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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Alanine glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT)"

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Han, Qian, Seong Ryul Kim, Haizhen Ding et Jianyong Li. « Evolution of two alanine glyoxylate aminotransferases in mosquito ». Biochemical Journal 397, no 3 (13 juillet 2006) : 473–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20060469.

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In the mosquito, transamination of 3-HK (3-hydroxykynurenine) to XA (xanthurenic acid) is catalysed by an AGT (alanine glyoxylate aminotransferase) and is the major branch pathway of tryptophan metabolism. Interestingly, malaria parasites hijack this pathway to use XA as a chemical signal for development in the mosquito. Here, we report that the mosquito has two AGT isoenzymes. One is the previously cloned AeHKT [Aedes aegypti HKT (3-HK transaminase)] [Han, Fang and Li (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 15781–15787], similar to hAGT (human AGT), which primarily catalyses 3-HK to XA in mosquitoes, and the other is a typical dipteran insect AGT. We cloned the second AGT from Ae. aegypti mosquitoes [AeAGT (Ae. aegypti AGT)], overexpressed the enzyme in baculovirus/insect cells and determined its biochemical characteristics. We also expressed hAGT for a comparative study. The new cloned AeAGT is highly substrate-specific when compared with hAGT and the previously reported AeHKT and Drosophila AGT, and is translated mainly in pupae and adults, which contrasts with AeHKT that is expressed primarily in larvae. Our results suggest that the physiological requirements of mosquitoes and the interaction between the mosquito and its host appear to be the driving force in mosquito AGT evolution.
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Wang, Bing-Jun, Jing-Ming Xia, Qian Wang, Jiang-Long Yu, Zhiyin Song et Huabin Zhao. « Diet and Adaptive Evolution of Alanine-Glyoxylate Aminotransferase Mitochondrial Targeting in Birds ». Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, no 3 (8 novembre 2019) : 786–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz266.

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Abstract Adaptations to different diets represent a hallmark of animal diversity. The diets of birds are highly variable, making them an excellent model system for studying adaptive evolution driven by dietary changes. To test whether molecular adaptations to diet have occurred during the evolution of birds, we examined a dietary enzyme alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT), which tends to target mitochondria in carnivorous mammals, peroxisomes in herbivorous mammals, and both mitochondria and peroxisomes in omnivorous mammals. A total of 31 bird species were examined in this study, which included representatives of most major avian lineages. Of these, 29 have an intact mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS) of AGT. This finding is in stark contrast to mammals, which showed a number of independent losses of the MTS. Our cell-based functional assays revealed that the efficiency of AGT mitochondrial targeting was greatly reduced in unrelated lineages of granivorous birds, yet it tended to be high in insectivorous and carnivorous lineages. Furthermore, we found that proportions of animal tissue in avian diets were positively correlated with mitochondrial targeting efficiencies that were experimentally determined, but not with those that were computationally predicted. Adaptive evolution of AGT mitochondrial targeting in birds was further supported by the detection of positive selection on MTS regions. Our study contributes to the understanding of how diet drives molecular adaptations in animals, and suggests that caution must be taken when computationally predicting protein subcellular targeting.
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Cooper, P. J., C. J. Danpure, P. J. Wise et K. M. Guttridge. « Immunocytochemical localization of human hepatic alanine : glyoxylate aminotransferase in control subjects and patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1. » Journal of Histochemistry & ; Cytochemistry 36, no 10 (octobre 1988) : 1285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/36.10.3418107.

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Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) is an inherited disorder of glyoxylate metabolism caused by a deficiency of the hepatic peroxisomal enzyme alanine: glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT; EC 2.6.1.44) [FEBS Lett (1986) 201:20]. The aim of the present study was to investigate the intracellular distribution of immunoreactive AGT protein, using protein A-gold immunocytochemistry, in normal human liver and in livers of PH1 patients with (CRM+) or without (CRM-) immunologically crossreacting enzyme protein. In all CRM+ individuals, which included three controls, a PH1 heterozygote and a PH1 homozygote immunoreactive AGT protein was confined to peroxisomes, where it was randomly dispersed throughout the peroxisomal matrix with no obvious association with the peroxisomal membrane. No AGT protein could be detected in the peroxisomes or other cytoplasmic compartments in the livers of CRM- PH1 patients (homozygotes). The peroxisomal labeling density in the CRM+ PH1 patient, who was completely deficient in AGT enzyme activity, was similar to that of the controls. In addition, in the PH1 heterozygote, who had one third normal AGT enzyme activity, peroxisomal labeling density was reduced to 50% of normal.
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Hameed, Mohammed, Kashif Eqbal, Beena Nair, Alexander Woywodt et Aimun Ahmed. « Late Diagnosis of Primary Hyperoxaluria by Crystals in the Bone Marrow ! » Nephrology @ Point of Care 1, no 1 (janvier 2015) : napoc.2015.1467. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/napoc.2015.14679.

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Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) is a rare, inherited, autosomal recessive, metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of peroxisomal alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT). We describe here a case of a 57-year-old man with End Stage Renal Disease, where the late age of presentation of PH T1 due to marked heterogeneity of disease expression caused a delay in diagnosis, and we discuss the causes of the poor outcome typical of this condition
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Danpure, Christopher J., et Patricia R. Jennings. « Further studies on the activity and subcellular distribution of alanine : Glyoxylate aminotransferase in the livers of patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1 ». Clinical Science 75, no 3 (1 septembre 1988) : 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0750315.

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1. The activity of alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT; EC 2.6.1.44) has been measured in the unfractionated livers of 20 patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1), three patients with other forms of primary hyperoxaluria and one PH1 heterozygote. The subcellular distribution of AGT activity was examined in four of the PH1 livers and in the liver of the PH1 heterozygote. 2. The mean AGT activity in the unfractionated PH1 livers was 12.6% of the mean control value. The activities of other aminotransferases and the peroxisomal marker enzymes were normal. When corrected for cross-over from glutamate:glyoxylate aminotransferase (GGT; EC 2.6.1.4), the mean AGT activity in the PH1 livers was reduced to 3.3% of the control values. 3. The livers from a patient with primary hyperoxaluria type 2 (d-glycerate dehydrogenase deficiency) and one with an undefined form of primary hyperoxaluria (possibly oxalate hyperabsorption) had normal AGT levels. The livers of a very mild PH1-type variant and a PH1 heterozygote had intermediate levels of AGT activity. 4. Subcellular fractionation of four PH1 livers by sucrose gradient isopycnic centrifugation demonstrated a complete absence of peroxisomal AGT activity. The subcellular distribution of the residual AGT activity was very similar to that of GGT activity (i.e. mainly cytosolic with a small amount mitochondrial). There were no alterations in the subcellular distributions of any of the peroxisomal marker enzymes. The subcellular distribution of AGT activity in the PH1 heterozygote liver was similar to that of the control (i.e. mainly peroxisomal). 5. The residual AGT activity in two of the PH1 livers, which could be accounted for largely by cross-over from GGT, was only slightly dependent on substrate (glyoxylate and alanine) concentration and virtually independent of cofactor (pyridoxal phosphate) concentration. 6. These data confirm our previous findings (C. J. Danpure & P. R. Jennings, FEBS Letters, 1986, 201, 20–24), but on a much larger number of patients, that AGT deficiency is pathognomic for PH1, and is not found in other forms of hyperoxaluria.
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Cellini, Barbara, Mariarita Bertoldi, Riccardo Montioli, Alessandro Paiardini et Carla Borri Voltattorni. « Human wild-type alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase and its naturally occurring G82E variant : functional properties and physiological implications ». Biochemical Journal 408, no 1 (29 octobre 2007) : 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20070637.

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Human hepatic peroxisomal AGT (alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase) is a PLP (pyridoxal 5′-phosphate)-dependent enzyme whose deficiency causes primary hyperoxaluria Type I, a rare autosomal recessive disorder. To acquire experimental evidence for the physiological function of AGT, the Keq,overall of the reaction, the steady-state kinetic parameters of the forward and reverse reactions, and the pre-steady-state kinetics of the half-reactions of the PLP form of AGT with L-alanine or glycine and the PMP (pyridoxamine 5′-phosphate) form with pyruvate or glyoxylate have been measured. The results indicate that the enzyme is highly specific for catalysing glyoxylate to glycine processing, thereby playing a key role in glyoxylate detoxification. Analysis of the reaction course also reveals that PMP remains bound to the enzyme during the catalytic cycle and that the AGT–PMP complex displays a reactivity towards oxo acids higher than that of apoAGT in the presence of PMP. These findings are tentatively related to possible subtle rearrangements at the active site also indicated by the putative binding mode of catalytic intermediates. Additionally, the catalytic and spectroscopic features of the naturally occurring G82E variant have been analysed. Although, like the wild-type, the G82E variant is able to bind 2 mol PLP/dimer, it exhibits a significant reduced affinity for PLP and even more for PMP compared with wild-type, and an altered conformational state of the bound PLP. The striking molecular defect of the mutant, consisting in the dramatic decrease of the overall catalytic activity (∼0.1% of that of normal AGT), appears to be related to the inability to undergo an efficient transaldimination of the PLP form of the enzyme with amino acids as well as an efficient conversion of AGT–PMP into AGT–PLP. Overall, careful biochemical analyses have allowed elucidation of the mechanism of action of AGT and the way in which the disease causing G82E mutation affects it.
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Harambat, Jérôme, Sonia Fargue, Justine Bacchetta, Cécile Acquaviva et Pierre Cochat. « Primary Hyperoxaluria ». International Journal of Nephrology 2011 (2011) : 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/864580.

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Primary hyperoxalurias (PH) are inborn errors in the metabolism of glyoxylate and oxalate. PH type 1, the most common form, is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of the liver-specific enzyme alanine, glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT) resulting in overproduction and excessive urinary excretion of oxalate. Recurrent urolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis are the hallmarks of the disease. As glomerular filtration rate decreases due to progressive renal damage, oxalate accumulates leading to systemic oxalosis. Diagnosis is often delayed and is based on clinical and sonographic findings, urinary oxalate assessment, DNA analysis, and, if necessary, direct AGT activity measurement in liver biopsy tissue. Early initiation of conservative treatment, including high fluid intake, inhibitors of calcium oxalate crystallization, and pyridoxine in responsive cases, can help to maintain renal function in compliant subjects. In end-stage renal disease patients, the best outcomes have been achieved with combined liver-kidney transplantation which corrects the enzyme defect.
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Danpure, C. J., P. J. Cooper, P. J. Wise et P. R. Jennings. « An enzyme trafficking defect in two patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1 : peroxisomal alanine/glyoxylate aminotransferase rerouted to mitochondria. » Journal of Cell Biology 108, no 4 (1 avril 1989) : 1345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.108.4.1345.

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Most patients with the autosomal recessive disease primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) have a complete deficiency of alanine/glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT) enzyme activity and immunoreactive protein. However a few possess significant residual activity and protein. In normal human liver, AGT is entirely peroxisomal, whereas it is entirely mitochondrial in carnivores, and both peroxisomal and mitochondrial in rodents. Using the techniques of isopycnic sucrose and Percoll density gradient centrifugation and quantitative protein A-gold immunoelectron microscopy, we have found that in two PH1 patients, possessing 9 and 27% residual AGT activity, both the enzyme activity and immunoreactive protein were largely mitochondrial and not peroxisomal. In addition, these individuals were more severely affected than expected from the levels of their residual AGT activity. In these patients, the PH1 appears to be due, at least in part, to a unique trafficking defect, in which peroxisomal AGT is diverted to the mitochondria. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a genetic disease caused by such interorganellar rerouting.
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Purdue, P. E., Y. Takada et C. J. Danpure. « Identification of mutations associated with peroxisome-to-mitochondrion mistargeting of alanine/glyoxylate aminotransferase in primary hyperoxaluria type 1. » Journal of Cell Biology 111, no 6 (1 décembre 1990) : 2341–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.111.6.2341.

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We have previously shown that in some patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1), disease is associated with mistargeting of the normally peroxisomal enzyme alanine/glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT) to mitochondria (Danpure, C.J., P.J. Cooper, P.J. Wise, and P.R. Jennings. J. Cell Biol. 108:1345-1352). We have synthesized, amplified, cloned, and sequenced AGT cDNA from a PH1 patient with mitochondrial AGT (mAGT). This identified three point mutations that cause amino acid substitutions in the predicted AGT protein sequence. Using PCR and allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization, a range of PH1 patients and controls were screened for these mutations. This revealed that all eight PH1 patients with mAGT carried at least one allele with the same three mutations. Two were homozygous for this allele and six were heterozygous. In at least three of the heterozygotes, it appeared that only the mutant allele was expressed. All three mutations were absent from PH1 patients lacking mAGT. One mutation encoding a Gly----Arg substitution at residue 170 was not found in any of the control individuals. However, the other two mutations, encoding Pro----Leu and Ile----Met substitutions at residues 11 and 340, respectively, cosegregated in the normal population at an allelic frequency of 5-10%. In an individual homozygous for this allele (substitutions at residues 11 and 340) only a small proportion of AGT appeared to be rerouted to mitochondria. It is suggested that the substitution at residue 11 generates an amphiphilic alpha-helix with characteristics similar to recognized mitochondrial targeting sequences, the full functional expression of which is dependent upon coexpression of the substitution at residue 170, which may induce defective peroxisomal import.
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AMOROSO, ANTONIO, DOROTI PIRULLI, FIORELLA FLORIAN, DANIELA PUZZER, MICHELE BONIOTTO, SERGIO CROVELLA, SILVIA ZEZLINA et al. « AGXTGene Mutations and Their Influence on Clinical Heterogeneity of Type 1 Primary Hyperoxaluria ». Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 12, no 10 (octobre 2001) : 2072–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v12102072.

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Abstract. Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) is an autosomal recessive disorder that is caused by a deficiency of alanine: glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT), which is encoded by a single copy gene (AGXT). Molecular diagnosis was used in conjunction with clinical, biochemical, and enzymological data to evaluate genotype-phenotype correlation. Twenty-three unrelated, Italian PH1 patients were studied, 20 of which were grouped according to severe form of PH1 (group A), adult form (group B), and mild to moderate decrease in renal function (group C). All 23 patients were analyzed by using the single-strand conformation polymorphism technique followed by the sequencing of the 11AGXTexons. Relevant chemistries, including plasma, urine and dialyzate oxalate and glycolate assays, liver AGT activity, and pyridoxine responsiveness, were performed. Both mutant alleles were found in 21 out of 23 patients, and 13 different mutations were recognized in exons 1, 2, 4, and 10. Normalized AGT activity was lower in the severe form than in the adult form (P< 0.05). Double heterozygous patients presented a lower age at the onset of the disease (P= 0.025), and they were more frequent in group A (75%) than in the group B (14%;P= 0.0406). The T444C mutation was more frequent in the severe form (P< 0.05), and the opposite was observed for G630A (P< 0.05). G630A mutation homozygotes had a higher AGT residual activity (P= 0.00001). This study confirms the allelic heterogeneity of theAGXT, which could to some extent be responsible for the phenotypic heterogeneity in PH1.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Alanine glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT)"

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Holbrook, Joanna Dawn. « Molecular evolution of the intracellular targeting of alanine glyoxylate aminotransferase ». Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272486.

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Birdsey, Graeme Miles. « Molecular analysis of the peroxisomal targeting of guinea-pig alanine : glyoxylate aminotransferase ». Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300508.

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Burdin, Dmitry V., Alexey A. Kolobov, Chad Brocker, Alexey A. Soshnev, Nikolay Samusik, Anton v. Demyanov, Silke Brilloff et al. « Diabetes-linked transcription factor HNF4α regulates metabolism of endogenous methylarginines and β-aminoisobutyric acid by controlling expression of alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase 2 ». Nature Publishing Group, 2016. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A30404.

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Elevated levels of circulating asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginines (ADMA and SDMA) predict and potentially contribute to end organ damage in cardiovascular diseases. Alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase 2 (AGXT2) regulates systemic levels of ADMA and SDMA, and also of beta-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIB)-a modulator of lipid metabolism. We identified a putative binding site for hepatic nuclear factor 4 α (HNF4α) in AGXT2 promoter sequence. In a luciferase reporter assay we found a 75% decrease in activity of Agxt2 core promoter after disruption of the HNF4α binding site. Direct binding of HNF4α to Agxt2 promoter was confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. siRNA-mediated knockdown of Hnf4a led to an almost 50% reduction in Agxt2 mRNA levels in Hepa 1–6 cells. Liver-specific Hnf4a knockout mice exhibited a 90% decrease in liver Agxt2 expression and activity, and elevated plasma levels of ADMA, SDMA and BAIB, compared to wild-type littermates. Thus we identified HNF4α as a major regulator of Agxt2 expression. Considering a strong association between human HNF4A polymorphisms and increased risk of type 2 diabetes our current findings suggest that downregulation of AGXT2 and subsequent impairment in metabolism of dimethylarginines and BAIB caused by HNF4α deficiency might contribute to development of cardiovascular complications in diabetic patients.
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Burdin, Dmitry V., Alexey A. Kolobov, Chad Brocker, Alexey A. Soshnev, Nikolay Samusik, Anton v. Demyanov, Silke Brilloff et al. « Diabetes-linked transcription factor HNF4α regulates metabolism of endogenous methylarginines and β-aminoisobutyric acid by controlling expression of alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase 2 ». Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-226882.

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Elevated levels of circulating asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginines (ADMA and SDMA) predict and potentially contribute to end organ damage in cardiovascular diseases. Alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase 2 (AGXT2) regulates systemic levels of ADMA and SDMA, and also of beta-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIB)-a modulator of lipid metabolism. We identified a putative binding site for hepatic nuclear factor 4 α (HNF4α) in AGXT2 promoter sequence. In a luciferase reporter assay we found a 75% decrease in activity of Agxt2 core promoter after disruption of the HNF4α binding site. Direct binding of HNF4α to Agxt2 promoter was confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. siRNA-mediated knockdown of Hnf4a led to an almost 50% reduction in Agxt2 mRNA levels in Hepa 1–6 cells. Liver-specific Hnf4a knockout mice exhibited a 90% decrease in liver Agxt2 expression and activity, and elevated plasma levels of ADMA, SDMA and BAIB, compared to wild-type littermates. Thus we identified HNF4α as a major regulator of Agxt2 expression. Considering a strong association between human HNF4A polymorphisms and increased risk of type 2 diabetes our current findings suggest that downregulation of AGXT2 and subsequent impairment in metabolism of dimethylarginines and BAIB caused by HNF4α deficiency might contribute to development of cardiovascular complications in diabetic patients.
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DINDO, MIRCO. « Molecular analysis of the dimerization and aggregation processes of human alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase and effect of mutations leading to Primary Hyperoxaluria Type I ». Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/960999.

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Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1 (PH1) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the deposition of insoluble calcium oxalate crystals at first in the kidneys and urinary tract and then in the whole body. PH1 is caused by the deficiency of human liver peroxisomal alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT). AGT is a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme, which converts glyoxylate to glycine, thus preventing glyoxylate oxidation to oxalate and calcium oxalate formation. Only two curative therapeutic approaches are currently available for PH1: the administration of pyridoxine (PN), a precursor of PLP, which is only effective in a minority of patients (25- 35%), and liver transplantation, a very invasive procedure. AGT is encoded by the AGXT gene, which is present in humans as two polymorphic forms: the major allele (encoding AGT-Ma) and the minor allele (encoding AGT-Mi). PH1 is a very heterogeneous disease with respect to the clinical manifestations, the response to treatment and the pathogenic mechanisms. In fact, more than 200 pathogenic mutations have been identified so far and the molecular mechanisms by which missense mutations cause AGT deficiency span from functional, to structural and to subcellular localization defects or to a combination of them. Several lines of evidence at both molecular and cellular level, indicate that many disease-causing missense mutations interfere with AGT dimer stability and/or aggregation propensity. However, neither the dimerization nor the aggregation process of AGT have been analyzed in detail. Therefore, we engineered a mutant form of AGT stable in solution in the monomeric form and studied its biochemical properties and dimerization kinetics. We found that monomeric AGT is able to bind PLP and that the coenzyme stabilizes the dimeric structure. Moreover, the identification of key dimerization hot-spots at the monomer-monomer interface allowed us to unravel the mechanisms at the basis of the aberrant mitochondrial mistargeting of two of the most common PH1-causing variants. We also elucidated the molecular and cellular consequences of the pathogenic mutations R36H, G42E, I56N, G63R and G216R, involving residues located at the dimer interface, and tested their in-vitro responsiveness to the treatment with PN. The latter results allowed us to suggest a possible correlation between the structural defect of a variant and its degree of responsiveness to PN. Finally, by combining bioinformatic and biochemical approaches, we analyzed in detail the tendency of AGT to undergo an electrostatically-driven aggregation. We found that the polymorphic changes typical of the minor allele have opposite effect on the aggregation propensity of the protein, and we predicted the possible effect/s of pathogenic mutations of residues located on the AGT surface. Overall, the results obtained allow not only to better understand PH1 pathogenesis, but also to predict the response of the patients to the available therapies as well as to pave the way for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Alanine glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT)"

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Danpure, C. J., et P. R. Jennings. « Deficiency of Peroxisomal Alanine : Glyoxylate Aminotransferase in Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1 ». Dans Proceedings in Life Sciences, 374–78. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71325-5_40.

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Danpure, C. J., et P. R. Jennings. « Enzymatic Heterogeneity in Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1 (Hepatic Peroxisomal Alanine : Glyoxylate Aminotransferase Deficiency) ». Dans Studies in Inherited Metabolic Disease, 205–7. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1259-5_32.

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Wanders, R. J. A., C. W. T. van Roermund, S. Jurriaans, R. B. H. Schutgens, J. M. Tager, H. van den Bosch, E. D. Wolff et al. « Diversity in Residual Alanine Glyoxylate Aminotransferase Activity in Hyperoxaluria Type I : Correlation with Pyridoxine Responsiveness ». Dans Studies in Inherited Metabolic Disease, 208–11. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1259-5_33.

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