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1
Sotiropoulos, Michail. « European jurisprudence and the intellectual origins of the Greek state : the Greek jurists and liberal reforms (ca 1830‐1880) ». Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2015. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/9111.
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This thesis builds on, and contributes to recent scholarship on the history of nineteenth‐century liberalism by exploring Greek legal thought and its political implications during the first decades after independence from the Ottomans (ca.1830‐1880). Protagonists of this work of intellectual history are the Greek jurists—a small group of very influential legal scholars—most of whom flocked to the Greek kingdom right after its establishment. By focusing on their theoretical contributions and public action, the thesis has two major contentions. First, it shows that the legal, political and economic thought of the jurists was not only conversant with Continental liberal currents of the Restoration, but, due to the particular local context, made original contributions to liberalism. Indeed, Greek liberals shared a lot with their counterparts in France, Italy and Germany, not least the belief that liberty originated in law and the state and not against them. Another shared feature was the distinction between the elitist liberal variant of the ‘Romanist’ civil lawyers such as Pavlos Kalligas, and the more ‘radical moderate’ version of Ioannis Soutsos and Nikolaos Saripolos. At the same time, the Greek liberals, seeking not to terminate but to institutionalize the Greek revolution, tuned to the radical language of natural rights (of persons and states) and national sovereignty. This language, which sought to control the rulers, put more contestation in power and expand political participation gained wide currency during the crisis of the 1850s, which exposed also the precarious place of Greece in the geography of European civilization. The second contention of the thesis is that this ‘transformation of thought’, informed the ‘long revolution’ of the 1860s and the new system of power this latter established. By so doing, it shows that liberal jurisprudence provided the intellectual foundations upon which the modern Greek state was build.
2
Stratigopoulou, Christine. « Identity and society in mid 19th century Greece : the case of Otho's reign ». Thesis, University of Leicester, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341651.
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Ferguson, Michael 1981. « Transportation and communication networks in late Ottoman Salonica : 1800-1912 ». Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99371.
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This thesis argues that the development of new transportation and communication networks in and around the Ottoman city of Salonica was largely responsible for its remarkable growth in the late nineteenth and early twentieth-century. The success of these new networks of steamships, telegraphs and railways, hinged upon their ability to overcome the geographical limitations of the region which, as in any pre-industrial society, had made the movement of people and goods both glacially slow and thus costly since time immemorial. The development of these new networks had many serious effects: it served to bring Salonica and the Empire under greater influence of the European powers, deeply link it to the emerging international economy and all but destroy traditional networks such as caravans and sailing vessels. Salonica was a central part of the late Ottoman story for a variety of reasons, and thus, attempting to understand its development provides us with a way to understand the late Ottoman story as a whole.
4
Dedoussopoulos, A. A. « Capitalism, simple commodity production and merchant capital : The political economy of Greece in the 19th century ». Thesis, University of Kent, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372839.
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5
Janowski, Zachary. « The decline of the caste system : 19th century transformations in Indian agricultural labor ». Thesis, Boston University, 2006. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/27681.
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Boston University. University Professors Program Senior theses.PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
2031-01-02
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Betz, Barbara J. « Pastoralism, Agriculture, and Stress : A Comparative Analysis of Two 19th Century Qing Dynasty Populations ». The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366126862.
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Börjeson, Lowe. « A history under siege : intensive agriculture in the Mbulu Highlands, Tanzania, 19th century to the present / ». Stockholm : Stockholm university, Department of geography, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41066206x.
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Börjeson, Lowe. « A History under Siege : Intensive Agriculture in the Mbulu Highlands, Tanzania, 19th Century to the Present ». Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-215.
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This doctoral thesis examines the history of the Iraqw’ar Da/aw area in the Mbulu Highlands of northern Tanzania. Since the late nineteenth century this area has been known for its intensive cultivation, and referred to as an “island” within a matrix of less intensive land use. The conventional explanation for its characteristics has been high population densities resulting from the prevention of expansion by hostility from surrounding pastoral groups, leading to a siegelike situation. Drawing on an intensive programme of interviews, detailed field mapping and studies of aerial photographs, early travellers’ accounts and landscape photographs, this study challenges that explanation. The study concludes that the process of agricultural intensification has largely been its own driving force, based on self-reinforcing processes of change, and not a consequence of land scarcity.
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Vu-Thi, Xoan, et Emma Stenberg. « Local History of Scania : The Embedded Drivers in Movement from Agriculture to Industry ». Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-33437.
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Galán, del Castillo Elena. « Socio Ecological Transition of Organic Agricultures in Catalonia (late 19th-20th century) ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/288378.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The main motivation of this dissertation is to add the environmental dimension to the Economic History of the changes in agriculture in Catalonia since the late 19th century. According to this, we speak in terms of Socio-Ecological Transition instead of agrarian development, which considers only the variable of productivity. That allows us to focus in fertility (first and second waves of the transition) and in a last step, in the use of fossil fuels (direct and indirect) in agriculture (third wave).
Therefore, this thesis seeks to bring to light the ways followed by Mediterranean organic agricultures to overcome its yield ceilings (not necessary Malthusian ceilings) in order to be adapted to the structural changes of the economy in the late 19th. Indeed, as the rest of Spain, Catalonia was strongly hit by the end-of-century crisis, when the cheap grain from North America flooded European market due to improvements in transport technologies and the use of fossil fuels. The grain was cheap because the never ploughed deep organic horizons of the North American prairies accumulated high amounts of nutrient, consequently, their mining had not effects in the short run. Accordingly, North American farmers could produce without compensating the nutrients extracted by harvests, something completely opposite to the case of European agricultures with old soils and agricultural systems that relied strongly in the circulation of organic matter. In addition, the phylloxera plague, which destroyed all vineyards and the introduction of new kinds of vegetable oils, changed the market conditions for wine and olive oil, important crops in Catalonia.
Moreover this thesis also aims to answer the question of whether there was or not a room for further organic improvements before the arrival of the second and third waves of the Socio- Ecological Transition. That is, when they finally outstripped all previous yield ceilings thanks to the spread of the use of fossil fuels, directly or indirectly in the form of chemical fertilisers, concentrated feed, and use of adapted seeds, etc.
Following the previous works in Spain we use the analytical perspective of the social metabolism and agro-ecology applied to Environmental History to study the Socio-Ecological Transition of Spanish agriculture to an industrial mode of agriculture. We focus on the study on the driving forces by reconstructing two sets of flows in agricultural systems of Catalonia, energy and nutrients.
The thesis is organised in the following structure. In the first block we make an analytical proposal to study and compare different energy efficiencies of agroecosystems and we apply it to a case study in the centre of Catalonia c.1860 and in 1999 (chapter 1 and 2). The second block is centred on the nutrient balances of the cropland areas of Catalan agriculture, hence, chapters 4 and 5 show two moments of time, c.1860 and c.1920. While chapter 4 analyses one municipality (Sentmenat) chapter 5 makes a regional analysis thus using provincial sources. This allows for the comparison among regions with different features. In the last chapter (3 and 6) of both blocks, we clarify the relations between the two chapters of each block, making joined questions and conclusions. In addition, we interpret the results in the framework of Socio-Ecological Transitions and explore the limitations of the methodology. Finally, in chapter 7 we summarize the conclusions of both blocks.La principal motivación de esta tesis es reconstruir la dimensión ambiental, un trabajo pendiente dentro del campo de la Historia Económica, de los cambios que experimentaron las agriculturas de base orgánica en Cataluña a partir de finales del siglo XIX. Para ello, en vez de usar la narrativa de desarrollo agrícola (que sólo distingue entre agriculturas avanzadas y el resto en términos únicos de productividad) utilizamos la narrativa de la Transición Socio- Ecológica aplicada a la agricultura. Así podemos aplicar herramientas del Metabolismo Social, como la contabilidad de flujos energéticos y de materiales. Al igual que el resto del Estado Español, Cataluña, nuestro caso de estudio, fue fuertemente golpeada por la crisis agraria finisecular. Debido a mejoras tecnológicas en el transporte y al uso de combustibles fósiles, hacia 1870 el grano barato producido en Norte América inundó los mercados europeos. La gran cantidad de materia orgánica acumulada en los profundos horizontes orgánicos que nunca antes habían sido cultivados, permitió a los agricultores norteamericanos cosechar con una elevada productividad sin necesidad de asumir los costes de la reposición de nutrientes, al menos en el corto plazo. Fue todo lo contrario para los viejos agroecosistemas europeos, cuya fertilidad dependía fuertemente de la capacidad campesina para poner de nuevo en circulación la biomasa generada por el agroecosistema. Además, la plaga de la filoxera, que destruyó todos los viñedos catalanes, y la generalización de nuevos aceites vegetales cambiaron totalmente las condiciones de mercado de vino y aceite de oliva a la entrada del siglo XX. La tesis se divide en dos bloques en el primero estudiamos los flujos energéticos en el agroecosistema de un mismo conjunto de municipios del Vallès (Cataluña) a un extremo y otro de la Transición Socio-Ecológica. En el segundo tenemos como objetivo estudiar la primera oleada de la Transición Socio-Ecológica, es decir, los efectos de la Primera Globalización sobre la fertilidad de los agroecosistemas catalanes. Para ello escogemos un caso de estudio previo a la transición y uno que debería estar entre la primera y la segunda oleada de la transición. Una vez sorteados las limitaciones impuestas por la utilización de fuentes históricas, los resultados de esta tesis arrojan luz sobre puntos clave para una agricultura más sostenible.
11
Khan, Iqbal Ghani. « Revenue, agriculture and warfare in north India : technical knowledge and the post-Mughal elites, from the mid 18th to the early 19th century ». Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321137.
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Rhodes, Anthony. « Jacob Burckhardt : History and the Greeks in the Modern Context ». PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/279.
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In the following study I reappraise the nineteenth century Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt (1818-1897). Burckhardt is traditionally known for having served as the elder colleague and one-time muse of Friedrich Nietzsche at the University of Basel and so his ideas are often considered, by comparison, outmoded or inapposite to contemporary currents of thought. My research explodes this conception by abandoning the presumption that Burckhardt was in some sense "out of touch" with modernity. By following and significantly expanding upon the ideas of historians such as Allan Megill, Lionel Gossman, Hayden White, Joseph Mali, John Hinde and Richard Sigurdson, among others, I am able to portray Burckhardt as conversely inaugurating a historiography laden with elements of insightful social criticism. Such criticisms are in fact bolstered by virtue of their counter-modern characteristic. Burckhardt reveals in this way a perspicacity that both anticipates Nietzsche's own critique of modernity and in large part moves well beyond him. Much of this analysis is devised through a genealogical approach to Burckhardt which places him squarely within a cohesive branch of post-Kantian thought that I have called heterodox post-Kantianism. My study revaluates Burckhardt through the alembic of a "discursive" post-Kantian turn which reinvests many of his outré ideas, including his radical appropriation of historical representation, his non-teleological historiography, his various pessimistic inclinations, and additionally, his non-empirical, "aesthetic" study of history, or "mythistory," with a newfound philosophical germaneness. While I survey the majority of Burckhardt's output in the course of my work, I invest a specific focus in his largely unappreciated Greek lectures (given in 1869 but only published in English in full at the end of the twentieth century). Burckhardt's "dark" portrayal of the Greeks serves to not only upset traditional conceptions of antiquity but also the manner in which self-conception is informed through historical inquiry. Burckhardt returns us then to an altogether repressed antiquity: to a hidden, yet internal "dream of a shadow." My analysis culminates with an attempt to reassess the place of Burckhardt's ideas for modernity and to correspondingly reexamine Nietzsche. In particular, I highlight the disparity between Nietzsche's and Burckhardt's reception of the "problem of power," including the latter's reluctance - which was attended by ominous and highly prescient predictions of future large-scale wars and the steady "massification" of western society - to accept Nietzsche's acclamation of a final "will to power." Burckhardt teaches us the value of history as an active counterforce to dominant modern reality-formations and in doing so, his work rehabilitates the relevance of history for a world which, as Burckhardt once noted, suffers today from a superfluity of present-mindedness.
13
Smith, Cessna R. « The Pursuit of Commerce : Agricultural Development in Western Oregon, 1825-1861 ». PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/258.
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This thesis examines how the pursuit of commercial gain affected the development of agriculture in western Oregon's Willamette, Umpqua, and Rogue River Valleys. The period of study begins when the British owned Hudson's Bay Company began to farm land in and around Fort Vancouver in 1825, and ends in 1861--during the time when agrarian settlement was beginning to expand east of the Cascade Mountains. Given that agriculture in Oregon, as elsewhere, would eventually reach a standard of national development, and given that most of Oregon's immigrants arrived poor and lacked the farm implements needed for subsistence, the question this study asks is what methods and motivations guided Oregon's first agrarian settlers to improve their industry? It is the central premise of this study that commerce was the sine qua non of agricultural development, and that commercial gain was the incentive that underpinned the improvements necessary to its progress. The question itself necessarily involves physiographical and climatological conditions, existing and potential markets, and a merchant class whose commercial motivations were beyond doubt. Two additional matters that weigh substantially through most of this paper need to be mentioned: First, because not all farmers were commercially-oriented, the focus is on individuals, including merchants, whose entrepreneurial activities contributed the most to agriculture; second, the discovery of gold in California in 1848, and in southern Oregon in the early 1850s, had a huge and lasting influence on Oregon agriculture and on the overall economy.
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Pereira, Josenildo de Jesus. « As representações da escravatura na imprensa jornalística do Maranhão na década de 1880 ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-11072007-103448/.
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No Maranhão, a partir da década de 1870, a agricultura mercantil de exportação escravista aprofundou o seu processo de decadência promovendo uma ruptura entre a racionalidade ideológica e a base sócio-política em que se fundamentavam as relações de dominação de classe. Nesse contexto, setores das classes dominantes, como estratégia ideológica, utilizaram-se do discurso baseado na idéia de uma crise com o objetivo ocultar esse processo e recompor o equilíbrio. A escravidão foi apresentada como o seu fator estrutural. A imprensa jornalística desempenhou uma ação significativa uma vez que os articulistas de periódicos, a partir de seus vínculos ideológicos com as classes sociais maranhenses, não só divulgaram bem como discutiram a respeito da escravidão no contexto da crise e apontaram as eventuais soluções para a mesma.In Maranhão, from the 1870\'s, the commercial agriculture with slaving base started to ruin, promoting the break between the ideological rationaliy and the social and political base that were the roots of the relations based on domination. In order to recompose the balance, sectors of the dominant classes used \"the image of the crisis\" as an ideological strategy. Slavery was presented as the structural factor. In the process of construction and dissemination of the arguments that were elaborated to persuade the other social classes about the \"crisis\", the journalistic press had a significant action because, due to their ideological links with social classes from Maranhão, the news writers not only disseminated the news but also started a discussion about slavery in the context of crisis and showed some solutions for it.
15
Richardson, Frances Ann. « Rural change in north Wales during the period of the Industrial Revolution : livelihoods, poverty and welfare in Nantconwy, 1750-1860 ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a94a14ee-c647-4215-9795-a3e22ce6b919.
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This thesis explores how a typical area of rural Wales participated in and was shaped by social and economic change during the period of the Industrial Revolution. It investigates how increasing numbers of people made a livelihood in the Caernarvonshire hundred of Nantconwy over the period 1750-1860, including the role of women in the local economy. A wide range of record types are used to explore inter-relationships between population growth, agriculture, proto-industry, the organisation of farming households, and the livelihoods of the poor. The thesis covers a key gap in the historical literature, as most studies of agrarian change at this period concentrate on England, and there has been little investigation of the experience in rural Wales. Unlike many parts of England where economic modernization was accompanied by growing inequality involving a transition from a household economy to a capitalist tripartite society of landowners, tenant farmers and landless wage labourers, Nantconwy experienced a growth of subsistence smallholding, as more people faced with a shortage of waged employment sought to make a livelihood from the land. Family by-employment and proto-industry also played a crucial role in the local economy. Bringing the commons and wastes into private ownership had relatively little impact on the poor, but smallholders' livelihoods were adversely affected after 1815 by the mechanization of spinning and declining earnings from stocking knitting. Living standards began to improve after 1830 with the expansion of male employment in slate quarrying, while the role of women on family farms was enhanced. Parishes evolved a low-cost system of poor relief which supported mainly older residents who were no longer able to quite make ends meet from the traditional cottager economy, while encouraging the young to leave the land or migrate to local towns or quarrying areas with better employment prospects.
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Mandurino, Sally Timmins. « The impact of the physical and cultural geography of southeastern Utah on Latter-day settlement ». Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 1998. http://patriot.lib.byu.edu/u?/MTGM,33227.
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McFarlane, Elizabeth Anne. « French travellers to Scotland, 1780-1830 : an analysis of some travel journals ». Thesis, University of Stirling, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/21711.
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This study examines the value of travellers’ written records of their trips with specific reference to the journals of five French travellers who visited Scotland between 1780 and 1830. The thesis argues that they contain material which demonstrates the merit of journals as historical documents. The themes chosen for scrutiny, life in the rural areas, agriculture, industry, transport and towns, are examined and assessed across the journals and against the social, economic and literary scene in France and Scotland. Through the evidence presented in the journals, the thesis explores aspects of the tourist experience of the Enlightenment and post -Enlightenment periods. The viewpoint of knowledgeable French Anglophiles and their receptiveness to Scottish influences, grants a perspective of the position of France in the economic, social and power structure of Europe and the New World vis-à-vis Scotland. The thesis adopts a narrow, focussed analysis of the journals which is compared and contrasted to a broad brush approach adopted in other studies.
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Barlagiannis, Athanasios. « Hygiène publique et construction de l'Etat grec, 1833-1845 : la police sanitaire et l'ordre public de la santé ». Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0044.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Ce travail porte sur le développement de l’hygiène publique dans le royaume de Grèce entre 1833, année de l’accession au trône du prince Othon de Bavière, et 1845, lorsqu’un système complet des lazarets et d’offices de santé trace les frontières politiques et épidémiologiques du royaume. Après avoir traité les structures de prévention sanitaire érigées tantôt à l’intérieur du pays (vaccinateurs, médecins publics, médecins municipaux) tantôt sur ses frontières, nous étudions les mesures pour lutter contre les maladies contagieuses (surtout la peste et la variole) et contre les miasmes. Nous nous efforçons d’analyser également les maladies qui déterminent la mortalité à l’époque ainsi que les théories médicales qui expliquent les mesures appliquées, en essayant de dépasser certains aspects de la distinction classique d’Erwin Ackerknecht entre contagionnisme et infectionnisme. Enfin, nous abordons la formation du corps médical officiel, processus qui a entraîné des changements dans la pratique médicale. Cet intérêt pour l’hygiène publique impose l’étude de la construction de l’Etat et de sa ‘base biologique’. L’hygiène publique définit les menaces contre lesquelles elle s’érige en même temps qu’elle construit et met en sécurité la collectivité. Dans l’Etat de police du caméraliste Othon I, ces développements sont l’affaire de la bureaucratie, de l’administration, de la force publique et de la science de la police sanitaire. Son but était la construction et la mise en ordre de l’espace public, de l’espace d’action de l’Etat, qui est tout autant naturel que social. Cet établissement d’un ordre favorise la centralisation sanitaire en même temps qu’il prétend discipliner (processus de civilisation) les éléments naturels et les forces sociales pour qu’ils puissent être coordonnés sans résistances ; autrement dit, l’action d’imposer un ordre pacifie. La police sanitaire contrôle ces processus, en reconfigurant les liens que les hommes tissent entre eux, avec la géographie, avec la nature et avec leurs maladiesThis study is about the organization of public hygiene in the kingdom of Greece between 1833, when prince Otto of Bavaria ascends to the throne, and 1845, when the political and epidemiological frontiers of the kingdom are traced by a complete system of lazarettos and sanitary offices. We will firstly analyze the structures of sanitary prevention in the interior of the country (vaccinators, public health doctors, municipal doctors) as well as at its frontiers, and then we will focus on the measures against contagious diseases (such as the plague and smallpox) and against miasmas. We are also interested in examining the main diseases that determine the mortality of the period under scrutiny and the medical theories that explain the applicable sanitary measures. At the same time, we will review some of the aspects of the classical distinction of Erwin Ackerknecht between contagionism and miasmatic theory. Finally, we will study the difficult formation of an official group of medical professionals. The interest in public hygiene imposes the study of the biological construction of the state and, subsequently, of the state itself. Public hygiene defines the threats which it tries to prevent, and it creates and secures the collectivity. In the Police State of the cameralist king Otto, these developments are controlled by the bureaucracy, the administration, the public force and the science of medical police. Its purpose is to construct and order the public space, the space of state action, which is natural as well as social. This action of ordering imposes the centralization of health and at the same time it normalizes the natural elements and the social forces so that they can coordinate without resistance; in other words, the action of ordering pacifies. Medical police controls these processes by reconfiguring the ties that bind individuals with each other and with the geography, the nature and their diseases
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FRANGHIADIS, Alexis. « Peasant agriculture and export trade : currant viticulture in Southern Greece,1830-1893 ». Doctoral thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5770.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Defence date: 19 December 1990First made available online on 11 April 2014.
The views of Greek historians on the conditions of existence and the strategy of peasant families tend to converge around a set of assumptions that may be depicted as following: - The peasantry held virtual control over large part of the land it cultivated. A great part of this land consisted of "National Estates" - that is, of land which before 1830 belonged to the Porte and to Ottoman subjects and after that date became property of the Greek state. Until 1871, any individual, as well as peasant families, might occupy and cultivate part of this land, by paying a relatively low rent, proportional to gross output, as a "right of usufruct" to the Treasury. Although the legal framework was unclear and liable to changes, regular occupants of this land might sell, rent, give as a dowry or even mortgage their rights on it. Thus, rights of occupancy on national land were de facto almost as strong as rights of property. -Ownership of large estates represented an exceptional and rather marginal situation; the wealthy and powerful strata of the population were mainly oriented towards commerce, money-lending, political and administrative careers, and showed a relative indifference towards the prospect of acquisition and exploitation of agricultural estate property. -The massive sale of "National Estates", organized according to the law of 1871, which gave priority to longstanding occupants, permitted a further consolidation of the peasants' position. It is commonly held that longstanding occupants became full proprietors of the land they traditionally cultivated. -Peasant farms, which represented the prevalent type of productive unit in Greek agriculture, were "target producers" oriented towards subsistence. This they sought through a varying combination of activities, including production of foodstuffs for home consumption, occasional wage-labour, and highly commercialized crops, such as currant viticulture, growing of cotton or tobacco. These latter were a supplementary opportunity for further differentiation of activities - differentiation which contributed to the security of household income - and a way to face monetary needs, aggravated by the usurious interest rates charged by money-lenders on their advances to the peasantry.
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Petroyianni, Angeliki. « The institutional framework of the primary education in Greece during the period of King Othon, 1833-1862 ». Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/7143.
Texte intégralRésumé :
M.A.In this study we describe, analyze and assess the educational system that was valid as the elementary education during the period of the kingship of Othon (1833 - 1862). Based on the given law, unpublished historical documents and the relevant Greek and foreign bibliography we try to present the frame of the founding and function so that we can end p with safe results. After the flourishing of education during the time of Kapodistrias (1828 - 1831) we face a regression because of the anarchy that reigned in Greece for two years after loannis Kapodistrias' violent death. King Othon's regency formed a Special Committee to study the issue of education and in February 1834 an Act was issued "About primary schools" that was based on the French law of Guizot (1833) and was valid up to 1880. According to this order, studying at "primary school or people's school" was made compulsory and the responsibility for the primary school was given to the Municipal Authorities, as far as both the founding and the operation were concerned. Even if this was of a de-centralized and progressive character, it failed because no financial sources were provided, there was no equivalent cultural level at the time, nor the experience, the organization and the scale of priorities of the social needs. It was obviously affected by the Prussian Educational System so it didn't give results, since it ignored the Greek reality. However it was foreseen in the founding law that all children regardless of sex or financial situation would study at school. The Ministry of Education with later circulars tried to improve the legislated system but these acts were more informative than serious. Except for the primary schools there were also secondary ones (grammatodidaskaleia) but there was an attempt to eliminate their number to their total abolition. Private schools were also founded but they didn't have the same results because of the lack of teaching personnel as well as special schools for the practice of the teachers to-be. Providence was also taken for separate schools for boys and girls since ethics of the time didn't allow mingling pupils of both sexes. The category of private schools included kindergartens. The management of the Primary Education had as central organs the Secretariat of Church and Public Education and the General Inspector of Primary Schools. As regional executive organs there existed inspecting committees at country and region level, various other committees and the teachers themselves. The teaching personnel consisted of the teachers that were divided into three grades, among them, women teachers coming mostly from the Filekpedeftiki Eteria (The Society of the Friends of Education) and experienced teachers (grammatodidaskaloi) without any studies at all who taught the basics. A School was founded for the education of teachers, a School of two years study where subjects of general knowledge were taught. This public school didn't function: properly, examinations were loose and it was finally led to decadence. In 1864 the National Assembly abolished it to re-organize it on a new basis. The teacher besides teaching the various subjects had to observe his pupils behavior outside school too. In case a teacher violated his duty or went beyond it, he was punished as it was expected by the law. There was a problem with the payment (the Municipal Authorities didn't pay on time nor they shared the fees that parents paid or gave the money for the rent). Subjects were divided in compulsory and non-compulsory ones according to the teacher's judgment. Lessons of religion were also taught to non-orthodox pupils. The subjects were very useful to the pupils regardless their interest on further education or not. But basically education was limited to Reading, Writing and Arithmetic (just addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) because of the lack of properly educated teachers, the necessary books and the materials and mainly the parents' limited finances that prevented them from educating their children. As far as the educational method that was used was the alternate teaching and in some small schools the co-teaching. As books they used various publisher's editions after having taken the permit of the Ministry of education. In 1856 a competition of writing text books was held and some of the were approved. Every six months, public examinations were held. Their legislated frame was formed according to a series of Ministerial orders but there were problems since many times these examinations were just a typical procedure and the mingling of the Mayor was inevitable. Generally we see that during the kingship of Othon there was the will and the attempts as far as the State was concerned to found the Primary Education on a serious base. Bu various factors such as the lack of able teachers, the financial weakness of the State, the Municipalities and the parents, made it difficult for schools to operate and didn't have the expected results, without this meaning that there was not a certain progress in the attempt to provide the essential education to Greek people.
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« Mens sana in sano corpore : physical education and athleticism in Greek education in the 19th century as part of a Platonic vision ». Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12645.
Texte intégral
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JAS, Nathalie. « L'agriculture est une science chimique : élements pour une histoire comparée des sciences agronomiques allemandes et francaises de la seconde moitié du dix-neuvieme siècle ». Doctoral thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5843.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Defence date: 19 December 1997Examining board: Prof. John Krige, CRHST, Cité des Sciences, Paris; Prof. René Leboutte, IUE, Florence; Prof. Dominique Pestre, EHESS, Paris; Prof. Jameis Reis, IUE, Florence
First made available online on 12 June 2017
'Que l'on compare l'agriculture nationale à celle d'autres puissances, ou que l'on dissèque le commerce des produits alimentaires ; on arrive à une même conclusion : l'agriculture souffre d'un retard technique maintenant la productivité du sol et du travail à un faible niveau si bien que les prix de revient restent élevés et ne sont aucunement compétitifs'. C'est ainsi qu'Armand Wallon résumait en 1976 les résultats d'analyses macroéconomiques concernant l'agriculture française du troisième tiers du xixe siècle et que l'on a longtemps caractérisés par l'expression forte de 'retard agricole français'. Cette constatation de la faiblesse des productivités de l'agriculture française de cette époque, en comparaison avec celles obtenues par l'Angleterre et l'Allemagne notamment, a suscité de multiples explications au cours des années 1950, 1960 et 1970. Pour les historiens anglo-saxons, qui ont une approche qui associe l'économie à la démographie sous un angle résolument comparatif', la France n'aurait pas connu de poussée démographique suffisamment forte pour pouvoir stimuler de manière significative son agriculture. De même, la croissance de la population urbaine n'aurait pas été assez importante pour engendrer un déséquilibre avec la population rurale si conséquent qu'il ait pu générer une intensification de l'agriculture. Ces historiens soulignent aussi le handicap qu'aurait constitué la petite exploitation française et lui opposent la réussite, en terme économique, du grand domaine anglais. L'historiographie rurale française s'est aussi beaucoup intéressée à ce phénomène'. Les explications qu'elle a apportées sont d'ordres psychologique, économique, social et politique. Les paysans français auraient tout d'abord été méfiants vis-à-vis du progrès et atteints d'un mal particulier, la fierté du propriétaire, qui leur aurait fait préférer l'achat de terrains à l'amélioration des terres qu'ils possédaient déjà. Ensuite, la petite exploitation que l'on oppose, là encore, au modèle du grand domaine anglais est mise en accusation: le grand nombre de Inini-exploitations qui n'auraient pas été des entités économiquement viables aurait ralenti l'essor de l'agriculture française.
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VAFEAS, Nikolaos. « Pouvoir et conflits dans l'Empire Ottoman : la révolte de 1849-1850 dans la Principauté de Samos ». Doctoral thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6007.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Defence date: 18 December 1998Examining board: E. Antoniadis-Bibicou (E.H.E.S.S., Paris) ; K. Chaudhuri, Institut universitaire européenne) ; G. Delille (Institut universitaire européenne) ; P. Lekas (Université Panteion de sciences sociales et politiques, Athènes) ; R. Romanelli (Institut universitaire européenne, directeur de recherche)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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« The Greek secondary education during the reign of King Othon : institutional, financial and educational structure and functions ». Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/2568.
Texte intégralRésumé :
D.Litt. et Phil.The fundamental axle of this work is the educational and ideological policy during the years 1833-1862 concerning the secondary education. That’s to say, it is attempted the research and presentation all those of factors that directly or indirectly are involved in the molding/shaping and organization of the secondary education during King’s Othon reign, something which is imprinted both on the educational speech, and on the particular school activity. Specifically, the related laws and circulars are presented and the significance or the possibilities of application are evaluated. Further more, the way of acceptance or their reaction to them is located. This also has a special meaning, because during this period the steady basis of secondary education of Greek nation is formed. This is proved by the way of the formation and organization to a great degree development of the school plant. Thinking so, the basic matters and work inquiries, which are mentioned to European lending and domestic needs, the educational uniformity, the legislative frame and thoughts, the United organization of the secondary main circle of the circular education, the school liturgy according to regions of the Greek country and the by chance particularities, the orientation of the religions professional education, the education of Greek women, teachers, school children, pedagogic instructive teaching and educational task. Documents as primary sources were developed and kept in the General files of state “mainly in Kapodistrias’ and king Othon’s files” in the historic and ethnological society of Greece, in private files and collections. At the same time, those days what was written in the press was searched and was seriously taken into account as well as the existing bibliography. Finally the work was structured into eleven parts. The first part is mentioned to the conceptual and historic frame and what is related to the educational operation as well as the school work analyzed there. The second part includes what there was in Greece before 1833, mainly in Kapodistrias’ government. In the next part (c) entitled “The institutional operation in the secondary Education” the laws, thoughts and philosophy, directions and articles are analyzed. The foundation and operation both of Greek schools and high schools are the contents of fourth part. In the fifth part there are the economic possibilities and resources of the Medium Education and explicit information is given for the financial grants, the housing school problem and the luck in supervisory material. The next part concerns the common inferior education of Greek girls and as a rule the limited possibilities that they had for attending the courses of secondary education. The syntax and development of the analytic programs of study as well as the teaching of lessons is the content of the seventh part. In the eighth part the synthesis of the instructive corpus, the conditions of nominated teachers, their salary, their duties and obligations are examined. It follows “9th part” a certain report to the extend of school potential, registration conditions of students in Greek schools and high schools, according to their geographical regions as well as their fathers’ and guardians’ social and occupational data. The teaching works, in general, studies, penalties, wages, examinations, progress, reactions etc, are evaluated in the tenth part. The work is completed by the account of discoveries and general conclusions.
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Lewis, Quentin. « An archaeology of improvement in rural New England : Capitalism, landscape change, and rural life in the early 19th century ». 2013. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3556265.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This dissertation examines the materiality of agricultural Improvement in the Connecticut River Valley of Massachusetts. Improvement was a social movement with a history in Europe, and which largely operated to rationalize agriculture when it appeared in New England in the early 19th century. Alongside this modernization, Improvement also served to re-shape rural landscapes in keeping with particular social and economic processes of capitalism. This was because Improvement emerged at a time of great social instability in rural Massachusetts, and served to ameliorate the growing tensions between urban and rural socio-economic life. Utilizing both archaeological and documentary data, I deploy a dialectical method that situates landscapes as materializations of larger social processes, properly analyzed through a process of abstraction. Using this method, I explore two landscapes. First, I examine the literature written by the Improvers, particularly the journal New England Farmer, published after 1822. I investigate keywords in the journal to reveal the symbolic landscape articulated by the Improvers, and show that they envisioned a homogeneous New England landscape that was populated by free, White laborers, contrary to the demographic and social history of the region. The second landscape is the built environment of the E.H. and Anna Williams house in Deerfield, Massachusetts. I explore the materiality of the Williams house and its relationship to Improvement in two ways. First, I examine how the Williamses' management of manure was integrated with practices of capitalist farming, and how proper manure management was seen to arrest rural New England's perceived economic and social decline. Secondly, I examine the trash scatters excavated from the Williams yard to reveal continuities and discontinuities with the Improvers' emphasis on clean, ordered spaces. The Williamses actively manipulated space by enhancing the size of the front yard, and moving work activities behind this visible area. This ameliorated the tensions inherent in Improvement between visibility and productivity, and is reflected in the changing distribution of trash at the site. I conclude by suggesting that archaeological studies of rural life take moments of landscape change like Improvement into account, as a way of countering historical narratives of rural timelessness.
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Hay, Michelle Dominique. « South Africa's land reform in historical perspective : land settlement and agriculture in Mopani District, Limpopo, 19th century to 2015 ». Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/19860.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
Johannesburg, August 2015.This thesis explores the hypothesis that South Africa’s land reform programme is based on a set of assumptions about the country’s past which are inadequate and have contributed to the failure of policy. The impact of these assumptions is that they support particular models for restitution and rural economic development which became ‘accepted wisdom’ within international development agencies, government, and amongst land activists in South Africa, but which were and still are inappropriate in the South African context. To test this hypothesis I look at the history of land settlement and agriculture in Mopani district of Limpopo province. In particular, I look at how ordinary people accessed and lost rights to land over the nineteenth and twentieth century, and how land became tied up in struggles for political authority and access to resources. I show how the importance of ethnic identities and a sense that land belongs to ‘indigenous’ people of a particular ethnicity, deepened during the Bantustan era. I argue that policymakers could have learned from past government policies. This includes the 1936 Native Trust and Land Act which called for the state to purchase farms from private landowners for African settlement, and smallholder irrigation schemes and co-operatives, which were intended to improve agricultural production in the reserves and homelands. What this history reveals is that land settlement patterns and experiences of land loss were far more complex than the simplified narratives on which land restitution was based. The poor performance of agriculture in reserves and bantustans cannot be blamed on past government policies intended to destroy a peasantry, or on land loss alone, rather there were many challenges and constraints. Women maintained an interest in agriculture throughout the twentieth century, but were not taken seriously by those attempting to improve African agriculture. Africans interested in commercial farming were constrained in how much land they could access. The idea that Africans are naturally communal, and that restitution and development should target ‘communities’ is deeply problematic. Policy failed to take into account these realities. The consequences have been that land restitution has failed to bring redress, restituted farms have failed as commercial operations, those with a real interest in agriculture continue to face constraints, and smallholder irrigation schemes continue to perform poorly.
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Donley, Robert James Randall. « The golden harvest : a history of the Southern Vales, 1836-1880 ». Thesis, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/115376.
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Krčmářová, Jana. « Zapomínání tradičního zemědělského vědění v modernizaci. Interdisciplinární historická rekonstrukce českého lesozemědělství ». Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-334610.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Krčmářová Jana 2015 Title: Forgetting traditional agricultural knowledge in modernization. Interdisciplinry historical reconstruction of Czech agroforestry. Abstract: Corresponding with the tradition of current ecological and historical anthropology the study concentrated on reconstruction of transformation of one of the key complex human ecological relationships - modernization of agriculture. The roots of the changes are placed into 17th century Britain yet during the last centuries they spread over the globe and in some cases are still spreading. The process of agriculture modernization was enlightened with analysis of its local progression in the Czech Republic and in the light of mechanisms of cultural memory.. The establishment of modern industrial agriculture was described as forgetting of contemporary used agricultural knowledge during the application of new ideal agriculture form on the contemporary agricultural ecosystem. The new form was derived from the principles of modern economy, sciences and the availability of new technologies and was pushed forward by expert and economic elites and state. The form was applied on the biocultural system-landscape cultivated in majority of cases by thousand years present locals. The dialectical relationship between the new form, its application and the...
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Čadková, Daniela. « Oslněni helénským sluncem. Recepce antiky v české literatuře v letech 1880-1910 ». Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-348917.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The theme of the dissertation is the reception of the Classical Antiquity in the Czech Literature between 1880 and 1910. The aim was to analyse the ways in which Czech culture related to the Classical Antiquity in the period of increased concern with Classical topics, motifs and forms. The first, largest part, methodologically inspired by the demythicizing perspective of Vladimír Macura and Jiří Rak, concerns with stereotypical views of the Classical Antiquity particularly prominent in the contemporary discourse: the antithetical image of noble Greece and corrupted Rome, the topos of bright Hellenic Sun and clear Sky, the ideology behind the common opinion that Ancient sculptures were all white (and the reactions to the discovery that they were, in fact, polychrome), the topos of a Greek athletic body and its employment in the policy of the Czech sports movement 'Sokol' (Falcon), and last but not least the topos of a man unspoilt by civilization and living in accordance with the Nature. Separate chapters are also devoted to two then important intermediaries of reception, grammar schools and translation. In the second part, attention is drawn to the representation of the Classical Antiquity in dramatic plays by Jaroslav Vrchlický, especially the dramatic trilogy Hippodamie, and their reception in...
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Curtin, Abby. « Rethinking Landscape Interpretation : Form, Function, and Meaning of the Garfield Farm, 1876-1905 ». Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/5852.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)The landscape of James A. Garfield’s Mentor, Ohio home (now preserved at James A. Garfield National Historic Site) contains multiple layers of historical meanings and values. The landscape as portrayed in political biographies, political cartoons, and other ephemera during Garfield’s 1880 presidential campaign reveals the existence of the dual cultural values of agrarian tradition and agricultural progress in the late nineteenth century. Although Garfield did not depend on farming exclusively for his livelihood, he, like many agriculturalists of this era participated in a process of mediation between these dual values. The function of the landscape of Garfield’s farm between 1876 and 1880 is a reflection of this process of mediation. After President Garfield’s assassination in 1881, his wife and children returned to their Mentor home. Between 1885 and c. 1905, Garfield’s widow Lucretia made numerous changes to the agricultural landscape, facilitating the evolution of the home from farm to country estate. Despite the rich history of this landscape, its cultural complexity and evolution over time makes it difficult to interpret for public audiences. Additionally, the landscape is currently interpreted exclusively through indoor museum exhibits and outdoor wayside panels, two formats with severe limitations. I propose the integration of deep mapping into interpretation at James A. Garfield National historic site in order to more effectively represent the multi-layered qualities of its historic landscape.