to either over- or under-estimate the dry season, although ensemble means typically display the overall pattern more precisely. (3) Models struggle to capture extreme values of precipitation except when precipitation values are close to 0. (4) EOF analysis shows that models capture the dominant mode of variability, which was the annual cycle or South American Monsoon System. (5) When all evaluation metrics are considered, the models that perform best are CESM2, MIROC6, MRIESM20, SAM0UNICON, and the ensemble mean. This paper supports research in determining the most up-to-date CMIP6 model performance of precipitation regime for 1981–2014 for the Brazilian Amazon. Results will aid in understanding future projections of precipitation for the selected subset of global climate models and allow scientists to construct reliable model ensembles, as precipitation plays a role in many sectors of the economy, including the ecosystem, agriculture, energy, and water security.
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Lira-Guedes, Ana Cláudia, Géssica De Almeida Leal, Graciela Redies Fischer, Leonardo José Gonçalves Aguiar, Nagib Jorge Melém, Aldine Luiza Pereira Baia et Marcelino Carneiro Guedes. « Carbon emissions in hydromorphic soils from an estuarine floodplain forest in the Amazon River ». Revista Brasileira de Ciências Ambientais 56, no 3 (31 août 2021) : 413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/z21769478941.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced only in biological activities. Understanding how soil tillage practices affect the dynamics of CO2 production is important, as these processes are influenced by the temperature and humidity conditions of the place. This paper aimed at quantifying CO2 flux in hydromorphic floodplain soils under different açai palm tree grove management strategies, correlating it with litter deposition, soil environment, and season of the year. Conducted in the city of Mazagão-AP, four areas of açai palm tree groves were selected with different types of management. During the evaluation period (October, November, and December 2012, and February, March, and April 2013), CO2 flux, soil moisture, and temperature were measured, and litter samples were collected. In addition, rainfall data for the region were also obtained. The CO2 fluxes obtained ranged from 0.37 to 28.55 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1, with a total average of 6.20 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1. In broad analysis, soil variables did not show significant correlations with CO2 emissions. A positive relationship between flux and litter and soil temperature, as well as a negative relationship with its moisture, were observed only in a few months and specific systems.
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Braga, Cilene Sebastiana da Conceição, Ediane Moura Jorge, Lais Ribeiro Gama et Mickaely de Lima Gomes. « PROJETOS SOCIETÁRIOS EM TEMPOS DE PANDEMIA E O EXERCÍCIO PROFISSIONAL DE ASSISTENTES SOCIAIS DO PARÁ ». Revista de Políticas Públicas 25, no 1 (11 juillet 2021) : 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2178-2865.v25n1p212-227.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Este artigo expõe os resultados parciais da pesquisa intitulada “Projetos Societários em disputa em tempos de pandemia e o exercício profissional do Assistente Social do Pará/Amazônia legal” vinculada a um Grupo de Estudos da UFPA. Apresenta o levantamento da literatura pertinente ao tema produzida por Assistentes Sociais e publicada em periódicos. Apresenta dados acerca do número de infectados na região Amazônica, especificamente no Estado do Pará. Analisa os dados a partir de uma perspectiva teórica-crítica. Realizamos pesquisa bibliográfica e pesquisa documental. O artigo exibe breves reflexões sobre a realidade socioeconômica na pandemia na Região Amazônica e no Estado do Pará,e principais problematizações em termos de ausência de direitos sociais e desafios para o (a) Assistente Social. Os resultados mostram que os (as) assistentes sociais enfrentam o medo, a insegurança e o deterioramento das condições de trabalho no enfrentamento da pandemia.SOCIAL PROJECTS IN PANDEMIC TIMES AND THE PROFESSIONAL EXERCISE OF SOCIAL WORKERS IN PARÁAbstractThis article exposes the partial results of the research entitled "Corporate Projects in dispute in times of pandemic and the professional practice of the Social Worker of Pará / Legal Amazon" linked to a UFPA Study Group. It presents a survey of the pertinent literature produced by Social Workers and published in periodicals. It presents data about the number of infected in the Amazon region, specifically in the State of Pará. The data are analyzed from a theoretical-critical perspective. We carry out bibliographic and documentary research. The article shows brief reflections on the socioeconomic reality in the pandemic in the Amazon Region and in the State of Pará, and main problems in terms of the absence of social rights and challenges for the Social Worker. The results show that social workers face fear, insecurity and deteriorating working conditions in the face of the pandemic.Keywords: Pandemic. Professional Practice. Neoliberalism, Precariousness. Amazon
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MIZUSAKI, ANA MARIA PIMENTEL, KOJI KAWASHITA et ANTONIO THOMAZ FILHO. « Razão Isotópica 87Sr/86Sr em Sedimentos Recentes Implicações na Datação Radiométrica das Rochas Sedimentares ». Pesquisas em Geociências 25, no 1 (30 juin 1998) : 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1807-9806.21175.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Radiometric ages of geological significance are obtained when the Rb/Sr isocronic method is applied to argillaceous sedimentary rocks. In spite of these results many questions arise when the Rb/Sr methodology is applied to sedimentary rocks, notably the behavior of the rubidium (Rb) and strontium (Sr) elements during sedimentation and during the diagenetic process. The greatest uncertainty lies in the mechanism and the timing of the strontium isotopic homogenization, with constitutes the basic assumption behind radiometric dating by the Rb/Sr method. The purpose of this work is to contribute to the clarification of the conditions for the strontium isotopic homogenization, the relation between Rb and Sr and the dimension and nature of sedimentary particles, the early process associated with the clay minerals, with sedimentation process and with intersticial fluids. Recent sediments were sampled from different environments: the deltaic region of the Paraíba do SuI River (RJ), the deltaic region of the Açu River (RN), the continental shelf associated with the Amazon River mouth (AM), the continental slope and Jacarepaguá coastal plain (RJ). The samples were analysed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and chemical and isotopic techniques. Results obtained show that some samples reached uniform strontium isotopic composition under certain conditions. These conditions include close proximity between samples, clay fraction enriched in expansive minerals such as smectite and degraded illite associated with deposition preferentially in marine waters.
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FAINGUELERNT, MAÍRA BORGES. « THE HISTORICAL TRAJECTORY OF THE BELO MONTE HYDROELECTRIC PLANT'S ENVIRONMENTAL LICENSING PROCESS ». Ambiente & ; Sociedade 19, no 2 (juin 2016) : 245–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422asoc0259r1v1922016.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract The purpose of this article is to present the historical trajectory of the hydroelectric plant of Belo Monte on the Xingu River. The plant, the third largest in the world and one of the most important works of the "Growth Acceleration Program" in Brazil, in the broader context, calls into question a developmental model and its implications for the energy planning in the Amazon region. The energy use of the Xingu River basin was also proposed during the military dictatorship in Brazil and, even after forty years is still emblematic for continuing to be full of controversies along its course. The initial premise of the research establishes that the lack of social and environmental impacts of the project followed the entire trajectory of Belo Monte and this case study brings important lessons for improvement of this instrument of Brazilian environmental policy.
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Rodriguez, Daniel Andrés, et Iracema F. Albuquerque Cavalcanti. « Simulations of the Hydrological Cycle over Southern South America Using the CPTEC/COLA AGCM ». Journal of Hydrometeorology 7, no 5 (1 octobre 2006) : 916–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm534.1.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract The La Plata River basin is the second largest basin of South America after the Amazon basin, and it is located in an international area that occupies territories of Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, Paraguay, and Bolivia, areas of great economic activity. In the present work, the water budget over the region was studied and the atmospheric and terrestrial components were analyzed to investigate the Center for Weather Forecast and Climate Studies/Center for Ocean–Land–Atmosphere Studies (CPTEC/COLA) atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) behavior in a simulation of 10 yr. The analysis was performed considering two sectors, northern and southern, because of their different behaviors, and the main characteristics were simulated by the model. The northern sector presents a well-defined annual cycle with well-established wet conditions in the summer, when there is development of the South Atlantic convergence zone (SACZ). In the southern sector, there is a weak annual cycle and the hydrological variables do not have large seasonal variations as in the northern sector. A period of maximum precipitation is identified at the end of spring in the southern sector. Moisture flux convergence (MFC) in the model occurs over southeast Brazil during summer and over northern Argentina in the spring, consistent with observations. Analysis of the meridional and zonal moisture fluxes reveals that there is an intrusion of moisture from the tropical region, southward, and also flux from the Atlantic Ocean, that feed both sectors. The flux from the Amazon region was the main source of external moisture during the summer season, while the flux from the Atlantic Ocean was dominant during winter. Additional analysis of El Niño 1982/83 and La Niña 1988/89 episodes showed the importance of Amazon and Atlantic moisture fluxes to the La Plata basin region. During El Niño 1982/83 there was more moisture flux from the Amazon region to the southern sector than during La Niña 1988/89. This feature was related to droughts during La Niña and floods during El Niño in the La Plata region.
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Maia, A. A. B., R. S. Angélica et R. F. Neves. « Use of industrial kaolin waste from the Brazilian Amazon region for synthesis of zeolite A ». Clay Minerals 46, no 1 (mars 2011) : 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2011.046.1.127.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractProduction of kaolin for the paper-coating industry in the Brazilian Amazon region generates large amounts of waste, most of which is kaolinite. It is known that such materials can be used to synthesize zeolites. The use of kaolin waste for zeolite synthesis could, in principle, help social and economic development while providing valuable materials for industry. Additionally, there is a significant environmental appeal if such wastes could be used instead of new raw materials.This study focused on the production of zeolite A. Samples of the raw material were first calcined (700ºC/2 h) to obtain metakaolinite for further reaction with NaOH solution. Different parameters were evaluated to optimize the synthesis conditions of zeolite A. The results showed that zeolite A with a large degree of structural order was generally obtained as the only zeolitic product. The following synthesis conditions were used: temperature 110ºC, time 24 h and a Na/Al ratio of 1.36. Hydroxysodalite was also obtained under specific conditions.
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Kim, Sung Woo. « Decline of a Confucian Mecca : Development of Rice Farming and Regional Development in Chosŏn Korea ». Journal of Korean Studies 15, no 1 (10 septembre 2010) : 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/07311613-15-1-1.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract The object of the analysis of this article is Sŏnsan County, the most advanced agricultural region of the Chosŏn Dynasty during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. This advanced region, however, started to go downhill from the sixteenth century and declined further in the seventeenth century. The rise and fall of Sŏnsan was closely tied with its geographical and irrigation conditions. The region, located around the Naktong River, the greatest river in Kyŏngsang Province, had favorable conditions for development in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries with the spread of the farming method of broadcast seeding to wet rice fields (水耕直播法) and the active development of both plains and hilly areas. But, this area faced adverse conditions in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries when the new farming method of transplanting rice seedlings (移秧法) was widely introduced, shifting development to more mountainous regions.
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Yang, Zhao, et Francina Dominguez. « Investigating Land Surface Effects on the Moisture Transport over South America with a Moisture Tagging Model ». Journal of Climate 32, no 19 (6 septembre 2019) : 6627–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0700.1.
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Abstract Land–atmosphere interactions are a critical component of precipitation processes within the Amazon basin and La Plata River basin (LPRB) in South America. Two of the possible pathways through which the land surface can affect precipitation are 1) by changing the amount of moisture available for precipitation (moisture recycling) and 2) by changing the atmospheric thermal structure and consequently affecting circulation patterns. In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model with embedded water vapor tracers (WVT) is used to disentangle these relative contributions, with a particular focus on the precipitation of LPRB. Using WRF-WVT we track the moisture that originates from the Amazon basin over a 10-yr period. It is estimated that Amazon evapotranspiration (ET) contributes to around 30% of the total precipitation over the Amazon and around 16% over the LPRB. Focusing on large-scale circulation patterns that transport moisture into the LPRB, we show that land surface conditions in northwestern Argentina are critical for the meridional transport of moisture to higher latitudes via Chaco jet events (CJEs). Warm surface air temperature associated with dry soil moisture over northwestern Argentina is linked to enhanced CJE northerly low-level winds that intensify moisture transport by changing continental-scale circulation patterns. WRF sensitivity tests confirm that soil moisture variations over this region affect meridional moisture transport.
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Elias Santos Souza, Nilton de Souza Campelo, Raimundo Humberto Cavalcante Lima et René Levy Aguiar. « Geotechnical characterization and modelling of the “Fallen Lands” phenomenon in the amazon environment ». Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 9, no 3 (30 décembre 2021) : 122–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2021.9.3.0168.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In many rivers of the Amazon, mainly along the Amazon River, the phenomenon of "fallen land" occurs at the time of the rivers' ebb, causing the erosion of river banks, resulting in major social and economic problems. The influence of saturation/percolation of soil layers on the shear resistance of the affected massifs is unknown. Thus, the main objective of the characterization and geotechnical modelling of these slopes is to determine the shear strength of the affected massifs. For this purpose, deformed and undeformed samples were collected from the various layers of the soil massif in a location where the phenomenon was under development. These samples were characterized physically, chemically, and mechanically. Subsequently, the massifs were recreated in reduced scale models, observing the critical conditions in which the disaster occurred, and qualitatively comparing them with slope stability computational models. The results showed that the layers are classified as silty and sandy soils, with a small fraction of clay, and that there are three types of movements associated with the fallen soils: the fall, overturning, and rotational landslide, all actively influenced by the effects of the river's ebb, saturation/percolation, and texture.
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Borella, Daniela Roberta, Adilson Pacheco de Souza, Frederico Terra de Almeida, Daniel Carneiro de Abreu, Aaron Kinyu Hoshide, Glauber Altrão Carvalho, Rafaela Rocha Pereira et Apoliano Francisco da Silva. « Dynamics of Sediment Transport in the Teles Pires River Basin in the Cerrado-Amazon, Brazil ». Sustainability 14, no 23 (1 décembre 2022) : 16050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142316050.
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The Teles Pires River basin is experiencing significant water challenges due to recent urban growth, expansion of irrigated agriculture, and the rise of hydroelectric power plants in Brazil’s forest and savanna regions, impacting water availability and sediment production. This study evaluated and estimated the production of suspended sediment (Qss) and total sediment (Qst) in rivers and streams of the Teles Pires River basin, using different sampling methods for suspended-solid discharge: vertical sampling (reference), composite sampling (section), sampling along the standard vertical, and sampling along three verticals, collected using the equal-width increment method. The Qss and Qst values varied from 0.31 to 39.35 metric tons (t) per day (d−1) and from 0.32 to 43.70 t d−1, respectively. The average percentages of the entrained solid discharge varied from 3 to 5%, between the dry and rainy seasons, and across all hydrological sections. The different sampling methods of Qss resulted in similar Qst in each of the monitoring sections. The statistical performance of the simple linear regression model was satisfactory with Willmott index of agreement greater than 0.8234 and 0.9455 for estimates of Qss and Qst, respectively. The dynamics of sediment production and transport was influenced by land use and cover, drainage area, and the hydrological seasonality of the region. The different sampling methods of Qss are compatible with obtaining suspended and total solid discharge; however, the standard vertical sampling is the most simplified and can be applied in a hydrological section with uniform hydraulic conditions.
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Blanco-Gutiérrez, Irene, Rhys Manners, Consuelo Varela-Ortega, Ana M. Tarquis, Lucieta G. Martorano et Marisol Toledo. « Examining the sustainability and development challenge in agricultural-forest frontiers of the Amazon Basin through the eyes of locals ». Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, no 3 (24 mars 2020) : 797–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-797-2020.
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Abstract. The Amazon basin is the world's largest rainforest and the most biologically diverse place on Earth. Despite the critical importance of this region, Amazon forests continue inexorably to be degraded and deforested for various reasons, mainly a consequence of agricultural expansion. The development of novel policy strategies that provide balanced solutions, associating economic growth with environmental protection, is still challenging, largely because the perspective of those most affected – local stakeholders – is often ignored. Participatory fuzzy cognitive mapping (FCM) was implemented to examine stakeholder perceptions towards the sustainable development of two agricultural-forest frontier areas in the Bolivian and Brazilian Amazon. A series of development scenarios were explored and applied to stakeholder-derived FCM, with climate change also analysed. Stakeholders in both regions perceived landscapes of socio-economic impoverishment and environmental degradation driven by governmental and institutional deficiencies. Under such abject conditions, governance and well-integrated social and technological strategies offered socio-economic development, environmental conservation, and resilience to climatic changes. The results suggest there are benefits of a new type of thinking for development strategies in the Amazon basin and that continued application of traditional development policies reduces the resilience of the Amazon to climate change, whilst limiting socio-economic development and environmental conservation.
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Anselmo, Neiana Pereira, Mônica Ferreira de Lima França, Marcio Quara de Carvalho Santos, Jackson Pantoja-Lima, Cleide Karoline Pereira da Silva, Paulo Henrique Rocha Aride et Adriano Teixeira De Oliveira. « Hematologycal and blood biochemistry parameters of captive big-headed amazon river turtles, Peltocephalus dumerilianus (Testudines : Podocnemididae) ». Acta Biológica Colombiana 26, no 2 (15 janvier 2021) : 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/abc.v26n2.80616.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The determination of hematological values is used to obtain knowledge about the health conditions of animal species. The big-headed Amazon River turtles, (Peltocephalus dumerilianus)are considered one of the least known testudine species concerning their biology and health status. Herein, we determined the hematological and plasma biochemical parameters of 17 (eight males and nine females) adult P. dumerilianusto provide reference interval values for clinically healthy individuals. We collected the blood samples by puncturing the femoral vein using long heparinized hypodermic syringes. Sexual dimorphism for individuals was determined by external observation of the shape of the plastron. The average values obtained for the ten hematological and biochemical parameters analyzed were red blood cell count = 0.32 million µL-1; hematocrit = 20.6 %; hemoglobin = 8.5 g dL-1; mean corpuscular volume = 681.6 fL; mean corpuscular hemoglobin = 267.8 pg; mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration = 41.9 g dL-1; glucose = 80.6 mg dL-1, total protein = 4.1 g dL-1, triglycerides = 388.9 mg dL-1, and total cholesterol = 79.3 mg dL-1. Despite the sexual dimorphism evidenced for the species, there was no significant statistical difference between males and females for both hematological and biochemical parameters analyzed herein. Based on these results, the population is considered healthy, with parameter values coinciding with previously reported reference ranges for testudines species in the region. The results obtained in this study can be used for assessing the health status of other Amazonian turtle populations, especially in actions aimed at cultivation strategies, management, and species conservation.
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Le Tourneau, François-Michel, Guillaume Marchand, Anna Greissing, Stéphanie Nasuti, Martine Droulers, Marcel Bursztyn, Philippe Léna et Vincent Dubreuil. « The DURAMAZ indicator system : a cross-disciplinary comparative tool for assessing ecological and social changes in the Amazon ». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences 368, no 1619 (5 juin 2013) : 20120475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0475.
Texte intégralRésumé :
During the last 20 years, the Amazon region has been at the same time a place of massive ecological and social change and a laboratory of experiments aimed at promoting sustainable development. Policies and project initiatives involving diverse social groups and environmental contexts have been implemented across the region. They have resulted in mixed outcomes and trade-offs between social and environmental dimensions, making their impact at the local level difficult to assess and their successes difficult to generalize. The objective of the DURAMAZ research project was to provide a better understanding of these impacts. It produced a multi-dimensional indicator system designed to allow a holistic view of sustainable development at local and subregional levels and a comparative perspective across 12 research sites, from an isolated indigenous village to smallholders and agribusiness areas in Mato Grosso. The results of the first observation campaign (2007–2009) show that despite the claim of promoting sustainable development, no project was able to untie the ‘Gordian knot’ of development in the Amazon. Communities continue to face the old dilemma of either enjoying a preserved ecosystem but enduring adverse life conditions, or enjoying better living at the expense of forest cover. Another finding is that the subregional context is very important in shaping the impacts of regional policies. Thus, the same policy will not always have the same effect, depending on in which context it is applied. Finally, we found that cultural factors and a sense of place play a more important role than economic factors when it comes to the way people evaluate their own situation. This research provides the basis for a second phase of the project (2012–2016) in which we will continue to expand our sample and to refine our methodologies with the goal of transforming the initiative into a network of observatories of sustainable development in the Amazon.
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Pinto, Álvaro José de Almeida, Vanessa Bandeira da Costa Tavares, Samara Cristina Campelo Pinheiro, Marcelo de Oliveira Lima, Daiane Aviz et Aline Maria Meiguins de Lima. « Benthic macroinvertebrates as bioindicators of environmental quality of Pará River estuary, a wetland of Eastern Amazon ». Revista Brasileira de Ciências Ambientais (Online) 56, no 1 (2020) : 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/z2176-947820200760.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The study characterized and evaluated the use of the benthic macroinvertebrate community as an indicator of impacts in different estuarine environments around the Industrial Port Complex (IPC) of Vila do Conde (Pará State, Amazon region). Fauna of beaches and rivers, in sectors of the estuary under different degrees of environmental impact (high, medium, and low), was compared in different seasonal periods. Macrofauna was composed of typically fresh-water and estuarine groups. Beaches presented sediment with a texture ranging from medium to coarse sand, with a less rich macrofauna ( = 4.5 ± SE 0.3 taxa/sample) and dense ( = 1,838.1 ± 164.8 ind./m2) of organisms when compared to rivers ( = 5.9 ± 0.3 taxa/sample, and 3,248.9 ± 77.0 ind./m2), which were environments more muddy. For both environments, sites in the high-impact sector were less rich ( = 4.7 ± 0.3 taxa/sample) and dense ( = 2,812.9 ± 232.7 ind./m2) when compared to those in the low-impact sector ( = 7.6 ± 0.4 taxa/sample, and 3,314.3 ± 230.1 ind./m2). Richness ( = 6.4 ± 0.3 taxa/sample) and density ( = 3,859.4 ± 190.2 ind./m2) were higher in the rainier season when compared to the less rainy season ( = 4.8 ± 0.3 taxa/sample, and 1,933.0 ± 172.1 ind./m2). However, there were no significant seasonal changes in composition. Results indicated that the structure of the benthic macroinvertebrate community surrounding the IPC responds to the loss of environmental quality, with extreme effects of a drop in abundance and diversity. Taxa that are more tolerant (Namalycastis caetensis, Cirolana sp., Pseudosphaeroma sp., Tubificidae, and Chironomidae) and sensitive (Hydropsychidae and Eteone sp.) to impact conditions were identified and evaluated as potential bioindicators.
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Capriles, José M., Umberto Lombardo, Blaine Maley, Carlos Zuna, Heinz Veit et Douglas J. Kennett. « Persistent Early to Middle Holocene tropical foraging in southwestern Amazonia ». Science Advances 5, no 4 (avril 2019) : eaav5449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav5449.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Amazon witnessed the emergence of complex societies after 2500 years ago that altered tropical landscapes through intensive agriculture and managed aquatic systems. However, very little is known about the context and conditions that preceded these social and environmental transformations. Here, we demonstrate that forest islands in the Llanos de Moxos of southwestern Amazonia contain human burials and represent the earliest settlements in the region between 10,600 and 4000 years ago. These archaeological sites and their contents represent the earliest evidence of communities that experienced conditions conducive to engaging with food production such as environmental stability, resource disturbance, and increased territoriality in the Amazonian tropical lowlands.
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Sholl, Thais Guimarães Corrêa, Fabrícia Ferreira do Nascimento, Orilio Leoncini, Cibele Rodrigues Bonvicino et Salvatore Siciliano. « Taxonomic identification of dolphin love charms commercialized in the Amazonian region through the analysis of cytochrome b DNA ». Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88, no 6 (17 mars 2008) : 1207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531540800043x.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Previous studies identified the Amazon river dolphin (Inia geoffrensis) as the species frequently traded in public markets of Pará and Amazonas State (Brazil). In order to investigate the geographic origin and the taxonomic identification of these specimens we analysed 21 samples provided by residents of the city of Belém and vicinities (Pará State, Brazil), presumably purchased in the ‘Ver-o-Peso’ Market (Belém) or the Manaus Municipal Market. DNA was extracted from dehydrated genitalia or from genitalia conserved in alcohol and the cytochrome b gene was PCR-amplified. Phylogenetic analyses showed identical topologies in both MP and NJ trees, with Sotalia splitting into two groups, one clade comprising the estuarine dolphin (S. guianensis) and all eight haplotypes from market-samples and another one, comprising the tucuxi (S. fluviatilis) haplotypes from the GenBank. Our findings indicated that the marine species is under a stronger commercial pressure than the Amazonian river dolphin (I. geoffrensis) and the tucuxi (S. fluviatilis) in the region. Therefore population dynamic studies as well as population monitoring should be carried out in order to evaluate the effects of this commercial hunting on the species and its local populations. The marine dolphins have been incidentally captured in gill-nets in the region, suggesting that these activities must also be monitored at the same time that social programmes must be implemented in order to inform and clarify local community and people involved in fishery activity to avoid that more animals might be captured and killed.
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Silva, Cylene C. da, Efrem J. G. Ferreira et Cláudia P. de Deus. « Diet of Bryconops alburnoides and B. caudomaculatus (Osteichthyes : Characiformes) in the region affected by Balbina Hydroelectric Dam (Amazon drainage, Brazil) ». Neotropical Ichthyology 6, no 2 (2008) : 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252008000200011.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The study of fish diet and its interaction with the environment provides important data on ecology and behavior, as fish face varying environmental and food availability conditions. The aim of the present study was to determine the diet of Bryconops caudomaculatus and Bryconops alburnoides, as well as to assess its seasonal variation, within the area influenced by Balbina Hydroelectric Dam (BHD), in the Uatumã River (Amazon Basin, Brazil). Collections were carried out every two months from April 2005 to February 2007, using gill nets with mesh sizes ranging from 12 to 60 mm between opposite knots. Two methods were used for determining diet: frequency of occurrence and relative volume, which were used to calculate the alimentary index (IAi). Diet similarity between species was analyzed by applying the Morisita index. Bryconops alburnoides ingested 12 items and B. caudomaculatus 10, with a 59% similarity between ingested items. Terrestrial insects for B. alburnoides and immature insects for B. caudomaculatus were the main items in their diets, and therefore, they were considered insectivorous. The seasonal composition of the diet of B. alburnoides was influenced by environmental factors, and in spite of the dominance of immature insects, it had a significant number of terrestrial insects during the heavy rainfall periods.
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Salm, Rodolfo, Nilson Vicente de Salles, Wladimir J. Alonso et Cynthia Schuck-Paim. « Cross-scale determinants of palm species distribution ». Acta Amazonica 37, no 1 (2007) : 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0044-59672007000100002.
Texte intégralRésumé :
We investigate palm species distribution, richness and abundance along the Mokoti, a seasonally-dry river of southeastern Amazon and compare it to the patterns observed at a large scale, comprising the entire Brazilian territory. A total of 694 palms belonging to 10 species were sampled at the Mokoti River basin. Although the species showed diverse distribution patterns, we found that local palm abundance, richness and tree basal area were significantly higher from the hills to the bottomlands of the study region, revealing a positive association of these measures with moisture. The analyses at the larger spatial scale also showed a strong influence of vapor pressure (a measure of moisture content of the air, in turn modulated by temperature) and seasonality in temperature: the richest regions were those where temperature and humidity were simultaneously high, and which also presented a lower degree of seasonality in temperature. These results indicate that the distribution of palms seems to be strongly associated with climatic variables, supporting the idea that, by 'putting all the eggs in one basket' (a consequence of survival depending on the preservation of a single irreplaceable bud), palms have become vulnerable to extreme environmental conditions. Hence, their distribution is concentrated in those tropical and sub-tropical regions with constant conditions of (mild to high) temperature and moisture all year round.
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de Oliveira, Ivanilde Apoluceno, et João Colares da Mota Neto. « CULTURAL KNOWLEDGE AND LITERACY PRACTICES OF YOUNG PEOPLE, ADULTS AND SENIORS IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON : CONTRIBUTIONS TO AN EPISTEMOLOGY OF THE SOUTH ». Problems of Education in the 21st Century 48, no 1 (20 novembre 2012) : 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/12.48.157.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In this article we discuss the cultural knowledge and educational practices of young people, adults and seniors linked to literacy classes of a Popular Education center at a public university in the Brazilian Amazon. The study deals specifically about cultural knowledge built in these literacy practices developed in non-school spaces, as coastal communities, hospitals, community center and asylum. The focus of debate is the contribution of the practices of popular education analyzed to epistemologies of the South, understood in view of the Portuguese sociologist Boaventura de Sousa Santos, as a set of epistemological interventions that challenge the denial of knowledge and / or colonized people, value the knowledge that resisted successfully and investigate the conditions of a horizontal dialogue between knowledge. The data in this article were obtained through research with qualitative approach, involving 30 teachers and students, allowing the construction of knowledge cartographies. The results show that the literacy practices analyzed, because they are based on dialogical and humanistic thought-liberating the Brazilian educator Paulo Freire, help to give visibility to multiple competencies which express the social diversity of the Amazon region. Key words: cultural knowledge, literacy practices, young people and adults’ education, Brazilian Amazon, epistemology of the South.
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Vignoli, Clara Peres, Johannes Leeuwen, Robert Pritchard Miller, César Augusto Ticona-Benavente, Bárbara Vieira da Silva, Bruno Striffler, José Guedes Fernandes Neto et Sonia Sena Alfaia. « Soil Management in Indigenous Agroforestry Systems of Guarana (Paullinia cupana Kunth) of the Sateré-Mawé Ethnic Group, in the Lower Amazon River Region ». Sustainability 14, no 22 (21 novembre 2022) : 15464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215464.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Sateré-Mawé Brazilian indigenous people cultivate the guarana liana in biodiverse agroforests that incorporate many species, mainly trees, and produce food, medicines, fuel and income. The objective of this study was to evaluate the soil fertility in nineteen indigenous guarana agroforestry systems (AFSs) compared with areas of adjacent forests in the Andirá–Marau Indigenous Land—an ancestral territory of the Sateré-Mawé people. Soils in both locations showed low natural fertility, with levels of most macronutrients below the minimum agronomic reference levels. Higher C and soil organic matter (SOM) content was observed in the forest soils and may be related to greater vegetation cover and higher litter production. However, the maintenance of the average levels of most nutrients in the soil of the AFSs, at the same level as under the forests, suggests that efficient nutrient cycling is taking place. In these conditions, the management of organic matter seems to be essential to maintain the productivity of guarana AFSs since levels of C, SOM and organic N were not considered as low as those of most of the other soil attributes that were evaluated. The high tree diversity in the guarana agroforests, including N-fixing species, may also contribute to efficient nutrient cycling and maintenance of the soil food web. The results suggest that the addition of limestone, green manure practices and the reincorporation of organic residues from guarana processing, among other sources, can be a low-cost alternative to improve soil fertility and increase guarana production in the AFS under study.
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DE MELLO, CECILIA FERREIRA, ANA LAURA CARBAJAL-DE-LA-FUENTE, VÂNIA DA COSTA FERREIRA et JERONIMO ALENCAR. « Influence of seasonality on wing morphological variability in populations of Mansonia amazonensis (Theobald) (Diptera : Culicidae) ». Zootaxa 5100, no 2 (18 février 2022) : 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5100.2.6.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Mansonia amazonensis (Theobald, 1901) is one of 15 species of the subgenus Mansonia Blanchard, 1901. It is essentially a Neotropical species, recorded in Bolivia, Peru and Brazil. In the highly seasonal Amazon region, Mansonia species find ideal environmental conditions for reproduction, development and establishment. Considering that climate significantly influences the size and behavior of mosquitoes, and insects in general, we analyzed the influence of seasonality on wing morphological variability in populations of Ma. amazonensis. Captures were carried out near the banks of the Madeira River in Rondônia State, Brazil during the dry, rainy and transition periods between seasons during 2018 and 2019. Morphometric characters of 181 wings were analyzed using morphological methods. The results show that wing size of Ma. amazonensis increases following a relatively gradual trend, from smaller wings during the dry period to larger ones in the rainy season. This study provides the first evidence, detected using geometric morphometry, of seasonally associated phenotypic variability in the wing conformation of Ma. amazonensis.
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Mendonça, Rosiel, et Sérgio Braga. « Glauber Rocha descobre a Amazônia : discurso e representações sociais no documentário Amazonas, Amazonas ». Arteriais - Revista do Programa de Pós-Gradução em Artes 6, no 11 (27 septembre 2021) : 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.18542/arteriais.v6i11.11028.
Texte intégralRésumé :
ResumoO artigo faz uma análise do discurso fílmico do documentário de curta-metragem Amazonas, Amazonas, dirigido pelo cineasta baiano Glauber Rocha entre os anos de 1965 e 1966. Para isso, recorremos a fontes documentais e bibliográficas no intuito de reconstituir a experiência do diretor na região e as condições sociais de produção do filme, buscando identificar que representações ele faz do Amazonas - e da região amazônica, em sentido mais amplo.AbstractThe article makes an analysis of the filmic discourse of the short documentary Amazonas, Amazonas, directed by Glauber Rocha between the years 1965 and 1966. For this, we used documentary and bibliographical sources in order to reconstitute the experience of the director in the region and the social conditions of production of the film. We also try to identify wich representations does the film make of Amazonas and the Amazon region.
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Zhou, Yan, Ming Luo et Zhong Ke Bai. « Land Reclamation Zoning and Evaluation of Land Suitability in Mining Areas in China ». Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (août 2013) : 4751–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.4751.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Different types of reclaimed land require different land reclamation techniques. This study uses previous research to divide the mining areas in China into 10 land reclamation zones according to the climatic zones, soil conditions and the distribution of mines. The country is divided into the following zones: the northeast plains and hills region, the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain region, the Yangtze River Basin region, the southwest mountainous and hilly region, the central mountainous and hilly region, the southeast coast hilly region, the northwest arid semi-arid region, the Loess Plateau region, the Inner Mongolian grasslands region, and the Tibetan Plateau region. The subsided, excavated and occupied lands in the mining areas are divided into two categories, suitable for reclamation and unsuitable for reclamation, based on geological and geomorphological characteristics, climate, hydrology, soil conditions, and social demand. In addition, the suitability of waste land in each area is evaluated. This study provides a basis for waste land reclamation in Chinas mining areas.
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Wang, Zhiheng, Xiaozhao Li, Nikolai Bobylev, Shuchen Li et Jiangfeng Liu. « Coupling Coordination of “Urban Rail Transit—Social Economy” Composite System ». Infrastructures 7, no 4 (11 avril 2022) : 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7040056.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The harmonious development of urban rail transit, underground space engineering, and social economy is the key to regional sustainable development. Based on synergetic theory, this paper constructs the coupling coordination evaluation system of “rail transport-social economy” composite system at the scale of a city cluster. With this system, the coupling and coordinated development pattern and characteristics of “rail transit-social economy” in the Yangtze River Delta city cluster from 2002 to 2020 were analyzed. The paper makes a horizontal comparison with the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei city cluster and the Pearl River Delta city cluster, as well as analyzes the differences in development and existing problems, and puts forward policy suggestions for rail and urban underground space development. The results show that: (1) The rail transit of 11 cities in the Yangtze River Delta shows a “step by step” development pattern. That is “national central city, provincial city, second-tier city, third-tier city, etc.”, accompanied by periodic changes of coupling and coordination degree. In addition, there is also the phenomenon of unbalanced development within the region; (2) From 2002 to 2020, the development of rail transit in the three city clusters shows a situation of “the overall supply is lacking and lags behind the social economy for a long time”. Among them, the Pearl River Delta city cluster has the most serious lags. Multi-channel financing, speeding up the construction of the rail transit scale according to local conditions, and improving operating efficiency are considered to be the keys to solve this problem; (3) In general, the coupling between rail transit and the social economy in the Yangtze River Delta city cluster is better than that in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei city cluster and the Pearl River Delta city cluster, but the coordination is at a slight disadvantage.