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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Alps, Western – Human ecology »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Alps, Western – Human ecology"

Motta, Renzo, Mariano Morales et Paola Nola. « Human land-use, forest dynamics and tree growth at the treeline in the Western Italian Alps ». Annals of Forest Science 63, n^o 7 (octobre 2006) : 739–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/forest:2006055.

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Motta, Renzo, et Emanuele Lingua. « Human impact on size, age, and spatial structure in a mixed European larch and Swiss stone pine forest in the Western Italian Alps ». Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, n^o 8 (1 août 2005) : 1809–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-107.

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Spatiotemporal development and human impact on dynamic processes were investigated in the mixed European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) and Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra L.) subalpine forest of Lago Perso (Piedmont, Italy). We mapped and measured all 295 trees (DBH ≥4 cm) and 914 saplings (>10 cm height, <4 cm DBH) in a permanent plot (1 ha). One core per tree was extracted upslope at 50 cm height, and dendrochronological techniques were applied to reconstruct age structure and growth patterns. All of the data collected were stored in a GIS, and tree and stem crown maps were generated and analysed to quantify spatial patterns. Ripley's K(t) univariate and bivariate point pattern analyses were employed to assess the degree of spatial autocorrelation. Documentary research was conducted to reconstruct human land use. The stand is uneven-aged, and there were no obvious age cohorts or other evidence of major disturbances in the past. Stone pine saplings and trees and larch saplings exhibited a clumped structure. The same clumping was not so evident in larch trees. The observed structural changes are mainly related to human land use and grazing regime. Although human influence is still manifest, in the recent decades natural dynamics have become the predominant influence on the forest's structure and processes.

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Dubey, Sylvain, Guillaume Lavanchy, Jacques Thiébaud et Christophe Dufresnes. « Herps without borders : a new newt case and a review of transalpine alien introductions in western Europe ». Amphibia-Reptilia 40, n^o 1 (2019) : 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-20181028.

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Abstract Biogeographic processes have led to different evolutionary taxa occurring in the northern and southern edges of the Alpine Mountains in Western Europe. The integrity of this diversity is being challenged by frequent human-mediated trans-alpine translocations, sometimes leading to biological invasions. Several alien terrestrial vertebrates of south Alpine origins (Italy, Swiss Ticino) are causing damages to native north Alpine fauna. In this paper, we used molecular tools to characterize the understudied case of the Mediterranean smooth newt (Lissotriton vulgaris meridionalis) expanding in the outskirts of Geneva since its introduction before 1975. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequencing suggest that these exotic populations are a mixture between two diverged L. v. meridionalis lineages from central Italy, and traces of potential hybridization with the native L. v. vulgaris was detected. This situation echoes many other trans-alpine alien introductions. We review all comparable cases of southern to northern Alps introductions in vertebrates, including seven reptiles and four amphibians. The majority of south alpine alien lineages were presumably imported voluntarily by enthusiasts and appear to perform better in the disturbed habitats found in the anthropogenic landscapes of Western Europe compared to their native north Alpine counterparts. Most pose serious threats to related species of similar ecology, through direct competition, predation and introgressive hybridization. Difficulties to detect alien species on time lead to significant conservation costs. Better education together with more appropriate and reactive management plans will be necessary to limit the impact of future alien introductions.

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Cîmpean, Mirela, Anca-Mihaela Șuteu, Alexia Berindean et Karina P. Battes. « Diversity of Spring Invertebrates and Their Habitats : A Story of Preferences ». Diversity 14, n^o 5 (5 mai 2022) : 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14050367.

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Springs, as unique ecotonal habitats between surface and hypogean areas, are considered endangered aquatic ecosystems due to direct and indirect human impacts and climate change issues. They are distinctive water habitats that are often inhabited by a diverse but mostly stenotypic group of organisms. The present study considered 31 springs from the Apuseni Mountains (the Romanian Carpathians) that were classified as rheocrene, helocrene, and limnocrene based on their geomorphology and hydrology. Samples from three substrate types (rocks, sand, and bryophytes) were collected using standard methods for crenic invertebrates. A total of 64,462 individuals belonging to 17 invertebrate taxa were identified: aquatic worms, mollusks, crustaceans, water mites, and insects. Amphipoda and Diptera–Chironomidae were the dominant taxa in most springs. At a community level, patterns of habitat preference were demonstrated for 12 invertebrate groups using the standardized selection index (B) and expressed as the number of springs where a certain group selected rocks, sand, and/or bryophytes: Four groups exhibited preferences for bryophytes (Coleoptera, Diptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera), Ephemeroptera exhibited preferences for rocks, and Copepoda exhibited preferences for sand. Amphipoda, Platyhelminthes, and Ostracoda displayed preferences for all three substratum types, while Gastropoda, Hydrachnidia, and Oligochaeta recorded lower percentages in springs where habitat preferences were significant. In addition, crenic invertebrates were divided into three guilds, depending on their dispersion abilities in any stage of their life cycle: sedentary (not-winged groups), mobile (winged groups), and ectoparasites (water mites that were able to leave the springs on their winged hosts). Sedentary taxa recorded higher percentages of abundances and habitat preferences towards rocks and sand, while ectoparasites (Hydrachnidia) and the mobile guilds tended to prefer bryophytes. This segregation might be explained by individual adaptations to the particularities of each type of substratum, such as the bodily form of the copepods, which are well suited for sand interstices, a habitat that our data showed that they preferred. Our results represent novel contributions to the knowledge of habitat preferences of spring invertebrates from the Apuseni Mountains, adding value to similar data from the Western Carpathians, the Alps, and the Dinaric region.

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Splendiani, Andrea, Patrick Berrebi, Christelle Tougard, Tommaso Righi, Nathalie Reynaud, Tatiana Fioravanti, Paolo Lo Conte et al. « The role of the south-western Alps as a unidirectional corridor for Mediterranean brown trout (Salmo trutta complex) lineages ». Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 131, n^o 4 (2 novembre 2020) : 909–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa125.

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Abstract The role of the south-western Alps as a corridor for Mediterranean trout (Salmo trutta complex Linnaeus, 1758) was evaluated in order to understand the influence of the last glacial events in shaping the spatial distribution of the genetic diversity of this salmonid. For this, the allochthonous hypothesis of a man-mediated French origin (19th century) of the Mediterranean trout inhabiting the Po tributaries in the Italian side of the south-western Alps was tested. A total of 412 individuals were analysed at the mitochondrial control region. The phylogenetic classification was carried out by using a Median-Joining Network analysis. Mismatch pair-wise analysis, molecular dating and Kernel density distribution analysis of the main mitochondrial lineages were evaluated to compare past demographic dynamics with the current spatial distribution of genetic diversity. The main outcomes resulted strongly in agreement with a biogeographic scenario where the south-western Alps acted as a unidirectional corridor that permitted the colonization of the upper Durance (Rhône River basin) by trout from the Po River basin. Therefore, the Mediterranean trout should be considered as native also along the Italian side of the south-western Alps and the allochthonous hypothesis should be rejected.

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Parolini, Marco, Diego Antonioli, Franco Borgogno, Maria Cristina Gibellino, Jacopo Fresta, Carlo Albonico, Beatrice De Felice et al. « Microplastic Contamination in Snow from Western Italian Alps ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n^o 2 (18 janvier 2021) : 768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020768.

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Recent studies have documented the presence of microplastics (MPs) in remote areas, including soils or sediments collected in mountain and glacier environments, but information on their presence in snow is scant. The present study aimed at exploring the presence of MPs in residual snow collected in four locations of the Aosta Valley (Western Italian Alps), with different accessibility and human presence. Overall, the µ-FTIR analyses confirmed the presence of 18 MPs in snow, 7 (39%) items were fibres, while 11 (61%) were fragments. Polyethylene (PE; 7 MPs) was the main polymer, followed by polyethylene terephthalate (PET; 3 MPs), high density PE (HDPE; 3 MPs), polyester (2 MPs), while only 1 MP made by low density PE, polypropylene and polyurethane were found. The mean (± SE) concentration of MPs in snow ranged between 0.39 ± 0.39 MPs/L and 4.91 ± 2.48 MPs/L, with a mean of 2.32 ± 0.96 MPs/L for the sampling locations. The concentration of MPs did not statistically differ among locations. Our results suggest that MPs presence in high-mountain ecosystems might depend on deposition through atmospheric precipitations or local sources due to human activities. For these reasons, policies aiming at reducing plastic use and dispersal in mountain areas may be effective in preventing local MP contamination.

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PORTER, STEPHEN c., et GIUSEPPE OROMBELLI. « Late-glacial ice advances in the western Italian Alps ». Boreas 11, n^o 2 (16 janvier 2008) : 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.1982.tb00530.x.

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Roder, Stefanie, François Biollaz, Stéphane Mettaz, Fridolin Zimmermann, Ralph Manz, Marc Kéry, Sergio Vignali, Luca Fumagalli, Raphaël Arlettaz et Veronika Braunisch. « Deer density drives habitat use of establishing wolves in the Western European Alps ». Journal of Applied Ecology 57, n^o 5 (13 avril 2020) : 995–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13609.

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Parisod, Christian. « Postglacial recolonisation of plants in the western Alps of Switzerland ». Botanica Helvetica 118, n^o 1 (juin 2008) : 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00035-008-0825-3.

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Huemer, Peter, Ole Karsholt et Christian Wieser. « Megacraspedus cottiensis sp. nov. (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) from northern Italy – a case of taxonomic confusion ». ZooKeys 963 (24 août 2020) : 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.963.54842.

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Megacraspedus cottiensissp. nov. is described from the western Alps (prov. Torino, Italy). The dorsal habitus and genitalia for both the male and brachypterous female are provided. The new species belongs to the M. faunierensis species group based on genitalia morphology and DNA barcodes, and was hitherto confused with M. neli Huemer & Karsholt, 2018 from the southwestern Alps. However, it clearly differs in morphology and DNA barcode sequences from that species and from M. faunierensis Huemer & Karsholt, 2018. The new species is suspected of being a regional endemic of the Cottian Alps.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Alps, Western – Human ecology"

D'AMICO, MICHELE EUGENIO. « Soil ecology and pedogenesis on ophiolitic materials in the western Alps (Mont Avic Natural Park, North-western Italy) : soil properties and their relationships with substrate, vegetation and biological activity ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/10401.

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Soils formed from ultramafic rocks are normally by pH values close to neutrality, a high base status and are usually rich in Mg, Fe and heavy metals. The low Ca/Mg ratio and the high heavy metal content could cause toxic effects in the biological communities. Plant communities, in particular, are usually different from nearby areas with different substrates and rich in endemisms and adapted species and subspecies. Despite their great environmental and ecological interest, pedological and ecological properties of mountain or boreal soils developed on similar substrates have seldom been studied worldwide. 198 soil pits (associated with phytosociological surveys) have been opened and analyzed in the ophiolitic area of Mont Avic Natural Park (Val d’Aosta, Western Alps, Italy), beween 900 and 2900 m above see level. Soils formed from ultramafic, mafic rocks and calcschists have been observed, in order to recognize the most ecologically important soil factors. The results show that soil properties are related with altitude and slope aspect in forest habitats, while the effect of substrate becomes important above timberline. Strong leaching in forest soils, related to high acidity and to the podzolization process, decrease the total and bioavailable heavy metal contents, above the treeline pedogenic and geomorphic processes release and accumulate large quantities of potentially hazardous trace elements. The plant communities strictly depend on the edaphic properties above the treeline, while in the forest habitats the differences caused by substrate are less discernible. Microbial and microarthropodal communities suffer stress caused by heavy metals in forest soils, while at the alpine level non significant statistical or ecological correlation are visible. Heavy metals (Ni, in particular) are the most important edaphic properties in differentiating plant communities on different substrata, while the Ca/Mg ratio (usually considered the most influencing soil properties on ultramafic soils) has no particular ecological effect.

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Watson, Sadie. « Digging London : a reflexive look at archaeology in the western part of the city ». Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2016. http://repository.uwtsd.ac.uk/727/.

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London remains the most thoroughly excavated city in Britain, with a significant corpus of data recovered from many hundreds of excavations. The vast majority of this work has been carried out under the auspices of development control and planning guidance, although the situation has developed from one of rescue excavations carried out by volunteers to the position we see today of large professional teams working on multi-disciplinary projects. It is entirely within this milieu that my own career has progressed. The portfolio presented within this thesis presents the stages of analysis and publication in use at MOLA, my employer. I have published the results of many excavations, a selection of which I have chosen to illustrate the issues which I consider to be pertinent within the development-led commercial sector. Chapter 1 provides a background to the legislative and professional situation within which I operate, as well as relevant discussion of the current research agendas and frameworks which should be considered by archaeologists working in the City. Chapter 2 contains the portfolio material. The concluding Chapter 3 provides a detailed introduction to the portfolio sites and the contribution to knowledge provided by the archaeology excavated. This chapter also presents the critique of the portfolio sites and all aspects of the projects, from fieldwork to publication. I observe difficulties with the current structure of the commercial sector and in the following recommendations and conclusion suggest ways in which these can be alleviated.

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Barahona, Túpac A. « The impact of human practices on forest remnants people and conservation in a small nature reserve in western Nicaragua ». Ohio : Ohio University, 2001. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou987449787.

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McLennan, Matthew Ross. « Chimpanzee ecology and interactions with people in an unprotected human-dominated landscape at Bulindi, Western Uganda ». Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2010. https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/37bf553b-52f8-4bb3-a315-49c4bb6f8aef/1/.

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As humans continue to modify natural habitats in Africa, particularly outside of protected areas, the survival of many chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) populations is dependant on their ability to adapt to human-dominated landscapes, and the willingness of local people to share their environment and resources with these large mammals. Unless hunted, chimpanzees may persist in anthropogenically-modified habitats including forest–farm mosaics, but competition and conflict can characterise their relationship with people. Conservation strategies are needed to facilitate successful coexistence. However, few studies have examined human–ape sympatry in detail. This thesis explores the ecological and behavioural adaptation of a previously unstudied chimpanzee community to an increasingly ‘agriculturalised’ landscape at Bulindi, Uganda. These chimpanzees live in exceptionally close proximity to farmers that exert unsustainable pressure on small unprotected forests. Research was conducted during 21 months between February 2006 and January 2008. Quantitative ecological methods were used to characterise the apes’ habitat and measure seasonal food availability. Indirect methods (e.g. faecal analysis and nest mapping) were employed to investigate chimpanzee diet and range use, supplemented by opportunistic behavioural observations. Riverine forests at Bulindi are rich in chimpanzee foods, but are rapidly being destroyed by people. Important foods in the apes’ diet include both wild and cultivated items; chimpanzees increased consumption of cultivars during the low forest fruiting season. Unique among studied populations in Uganda, Bulindi chimpanzees use tools to dig up subterranean bee nests for honey. Interviews were conducted to survey residents’ attitudes towards chimpanzees and forests. Chimpanzee behaviour is widely perceived by residents to have undergone recent negative changes, including increased crop-raiding and ranging into village areas, which correspond to major land-use changes (i.e. commercial logging and agricultural intensification). Further, adult males exhibit frequent human-directed aggression, apparently in response to harassment and intensifying competition with humans. Most residents fear chimpanzees. Because of poverty, insecure land tenure, inadequate law and policy enforcement, and corruption, local people currently have little incentive to maintain forest on their land. The study concludes that, under present conditions, chimpanzees will not survive at Bulindi or in similar unprotected forest–farm landscapes regionally without immediate, effective intervention. Recommendations for the conservation and management of chimpanzees in human-dominated landscapes are provided.

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Oltean, Ioana Adina. « Later prehistoric and Roman rural settlement and land-use in western Transylvania ». Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2004. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/971/.

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The present study analyses Roman-native interaction from a landscape perspective in a core territory of both Iron Age and Roman Dacia. The study are includes the royal Dacian heartland (the Orastie Mountains) and its surrounding lowlands, and also the hinterlands of Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa and Apulum, the two most important Roman towns in the province. The research considers the nature and distribution of lower-order settlements in the pre-Roman and Roman periods, human impact on the local landscape and the changes which occurred as a result of the Roman occupation. Also, it addresses previous biases of interpretation through re-evaluation of earlier data and consideration of new datasets provided by the interpretation and mapping of recent oblique aerial photographs. New detailed plans of the sites discovered through aerial photography have been integrated within a significant amount of scattered published data (excavation and field walking reports; gazetteers) and relevant information from historical maps. Al the material has been analysed utilising a relational database linked to a GIS. The results provide a complex reconsideration on a more realistic and up-to-date basis of previous theories regarding the native settlement pattern and the impact of Roman colonisation in the chronological and geographical context specified. Also, through the resulting database and GIS, it provides a methodological framework and a customised tool for further analysis of the landscape and of the evolution of the settlement pattern which can be extended throughout the province of Dacia and into the neighbouring areas. Finally, it creates a useful source of analogy or contrast for Empire-wide studies of Romanisation and Roman-native interaction.

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Westaway, Kira E. « Reconstructing the Quaternary landscape evolution and climate history of western Flores an environmental and chronological context for an archaeological site / ». Access electronically, 2006. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20070117.170105/index.html.

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Chambers, Brian Kevan. « Human disturbance affects the ecology and population dynamics of the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii, on Garden Island, Western Australia ». University of Western Australia. School of Animal Biology, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0139.

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[Truncated abstract] Understanding the effect that the disturbance of habitat by humans has on the population dynamics and ecology of wild animals is critical for the management of these populations. By understanding the demographic effects of disturbance the ways in which a population can be managed to increase or decrease its rate of change in size also become apparent. This thesis describes the effect that human disturbance, through the establishment of a large naval base, has had on the population dynamics and ecology of tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii) on Garden Island, Western Australia. The disturbance of the environment on the HMAS Stirling Naval Base included the establishment of large areas of irrigated and fertilised couch grass (Cynodon dactylon) that increased and made virtually constant the amount of food available to the tammars in that area. In addition, traffic associated with the naval base resulted in large numbers of tammar wallabies being killed by vehicles. The effects of these disturbances were determined by comparing population dynamics, through vital rates of survival and fecundity and population growth rates, and spatial ecology, through the size of the animals' home ranges, in three areas of Garden Island. The three areas were the naval base (highly disturbed), southern bushland (adjacent to the naval base) and the northern bushland (undisturbed). The tammars on the naval base were in better body condition than those living in the two bushland areas of the island. ... When the impact of road-kills was removed, increased to 1.150.101 per year on the naval base and 0.960.076 per year in the southern bushland. Fecundity transitions, defined as the product of the rates of birth and pouch-young survival, and adult survival rates were lower in the bushland areas compared with the naval base in two of the three years, which were the main reasons for the lower estimates. There were no significant differences in the size of the tammars' home ranges between areas with modified or unmodified habitats or between the sexes (P>0.05). In summer the mean size of the home ranges was 3.90.66 ha, which was larger than winter when home ranges were 3.20.54 ha, but this difference failed to reach significance (P=0.058). These results indicate that the modification of the tammars' habitat has probably not caused significant changes in the size of the animals' home ranges. The size of the home ranges of tammar wallabies is likely to be determined by a complex interaction of many factors, and habitat modification alone has not been sufficient to cause substantial changes. The results presented in this thesis demonstrate that the disturbance caused by the establishment of the naval base on Garden Island has altered the population dynamics of the tammars wallabies, through increasing in the amount of food available to the tammars and through high numbers of road-kills. These results also demonstrate how gaining detailed knowledge of population dynamics can have direct application to managing the impact of disturbance on populations of wild animals.

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Boonzaaier, Carmen. « Conservation in human-influenced areas : epigaeic arthropods in the Cape Floristic Region Lowlands ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21551.

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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The conservation of biodiversity is becoming increasingly challenging as habitats are disturbed, fragmented or destroyed. Although nature reserves now cover more than 10 % of the earths’ surface it has become clear that more will have to be done to ensure the long-term survival of species. Therefore, focus is increasingly shifting towards conserving biodiversity in natural and semi-natural remnants in human-influenced areas. This study aimed to determine the contribution of remnants in human-influenced areas to the conservation of biodiversity in the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) lowlands, using ground-dwelling arthropods, specifically ants, as the focal taxon. Initially, base-line information of arthropods and in particular ants was obtained. Sampling arthropods generally involves a large sample effort. Therefore maximizing sampling effort for ants in the CFR was investigated by trapping ground-dwelling ants at a single locality. Doubling the number of grids of pitfall traps was found to be more effective in trapping a greater number of species than doubling the duration of sampling. Therefore increasing spatial sampling intensity rather than sampling duration maximizes sample effort for CFR ants. Also, the seasonal changes of ground-dwelling arthropods, including ants, were determined by sampling four times during the year at a single locality. Overall arthropod abundance was found to peak in summer while dropping to a minimum in winter. This pattern was mirrored by that of the ants, indicating that ant results have a broader relevance than to ants only. The ground-dwelling fauna was dominated by ants emphasizing their importance in the CFR lowlands, and demonstrating that ants are an appropriate flagship taxon for epigaeic arthropod diversity in the CFR. Finally the contribution of remnants in human-influenced areas to the conservation of the CFR was investigated. A nested hierarchical approach was used, where five localities were selected across the CFR, each containing one reserve site and one site with natural remnants. Ants were sampled, along with environmental variables, namely weather, vegetation and soil. Overall, remnants were found to support similar ant assemblages to those of reserves. However for individual localities some remnants were significantly different to their reserve counterparts. Differences in ant assemblages were found to be greater between localities than between reserves and remnants. The relatively high heterogeneity of ants found in this study emphasizes the conservation significance of invertebrates along with that of plants in the CFR. Remnants clearly show the potential to conserve ant assemblages, however correct management is needed for these areas to maximize their potential. Disturbances such as the presence of the invasive Argentine ant and increasing soil nutrients by fertilization, pose a distinct threat to the ability of remnants to conserve ant assemblages. This study has shown that remnants currently support ant assemblages representative of those present in the CFR today. Therefore, some remnant patches of habitat in agricultural areas currently do contribute highly to the conservation of a functional important taxon in this global biodiversity hotspot, and if managed correctly, may continue to do so in the future.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die vernietiging en fragmentering van habitatte maak die bewaring van biodiversiteit al hoe meer van ‘n uitdaging. Alhoewel natuur reservate reeds meer as 10 % van die aarde se oppervlak beslaan is dit duidelik dat meer gedoen sal moet word vir die lang-termyn voortbestaan van spesies. Dus word die fokus van biodiversiteit-bewaring toenemend gerig op bewaring van natuurlike en semi-natuurlike fragmente in menslik-beinvloede gebiede. Die doel van hierdie studie was om te bepaal wat die bydrae van fragmente van natuurlike veld in menslik-beinvloede gebiede is tot die bewaring van die streek. Dit is gedoen deur van grond-lewende geleedpotiges en spesifiek, miere in die Kaapse floraryk (CFR) gebruik te maak. Aanvanklik is kennis ingewin oor die geleedpotiges en spesifiek miere in die omgewing. Omdat die versameling van geleedpotige diere gewoonlik baie moeite vereis is ‘n maksimum steekproef gedoen by ‘n enkele lokaliteit. Daar is gevind dat ‘n verdubbling van die aantal ruitsteekproefnemings met vanggate meer effektief is om miere te vang as ‘n verdubbling in die tydperiode wat vanggate oop is. Dus, is ‘n hoër ruimtelike steekproef intensiteit meer effektief in vergelyking met ‘n langer tydsduur vir miere in die CFR. Die seisoenale veranderinge van grond-lewende geleedpotiges, sowel as miere, was ook bepaal. Dit was gedoen deur vier seisoenale steekproewe te doen by ‘n enkele lokaliteit. Die totale geleedpotige-talrykheid was die meeste gedurende die somer en die minste in die winter. Die miertalrykheid het ook hierdie patroon weerspieël. Dit dui daarop dat veranderinge in mier versamelings van breër belang is vir alle grondlewende geleedpotiges. Miere was die dominante grond-lewende geleedpotiges en beklemtoon die belangrikheid van miere in die CFR, sowel as hulle toepaslikheid as vlagskip taksa vir grond-lewende geleedpotige diversiteit in die CFR. Laastens was die bydrae van gefragmenteerde natuurlike veld in menslik–beinvloede gebiede tot die bewaring van die CFR ondersoek. ’n Krimpende/ genestelde hiërargies benadering is gebruik in vyf geselekteerde lokaliteite, elk het bestaan uit ‘n area in ‘n natuur reservaat en ‘n area in ‘n naasliggende fragment. Miere was versamel saam met ‘n verskeidenheid omgewings veranderlike, naamlik weer, plantegroei en grond. In die algemeen is gevind dat fragmente en reservate gelyksoortige mier versamelings het. Daar was wel gevind dat party fragmente aansienlik verskillend was van die reservaat teenstuk. Verskille in mier versamelings tussen lokaliteite was groter as verskille tussen reservate en fragmente. Die relatief hoë heterogeniteit van miere beklemtoon die bewaringsbelang van invertebrate saam met dié van plante in die CFR. Dit is duidelik dat fragmente wel ‘n potensiale bydrae kan maak om die mier versamelinge te bewaar, maar gepaste bestuur is nodig om hierdie potentiaal te maksimaliseer. Versteurings soos die teenwoordigheid van die indringer Argentynse mier en toenemende grondvoedingstofkonsentrasie as gevolg van bemesting is ‘n groot bedreiging tot die vermoë van fragmente om mier versamelings te bewaar. Hierdie studie wys dat mier versamelings in gefragmenterde areas verteenwordigend is van die algemene mier versamlings wat op die oomblik in die CFR is. Dus lewer party fragmente in landbou gebiede op die oomblik ‘n wesenlike bydrae tot die bewaring van ‘n funksioneel belangrike takson in hierdie globale biodiversiteitsbrandpunt en die bydra sal volhoubaar wees met korekte bestuur.

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White, Peter. « A phenomenological exploration of ecological consciousness development ». View thesis, 2009. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/43551.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Sydney, 2009.
A thesis presented to the University of Western Sydney, College of Arts, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Includes bibliographies.

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Johnston, Olivia Rose. « A comparison of the stable isotopic ecology of eastern, western, and pre-human forest ecosystems in the South Island of New Zealand ». Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9445.

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New Zealand forests have been reduced and degraded by gross removal, logging, and the effects of mammals introduced by Polynesian and European settlers. These changes increase the value of the remaining forests, so information on the effects of these disturbances will be useful to inform the management of forest protection. Integrated measurements of C and N cycling within forests can be obtained using foliar stable isotope ratios, which may detect differences between forests resulting from natural or anthropogenic disturbances. This thesis characterises the stable isotopic composition distribution and likely drivers of isotopic variation of vegetation in several central South Island forests, and provides a baseline for future ecological New Zealand studies of present and pre-human vegetation. The largest detected stable isotope variation in modern leaf material was that of δ15N values between the eastern and western podocarp-broadleaf forests. This variation was probably controlled by the lower soil N availability associated with the high rainfall of western forests causing low δ15N values (-8.5 ± 3.5 ‰) relative to an eastern forest (+1.6 ± 1.3 ‰) and global temperate forests (average -2.8 ± 2.0 ‰ (Martinelli et al. 1999)). The significant but slightly higher mean δ15N (0.6 ‰) of a historically selectively logged forest (Saltwater Forest) in comparison to the mean in an unlogged forest (Okarito Forest), on the West Coast, could be attributed to either alteration to N cycling from logging, site differences in topography, or local soil N differences between the forests. Although δ13C showed no significant geographical variation, the well-described ‘canopy effect’ was observed in all modern forests, manifested as a positive covariation between δ13C and vegetation height. Similarly, large taxon-specific differences were observed between δ15N and δ13C values in both modern and fossil leaves. Well-preserved fossil leaves, from sediments c. 4500 years B.P in Pyramid Valley, North Canterbury, had higher δ13C (4.2 ‰) and δ15N (2.5 ‰) values than modern vegetation from Riccarton Bush, Christchurch. The difference between ecosystems spanning several millennia probably reflects ecosystem-scale changes in C and N cycling within New Zealand forests following human arrival, particularly from the degradation caused by invasive animals.

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Livres sur le sujet "Alps, Western – Human ecology"

Nina, Shoumatoff, dir. The Alps : Europe's mountain heart. Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press, 2001.

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Isaia, Marco. Aracnidi sotterranei delle Alpi occidentali italiane = : Subterranean arachnids of the western Italian Alps. Torino : Museo regionale di scienze naturali, 2011.

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Jayshree, Vencatesan, dir. Western Ghats : Biodiversity, people, conservation. New Delhi : Rupa & Co., 2008.

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Štih, Peter, et Žiga Zwitter. Man, nature and environment between the northern Adriatic and the eastern Alps in premodern times. Ljubljana : Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete, 2014.

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S, Pangtey Y. P., Joshi S. C, Joshi D. R et Himalayan Research Group (India), dir. Western Himalaya. Nainital, U.P : Gyanodaya Prakashan, 1987.

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The green rainbow : Environmental groups in Western Europe. New Haven : Yale University Press, 1994.

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Guha, Sumit. Kings, commoners, and the commons : People and environments in Western India, 1600-1900. New Delhi : Centre for Contemporary Studies, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, 1996.

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Boyden, Stephen Vickers. Western civilization in biological perspective : Patterns in biohistory. Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1987.

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Western civilization in biological perspective : Patterns in biohistory. Oxford [England] : Clarendon Press, 1989.

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Børre, Ørbæk Jon, dir. Arctic alpine ecosystems and people in a changing environment. Berlin : Springer, 2007.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Alps, Western – Human ecology"

Bird, Douglas W., Rebecca Bliege Bird et Christopher H. Parker. « Burning and Hunting in Australia’s Western Desert ». Dans Human Ecology, 127–42. Boston, MA : Springer US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5701-6_9.

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Cane, Scott. « Australian Aboriginal Subsistence in the Western Desert ». Dans Case Studies in Human Ecology, 17–53. Boston, MA : Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9584-4_2.

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Brooks, Daniel M., et Alfredo J. Begazo. « Macaw abundance in relation to human population density in the western amazon basin ». Dans Avian Ecology and Conservation in an Urbanizing World, 427–37. Boston, MA : Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1531-9_20.

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Richardson, B. A. « The human impacts on the ecology of freshwater fish in western New South Wales ». Dans Future of the Fauna of Western New South Wales, 169–76. P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia : Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/rzsnsw.1994.016.

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Bates, Vincent C., Daniel J. Shevock et Anita Prest. « Cultural Diversity, Ecodiversity, and Music Education ». Dans The Politics of Diversity in Music Education, 163–74. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65617-1_12.

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AbstractDiversity discourses in music education tend toward anthropocentrism, focusing on human cultures, identities, and institutions. In this chapter, we broaden conceptualizations of diversity in music education to include relationships between music, education, and ecology: understood as interactions among organisms and the physical environment. Diversity in music education can be realized by attending to the ongoing interrelationships of local geography, ecology, and culture, all of which contribute dynamically to local music practices. We situate our analysis within specific Indigenous North American cultures (e.g., Western Apache, Nuu-chah-nulth, Stó:lō, and Syilx) and associated perspectives and philosophies to shed light on the multiple forms of reciprocity that undergird diversity. Indigenous knowledge, in combination with new materialism and political ecology discourses, can help us come back down to earth in ways of being and becoming that are ecologically sustainable, preserving the ecodiversity that exists and grows in place, forging egalitarian relationships and a sense of communal responsibility, fostering reverence for ancestors along with nonhuman lives and topographies, and cultivating musical practices that are one with our respective ecosystems.

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Amruth, M., et Rajan Gurukkal. « 6. Spatiality of Subsistence and the Human Ecology of Landscape : Towards Self-Regulatory Forest Communities ». Dans Forest landscapes of the southern western Ghats, India, 97–139. Institut Français de Pondichéry, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.ifp.7026.

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« Pacific Salmon : Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations ». Dans Pacific Salmon : Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations, sous la direction de K. Fiona Cubitt, Christopher I. Goddard et Charles C. Krueger. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874110.ch60.

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Abstract.—This paper presents a synopsis of discussions by commercial and subsistence fishers, biologists, fishery managers, and academicians about salmon management held at the symposium (this volume). The group reviewed current strategies and discussed changes that may be made to improve management with respect to fish numbers, stakeholder needs, and engagement of local people. The conservation of salmon Oncorhynchus spp. was a shared value among all participants along with the belief that sustainable salmon yields will ensure sustainable rural communities within the Arctic-Yukon-Kuskokwim (AYK) region. Management by escapement goals was a useful management strategy; however, substantial concerns were expressed that high risks to salmon populations and fisheries existed when goals were based on maximum sustained yield concepts. Weekly in-season teleconferences among fishery participants and managers have provided important information, improved decision making, and built relationships and trust between managers and fishers. Traditional ecological knowledge was viewed as an important source of information and could be further incorporated into management decisions. Studies should be conducted to understand the nature of selective fishing on salmon (e.g., size, life history, sex), and its effects on the long-term sustainability of salmon populations. Allocation of subsistence harvest in times of salmon scarcity should recognize and prioritize human food as the highest use, then dog food, and last customary trade uses. Opportunities should be explored to increase interaction between freshwater and ocean managers to achieve a more holistic, ecosystem-based management of salmon stocks over their entire life history. Tensions exist within the fisheries including: commercial versus recreational versus subsistence fishers; downstream versus upstream fishers; and state versus federal management of subsistence fisheries. These tensions will continue to pose a challenge to management. With improved information, communication, and cooperation, successful management of AYK salmon is possible and will help ensure sustainability and opportunity for use by future human generations.

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« Pacific Salmon : Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations ». Dans Pacific Salmon : Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations, sous la direction de David Policansky. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874110.ch51.

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Abstract.—Salmon (Oncorhynchus spp. and Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar) hold an unusual place among fishes due to their importance in cultures as food, sport fish, and as foci of political conflicts. They also are unusual in their anadromy, being important to freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems. This paper discusses five National Research Council studies of how to understand and sustain salmon in their various environments in Maine, the Pacific Northwest, and western Alaska. Lessons are formulated from a comparison of the studies that apply to all three regions as well as those that seem to apply only locally. The paper includes consideration of variations in life histories and abundance among the species as well as variations in physical environments and human societies in the places where salmon live.

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« Pacific Salmon : Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations ». Dans Pacific Salmon : Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations, sous la direction de Robert J. Wolfe et Joseph Spaeder. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874110.ch18.

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Abstract.—Salmon Oncorhynchus spp. is a staple food for the Native villages of the Yukon and Kuskokwim drainages and Norton Sound in Alaska. The economy of the area is characterized by the high production of wild foods for local use and low-per-capita monetary incomes. Traditional subsistence activities form the core of village economies. Subsistence harvests, the priority use of salmon designated by state and federal law, have displayed variable trends, primarily linked to local environmental variables and the food needs of people and sled dogs. Commercial fishing of western Alaska salmon stocks intensified during the early 1970s through 1980s, providing income to small-scale fishers selling to export markets. During the 1990s, commercial salmon harvests collapsed resulting in substantial decreases of income to villages. In the Yukon River drainage, families have culled dog teams in response to lower subsistence salmon harvests for dog food, impacting cultural traditions involving sled dogs. Declines in subsistence salmon harvests for food may lead to increased harvests of other wild-food species or cause human out-migration from villages; however, no programs are currently in place to monitor such effects. A growing number of case studies have documented the important contributions of Traditional Ecological Knowledge to fishery research as well as to the formulation of fisheries regulations.

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« Pacific Salmon : Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations ». Dans Pacific Salmon : Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations, sous la direction de E. Lance Howe et Stephanie Martin. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874110.ch21.

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Abstract.—This paper addresses broad demographic and economic characteristics of the Arctic-Yukon-Kuskokwim region (AYK) of Alaska. AYK human population growth has generally been moderate over time. Because out-migration regularly exceeds in-migration, especially in the villages, population growth is mainly a product of natality. We anticipate future population growth patterns will be similar. In terms of regional characteristics, the linguistically and geographically distinct populations of the AYK region are similar in that they all have active traditional cultures, a strong reliance on subsistence, and relatively high measures of income poverty. While commercial fishing income is not a large contributor to total regional income, it is an important component of income for households in proximity to commercial fish processors. Many commercial fishermen are also subsistence harvesters, and for many, commercial fishing income provides the means to purchase equipment and other inputs to subsistence activities. This paper examines the relationship between subsistence harvests, population growth, and commercial fishing using a simple least squares regression model. We found that earnings from Kuskokwim commercial salmon fisheries are positively correlated with subsistence harvests while earnings from other commercial fisheries reduce subsistence harvests for a set of lower Kuskokwim River communities. Separately, we found that population growth is not positively correlated with subsistence salmon harvests in the same communities.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Alps, Western – Human ecology"

Leme da Silva, Andrea, Ludivine Eloy, Osmar Coelho et Yuri Salmona. « Water grabbing through decentralization ? Changes in water uses and governance in agricultural frontiers of the western Bahia (Cerrados), Brazil ». Dans XXIV International Conference of the Society for Human Ecology. , : Even3, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29327/xxivshe.387189.

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