Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Allochthonous specie »

In the present paper, we examine the influence of micrite types, autochthonous or allochthonous, on the dolomitization processes. The recrystallized and dolomitized Carnian samples from Rifugio Vallandro and Alpe di Specie erratic boulders (South Tyrol, Italy) offer a unique example for studying the relationship between microbialites and dolomitization processes. The comparison between the carbonates of the well-preserved erratic boulders of Alpe di Specie and the isochronous, recrystallized, and dolomitized, samples of Rifugio Vallandro, allows for hypothesizing the role of microbialites on dolomitization processes. The Rifugio Vallandro samples represent variously dolomitized boundstone (made of corals, sponges, and peloidal crusts) with a fine texture (aphanodolomite) which contain organic matter relics, suggesting microbial-mediated mineralization. Geomicrobiological characterization of the microbialites from Alpe di Specie indicates that they formed through microbial metabolic activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria, which thrive on organic matter accumulated in the suboxic to anoxic interspaces of the skeletal framework. Similar processes can be hypothesized for the microbialite precursor of Rifugio Vallandro. Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and other organic compounds trapped inside the fine crystal matrix can have a role in the dolomitization processes of the microbialites. High pH and high alkalinity, derived from the degradation of organic matter, may be critical in promoting the dolomitization of microbialites because the high pH increases the concentration and activity of the dissolved CO32−, thereby increasing the dolomite supersaturation and reaction rates. This process produces very fine dolomite (aphanodolomite) that replaces the original organic-rich micrite, while the fine crystalline dolomite forming larger euhedral crystals seems to derive from the allochthonous micrite due to the presence of a large amount of siliciclastics and the absence of organic remains.

Fish is in high demand as food, food additives, and supplements as they are a rich source of carbon, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Fish has been established to possess bacterial populations on or in their skin, gills, digestive tract, etc. with their microbial diversity often reflecting the bacterial populations of the surrounding water which are either allochthonous or allochthonous. This study isolated and enumerated aerobic bacteria flora in the gastrointestinal tract and gills of four culturable freshwater fish (Silver catfish, Tilapia, Clarias, and Heterobranchus). These species of cultural freshwater fish were obtained and each adult specie held in a separate glass containing unchlorinated water and transferred to the laboratory. The quantitative and qualitative estimation of the bacteria flora present in the gill and Gastro-Intestinal Tract (GIT) of fish were investigated. The Mean total plate count on Nutrient Agar (NA), Blood Agar (BA), MacConkey Agar (MCA), Cysteine-Lactose-Electrolyte-Deficient Agar, (CLED Agar) and Salmonella – Shigella Agar (SSA) was found to be 60 and 40 CFU, 150 and 80 CFU, 100 and 90 CFU and 80 and 70 CFU respectively. Most of the isolates were of public significance. The results showed that fish contains a large number of microbiotas which may play a role in nutrition and health.

The introduction of allochthonous species often represents a serious problem for ecosystems and native species. Usually, these cases involve common widespread species that show high adaptability and strong competitiveness against local species. Within amphibians, the introduction of allochthonous species mainly deals with anurans, while cases involving caudata are few and poorly studied. We report the first assessment of an introduced population of European plethodontid salamanders. This population is located in the French Pyrenees and represents the oldest allochthonous Hydromantes population. We reconstructed the history of its introduction and collected data on the ecology and feeding habits of this population. Our results show that this population is stable and reproductive, showing strong similarities to Italian mainland species of Hydromantes. This study provided the base for further studies focused on this allochthonous population of European cave salamanders.

The differential characters of the cultivated tree Taxodium ascendens Brongn and Taxodium distichum L. Rich. trees in the Banja Koviljaca Park are described. Taxodium ascendens Brongn. is differentiated as the adaptive and fast-growing conifer for the conditions in Serbia.

The paper analyses the growth, structure, production and soil chemistry of different tree species stands 20 years after allochthonous spruce dieback. The experiment was carried out at lower altitudes (300 m a.s.l.) at rich sites of the Central Europe region. Norway spruce (Picea abies Linnaeus) and beech (Fagus sylvatica Linnaeus) stands established by artificial regeneration were compared with silver birch (Betula pendula Roth), aspen (Populus tremula Linnaeus) and birch-aspen stands, which were regenerated naturally. Spruce stands showed a decrease of site index (site index 3), compared with the previous generation (site index 2). This leads to an expected lower production at the age of 100 years, compared to mature beech stands, which showed a site index of 1. The highest production (tree overbark volume) was found out in the aspen stand – 294 m³·ha^–1. The production (tree overbark volume) of other monoculture stands was comparable and reached 201–222 m³·ha^–1. Most of the soil chemical characteristics under the compared stands (Ca and Mg content, Al content and active and potential soil reaction) were significantly better under aspen and decreased in the following trend: birch – beech – spruce.

Four new troglomorphic pseudotyrannochthoniid pseudoscorpion species collected from karst caves in Guizhou Province are described with detailed diagnoses and illustrations: Allochthonius bainiensissp. nov. from Liangfeng Cave (Xishui County), Allochthonius pandussp. nov. from Daozuo Cave (Xishui County), Allochthonius xinqiaoensissp. nov. from Sanjie Cave (Fenggang County), and Spelaeochthonius wulibeiensissp. nov. from Wulibei Cave (Weining County). Spelaeochthonius wulibeiensissp. nov. represents the first record of the genus in China. The diagnostic features of these four new cave-adapted (troglomorphic) species are presented and discussed, as well as compared with closely related species. The data on their distribution, habitat and ecology of the species are also given.

The main aim of the conducted research was to determine the presence of allochthonous plants in the area of the protected natural reserve - The Great War Island. The research was conducted during the vegetation season of 2020. Thirty four allochthonous plant species were recorded and classified into 19 families. Asteraceae (8 species), Fabaceae Poaceae and Sapindaceae (3 species each) had the highest species diversity. Phytogeographic analysis of their primary distribution areas has shown that most belong to the category of floral elements of the "adventitious" areal type. The chorological spectrum is dominated by species of North American origin (58.8%), while in the biological spectrum the most common are therophytes (38.2%). Chronological spectrum analysis has shown the highest prevalence of neophytes (64.7%). Seventeen species have the status of invasive, 16 naturalized, while one species (Morus alba) is characterized as ephemerophyte. The most frequent neophytes on the Great War Island are Acer negundo, Ailanthus altissima, Amorpha fruticosa, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, while among neotophytes, Echinocystis lobata and Symphyotrichum lanceolatus stand out in terms of frequency of occurrence. The geographical position of the Great War Island, due to which it is exposed to periodic floods, high levels of groundwater, strong influence of anthropogenic factors and the biological characteristics of allochthonous species are the main factors enabling them to inhabit this area. Results of this research should be the basis for the development of a strategy for monitoring the condition and planning control measures for the unwanted plant species, in order to protect the indigenous flora. Only careful and responsible management of landscapes of outstanding features such as The Great War Island and taking appropriate preventive measures can prevent the settlement, domestification and further spread of allochthonous plants.

Here we present the checklist of the vertebrates of the “Palude di Torre Flavia”, a protected area in Tyrrhenian central Italy (Special Protection Area according to the Directive 2009/147/EC). To draw up the checklist, we collated all the records found in the literature, in private collections, and in the Ornitho.it website database, as well as sporadic historical observations. We obtained evidence documented between 1981 and 2020 for 291 taxa of which 259 native, 26 allochthonous and 6 domesticated species in 5 classes: 5 actinopterygians (4 native species and 1 allochtonous), 2 amphibians, 20 reptiles (11 native species and 9 allochthonous; the last being all freshwater terrapins), 244 birds (including 14 non-native taxa and 6 domestic forms) and 20 mammals (including 2 allochthonous). Forty-three species are listed as of conservation concern on a national scale. The area has shown to be an important biodiversity hotspot, and a major stopover site for migrating birds. Further research should be focused on some still poorly investigated taxonomic groups, in particular: Actinopterygii, Amphibia Salamandridae, Carnivora Mustelidae, and Chiroptera.

Anew pseudoscorpion species, Allochthonius exornatus sp. n., belonging to the family Pseudotyrannochthoniidae Beier, 1932, is described fromChina. Detailed diagnosis, descriptions and illustrations are presented, and a key to the genus Allochthonius Chamberlin, 1929 is provided.

O acúmulo significativo de conhecimento sobre a ecologia de restauração nos últimos anos tem conduzido a mudanças na orientação dos programas de manejo e restauração florestal. A escolha ou criação de um modelo de restauração é um processo em constante aprimoramento, exigindo a necessidade de estudos que não apenas diminuam os custos envolvidos, mas também, que garantam a efetividade do objetivo proposto. Neste sentido, este trabalho testa novas metodologias de restauração visando a obtenção de informações técnicas sobre: A) a expressão do banco de sementes autóctone e alóctone na restauração florestal de diferentes situações de degradação antrópica.; B) o resgate de plântulas e indivíduos de espécies arbustivo-arbóreas regenerantes; C) a eficiência de um modelo de plantio que utiliza conceitos de Preenchimento e Diversidade e; D) a evolução da paisagem. Para análise dos bancos de sementes autóctone e alóctone foram feitos levantamentos da densidade e das espécies arbustivo-arbóreas regeneradas. No resgate de indivíduos de espécies arbustivo-arbóreas regenerantes, as plântulas e indivíduos jovens foram resgatadas em uma floresta e levadas para adapatação em viveiro, onde tiveram seus indivíduos e espécies contabilizados em termos de densidade e sobrevivência. No modelo de plantio estudado, as espécies foram reunidas em grupos de Preenchimento e Diversidade e tiveram a cobertura de copa de cada indivíduo quantificada. A evolução da paisagem foi realizada através de fotointerpretação e principalmente checagem de campo periódica. Os principais resultados dessas metodologias foram: A) As situações identificadas na Fazenda Intermontes apresentaram diferentes expressões de regeneração natural em função do número de indivíduos germinados banco de sementes autóctone. O aproveitamento dessa expressão poderá ser realizado através de metodologias diferenciadas de restauração para cada situação estudada: B) No estudo do Banco de sementes alóctone, a densidade dos indivíduos germinados se foi de 409.334 indivíduos/ha, revelando a possibilidade de uso no programa de restauração. Os indivíduos arbóreos apresentaram na área adubada um acréscimo de 137,3 % em sua altura média em relação aos indivíduos da área não adubada. C) No resgate de plântulas e indivíduos de espécies arbustivo-arbóreas regenerantes, a densidade dos indivíduos foi muito próxima para as duas épocas do ano, sendo 38.700 ind./ha e 37.900 ind./ha, mas com uma diferença significante para os indivíduos sobreviventes que apresentaram 16.500 ind./ha e 26.600 ind./ha para os meses de julho e dezembro de 2002, respectivamente. A técnica de resgate utilizada se mostrou viável uma vez que foi possível alcançar até 70,9% de sobrevivência para os indivíduos resgatados; D) No estudo sobre o modelo de plantio foram amostrados 143 espécies, demonstrando que a função do grupo da diversidade vem sendo mantida e aumentando as chances de efetivação dos processos de sucessão. Os resultados mostraram que o grupo de Preenchimento apresentou-se com uma porcentagem de cobertura significativamente maior que a do grupo de Diversidade, sendo 73,6% e 83,3% para 1,5 e 2,5 anos respectivamente.
Significant accumulation of know-how about restoration ecology has been changing forest restoration management programs’ trends during the last years. Choosing or elaborating a restoration model is a process that requires constant improvement and ecological studies that not only reduces the costs involved but also warrants the achievement of the aimed proposal. This study explores new restoration methodologies, searching for technical information about: A) autochthonous and allochthonous seed bank expression on forest restoration at different situations degraded by anthropogenic disturbances; B) seedlings and woody growing individuals rescue; C) efficiency of a planting model based on fulfillment and diversity concept; D) landscape development. The autochthonous and allochthonous seed bank were analyzed through regenerating woody species and density scouting. For the rescue of regenerating woody species, seedling and young individuals were taken from a forest and transferred to a plant nursery for adjustment, where number and species were counted regarding density and survival. In this studied planting model, species were organized and gathered into a fulfillment or diversity group, and each individual had its crown area quantified. Landscape development was analyzed by photointerpretation and specially by periodical field checking. Results from these methodologies showed that: A) Identified degraded situations at Intermontes farm displayed distinguished natural regeneration expression, influenced by the number of germinated seeds of the autochthonous seed bank. Advantage can be taken from these different outcomes by using distinct restoration methodologies for each studied situation. B) For the autochthonous seed bank study, germinated seed density was 409,334 ind./ha, indicating its potential role on restoration programs. Woody individuals at fertilized sites had a medium height enhancement of 137,7% when compared to those at non fertilized sites. C) For seedlings and woody growing individuals rescue, individual density was similar for both seasons (38700ind./ha and 37900ind./ha) but significantly distinct for individual survivor, with values of 16500ind./ha for July and 2600ind./ha for December. Rescue technique turned out to be a viable possibility since it achieved survival of 70,9% for rescued individuals. D) This planting model study registered 143 species, indicating that the diversity group’s role has been maintained and enhances the chance of successional process success. The fulfilling group had a significant higher percentage of crown area than the diversity group, with 73,6% and 83,3% for 1,5 and 2,5 years, respectively.

The increased complexity of transport networks, the augmented demand of commodities, and the consequent enhanced goods flows worldwide intensify the likelihood of alien species invasions. Allochthonous invasive species are the second leading driver of species extinctions and pose serious threats to ecosystem services, economies, and human health and wellbeing. Terrestrial arthropods, and particularly insects, are a large part of the problems generated by alien species. To develop effective strategies to prevent and manage biological invasions, information regarding pathways of introduction and biology and behavior of introduced species should be gathered. In my thesis, I attempted to quantify the entomological allodiversity (i.e. the diversity of alien insects) in Tuscany: I compiled a dataset and compared my results with those from datasets of Italian and European allodiversity. During field surveys, Gonipterus scutellatus complex, a quarantine pest weevil damaging Eucalyptus spp., has been detected for the first time in Tuscany, along with other pests of eucalypts. Then, I focused my research on the study of the pathways of introduction, evaluating the risk of introduction on pests (e.g. Thrips palmi) as contaminants of fresh-cut flowers. Curculionidae (bark beetles and weevils) were the target species of my research. I assessed the role of nurseries and horticultural activity in introducing bark beetles, and investigated some behavioral aspects of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, a pest of palm spreading in Tuscany. In particular, in R. ferrugineus I analyzed behaviors whose knowledge is necessary for the application of new management techniques, such as sterile insect technique and the biocontrol with microbial agents. I also investigated female oviposition preferences and male role in indicating a good site for laying eggs. The results show that Tuscany is particularly exposed, as the entire Italy, to biological invasions of arthropods. Notwithstanding this, knowledge of allochthonous species assemblages, such as eucalyptus species and the invertebrate they host, is scanty. The study of pathways is crucial to tackling invasions. Pests contaminating commodities are difficult to detect and information about their deliveries (e.g. origin, dimensions, and packaging procedures) are precious to better focus the inspection effort at political borders. The first report in Tuscany of Ambrosiodmus rubricollis confirms that ornamental nurseries and horticultural industry are gateways for allochthonous bark beetles, due to the their resistance to common phytosanitary treatments, which make nurseries uncomfortable for the survival of phytophagous and other insects occupying flowers, fronds, leaves, and external surfaces of plants. In conclusion, my results highlight the importance of biological and behavioral studies to develop and improve the available tools for the management of biological invasions. In fact, the model species R. ferrugineus shows a complex mating system, which is compatible with the use of new management techniques, despite the need of further studies before their application.

<em>Abstract.</em>—Wood plays a major role in creating multiple invertebrate habitats in small streams and large rivers. In small streams, wood debris dams are instrumental in creating a step and pool profile of habitats, enhancing habitat heterogeneity, retaining organic matter, and changing current velocity. Beavers can convert sections of free-flowing streams into ponds and wetlands by killing trees and building dams. In low-gradient rivers, undercut trees that fall into the main channel (snags) are often the only stable habitat for invertebrates and provide a refuge and food resource for fishes as well. Invertebrates may use or require wood as food, but many species simply occupy wood as habitat. Although some species adapt to the woody environment by gouging and tunneling into the wood surface, others obtain their food from allochthonous and autochthonous resources that accumulate on the wood surfaces or are directly filtered from the water column. In streams of all sizes, accumulations of wood are often the hot spots of invertebrate diversity, and snags in Coastal Plain rivers of the southeastern United States support invertebrate production that is among the highest in lotic systems. The distribution of biomass and production among functional groups on wood varies greatly depending on the type of system. Loose streambed wood is colonized especially by shredders (gougers), and stable snags in larger streams and rivers are dominated by filterers and gatherers. High diversity of snag predators can result in complex food-web pathways, and snag taxa can be the major components of invertebrate drift in low-gradient rivers. Snag sampling is becoming a standard part of bioassessment, particularly in low-gradient systems, because snags are recognized as a major site of invertebrate diversity and production. Re-introduction of wood in streams and rivers is becoming an important aspect of restoration and management strategies around the world, as attempts are made to increase biodiversity and refuges both for fishes and their invertebrate prey.

The noble crayfish is one of the three autochthonous species that inhabit the freshwater ecosystems of Serbia, along with stone and Danube crayfish. The noble crayfish has a complex historical and genetic status shaped by geological events, habitat loss, pollution, translocations, and reintroductions of both autochthonous and allochthonous crayfish species. That led to the disruption of the species genetic structure, mixing, and loss of populations across Europe. According to recent data, its populations in the freshwater ecosystems of Serbia are significantly reduced, so it has the status of a "strictly protected species". The genetic structure of the species must be known for endangered species conservation. Unfortunately, there is lack of such data for the territory of Serbia, which due to its position on the Balkan Peninsula, was an important refuge during the glaciation period. In this paper, the genetic structure of seven crayfish populations in freshwater ecosystems of Serbia was examined. Analyzes were performed on the COI and 16S rRNA genes of mitochondrial DNA. The study results showed a significant diversity of COI and 16S rRNA haplotypes compared to already described haplotypes. Three haplotypes were detected, of which Hap26 is the most common and was detected in five studied populations. Haplotypes Hap47 and Hap49 were detected in one and two populations, respectively. The results obtained in this study, together with previously published morphometric data, represent a good starting point for further genetic and population research, which are the basis for the proposal of conservation measures.

Abstract The aim of this work is to verify the potential of a consortium of autochthonous bacteria and fungi, isolated from samples of contaminated soils and water collected in a site containing cutting pits muds, in order to evaluate enhancing in biodegradation of hydrocarbons content. This innovative technique would take advantage of the synergistic effect of bacteria and fungi. In addition, this technique would allow to avoid the introduction of commercial allochthonous microflora for soil remediation and the use of chemical products for tool cleaning. Samples retrieved from a production site were used to isolate bacterial and unicellular fungal species able to grow on hydrocarbons were demonstrated to be able to degrade light and "diesel-like" hydrocarbons under laboratory conditions and in liquid cultures in less than a month. The activity of the consortium was also tested on crude oil, showing an overall degradation of the analyzable fraction greater of sixty percent after a 14-day incubation. Low C number linear hydrocarbons were the preferred substrate, but also cycloalkanes and mono- and di-aromatics seemed to be a good growth substrate. Probably, the action of enzymes secreted by fungal strains could enhance the degradation of complex molecules such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Lab tests of consortium efficiency on mud samples are ongoing and an on-site pilot test is foreseen, to prove the activity of the consortium under the challenging field conditions. The development of fungal and bacterial consortia for degradation of complex hydrocarbon mixtures will represent an innovative approach that combines the action of enzymes secreted by fungi followed by the bacterial breakdown, a synergistic effect which could potentially increase the rate and effectiveness of hydrocarbons decontamination.

The study of taxonomic composition and ecological characteristics of wood species on devastated lands as a theoretical basis for the phytomelioration of environment remains relevant nowadays. It was discovered 32 species, 25 genera and 15 families in the course of the analysis of woody plant community from devastated lands of Petrovsky waste rock dumps. Among them, allochthonous species (59.38%) have an advantage over autochthonous (40.63%) according to the quantitative indicators. It was established, hemiapophytes predominate among apophytesspecies andneophytes predominate among anthropophytesaccording to the time of entry, according to the method of invasion ergasiophytes, according to the degree of adaptation ergasiophytes and agriophytes. The results of our analysis indicate that the investigated woody plant communitycorresponds to the conditions of localization.

Lake Arakhley is located within the Lake Baikal basin in Eastern Siberia, Russia. The area is characterized by continental subarctic climate with considerate diurnal temperature range, long cold dry winters and short hot summers with more precipitation occurring during the latter half of the summer. Climatic shifts in high water years and low water years result in morphometric changes in the lake and in the chemical and physical parameters of the ecosystem. During low water years, concentrations of ammonium nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen are decreased, whereas nitrate concentration increases. High water years feature average concentrations of ammonium ions 1.5–2 times higher than the values of recent dry years. Redundancy analysis (RDA) of abiotic factors and biotic community indicated that the community structure shows the greatest correlation with physical and chemical parameters of water and biogenic elements (nitrites, ammonium, phosphates) along the first axis, and with the lake depth and transparency along the second axis. Changes in abiotic factors induce functioning and formation of characteristic communities of the primary producers in the trophic structure of the ecosystem. During low water years, with increased level of autochthonous organic matter, Lindavia comta dominance is observed, while during high water years, with increased allochthonous organic matter Asterionella formosa appeared as dominant. Currently, during low water years, the hydrophytes community is monodominant and composed of Ceratophyllum demersum. Meanwhile, such species indicating eutrophic conditions as Myriophyllum sibiricum, Potamogeton pectinatus are found in the lake vegetation.