Thèses sur le sujet « Albizzi »

La ricerca svolta ha inteso perfezionare lo studio di un particolare momento della critica dantesca del tardo Cinquecento: la polemica letteraria originata dal manoscritto Discorso nel quale si mostra l'imperfettzione della Comedia di Dante con il Dialogo delle lingue del Varchi di Ridolfo Castravilla (1572) e proseguita fino al primo quarto del sec. XVI. Nel suo Discorso Castravilla attaccava in modo radicale la Commedia giudicandola opera indegna del nome di poema. Le sue accuse non passarono inosservate e suscitarono una vivace difesa di Dante da parte dei soci dell'Accademia Fiorentina e dell'Accademia Alterata. Gli Alterati dedicarono alcune "tornate accademiche" alla lettura del Discorso contro Dante del Castravilla (maggio 1573 - settembre 1573) e molti accademici scrissero delle apologie dantesche. In questo contesto si colloca la Risposta al Discorso di m. Ridolfo Castravilla contro a Dante conservata in tre manoscritti: BNCF, Magi. VII 1151 ff.lr- 80r; BNCF, Magi. VII 1335, ff. lr-54v; BAV, Vat. Lat. 6528, ff. 110r-129r. L' autore è Antonio degli Albizzi (Firenze 1547- Kempten 1626) membro della fiorentina Accademia degli Alterati. Nato da nobile famiglia fece parte di entrambe le maggiori accademie del suo tempo; nel 1576 entrò al servizio del cardinale Andrea d'Austria e vi rimase fino al 1600 ricoprendo incarichi diplomatici e di governo. Nel 1585 si convertì al luteranesimo, ma solo dopo la morte del cardinale Andrea nel 1600 rese pubblica la conversione. Per questo motivo lasciò gli uffici pubblici e si ritirò prima ad Ausburg poi a Kempten, città della Baviera, dove morì nel 1626. L'edizione della Risposta al Discorso di m. Ridolfo Castravilla contro a Dante, basata sull'autografo del Magi. VII 1151, è corredata del necessario apparato critico ed esegetico. Contestualmente si è tracciata una biografia dell'autore che ripercorresse le tappe fondamentali del suo percorso umano e letterario. Infine sono stati analizzati i diversi temi (genere poetico - lingua - stile) che percorrono la Risposta di Albizzi, soffermandosi in particolare sulla definizione di poesia come mimesis e sull'esame del genere poetico cui assegnare la Commedia. The research work pretends to improve the study of a particular period of the Dantean criticism during the latest years of XVI century: the literary polemics born from Rodolfo Castravilla's manuscript Discorso nel quale si mostra l'imperfettione della Comedia di Dante con il Dialogo delle lingue del Varchi. The polemics continued until the first quarter of XVI century. With his Discorso Castravilla attacked in all its parts the Commedia considering the opera unworthy of the name "poema". The members of "Accademia Fiorentina" and "Accademia degli Alterati" defended Dante from the accusation supported by Castravilla. The Alterati dedicated some "tornate" in response of Castravilla's Discorso against Dante and many other academics wrote Dantean apologies. In this contest (May 1573- Sept. 1573) takes place the Risposta al Discorso di m. Ridolfo Castravilla contro a Dante which is conserved in three manuscripts: BNCF, Magi. VII 1151, ff. 1- 80; BNCF, Magi. VII1335, ff. lr-54v; BAV, Vat. Lat. 6528, ff. 110r-129r. The autor is Antonio degli Albizzi (Firenze 1547-Kempten 1626) who was a member of the Accademia degli Alterati. From noble family, he took part in both most important academies of the time. In 1576 he took service with cardinal Andrea d'Austria and he worked for him until 1600. Here he had governative and diplomatic lists. In 1585 Albizzi was converted to Lutheranism but he made public this conversion only after cardinal's death in 1600. This was why he gave up the public lists. He retired to Augsburg and then to Kempten, where he died in 1626. The edition of the Risposta al Discroso di m. Ridolfo Castravilla contro a Dante based on Magi. VII 1151 manuscript comprends an appropriate exegetical and critical part. An autor biography has been sketched out and this runs throught his meaningful human and literary events. An analysis of the different themes (poetry - language - style) trated in Albizzi's Risposta has been done with a particular regard to the definition of poetry as mimesis and the choose of poetry genre for the Commedia.

A publication by the National Academy of Sciences, USA (1979) outlined some of the research need for a great variety of economically important woody species whose remaining genetic resources need urgently to be collected and conserved. A viable regeneration system was established via tissue and cell suspension culture for Albizia falcataria and A. lebbeck, two important wood yielding leguminous tree species. The culture medium was standardized after several trials to obtain callus from the leaflet explants of these two tree species. The optimum use of casein hydrolysate (w/v) and coconut milk (v/v) in addition to 6-Benzylaminopurine and Indole-3-butyric acid could induce morphogenesis and somatic embryogenesis in the cultured tissue. This reports the first observation on somatic embryogenesis ofA. lebbeck using leaflets as the explants. Scanning Electron Microscopy and histological studies were done on the different stages plant development following standard techniques. Embryogenesis in suspension culture followed regeneration of plantlets in A. lebbeck. In A.falcaaria the regenerative process followed via organogenesis from the shoot buds developed on the leaf explants. After hardening the regenerated plants were transferred to the greenhouse. Some of the trees grew more than 25 feet tall within a few months outside the greenhouse. Karyotype of the three leguminous trees Albizia lebbeck, A. falcataria, and Dalbergia sissoo was analyzed. In D. sissoo, various chromosomal anomalies were observed in the cultured tissue. The abnormality indices and ploidy level varied with the age and the frequency of the subculture. In the aged culture the regenerative potential declined but was reinstated to some extent with the addition of two complex growth factors, coconut milk and casein hydrolysate. Seed anatomy of 26 species of 4 leguminous genera was studied with SEM. The main distinguishing anatomical features observed in the seed sections were uniseriate or multiseriate epidermis, epidermal projections, and number of rows and nature of columns of hypodermal layer, especially the nature of endosperm. Three species of Dalbergia, Acacia and Cassia and two species of Albizia are difficult to distinguish externally even with seed coat study under SEM, but this study with cross sections provided enough characteristic features to distinguish one from the other.

An in vitro system of generating protoplasts from their callus cultures was established. The friable callus was more productive in terms of producing protoplasts than the green compact callus. The concentration of the various cell wall degrading enzymes had an effect on the viability of the protoplasts in the medium. The protoplast system developed from the experiments was stable and could be used for the transformation experiments of Albizia lebek and for other plant improvement practices.

CAPES
Currently there is a need to produce seedlings at low cost and with high quality to be used in the recovery of degraded areas and the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can improve their development in low fertility soils. AMF have several benefits for the plants, because they promote increased survival and establishment of seedlings in the field, as with the symbiosis hyphae improve water use and nutrients. And before this, the present study aimed to evaluate the growth of seedlings Albizia polycephala inoculated with different AMF. First they were produced inoculants through traps vessels with species of native AMF obtained from samplings in the rhizosphere of matrices Albizia polycephala. Later two experiments were conducted, the first being tested five species of AMF from the Collection arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of Embrapa Agrobiology (COFMEA), mounted in a completely randomized block design with six treatments (control - without inoculation, Scutellospora calospora (T.H. Nicolson & Gerd.) C. Walker & F.E. Sanders, Acaulospora colombiana (Spain & N.C. Schenck) Kaonongbua, J.B. Morton & Bever, Claroideoglomus etunicatum (W.N. Becker & Gerd.) C. Walker & A. Sch??ler, Dentiscutata heterogama (T.H. Nicolson & Gerd.) Sieverd., F.A. Souza & Oehl e Gigaspora margarita W.N. Becker & I.R. Hall) and nine repetitions. In the second experiment inoculants native AMF were tested (native inoculant) and the best species of AMF in the first experiment (Embrapa inoculant). The experimental design was randomized blocks with eight repetitions, in a factorial 3 x 4, that is, three treatments (a witness - no inoculation and two inoculants - native inoculum and mixture of three species from COFMEA) and four doses of P (0, 35, 140 and 350 mg/dm?), applied in the form of superphosphate. The seed Albizia polycephala germinated in trays with sand and vermiculite (2: 1with based on volume) and when the seedlings had a pair of leaves were transplanted with the inoculant in plastic containers of 700 ml with PVC cartridge 380 cm? coupled your background. During the experiments were conducted biweekly measurements of height and diameter and after collection, the root colonization rate assessments, spore density, dry matter of shoot, root dry matter, reason root /shoot and leaf phosphorus content . The results obtained through the evaluations showed that the species of Acaulospora colombiana was the most effective in promoting the growth of Albizia polycephala. Furthermore, the inoculant of COFMEA provided better growth in different phosphorus levels than native inoculant. Thus, it can be stated that the tested species has association with AMF efficiently and has high dependence mycorrhizal.
Atualmente existe a necessidade de se produzir mudas a baixo custo e com ?tima qualidade para serem utilizadas na recupera??o de ?reas degradadas e a utiliza??o dos fungos micorr?zicos arbusculares (FMAs) pode melhorar o seu desenvolvimento em solos de baixa fertilidade. Os FMAs apresentam v?rios benef?cios para as plantas, pois promovem uma maior sobreviv?ncia e estabelecimento das mudas no campo, j? que com a simbiose as hifas melhoram o aproveitamento de ?gua e nutrientes. E diante disso o presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral avaliar o crescimento de mudas de Albizia polycephala inoculadas com diferentes FMAs. Primeiramente foram produzidos inoculantes atrav?s de vasos armadilhas com esp?cies de FMAs nativos, obtidos a partir de coletas de solo na rizosfera de matrizes de Albizia polycephala. Posteriormente foram realizados dois experimentos, sendo no primeiro testadas cinco esp?cies de FMAs provenientes da Cole??o de fungos micorr?zicos arbusculares da Embrapa Agrobiologia (COFMEA), em blocos inteiramente casualizados, com seis tratamentos (Testemunha ? sem inocula??o, Scutellospora calospora (T.H. Nicolson & Gerd.) C. Walker & F.E. Sanders, Acaulospora colombiana (Spain & N.C. Schenck) Kaonongbua, J.B. Morton & Bever, Claroideoglomus etunicatum (W.N. Becker & Gerd.) C. Walker & A. Sch??ler, Dentiscutata heterogama (T.H. Nicolson & Gerd.) Sieverd., F.A. Souza & Oehl e Gigaspora margarita W.N. Becker & I.R. Hall) e nove repeti??es. No segundo experimento foram testados os inoculantes de FMAs nativos (inoculante nativo) e as melhores esp?cies de FMAs do primeiro experimento (inoculante Embrapa). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com oito repeti??es, em fatorial 3 x 4, ou seja, tr?s tratamentos (uma testemunha ? sem inocula??o e dois inoculantes ? in?culo nativo e mistura de tr?s esp?cies provenientes da COFMEA) e quatro doses de P (0, 35, 140 e 350 mg/dm?), aplicado na forma de superfosfato simples. As sementes de Albizia polycephala germinaram em bandejas contendo areia e vermiculita (2:1com base em volume) e quando as pl?ntulas tinham um par de folhas foram transplantadas junto com o inoculante em recipientes pl?sticos de 700 ml com tubete de PVC de 380 cm? acoplado em seu fundo. Durante os experimentos foram realizadas medi??es quinzenais de altura e di?metro e ap?s a coleta, as avalia??es de taxa de coloniza??o da raiz, densidade de esporos, mat?ria seca da parte a?rea, mat?ria seca da raiz, raz?o raiz/parte a?rea e teor de f?sforo foliar. Os resultados obtidos atrav?s das avalia??es mostraram que a esp?cie de Acaulospora colombiana foi a mais eficiente em promover o crescimento de Albizia polycephala. Al?m disso, o inoculante da COFMEA proporcionou melhores crescimentos em diferentes doses de f?sforo do que o inoculante nativo. Desta forma, pode-se afirmar que a esp?cie testada apresenta associa??o com FMAs de forma eficiente e tem alta depend?ncia micorr?zica.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
The pre-dispersal seed predation by insects has great importance for seed production. The germination is affected due to damage caused by insects in larval development inside the seed. If this damage occurs in the cotyledons, it mainly affects the performance and survival of seedlings, otherwise, if it occurs directly in the embryonic axis, the seed mortality is unavoidable. There are few studies about species of Albizzia lebbeck (L.) Benth. in urban trees, especially when it comes to ecology and behaviour of insect predators of their seeds. In this context, this study aims to evaluate and quantify the damage in seeds, the occurrence and population fluctuation of insects on pods and seeds with emphasis mainly on the stage of pods ripening at different levels of human disturbance and air pollution caused by motor vehicles. The samples of pods were carried out on mother trees of A. lebbeck located on the campus of UFRRJ (Serop?dica), km 32 of old road Rio-S?o Paulo (Nova Igua?u) and km 47 (Serop?dica), Rio de Janeiro and the pods analyzed at the Laboratory of Forest Entomology, DPF, IF, UFRRJ. It was observed low levels of insect infestation in prematurely ripening pods which should be linked to the low number of specimen in oviposition on the first pods. However, for late ripening pods, especially those collected at sites with high levels of human disturbance and influence of air pollution, it was observed an increase in insect infestation. The same was observed in the final processing of seeds in pods of quarantine. In general, 9% of the seeds presented intact (healthy), 31% aborted and 60% damaged. 83% of damaged seeds were from the mother trees located in central reservation of Highway (Km 32), 43% of its margin (km 47) and 42% in the conservation area of Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden. Percentage of 92.68 was found of insect seed predators distributed in the following species: Bruchidius sp. (57.39%), Merobruchus paquetae (33.98%), Stator limbatus (0.27%), an unidentified species of Lepidoptera (1.04%) and the rest of emerging insects (7.32%) belonging to Order Hymenoptera. Specimen of Bruchidius sp. presented emergency period with well-defined peak in mid-September (approximately 135 days after observation of the first ovipositions in the field) and species M. paquetae average occurrences rather homogeneous, with low numbers of specimen and few variations throughout the period of emergency quarantine on pods. The largest number of bruchids was recorded in an area of high human disturbance, being the species Bruchidius sp. predominant in pods of trees placed in central reservation of the highway and the species M. paquetae on mother trees located beside of the highway. The number of bruchids in seeds of A. lebbeck was reduced with decreasing levels of human disturbance in urban trees which resulted in a lower percentage of damaged seeds and higher number of healthy seeds
A preda??o pr?-dispers?o de sementes por insetos ? de suma import?ncia para a produ??o de sementes, uma vez que o potencial germinativo ? afetado devido a danos provocados pelos insetos em desenvolvimento larval em seu interior. Quando este ataque acontece somente nos cotil?dones, as reservas energ?ticas do embri?o s?o drasticamente reduzidas afetando o desempenho e sobreviv?ncia das pl?ntulas, enquanto que, diretamente ao eixo embrion?rio, a mortalidade das sementes. H? poucos trabalhos na literatura sobre a esp?cie Albizzia lebbeck (L.) Benth. em arboriza??o, principalmente em se tratando da ecologia e comportamento dos insetos predadores de suas sementes. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar e quantificar os danos em sementes, a ocorr?ncia e flutua??o populacional dos insetos em frutos e sementes com ?nfase, principalmente, ? fase de matura??o dos frutos em diferentes n?veis de antropiza??o e polui??o do ar provocada por ve?culos automotores. As amostragens de frutos foram realizadas em matrizes de A. lebbeck localizadas no Campus da UFRRJ (Serop?dica), Km 32 da antiga Estrada Rio-S?o Paulo (Nova Igua?u) e Km 47 (Serop?dica), Estado do Rio de Janeiro e analisadas no Laborat?rio de Entomologia Florestal, DPF, IF, UFRRJ. Foram observados baixos n?veis de infesta??o por insetos em frutos de matura??o prematura o que deve estar associado ao baixo n?mero de indiv?duos em oviposi??o nos primeiros frutos. J? para frutos de matura??o tardia, sobretudo aqueles coletados em locais com maior n?vel de antropiza??o e influ?ncia da polui??o do ar, foi observado aumento na infesta??o por insetos. O mesmo foi verificado no beneficiamento final das sementes em frutos de quarentena. No total, 9% das sementes apresentaram-se intactas (sadias), 31% abortadas e 60% danificadas sendo estas ?ltimas 83% provenientes de matrizes localizadas no canteiro central da Rodovia (Km 32), 43% ? sua margem (Km 47) e 42% em ?rea de conserva??o do Jardim Bot?nico da UFRRJ. Foi encontrado percentual de 92,68 de insetos predadores de sementes distribu?dos nas seguintes esp?cies: Bruchidius sp. (57,39%), Merobruchus paquetae (33,98%), Stator limbatus (0,27%), uma esp?cie de Lepidoptera n?o identificada (1,04%) e, o restante dos insetos emergentes (7,32%), pertencentes ? Ordem Hymenoptera. Os indiv?duos da esp?cie Bruchidius sp. apresentaram per?odo de emerg?ncia bem definida com pico em meados de setembro (cerca de 135 dias ap?s a observa??o das primeiras posturas no campo) e a esp?cie M. paquetae m?dias de ocorr?ncias bastante homog?nea, com baixo n?mero de indiv?duos e poucas varia??es ao longo de todo o per?odo de emerg?ncia em frutos de quarentena. O maior n?mero de bruqu?deos foi registrado em ?rea de elevada antropiza??o, sendo a esp?cie Bruchidius sp. predominante em frutos de matrizes localizadas no canteiro central e a esp?cie M. paquetae em matrizes localizadas ? margem da rodovia. O n?mero de bruqu?deos em sementes de A. lebbeck foi reduzido com a diminui??o do n?vel de antropiza??o local em matrizes em arboriza??o o que refletiu em menor taxa de sementes danificadas e maior n?mero de sementes sadias.

L'année 1898 fut synonyme d'un profond et dramatique changement pour Porto-rico qui, après avoir bénéficié d'un statut d'autonomie octroyé par l'espagne,devint une possession nord-américaine. Après la signature du traité de Paris, Porto Rico devint de fait le butin de guerre des Etats-Unis et sa situation coloniale qui fut confortée par l'application des lois Foraker (1900) et Jones (1917) fut au coeur de toutes les frustations et crispations qui se cristallisèrent dans les années trente et cinquante. De nombreux partisans nationalistes dirigés par le charismatique avocat Pedro Albizu Campos s'opposèrent violemment aux autorités nord -américaines et réclamèrent l'indépendance de leur pays tandis que d'autres plus pragmatiques et opportunistes, à l'instar de Luis M~unoz Marin, mirent tout en oeuvre pour accroîte la coopération avec les Etats-Unis. Après l'assassinat de Pedro Albizu Campos et la neutralisation du mouvement nationaliste plus rien ne s'opposa à l'établissement du controversé statut hybride d'état libre associé qui, encore aujourd'hui, fait débat et suscite de nombreuses interrogations
1898 represented a dramatic and great change for Puerto Rico which, after having the benefit of autonomy granted by Spain,became an American possession. After the peace Treaty of Paris, Puerto Rico became the loot of the United States and its colonial situation, based on the Foraker (1900) and Jones (1917) laws caused frustations and irritations during the 30's and 50's. Many nationalist partisans led by charismatic lawyer Pedro Albizu Campos were opposed to the united States government and claimed the independence of their country, while others more pragmatic, such as Luis M~unoz Marin, opportunely did everything possible to increase the cooperation with the United States. After Pedro M~unoz Marin, opportunely did everything possible to increase the cooperation with the United States. After Pedro Albizu Campos' assassination and the liquidation of the nationalist movement there was nothing opposed to the establishment of the controversial Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, which, still nowadays, causes discussions and questions

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar a variabilidade da germinação e caracteres biométricos e da qualidade fisiológica de sementes entre matrizes de farinha-seca [Albizia hassleri (Chod.) Burkart.] – Foram empregadas 16 matrizes de farinha-seca coletadas nas rodovias de acesso à cidade de Jaboticabal, SP. O estudo de biometria de sementes constou da avaliação do tamanho (comprimento, largura e espessura), da massa fresca e do número de sementes por quilograma. O teste padrão de germinação foi conduzido em diferentes temperaturas (20, 25, 30, 20-30 e 25-35 ºC), sobre papel, por 19 dias e fotoperiodo de 8 h. O teste de condutividade elétrica (CE) foi conduzido em cinco repetições de 20 sementes, embebidas em 75 mL de água destilada, por períodos variando de 2 a 120 h embebição, a 25ºC. O teste de envelhecimento acelerado (EA), foi conduzido a 42 ºC por 48 h pelo método do gerbox, com quatro repetições de 25 sementes. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, concluiuse que: há considerável variabilidade entre as matrizes quanto aos caracteres biométricos das sementes; o teste padrão de germinação pode ser conduzido a 30, 20- 30 e 25-35 ºC por 19 dias; o teste de CE conduzido a 25 ºC, por períodos de 2 a 120 h de embebição em 75 mL de água destilada, não foi eficiente para discriminar as matrizes quanto a qualidade das sementes; o teste de EA conduzido a 42 ºC por 48 h, pelo método do gerbox, foi eficiente para avaliação da qualidade fisiológica das sementes de diferentes matrizes. Houve ampla variabilidade entre as matrizes quando ao processo germinativo, apresentando distintos níveis de vigor.
This research had the objective to study the variability of germination and biometrics characters and the physiological quality of seeds between mother trees of [Albizia hassleri (Chod.) Burkart.] -. Were used 16 mother trees of dry flour collected in the access of highways around the city of Jaboticabal, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The seed biometry were evaluated by the fruit size (length, width and thickness), the fresh weight and the number of seeds for kilogram. The germination test was performed at different temperatures (20, 25, 30, 20-30 and 25-35 ºC), on paper, for 19 days and 8 hours photoperiod. The electric conductivity test (EC) was made in five replications of 20 seeds, in 75 mL of distilled water, for periods varying from 2 to 120 hours of imbibition at 25 ºC. The accelerated aging test (AA). was made at 42 ºC for 48 hours with the method of gerbox, with four replications of 25 seeds. According to the results was concluded that: there was considerable variability between the mother trees in relation to the seeds biometrics characters; the germination can be performed at 30 , 20-30 and 25-35 ºC, for 19 days; the EC test conducted at 25 ºC, for the periods of 2 a 120 hours of imbition in 75 mL of distilled water, was not efficient to discriminate the mother trees in relation to the seed quality; the accelerated aging test was efficient for evaluate the seeds physiological quality; there was a high variability between the mother trees in relation to germination and was observed different vigor levels.

Resumo: Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar a variabilidade da germinação e caracteres biométricos e da qualidade fisiológica de sementes entre matrizes de farinha-seca [Albizia hassleri (Chod.) Burkart.] - Foram empregadas 16 matrizes de farinha-seca coletadas nas rodovias de acesso à cidade de Jaboticabal, SP. O estudo de biometria de sementes constou da avaliação do tamanho (comprimento, largura e espessura), da massa fresca e do número de sementes por quilograma. O teste padrão de germinação foi conduzido em diferentes temperaturas (20, 25, 30, 20-30 e 25-35 ºC), sobre papel, por 19 dias e fotoperiodo de 8 h. O teste de condutividade elétrica (CE) foi conduzido em cinco repetições de 20 sementes, embebidas em 75 mL de água destilada, por períodos variando de 2 a 120 h embebição, a 25ºC. O teste de envelhecimento acelerado (EA), foi conduzido a 42 ºC por 48 h pelo método do gerbox, com quatro repetições de 25 sementes. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, concluiuse que: há considerável variabilidade entre as matrizes quanto aos caracteres biométricos das sementes; o teste padrão de germinação pode ser conduzido a 30, 20- 30 e 25-35 ºC por 19 dias; o teste de CE conduzido a 25 ºC, por períodos de 2 a 120 h de embebição em 75 mL de água destilada, não foi eficiente para discriminar as matrizes quanto a qualidade das sementes; o teste de EA conduzido a 42 ºC por 48 h, pelo método do gerbox, foi eficiente para avaliação da qualidade fisiológica das sementes de diferentes matrizes. Houve ampla variabilidade entre as matrizes quando ao processo germinativo, apresentando distintos níveis de vigor.
Abstract: This research had the objective to study the variability of germination and biometrics characters and the physiological quality of seeds between mother trees of [Albizia hassleri (Chod.) Burkart.] -. Were used 16 mother trees of dry flour collected in the access of highways around the city of Jaboticabal, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The seed biometry were evaluated by the fruit size (length, width and thickness), the fresh weight and the number of seeds for kilogram. The germination test was performed at different temperatures (20, 25, 30, 20-30 and 25-35 ºC), on paper, for 19 days and 8 hours photoperiod. The electric conductivity test (EC) was made in five replications of 20 seeds, in 75 mL of distilled water, for periods varying from 2 to 120 hours of imbibition at 25 ºC. The accelerated aging test (AA). was made at 42 ºC for 48 hours with the method of gerbox, with four replications of 25 seeds. According to the results was concluded that: there was considerable variability between the mother trees in relation to the seeds biometrics characters; the germination can be performed at 30 , 20-30 and 25-35 ºC, for 19 days; the EC test conducted at 25 ºC, for the periods of 2 a 120 hours of imbition in 75 mL of distilled water, was not efficient to discriminate the mother trees in relation to the seed quality; the accelerated aging test was efficient for evaluate the seeds physiological quality; there was a high variability between the mother trees in relation to germination and was observed different vigor levels.
Orientador: Sérgio Valiengo Valeri
Coorientador: Rinaldo Cesar de Paula
Banca: Rubens Sader
Banca: Sérgio Roberto Garcia dos Santos
Mestre

Le prolusioni e i testi delle lezioni universitarie sono il punto di partenza della ricerca: tali scritti offrono una prospettiva privilegiata – all’interno del mondo giuridico subalpino prima e unitario poi – per valutare se e in che misura questi ‘discorsi giuridici’, per loro natura indirizzati a un pubblico di élite ma non limitato ai soli universitari, abbiano influito non solo sulla vita scientifica, accademica ma pure su quella culturale, politica ed istituzionale. La prima parte della tesi è dedicata ad un’analisi dettagliata del dibattito sull’istruzione legale a partire dalla ‘Riforma Alfieri’ del 1846: si è cercato di offrire un quadro della situazione didattica della Facoltà giuridica torinese nella seconda metà dell’Ottocento, attraverso le parole – ed in specie i testi di lezione – degli stessi protagonisti che si preoccuparono di migliorare la qualità e l’organizzazione dell’insegnamento. Tale cornice aiuta a comprendere meglio il clima e l’ambiente di convinta partecipazione al miglioramento della didattica giuridica in cui si inseriscono le prolusioni e i discorsi inaugurali, che a loro volta rispecchiano le problematiche e gli argomenti topici del periodo, e le lezioni dei docenti della Facoltà subalpina. In proposito emerge l’importante contributo di tre di essi, il Merlo, il Melegari e l’Albini: nella seconda parte della tesi è stato dedicato un capitolo a ciascuno di questi tre giuristi. La scelta è ricaduta su questi tre docenti perché, sebbene molto diversi per origine e percorso di formazione, hanno offerto un diretto contributo personale al miglioramento degli studi legali sia con la collaborazione fattiva ad un perfezionamento legislativo del cursus studiorum legale sia con i loro insegnamenti che erano significativi del nuovo percorso degli studi legali intrapreso dopo la riforma Alfieri del 1846. Il punto di incontro fra i tre studiosi si trova nel comune convinto e profondo interesse per il miglioramento degli studi legali. La lettura dei testi delle loro lezioni ha permesso di poter apprezzare tale sforzo, non solo dal punto di vista dell’impegno per il miglioramento della regolamentazione degli studi nella Facoltà legale, ma anche da quello del contenuto degli insegnamenti.
The introducing lectures and the transcriptions of the University of Turin courses in law are the starting point of the research. These documents offer a privileged perspective on the law environment of the subalpine world, and subsequently of united Italy. They allow us to evaluate whether and how these discourses in law, addressed to a privileged public but not restricted to university circles, have had an influence not only on academia but also on the cultural, political and institutional life of the time. The first part of the thesis is dedicated to a detailed analysis of the debate on the structure of legal studies, starting from the 1846 “Alfieri reform”. The goal is to delineate an outline of the situation of didactics of the Turin’s Law School during the second half of the nineteenth century. This is accomplished through the words and the transcriptions of the courses of those same professors that were influential in improving the quality and organization of the teaching. Such analysis helps better understanding the environment of active participation to the amelioration of the didactics of law education in which the inaugural lectures are immersed, reflecting the problems and topics of the time. In the second part of the thesis, the contributions of Professors Merlo, Melegari and Albini are discussed, and a chapter is dedicated to each of them. The analysis of the work of these three scholars is particularly interesting as, even if very different for social origin and academic curriculum, they have offered an important personal input to the enrichment of the law education path, both with an effective collaboration in the legal definition of the cursus studiorum and with their teachings, providing significant examples of the new study path in law (post Alfieri reform). The meeting point between the three scholars is the common interest for the improvement of legal studies. The analysis of the texts of their lectures has allowed this effort to be appreciated, not only under the point of view of the legal definition of the cursus studiorum, but also under that of the contents of their teaching.

Afin de sélectionner des plantes ayant des propriétés pharmacologiques, un suivi éthologique et vétérinaire de chimpanzés (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii), a été conduit, grâce à des méthodes non-invasives (parasitologie, analyses d'urine et observations vétérinaires) dans le Parc National de Kibale, en Ouganda. Des essais biologiques antiparasitaires, antibactériens, antifongiques, antiviraux et cytotoxiques ont été pratiqués in vitro sur 84 extraits bruts, provenant de 24 espèces de plantes. Parmi les nombreux extraits biologiquement actifs, deux binaphtoquinones, isolées de l'écorce de Diospyros abyssinica, et des acétogénines, telles l'annonacine et la gigantétrocine isolées des feuilles et écorces d'Uvariopsis congensis, possèdent une cytotoxicité significative. Deux nouveaux limonoïdes, à forte activité antipaludique, ont été isolés des feuilles de Trichilia rubescens. Ces résultats confirment que le régime alimentaire des chimpanzés peut agir de façon préventive et curative pour améliorer leur santé et pourrait être utilisé pour guider la recherche de nouvelles molécules potentiellement utilisables en médecine humaine.

La zwittermycine a est un aminopolyol possedant d'importantes proprietes antibiotiques et antifongiques. Elle est composee d'une partie uree-amide derivee d'un aminoacide non naturel proteique, l'albizziine, et d'une partie diaminopentol. L'approche synthetique convergente envisagee utilise un synthon chiral commun derive de la l-serine, l'aldehyde de garner. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons realise la synthese des deux enantiomeres de la partie uree-amide sous une forme protegee. Dans un deuxieme temps, deux strategies pour la synthese de la partie diaminopentol ont ete mises en oeuvre. La premiere, mettant en jeu l'utilisation de derives enethiolates thiocarbonyles, conduit a des -hydroxydithioesters avec des selectivites seulement moyennes. Elle a toutefois permis de mettre au point une methode generale de synthese d'hydroxydithioacetals de cetene a partir d'aldehydes. La seconde strategie implique la creation stereocontrolee de trois centres asymetriques par des reactions d'allylmetallation, de dihydroxylation de sharpless et de condensation de 3-lithiopropiolates d'alkyle sur des nitrones. Une etude de la diastereoselectivite de cette derniere methodologie a ete menee avec diverses nitrones -chirales. Cette deuxieme approche nous a permis de realiser la synthese d'un intermediaire sous forme protegee, precurseur de la partie diaminopentol, avec un rendement global de 40% a partir de l'aldehyde de garner.

Questo lavoro fa parte di una più ampia ricerca sul rapporto tra l’Italia e i Paesi Nordici, guidata dal prof. Antonello Alici presso l'Università Politecnica delle Marche. Il lavoro è stato organizzato cronologicamente, attorno all'analisi di articoli italiani sul tema paesi nordici e di materiali d'archivio originali, tracciandone i rapporti reciproci con il pubblico italiano, e concentrandosi su viaggi ed esposizioni architettoniche e artistiche. In particolare, la ricerca si concentra sugli eventi legati alla nazione –la Svezia– che per prima ha avuto l'introduzione più rilevante nel panorama italiano, a partire dalla prima Biennale veneziana nel 1895. Il primo capitolo indaga la genesi di questo rapporto prima dell'inizio della prima guerra mondiale, grazie al contributo di persone come Vittorio Pica e Ferdinand Boberg. Il secondo capitolo affronta le conseguenze della prima guerra mondiale, con l'emigrazione del futurista Arturo Ciacelli (1883-1966), l'incisore Guido Balsamo Stella (1882-1941) ed i viaggi dell'architetto Giuseppe Broglio (1874-1956). Il terzo capitolo si concentra sui due decenni fascisti, concentrandosi sul ruolo di istituzioni come la Triennale di Milano e l'Istituto Svedese di Studi Classici a Roma. Infine, l'ultimo capitolo esamina il periodo del dopoguerra, quando l'ammirazione italiana per il design e l'architettura svedese ha trovato risonanze interessanti sia nei piani INA Casa che in alcuni progetti espositivi, nel lavoro di architetti quali Piero Bottoni (1903-1973), Piero Maria Lugli (1923-2008), Gio Ponti e Franco Albini (1905-1977). La ricerca ha evidenziato come le nuove Istituzioni, sulla scia di quelle fondate nei decenni precedenti, come l'Istituto Svedese (SI) e l'Istituto Italiano di Cultura di Stoccolma (IIC) –oggi ancora attive– abbiano avuto un ruolo fondamentale nel propaganda internazionale. Infine, la ricerca vuole mettere in luce come questa complessa combinazione di esperienze personali, riviste (di arte e architettura) e istituzioni costituisca il vero sfondo per storici come Bruno Zevi (che fu il primo a inserire tre maestri nordici nel suo pamphlet Verso un'architettura organica) e Leonardo Benevolo, che nel 1960 riconobbe il ruolo di aree ‘periferiche’ come la Svezia e la Finlandia, nella sua Storia dell'architettura moderna.
This work is part of a wider research on the relationship between Italy and the Nordic countries, headed by prof. Antonello Alici at the Università Politecnica delle Marche. The work is organized chronologically around the analysis of both Italian articles on Nordic countries and original archival materials, tracing back the mutual relationships with the Italian audience, focusing on artistic and architectural travels and exhibitions. In particular, the research focuses on the events related to the nation –Sweden– which first had the most relevant introduction into Italian Architecture since the first Venetian Biennale in 1895. The first chapter investigates the genesis of this relationship before the beginning of the First World War, thanks to the contribution of figures as Vittorio Pica and Ferdinand Boberg. The second chapter deals with the consequences occurred after the First World War, with the emigration of the futurist Arturo Ciacelli (1883-1966), the engraver Guido Balsamo Stella (1882-1941) and the travels of the architect Giuseppe Broglio (1874-1956). The third chapter concentrates on the two Fascist decades, focusing on the role of Institutions like the Triennale in Milan and the Swedish Institute of Classical Studies in Rome. Finally, the last chapter examines the Post-war period, when Italian admiration for Swedish design and architecture found interesting resonances both in the INA Casa plans as well as in some exhibition projects, in the work of Italian architects like Piero Bottoni (1903-1973), Piero Maria Lugli (1923-2008), Gio Ponti and Franco Albini (1905-1977). The research highlights how the new Institutions, on the heels of the ones founded in the previous decades, like the Swedish Institute (SI) and the Italian Institute of Culture in Stockholm (IIC) –both still active nowadays– had a fundamental role in the International propaganda. Finally, the thesis discusses how this complex combination of personal experiences, art and architectural magazines and official institutions formed the real background for an historian like Bruno Zevi, who was the first to insert three Nordic masters in his seminal pamphlet Verso un’architettura organica, and Leonardo Benevolo, who in 1960 recognized the role of ‘peripheral’ areas like Sweden and Finland, in his History of Modern Architecture.

La tesi è il risultato di una ricerca originale che contribuisce al rinnovamento dell'impostazione degli studi sul teatro pre-moderno spostando lo sguardo dalla mera descrizione degli eventi alle dinamiche e ai soggetti sociali che li hanno generati. Si disegna il quadro di una società nella quale lo spettacolo era uno dei linguaggi, e non certo in posizione minoritaria, che le élites dirigenti avevano studiato ed istituito per affermare, a livello familiare e consortile, la loro preminenza e la loro egemonia nell'ancor fluida situazione politica della Firenze pre-medicea.

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Candidiasis is one of the most frequent opportunistic infections in individuals with severe immunosupression and further development of resistance against the available antifungal drugs has created an alarming situation. This requires intensive drug discovery to develop new, more effective, affordable and accessible antifungal agents possessing novel modes of action. Albizia anthelmintica, which is ethno medically used to treat vaginal candidiasis in the Morogoro and coastal regions of Tanzania, on activity guided fractionation and subsequent purification resulted in the isolation and characterization of an isomer of methyl cyclitol (1) and six echinocystic acid saponins (2–7). Saponins 6 and 7 are new and being reported for the first time from nature. Among all the isolated compounds, 3-O-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl (1[RIGHTWARDS ARROW]2)][α-L-arabinopyranosyl (1[RIGHTWARDS ARROW]6)]-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl echinocystic acid (4), 3-O-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl (1[RIGHTWARDS ARROW]2)] [α-L-arabinopyranosyl (1[RIGHTWARDS ARROW]6)]-2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl echinocystic acid (6) and 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl (1[RIGHTWARDS ARROW]3)] [α-L-arabinopyranosyl (1[RIGHTWARDS ARROW]2)] [α-L-arabinopyranosyl (1[RIGHTWARDS ARROW]6)]-2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl echinocystic acid (7) and their combinations were active against the various strains of C. albicans with MICs ranging from 12.5 to 125 μg/ml.

碩士
台北醫學院
藥學研究所
82
Areca catechu L. (Palmae) and Albizzia lebbek (L.) Benth. (Leguminosae) are evergreen trees that spread all over the tropical areas and both of them are rich in polyphenolics. In our laboratory, we used the fresh unripe embryos of Areca catechu and the bark of Albizzia lebbek to study the compounds belong to tannin class and effort for developing these polyphenolic compounds to be a new and useful medicine in the future. By various column chromatographies five compounds were isolated and purified from the fresh unripe embryos of Areca catechu . Base on the analysis of physical and spectroscopic data, we characterized these compounds as (+)-catechin, (-)- epicatechin, procyanidin B-2, procyanidin B-7 and epicatechin -(4β-8)-epicatechin-(4β-8)-catechin. In addition, five compounds were obtained from the bark of Albizzia lebbek , the structures of these compounds were elucidated as (-)-epicatechin, procyanidin B-2, procyanidin B-5, procyanidin C-1 and 5-O-β-D-(5''''-O-3'''''',5''''''-dimethoxy- galloyl) apiofuranosyl (1''''→2'')-β-D-glucopyranoside. Above all, the last compound is a new natural product.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Georgia, 2006.
Directed by Jim Hamrick. Includes articles submitted to American journal of botany, Molecular ecology, and International journal of plant sciences. Includes bibliographical references.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNP), the most popular nano-compounds, possess unique chemical, physical and biological properties. Albizia adianthifolia (AA) – rich in saponins – is a plant of the Fabaceae family, found abundantly on the East coast of Africa. This plant is well known for its medicinal properties, and although the exact phytochemistry of AA is unknown, recent research suggests that AA can be used for the treatment of certain pathologies. The biological properties of a novel silver nanoparticle (AAAgNP) synthesised from an aqueous leaf extract of AA, were investigated on A549 lung carcinoma cells. Cell viability was determined by the 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay. Cellular oxidative status (lipid peroxidation and glutathione (GSH) levels) were determined by the TBARS and GSH-Glo™ Glutatione assays respectively. ATP concentration was measured using the CellTitre-Glo™ assay. Caspase-3/-7, -8 and -9 activities were determined by Caspase-Glo® assays. Flow cytometry was used to measure apoptosis, mitochondrial (mt) membrane depolarisation, expression of CD95 receptors and intracellular smac/DIABLO levels. DNA fragmentation was assessed with the comet assay. The expression of p53, bax, PARP-1 and smac/DIABLO was evaluated by western blotting. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to determine mRNA levels of bax and p53. AAAgNP caused a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability with a significant increase in lipid peroxidation (5-fold vs. control; p=0.0098) and decreased intracellular GSH (p=0.1184). A significant 2.5-fold decrease in cellular ATP was observed upon AAAgNP exposure (p=0.0040) with a highly significant elevation in mt membrane depolarisation (3.3-fold vs. control; p<0.0001). Apoptosis was also significantly higher (1.5-fold) in AAAgNP treated cells (p<0.0001) with a significant decline in expression of CD95 receptors (p=0.0416). AAAgNP caused a significant 2.5-fold reduction in caspase-8 activity (p=0.0024) with contrasting increases in caspase-3/-7 (1.7-fold vs. control; p=0.0180) and -9 activity (1.4-fold vs. control; p=0.0117). Western blots showed increased expression of smac/DIABLO (4.1-fold) in treated cells (p=0.0033). Furthermore, AAAgNP significantly increased the expression of p53, bax cleaved PARP-1 (1.2-fold; p=0.0498, 1.6-fold; p=0.0083 and 1.1-fold; p=0.0359 respectively). The expression of mRNA for both p53 and bax was also elevated post AAAgNP treatment, with 6-fold (p=0.0036) and 5-fold (p=0.0080) changes respectively compared to untreated cells. Data suggests that AAAgNP induces cell death in the A549 lung cells via the mt-mediated intrinsic apoptotic program. Further investigations are required to assess the potential use of AAAgNP in cancer treatment.
Thesis (M.Med.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.

Architetti della stessa generazione, provenienti dal medesimo ambiente culturale, progettarono e realizzarono lungo la costa maremmana a breve distanza di tempo l'uno dall'altro tre architetture riguardanti il tema della residenza per vacanze. La ricerca si propone di studiare e descrivere le tre esperienze cercando tra l'altro di capire ed illustrare come questi Maestri del Novecento nei progetti a Castiglione della Pescaia abbiano interpretato e tradotto nella loro poetica alcuni caratteri peculiari dell'architettura e del paesaggio toscani. Più precisamente il lavoro si configura come un approfondimento critico delle tre esperienze di architettura, mediante il quale si intende mostrare la loro genesi e indagare la metodologia progettuale adottata, nel tentativo di chiarire gli aspetti più generali e i particolari caratteri dei differenti e originali contributi offerti in queste occasioni dai tre architetti relativamente al tema più generale del rapporto fra architettura e contesto, inteso nella più ampia accezione possibile: dell’architettura come manifestazione artistica originale cioè “interamente creata”, eppure indissolubilmente legata al paesaggio e alla tradizione culturale del luogo che l’accoglie.

La ricerca dottorale propone una lettura dei negozi Olivetti, realizzati da Ignazio Gardella, Franco Albini e BBPR, nella seconda metà degli anni Cinquanta, fuori dai confini italiani. Gli showroom dei BBPR a New York, di Albini ed Helg a Parigi e quello di Gardella a Düsseldorf sono la realizzazione architettonica di un onirico “paesaggio interno”, un racconto sinottico delle città, costruito con le misure che l’architettura trae interrogando i luoghi.

Paraserianthes falcataria is a tropical, deciduous, leguminous tree. It is native to Papua N e w Guinea, West Irian, The Soloman Islands and The Moluccas. It is n o w widely grown in plantations of Philippines, Fiji, Asia, Australia and parts of America. The focus of this study was to establish micropropagation techniques for Paraserianthes falcataria, in order to introduce this species as a prospective source of timber and paper of the future. Seed germination experiments were investigated for seed pre-treatments with various agents, where warm (heated) water at 70°C produced the maximum percentage (95%) of germination. The explants were investigated for soil acclimation, with peat: perlite : coarse sand being the best soil conditions. In conclusion, Paraserianthes falcataria can be propagated in vitro and is a promising species for revegetation and agroforestry practices.

Farmers in developing countries are struggling to feed families due to low crop yields resulting from land degradation, land use pressures and unsustainable use of water resources. While deliberate integration of trees into farming systems (agroforestry) has been practiced traditionally in the Mt. Elgon region of Uganda since time immemorial, with modernisation of society and commercialisation of agriculture, many farmers are motivated to dismantle agroforestry systems in favour of monocultural farming systems. The science needed to improve agroforestry in the Mt Elgon region should focus on tree-crop water interactions because the competition for light and water is one of the main reasons that farmers remove trees in favour of annual crops. Additionally, long-term adoption of agroforestry has been negatively affected by an underlying culture of financial expectancy and highly subsidized extension by research and development programmes, leading to ‘pseudo adoption’. I contend that modernised agroforestry practices, informed by science generated in a participatory manner, have the promise of improving household food security, livelihoods and resilience. The study is aligned to a pragmatic interdisciplinary research approach to embrace the domains of both biophysical science (tree-water use and crop productivity studies) and social science (farmer motivations and perceptions). It generally demonstrates effective application‐oriented research and farmer decision-making, with a specific case of managing trees in a relevant agroforestry system. The study seeks to understand how farmers’ knowledge and attitudes towards agroforestry change in response to exposure to the generation of scientific information from biophysical experiments. The four central research questions for this research are: (i) what influences the intentions of smallholder farmers in Mt. Elgon region to plant and retain trees on their farms?; (ii) what factors influence farmers’ perceptions of the impact of trees on common bean and coffee productivity?; (iii) what are the impacts of trees and their management on crop productivity and water use across a range of farm contexts?, and; (iv) what is the impact of biophysical information on farmers’ perceptions about agroforestry tree management in coffee-bean systems? A conceptual framework integrating the biophysical and social components of the study has been developed to inform the key agricultural technology adoption pathways of smallholder farmers. The study had an initial phase of in-depth, semi-structured farmer interviews and generation of biophysical information on impact of tree canopy pruning on tree water use and crop productivity from two selected farms with Cordia africana and Albizia coriaria trees integrated with coffee and common beans. The information from the biophysical data (collected over a 20-month period) was then reported to farmers through a series of extension events that were followed by a second phase of farmer interviews. Lastly, all the data and information collected from the second phase of farmer interviews and the biophysical experiment were used to establish the potential impact of incorporating C. africana and A. coriaria on soil water resources and sustainable crops productivity that would result from farmer adoption of biophysical information. Results from the biophysical component of the study show that C. africana and A. coriaria exhibit contrasting patterns of seasonal tree water use across leaf shedding stages, characterised by episodes of reverse flow in A. coriaria at specific periods of the year. While tree canopy pruning altered the synchrony in the vegetative phenology of Albizia trees, the pruned Cordia and Albizia trees respectively used 22.8% and 50.1% less water than unpruned trees whose average daily water use was 76.5L day-1 and 133.7L day-1. Coffee trees growing under pruned Cordia and Albizia trees used more water than coffee growing under unpruned trees, which could have resulted from more transpiration pull in coffee resulting from increased radiation with reduced shading. Canopy pruning also reduced the water demand of the tree component and resulted in recharge in the crop-rooting zone. In terms of crop productivity, yields of parchment coffee were highest under pruned Albizia (949 kg/ha), followed by coffee under unpruned Albizia (792 kg/ha). Unshaded coffee produced the least yield at 402 kg/ha and 422 kg/ha in the Albizia and Cordia sites, respectively. The highest common beans yields (708 and 688 kg/ha) were obtained from common beans planted in open field sites, followed by those grown under unshaded coffee sites. The low yields from coffee and common beans under unpruned trees is attributed to below and above ground competition consistently outweighing the benefits of shade. The social component of the study applied a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique to assess the psychological drivers of smallholder farmers’ intention and their motivation to integrate trees in their farming systems based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The findings indicate that psychological factors are key drivers to the farmers’ internal decisionmaking process in agroforestry technology adoption and can be context specific. The adoption behaviour of smallholder farmers is mainly shaped by existing community social norms and beliefs that tend to promote knowledge exchange, as opposed to the conventional knowledge transfer extension approaches. While I provide evidence that attitude and perceived behavioural control are reliable predictors of farmer tree planting behaviour, farmer perceptions and knowledge of the impact of trees on farm and their management varies across the farmer categories studied, where the intended purpose of trees on farm is perceived differently. This study argues that bridging local and scientific knowledge through participatory research and extension is fundamental to enhance agricultural technology adoption among smallholder farmers. Therefore, the final phase of the study drew upon knowledge generated from biophysical component on impact of pruning on tree water use and crop productivity to assess farmers’ perceptions and willingness to adopt practices emanating from the study following exposure of 394 farmers to the research outputs. The extension events facilitated dialogue between the researcher and the farmers, and the results show that the information delivered through extension events was better understood by majority of the farmers directly interacting with the project. However, overall, only 184 farmers of the 394 participants (47%) were convinced that higher coffee yield could be obtained from shaded coffee. Therefore, over 50% of these farmers are still hesitant to change, as the majority of them prune their trees only when there is need for fuelwood and or poles. In the African context, agroforestry is strongly promoted via development projects, that provide incentives to farmers in form of free planting materials, tree nursery inputs and capacity building on planting and management of agroforestry components. There is always a likelihood that what appears as adoption is in fact trialling of the new practice, which masks actual longterm adoption. I therefore suggest that adoption information exchange through social networks and general community interactions may enhance long-term agroforestry adoption. These complex interaction processes should be applied at the early stages of technology adoption and would facilitate introduction of socially and biophysically appropriate agroforestry interventions into local realities. In conclusion, the results from the biophysical component of the study have demonstrated that agroforestry tree canopy pruning is an important on-farm management decision for controlling competition and subsequently increasing crop yields, while prolonging the period of intercropping in intensive farming systems. However, farmers may be hesitant to adopt such useful information due to an underlying culture of financial expectancy leading to ‘pseudo adoption’, underutilization of existing social networks during research and extension, limitations in the period of exposure to a technology, and constraints in measuring and predicting adoption. The study has generally demonstrated that adoption is not merely related to the technology, socio economic and behavioural factors, and the research and extension methods applied, but also a result of complex interactions between people, technologies and institutions. For effective extension, there needs to be a lot more visibility of the research itself and over a long period of time rather than the formal short-term interactions between farmers and extension agents. The impacts resulting from effective application-oriented research, understanding farmer decision making and successful adoption of biophysical information can be essential for informing policy decisions relating to agricultural technology adoption pathways of smallholder farmers and household food security.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2021

The research of this thesis will focus on the performance of farm forestry trees in Mubende district, Uganda. In order to this, the research will help to fill the existing knowledge gap on the performance of farm forestry trees of east Africa specially Uganda. The conducted tree species are Markhamia lutea, Ficus natalensis, Mangifera indica, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Anitaris toxicaria, Persea americana, Albizia coriaria and Spathodea campanulata. The selection of the trees was mainly driven through the availability of age information. The trees were measured in height, age, DBH, length of commercial stem, diameter at specific height and visual observations e.g. occurrence and stem quality. To compare the performance of the conducted tree species a regression analysis with eight different functions was carried out for each tree species. The results are reproducible Stand- Height-Curves, height curves, DBH curves and curves for the single tree volume. The decision on the best curve was made on their biological plausibility and their statistical calculations. Additionally, the farmers of the trees were interviewed about their tree species for e.g. purposes of the tree, value of the wood and their own impressions on the growth of the tree species. The recommendation for the best applicable function is the Petterson function for the Stand-Height- Curve and the function of Richards for the height-, DBH- and single tree volume curve. Still these functions shouldn’t be used without comparison to other functions, especially because the used functions were developed for tree stand conditions and not specially for agroforestry conditions were the tree growth is in general higher. Additionally, an upscaling and prediction of the monetary tree values is made on the basis of the single tree volume curves and the interview results. The prediction of the farmers possible income through the cultivation of trees is made for Markhamia lutea, Ficus natalensis, Anitaris toxicaria and Albizia coriaria and assumes that 100 trees are planted on one hectare. Albizia coriaria 3.630 € achieves the highest possible extra income for the farmer followed by Ficus natalensis with 1.300 €, Anitaris toxicaria with 910€ and Markhamia lutea with 880 €. This thesis gives an example on the performance and possible monetary value of tree species in Mubende district, Uganda. Further investigation is needed to fill the knowledge gap in the performance of east African tree species and their values completely. Keywords: performance, tree growth, utilization, Uganda, East-Africa