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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Agriculture – Economic aspects – Europe, Eastern »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Agriculture – Economic aspects – Europe, Eastern"

Bielik, P., E. Horská et N. Turčeková. « Some aspects of land market in Central and Eastern European countries : focus on Slovakia ». Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 51, No. 8 (20 février 2012) : 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5116-agricecon.

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The presented research was done in two different regions in Slovakia, characterized by different soil and natural conditions and also production and economic results. The micro-economic analysis was aiming not only at private farmers but also at other legal entities using land for production of agricultural products. The first monitored group consisted of 412 private farmers, farming in average 43.2 ha of agricultural land. The second group consisted of 150 businesses, having 1 866 ha of agricultural land in average. The paper also shows different problems of restructuring land markets in some countries of Central and Eastern Europe.

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ZALKIN, MORDECHAI. « Can Jews Become Farmers ? Rurality, Peasantry and Cultural Identity in the World of the Rural Jew in Nineteenth-Century Eastern Europe ». Rural History 24, n^o 2 (13 septembre 2013) : 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095679331300006x.

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Abstract:Based on conventional learning and supported in no small measure by stereotypes, agriculture as a vocation was not considered as part of the occupational profile of Jewish society in Eastern Europe until the Second World War. However, various studies show that in different regions in this area, primarily Lithuania, White Russia, north eastern Poland, and Bessarabia, tens of thousands of Jews made a living from direct engagement in various branches of agriculture, including field crops, orchards, lake fishing, etc. These Jews lived mainly in the rural areas and were a factor, and at times a highly significant one, in the local demographic and economic structure. The first part of this article examines the question whether these Jews, who were part of the general rural society living in the countryside, developed a certain type of rural cultural identity. This question is discussed by examining various aspects of their attitude towards nature. The second part of the article considers the possible influence of the agricultural occupation on the shaping of a unique peasant cultural identity among these rural Jews and the ways they coped with the accompanying religious, social and cultural implications.

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Tomšík, Karel, et Luboš Smutka. « Selected aspects and specifics of the economic development in sub-Saharan Africa ». Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, n^o 2 (2013) : 517–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361020517.

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The paper examines the development of economies in the sub-Saharan region. It aims to identify particular development trends specific to the region. That means identifying changes which have occurred in the past five decades in following areas: development of the GDP value and structure, growth in the value of foreign trade, demographic growth, and changes in the value of GDP per capita. The results of the analysis show very constrained economic power of sub-Saharan region. Not only weak economy of the region but also a significant population growth is a problem. Increasing production and trade does not contribute effectively to elimination of high level of poverty and malnutrition which remains a long-term problem of the sub-Saharan region. In real terms, the GDP per capita was growing by less than 1 % in the period 1961–2010. Sub-Saharan region is highly dependent on cooperation with other world regions in its effort to increase economic growth and to improve the economic situation of own population. The GDP growth is thus very sensitive to GDP development in Europe and North America. Concerning the foreign trade, development of sub-Saharan trade is dependent on regions of the Southern and Eastern Asia, and Europe.

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Eitzinger, J., G. Kubu, V. Alexandrov, A. Utset, D. T. Mihailovic, B. Lalic, M. Trnka et al. « Adaptation of vulnerable regional agricultural systems in Europe to climate change – results from the ADAGIO project ». Advances in Science and Research 3, n^o 1 (21 octobre 2009) : 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-3-133-2009.

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Abstract. During 2007-2009 the ADAGIO project (http://www.adagio-eu.org) is carried out to evaluate regional adaptation options in agriculture in most vulnerable European regions (mediterranean, central and eastern European regions). In this context a bottom-up approach is used beside the top-down approach of using scientific studies, involving regional experts and farmers in the evaluation of potential regional vulnerabilities and adaptation options. Preliminary results of the regional studies and gathered feedback from experts and farmers show in general that (increasing) drought and heat are the main factors having impact on agricultural vulnerability not only in the Mediterranean region, but also in the Central and southern Eastern European regions. Another important aspect is that the increasing risk of pest and diseases may play a more important role for agricultural vulnerability than assumed before, however, till now this field is only rarely investigated in Europe. Although dominating risks such as increasing drought and heat are similar in most regions, the vulnerabilities in the different regions are very much influenced by characteristics of the dominating agroecosystems and prevailing socio-economic conditions. This will be even be more significant for potential adaptation measures at the different levels, which have to reflect the regional conditions.

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Aleksandrova-Zlatanska, Svetlana, et Desislava Zheleva Kalcheva. « Alternatives for Financing of Municipal Investments - Green Bonds ». Review of Economic and Business Studies 12, n^o 1 (1 juin 2019) : 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rebs-2019-0082.

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AbstractThe perspective of global climate change emerges as a significant political, economic, financial and social issue. Scientific researches show that the accumulated carbon dioxide (CO2), released by the industry and agriculture, together with the contribution of man-made greenhouse gases leads to a rise in the temperature of the earth's surface. Traditional sources of financing capital expenditure, such as own revenues and bank financing have proved to be extremely insufficient. At the same time, not only traditional municipal needs, such as costs for street, road, bridge, school construction etc., but also the need of investments related to climate change have been on the rise. The purpose of this article is to examine and analyze alternatives for financing climate change-related municipal investments. The subject of the research is green bonds and the so-called Subnational Pooled Financing Mechanisms, which have already gained popularity in Western Europe but are not yet well known in Eastern Europe. The positive aspects and opportunities that the green bond market reveals as well as the barriers to this type of financing are assessed and an analysis of the practice of bond financing in Europe is made.

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Prokurat, Sergiusz. « Ekonomiczne i prawne aspekty obrotu ziemią w Polsce na tle rynku europejskiego ». Ekonomia 23, n^o 3 (20 février 2018) : 135–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4093.23.3.10.

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Economic and legal aspects of land turnover in Poland compared to the European marketThis paper discusses the regulation of agricultural land market in Poland compared to the European market in view of the increasing prices of land in Europe. It presents the causes of the increasing prices of land in Europe, including Poland, and certain historical considerations which affect the current relevancy of land in Poland and the reluctance to sell it to foreigners. The author believes that the history of agricultural land market regulation in Poland after 1989 can be divided into three periods. The first period starts with the beginnings of the economic transition and liberal, unhampered land turnover. The second dates back to 2003, when new regulations introduced certain restrictions in land turnover and land ownership. The third period is dated from the entry into force the Law of 14 April 2016, which is characterised by strict state intervention on the agricultural land market. It follows the trend of retreating from liberalization, which has recently been more intensified in Central and Eastern Europe. The article lists economic and legal factors, which restrict the functioning of agricultural land markets in Poland, and compares these regulations to selected other European countries.

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Solilová, Veronika, et Danuše Nerudová. « Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Related Aspects : Case of the Czech Republic ». Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 63, n^o 1 (2015) : 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201563010281.

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The most important drivers of increasing greenhouse gas emissions are increasing world’s population, economic development resulting in higher level of productions and consumption, but also unanticipated increases in the energy intensity of GDP and in the carbon intensity of energy. The EU committed to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by 20% until 2020 or 40% until 2030 compared to 1990 levels of the Kyoto Protocol. The Czech Republic enlarged EU in 2004 as a country from Eastern Europe where usually the heavy industries or agriculture prevail over other sectors. The aim of the paper was an evaluation of the development of greenhouse gas emissions and related aspects in the industry of the Czech Republic. Based on the results was concluded that although greenhouse gas emissions of the Czech Republic are deeply below the Kyoto targets, there are areas for improvements e.g. in case of energy intensities, as well as in case of carbon intensity and carbon productivity, where the Czech Republic reaches worse results than the EU28. Therefore is recommended to decrease greenhouse gas emission and increase gross value added generated by each NACE sector. Both those factors will impact on improvement of energy intensity, carbon productivity as well as greenhouse gas emissions per capita.

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Alfaro-Navarro, José-Luis, et María-Encarnación Andrés-Martínez. « A longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of the distribution of Common Agricultural Policy aids in European countries ». Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 67, No. 9 (24 septembre 2021) : 351–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/87/2021-agricecon.

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The primary sector plays a key role in any country, from both economic and social perspectives, as has been underscored by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In Europe, this sector is highly dependent on the aid provided under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Therefore, the distribution of this aid among the various recipients is crucial to maintaining a strong primary sector throughout the European Union (EU). This is especially true in light of the new funding for the period from 2021 to 2027 and the United Kingdom's departure from the EU. In this sense, the 93.5% of the first pillar of CAP aid consists of direct aid to farmers. The related literature has shown its effect on aspects such as sustainability and farmers' income, among others, and its distribution in specific geographical areas. In this vein, the present paper conducts a longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of the distribution of aid across EU countries. The results show that the CAP reforms and the incorporation of countries into the EU influenced the distribution of aid. Moreover, there is a clear division between Eastern and Western EU countries, with a more equitable distribution of aid in the West.

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Balázsi, Ágnes. « Grassland management in protected areas – implementation of the EU biodiversity strategy in certain post-communist countries ». Hacquetia 17, n^o 1 (1 juin 2018) : 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hacq-2017-0008.

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Abstract The post-communist countries of Central-Eastern Europe (CEE) when implementing agricultural and conservation policies, face other challenges than Western European countries: (1) specific institutional design for each, developed on the remnants of totalitarian system causing difficulties for transposing directives; (2) different integration of Natura 2000 network into national protected area governance resulting in slow elaboration of the management plans; (3) farming landscapes were better preserved than in Western Europe, but lacking the continuity of extensive farming so large areas of conservation; and (4) formal protection of sites, lacking in many cases financial support. This paper summarizes: the historical background of the last century that changed the farming landscapes of the CEE countries and the challenges in the management of protected areas in an unsteady socio-economic and political context. The results are focusing on the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania. Two main conclusions are proposed. First, socialism and capitalism slowly abolished family farming, causing people to become disconnected from the landscape - a key element in conservation oriented grassland management. Second, the gaps of knowledge on different aspects of policy implementation sabotage the results of conservation initiatives.

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Нагоева, Лаура Альбердовна. « Western Caucasus written artifacts and the Danube script ». Вестник Адыгейского государственного университета, серия «Регионоведение», n^o 2(279) (12 novembre 2021) : 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.53598/2410-3691-2021-2-279-134-142.

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В рамках данной статьи рассматриваются западнокавказские письменные артефакты: проблемный аспект их изучения, основные тенденции предыдущих исследований, выдвигается гипотеза родства данных артефактов с протописьменными системами культур Восточной Европы и Ближнего Востока. Изучение данных культурных элементов в свете новых археологических данных позволяет рассматривать их как осколки неолитической знаковой системы. Наряду с цивилизационным скачком, произошедшим в неолите (земледелие и сельское хозяйство, крупные поселения и новый общественный уклад, значительно изменивший характер социально-экономических отношений), произошло переосмысление способов передачи и фиксации информации, тем самым образуя фундамент для возникновения протописьменных систем, распространившихся посредством культурной экспансии и миграций на большие территории, в том числе и Западный Кавказ. Также отмечается, что графическая основа кавказских памятников выходит за пределы кавказско-месопотамско-анатолийского ареала, подтверждением чего служит так называемое винчанское письмо. Делается вывод о том, что знаковый фундамент, сформировавшийся в дунайском энеолите, способствовал образованию первых цивилизаций в исследуемом регионе. This paper deals with the Western Caucasus written artifacts: the problematic aspect of their study, the main trends of previous studies, the hypothesis of the relationship of these artifacts with the oldest writing systems of cultures of Eastern Europe and the Middle East. The study of these cultural elements in the light of new archaeological data leads to the conclusion that they can be considered as fragments of the Neolithic sign system, in particular their commonality with the so-called Danube script. Along with the civilizational leap which occurred in the Neolithic (land husbandry and agriculture, large settlements and a new social structure that changed significantly the nature of socio-economic relations), a rethinking of the methods of transmitting and fixing information took place. Thus, the foundation for the emergence of writing systems that spread through cultural expansion and migration to large territories, including the Western Caucasus, was formed. The author also notes that the graphic basis of Caucasus monuments goes beyond the Caucasus-Mesopotamian-Anatolian range, as confirmed by the so-called Vinca script. It is inferred that the glyph foundation formed in the Danube Eneolithic contributed to the formation of the first civilizations in the region under study.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Agriculture – Economic aspects – Europe, Eastern"

Missfeldt, Fanny. « Strategic aspects of nuclear safety in Eastern and Western Europe ». Thesis, University of Stirling, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297778.

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Zhelo, Inessa. « Impact of Economic, Political, and Socio-Demographic Factors on the Parliamentary Election Outcomes in Central and Eastern European Countries ». Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2008. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29712.

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This study determines how economic, political, and socio-demographic factors impact the parliamentary election outcomes in central and eastern European countries in transition period. A one-way fixed-effect method has been applied to analyze two main economic models. The dependent variables are share of the Western-oriented and traditional-oriented parties. Data of sixteen countries have been used in the thesis. According to the results of this study, it is possible to conclude that outcomes of parliamentary elections in central and eastern European countries depended on political and socio-demographic factors from I 990-2001. Factors such as loans, received from the United States, per capita in the pre-election year, as a measure of external pressure, and share of agriculture in GDP, as a measure of country`s level of development, demonstrate consistent significance in both variations of the model.

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Stef, Nicolae. « Four essays on the bankruptcy mechanism : legal and economic aspects ». Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAB014.

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Les quatre chapitres de cette thèse analysent la manière selon laquelle les différents aspects du droit de la faillite influencent les résultats économiques d’une procédure de faillite notamment le degré de recouvrement de la dette des créanciers. Le premier chapitre montre que les lois sur les faillites présentent des conditions différentes de vote de créanciers en fonction de leur origine légale telle que : l’origine anglaise, l’origine française, l’origine allemande et celle nordique. Le second chapitre soutient que l’utilisation nationale de la procédure de réorganisation est favorisée par des processus moins stricts d’acceptation. Le troisième chapitre montre que les systèmes Est-Européens de faillite offrent une protection plus forte des créances garanties que dans le cas de créances publiques. Une concentration plus élevée de la dette diminue les taux de recouvrement en cas de la procédure de liquidation. Les estimations confirment l'existence de deux effets d'interaction entre les classes de créanciers Est-Européens: l'effet d'entraînement et l'effet de rivalité. Le dernier chapitre propose un modèle théorique qui prédit que les débiteurs ont des fortes incitations à proposer aux créanciers de plans de réorganisation avec un partage sous-Optimal de coûts quelque soit l'orientation de l'environnement juridique de la faillite y compris une orientation pro-Créancier ou une orientation pro-Débiteur
This thesis analyzes the influence of various aspects of bankruptcy law on the economic outcomes of bankruptcy proceedings, mainly the amounts of the debt recovered by claimants. First, we show that bankruptcy laws settle different voting conditions of creditors according to their legal origin, i.e. English origin, French origin, German origin, and Nordic origin. Second, the national use of reorganization procedures seems to be favoured by less strict approval processes. Third, we find that the Hungarian, the Polish, and the Romanian bankruptcy systems provide stronger protection of the private secured claims than the public ones. A higher concentration of the claims also decreases the total recovery rates produced by the liquidation procedure. Our estimations confirm the existence of two interaction effects between the claimants, i.e. the ripple effects and the rivalry effects. Fourth, we developed a theoretical model that predicts that debtors have strong incentives to submit reorganization plans with suboptimal cost sharing regardless of the orientation of the bankruptcy environment, i.e. creditor-Friendly or debtor-Friendly

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Rali, Jongikhaya. « Agriculture as a contributor to local economic development (LED) in Nkonkobe Local Municipality ». Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020402.

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Africa while being underdeveloped in terms of industry and infrastructure has much rural land and therefore has significant potential to provide global food security. This study investigates agriculture as a contributor to economic development of Nkonkobe Local Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa. While the potential of agriculture, in Nkonkobe Local Municipality is high, this sector has not been fully developed to the benefit of the community and the municipality at large. The results of this study have pointed out that the Eastern Cape, Nkonkobe Local Municipality in particular is where communal farming is practiced on the largest scale and where further growth can take place. This study is informed by the goals of reconstruction and development, as expressed in the Government’s Reconstruction and Development Programme (1995) tabled to meet the basic needs of the people, develop its human resources and to build the local economy. This study aims to transform Nkonkobe Local Municipality into an economically developed area of Amathole District Municipality, by improving the area’s agricultural contribution to the Local Economic Development (LED) of the area. This study supports entrepreneurship and innovation, job creation, raising the quality of basic services to the poorest citizens of Nkonkobe Local Municipality, and increasing the distribution of agricultural land to small holders. This study promotes the development of agricultural sector, which will enable it to absorb more low skilled labour which will assist in poverty alleviation, and promote LED initiatives. This study also develops and promotes the sustainable contribution of agriculture to LED programmes, and improves the participation of local communities in these programmes. The study was conducted using qualitative research methodology. The findings of the study reveal that agricultural infrastructure in support of LED in Nkonkobe Local Municipality must be established and improved. Such infrastructure should include the reticulation of services, such as irrigation schemes, big dams, farming equipment, tractors, laboratories, cold storages and communication links. These services are currently inadequate in the area, and hamper development and progress that the area clearly has great potential to add in terms of global food security and poverty alleviation.

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Albertsen, Jo-Anne Rose. « Investigation of the effects of 2000 & ; 2007 flooding on food security in two East African countries ». Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/916.

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Flooding has been identified as the predominant, environmental generator of food emergencies. Climate change and climate variability have been blamed for these extreme weather events, which are envisioned to affect the future food security and nutritional status of populations across the African continent. It is thus expected that these weather phenomena will continue to increase in frequency and intensity as climate change progresses. Already, climate change has had a dramatic effect on the natural world with increased desertification, warming oceans, rising temperatures and changing weather patterns. In turn, this has affected agriculture and fishing, which subsequently determines the availability of food. On the contrary, weather alone, is not the sole contributing factor to problems that are associated with food security/insecurity. Elements embedded within a political, social, economical, and/or other, context also serve to contribute to how a population or individual experiences food security. It is therefore imperative that these aspects from the social or developmental arena are considered in conjunction with aspects from the natural or environmental sciences. Such a holistic approach to subjects relating to climate change and development will eventually lead to the realisation of sustainable development, which in turn serves to protect human security in the long-term. The research was primarily directed at examining how flooding affects food security and what can be done to avoid, or cope with, a potential food crisis. The above-mentioned social and developmental features shaped the scope of this research, giving rise to an investigation which transcended the confines of flooding as an independent cause and consequence of food insecurity. With East Africa as a focal point, Mozambique and Zambia emerged as the most affected countries with millions of people affected by these devastating waters in 2000 and 2007, respectively. Due to the past nature of the events, it was most appropriate to utilise statistics from sources such as existing databases, reports and articles. Some of the topics that were included in the investigation examined the causes and consequences of the flooding and the management of these disasters. These topics were scrutinised using both qualitative and quantitative dimensions of research, so that an interesting and viable study could be undertaken. ii The research found that frequent and severe flood disasters increase a population‟s vulnerability to food insecurity, as a wide variety of assets, structures and infrastructures are destroyed. However, with careful management, planning and adaptation, many of these unwanted consequences can be avoided or swiftly overcome. Both Mozambique and Zambia were found to be countries that were determined to overcome the barriers associated with climate change and its subsequent extreme weather events. This positively indicated that they were committed to the development process and the wellbeing of their populations. Apart from introducing the topic surrounding the influence of flooding on food security in East Africa, one of the main goals of this research was to gather recommendations and suggestions for avoiding or managing issues that could hamper food security. This ultimately forms an important source of reference for governmental and non-governmental institutions dealing with flooding and food security. Even though Mozambique and Zambia were chosen as the cases for investigation, many of the recommendations can be adapted and applied to countries world-wide.

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Gwaze, Francisca Rumosa. « Communal production systems of goats raised by resource-poor farmers in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa ». Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/172.

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Goats significantly contribute towards the subsistence, economic and social livelihoods of many resource-poor farmers in developing countries, the majority of which own goats. There, however, is dearth of information on communal goat production potential and roles to the rural populace. The broad objective of the study was to evaluate production practices, constraints, production efficiency and to determine nutritional and health status of goats raised by resource-poor communal farmers in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Roles and management systems of goats, goat flock dynamics and, prevalence and loads of gastrointestinal infections and the nutritional status of goats in the study areas were determined. The relationships among body weight, body condition score, faecal egg counts and, haematological and biochemical profiles were also determined. Mean goat flock sizes per household were similar between the two districts studied; Amatole (14.0 ± 0.31) and Alfred Nzo (14.1 ± 1.42). Seventy-nine percent of households in Amatole and 78% in Alfred Nzo kept goats for ceremonies, such as the initiation ceremonies. Goat houses in the two districts were poorly constructed. Thirty two percent of farmers in Alfred Nzo district and 27% in Amatole district reported low buck to doe ratios, suggesting that inbreeding might have been reducing productivity of their flocks. Kid mortality had two major peaks; in May (21%) and in September (21%). Goat production potential (GPP), the proportion of mature and growing goats to the total flock size, was affected by gender of owner of goats. Goats owned by female had a significantly lower GPP value of 0.63 ± 0.015 than goats owned by male farmers (0.70 ± 0.010). Month also significantly affected GPP with the highest (P < 0.05) GPP recorded in May, June and July and the lowest in March and April. Village affected GPP with values for Nkosana and Qawukeni being significantly higher than for Mankone. Goat production potential was also higher (P < 0.05) in small flocks (0.04 ± 0.008) than in large flocks (0.02 ± 0.008). Goat production efficiency (GPE) ranged from 0.11 ± 0.193 in April to 1.55 ± 0.193 in December. The most prevalent gastrointestinal eggs were the strongyle egg type (68.4 ± 8.49 in Qawukeni and 96.1 ± 12.01 in Nkosana) followed by coccidia (53.3 ± 8.76 in Qawukeni and 68.8 ± 8.00 in Mankone). The other identified nematodes were Strongyloides and Trichostrongylus egg types. The trematodes observed were Fasciola and Paramphistomum species. High loads of strongyle eggs were observed in the hot-wet season and the post-rainy season, whilst the other egg types showed a peak in the hot-wet season only. For most of the gastrointestinal parasite eggs, prevalence was higher (P < 0.05) in the sour rangeland compared to the sweet rangeland. Higher (P < 0.05) levels of total protein (TP), globulin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatinine kinase (CK) levels were recorded in the wet than in the dry season. Body condition scores were positively correlated (P < 0.05) to albumin, body weight and packed cell volume. However, body condition scores were negatively correlated to TP, glucose, alanine transaminase (ALT) and AST. Strongyle egg loads were positively correlated to FAMACHA scores, packed cell volume, body weight and body condition score. The observed high globulin levels suggested a chronic health challenge. Thus, it is fundamental to devise affordable interventions for the control of gastrointestinal parasites in communal goats leading to improved goat productivity and hence rural livelihood

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Rumsha, Siphamandla. « Agricultural urbanism and urban agriculture : exploring the possible role of University of Fort Hare and Buffalo City Municipality in supporting small-scale urban farming in East London, South Africa ». Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5072.

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This study investigates the impact of urban agriculture in the city of East London as well as the possibility of adopting agricultural urbanism as an urban farming model to bolster food security. The study goes further to understand the role that could be played by University of Fort Hare and Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality in capacitating small scale urban farmers in the city of East London. Unemployment and food insecurity are the key challenges that are affecting many families in South Africa, including urban dwellers. The main objective of this study therefore is to investigate the contributions of urban farming in securing food security and livelihoods in East London. This study adopted a mixed methods research approach, where both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to harvest data. Statistical analysis (descriptive) was then used to analyse quantitative data. Thematic approach used to analyse qualitative data. The study shows that urban farming plays an important role in the livelihoods of urban dwellers. However, the sector still faces various challenges such as lack of recognition by authorities. The study also revealed that the city of East London has potential to establish agricultural urbanism as it has most of the essential aspects that are necessary to establish it. The study recommends strengthening of the partnership between University of Fort Hare, Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality and small scale urban farmers in East London.

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Chaumba, Joseph A. « Opportunities for and constraints on crop production within Zimbabwe's fast-track resettlement programme : A Case Study of Fair Range Estate, Chiredzi District, South Eastern Zimbabwe ». Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_9563_1181914396.

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The government of Zimbabwe started implementing its fast track resettlement programme in July 2000, the objective being to accelerate both land acquisition and land redistribution. This programme witnessed a massive movement of people from various localities into mainly large-scale commercial farms in search of agricultural land. Under this programme, people were settled under the A1 model (which involves villages and land use pattern similar to those found in communal areas) as well as the A2 model, which involves commercial farming. This study investigates, documents and analyses the opportunities and constraints currently being faced by newly resettled crop production farmers in one example of an A1 model resettlement project (Fair Ranch Estate in Masvingo Province). A questionnaire was used to gather data on livelihood sources, income, assets and also aspects of the associational life of crop production farmers. Seventy households were interviewed, and a number of key informant interviews were undertaken with both government officials and the local leadership. The greatest opportunity that A1 crop production farmers in Fair Range Estate experienced was the fact that they now have access to land that they can call their own, without having to go through the market to try to acquire such land. In terms of crop production, however, farmers in Fair Range Estate face a number of challenges and constraints: they lack adequate access to tillage and livestock
the supply of inputs is inadequate
generally negative socio economic conditions prevailing in the country have led to sharp increases in prices of all basic commodities, including inputs such as fertilisers and seeds
they lack tenure security
the amount of rainfall received in the area is generally not sufficient for crop production
and many lack crop production skills. Measures to reverse this decline must include the availability of foreign currency to buy spare parts for tractors, rebuilding of the national herd, which was greatly affected by both drought and the disturbance of commercial agriculture as a result of the controversial land reform programme. Fuel should also become more readily available, and urgent policy measures be put in place to revamp institutional frameworks in the agricultural sector to make them more farmer-oriented.

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Manona, Siyabulela S. « Smallholder agriculture as local economic development (LED) strategy in rural South Africa : exploring prospects in Pondoland, Eastern Cape ». Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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The aim of this study was to explore the role and the prospects of smallholder agriculture as local economic development in Eastern Pondoland, in the former Transkei homeland. The study explored the role of agriculture in contributing to local economic development and the upliftment of the rural poor. It also explored the role that government and its agencies have played and could play in stimulating agricultural development.

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Malusi, Phaphama Paul. « The contribution of agriculture to rural development in Mbashe Municipality ». Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/18123.

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Despite the decreasing contribution of agriculture to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in South Africa, agricultural activities are critical in the development of rural households. These activities are an important route through which these rural communities can reduce poverty. This is mainly because agriculture has been the main source of income and employment in rural areas in South Africa and other less developed countries (LDC). However, it has not generated sufficient income to sustain rural households. Rural areas are characterised by factors such as low socio-economic conditions, low standards of living, lack of access to markets and inadequate infrastructure that does not create an enabling environment for private sector involvement. The private sector is not actively involved or engaged in rural development. Rural development involves improvement in the economic security of people in rural areas. It is poor households that look for employment in agriculture. The poor are portrayed in terms of qualifications, employment, access to resources, basic health services, skills possessed, self- sustaining activities, and income and expenditure patterns. Many individuals in rural areas are pushed into non-agricultural activities due to lack of opportunities in agricultural activities. Lack of opportunities in agriculture can be caused by subsistence agriculture in small holdings of land and lack of appropriate skills sets for certain agricultural activities. Ultimately, it is poor individuals who increase their dependence on agriculture. The primary objective of this research was to obtain a better understanding of the contribution of agriculture in rural development in the Mbhashe Local Municipality (MLM). Furthermore, the necessary conditions required to sustain livelihoods in the rural areas were identified. This was mainly done in an attempt to improve the quality of life in the rural areas. The study was based on three objectives. The first objective was to identify the constraints to agricultural activities in the Mbashe Local Municipality; the second was to investigate the plight of rural people in the Mbhashe Local Municipality. Lastly, the third objective was to investigate the contribution of agriculture in rural development in the study area. The main finding with regards to the first objective is that facors such as lack of infrastructure, low socio-economic conditions, lack of appropriate skills and lack of opportunities in agriculture are some of the constraints to agricultural activities. Investments in basic infrastructure need to be significant so that funds can flow into the rural areas to be invested in livelihood activities in order to create more employment opportunities. With regard to the second objective, the main finding is that rural people need to be empowered through increased knowledge and skills. This involves improving literacy and skills training, because the outcome of this training is that they are able to stand on their own feet and provide for their families. The main finding with regard to the third objective is that rural areas, by nature, are not easy to service but have indigenous knowledge that can be used in agriculture. However, the government must support them with the necessary infrastructure. Agriculture has been a major source of income and employment in the Mbashe Municipality.

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Livres sur le sujet "Agriculture – Economic aspects – Europe, Eastern"

Brown, Tim. Investment opportunities in Central Eastern Europe. Uckfield : Nuffield Farming Scholarships Trust, 1996.

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Cochrane, Nancy Joan. Agricultural performance in Eastern Europe, 1987. Washington, D.C : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Agriculture and Trade Analysis Division, 1988.

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J, Lambert Miles, et United States. Dept. of Agriculture. Economic Research Service. Agriculture and Trade Analysis Division., dir. Agricultural performance in Eastern Europe, 1988. Washington, DC : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Agriculture and Trade Analysis Division, 1989.

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Cochrane, Nancy. Agricultural performance in Eastern Europe, 1987. Washington, D.C : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Agriculture and Trade Analysis Division, 1988.

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W, Schillhorn-van-Veen T., Brooks Karen McConnell et World Bank, dir. The livestock sector in Eastern Europe : Constraints and opportunities. Washington, D.C : World Bank, 1992.

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Nancy, Cochrane. Agricultural statistics of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, 1965-85. [Washington, DC] : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1989.

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Csaba, Csáki. Transformation of agriculture in Central Eastern Europe and the former USSR : Major policy issues and perspectives. Washington, DC (1818 H St. NW Washington 20433) : Agriculture and Rural Development Dept. and Country Economics Dept., World Bank, 1992.

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Péter, Gunst. Agrarian development and social change in Eastern Europe, 14th-19th centuries. Aldershot, Great Britain : Variorum, 1996.

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1953-, Nash John D., dir. The agrarian economies of Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States : Situation and perspectives, 1997. Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 1998.

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Sokolovsky, Joan. Peasants and power : State autonomy and the collectivization of agriculture in Eastern Europe. Boulder : Westview Press, 1990.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Agriculture – Economic aspects – Europe, Eastern"

Kollontai, Vladimir. « Social Aspects of Economic Reform in Russia ». Dans Eastern Europe in Crisis and the Way Out, 382–96. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13642-1_16.

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Bański, Jerzy. « Land-use and ownership changes of agriculture ». Dans Social and Economic Development in Central and Eastern Europe, 225–43. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series : Regions and cities ; 137 : Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429450969-11.

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Sowa, Przemyslaw Marcin. « Selected Socio-economic Aspects of Post-communist Health-Care Transition ». Dans Governance of Hospitals in Central and Eastern Europe, 15–95. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-766-6_2.

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Ragland, John, et Seweryn Kukula. « Balancing Agriculture with Physical and Economic Environment in Eastern and Central Europe with Special Reference to Poland ». Dans Agriculture and the Environment, 181–205. Madison, WI, USA : American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/asaspecpub60.c10.

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Haneklaus, S., J. Fleckenstein et E. Schnug. « Agro-Environmental Aspects of Land Disposal of Industrial Wastes ». Dans Soil Quality, Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Security in Central and Eastern Europe, 101–13. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4181-9_8.

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Hartell, Jason G., et Johan F. M. Swinnen. « From Central Planning to the Common Agricultural Policy : Analysis and Political Economy Aspects of Agricultural Policy in Central and Eastern Europe ». Dans Agriculture and East-West European Integration, 187–214. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315197760-8.

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« Eastern Europe and the USSR The impact of economic reform ». Dans The State of Food and Agriculture 1989, 53–57. UN, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/241859ae-en.

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van Ark, Bart. « Convergence and divergence in the European periphery : productivity in Eastern and Southern Europe in retrospect ». Dans Quantitative Aspects of Post-War European Economic Growth, 271–326. Cambridge University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511599255.008.

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Maggs, Peter B. « Legal Aspects of the Computerization of Management Systems in the USSR and Eastern Europe ». Dans Law and Economic Development in the Soviet Union, 133–57. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429049125-6.

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Vasulyeva, Olena, et Pavlina Fugelo. « AGRARIAN EDUCATION OF UKRAINE : PSYCHOLOGICAL, PEDAGOGICAL, AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS ». Dans Development trends in pedagogical and psychological sciences : the experience of countries of Eastern Europe and prospects of Ukraine. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-571-27-5_7.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Agriculture – Economic aspects – Europe, Eastern"

Pavlić, Ivana, Ana Portolan et Barbara Puh. « IMAGE FORMATION IN RURAL TOURISM DESTINATION ». Dans Tourism in Southern and Eastern Europe 2021 : ToSEE – Smart, Experience, Excellence & ToFEEL – Feelings, Excitement, Education, Leisure. University of Rijeka, Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/tosee.06.38.

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Purpose – Tourism can be an efficient factor of quality and sustainable development especially in the countryside. Nowadays many rural communities are facing agriculture decline and tourism can enable a new concept of economic development. Rural tourism is multifaceted since it can consolidate agriculture, forestry, farming, heritage with numerous and various tourism activities far away from urban center and mass tourism. Forming positive tourism image in such destination is essential. The focal purpose of this paper is to empirically test a concept of rural tourism destination image formation which did not fully commercialize their potential as a tourism destination and to define the relationship between different parameters and the image of rural tourism destination. Methodology – For the purpose of identification the relationship amidst different parameters and rural tourism destination image empirical research has been conducted applying accessible deliberate sample of tourists (600) who had visited rural areas near famous world tourism destination - Dubrovnik, Croatia in a period June 2017 - January 2018. 534 questionnaires were found to be fulfilled correctly and were used in further analysis. Data were analyzed in three steps. First, to detect the sub dimensions of affective and cognitive determinants of image exploratory factor analysis was enforced. Secondly, to test validity of the dimension of the different image components, confirmatory factor analysis was used. Thirdly, structural equation modeling was used to examine which dimension has important influence on the rural tourism destination overall. Findings – The findings suggest several differences among various analyzed image dimensions. The affective dimension of the image has an important aspect in image formation and has significant influence on the rural tourism destination overall image. Contribution – The results of this paper have provided useful strategic direction for the rural tourism destination in order to improve their competitiveness. To upgrade the current image into the marketing strategy, affective image dimension of the rural tourism destination such as experience should be presented in the further marketing communication of the regional and national tourist boards.

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Forgacs, Csaba. « In what direction is agricultural specialization headed in Central and Eastern Europe ? (2005-2016) ». Dans 21st International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2020". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2020.53.005.

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The paper deals with the main directions of specialization in Central and Eastern European Countries’ (CEECs, EU10) agriculture after the EU’s Eastward Enlargement. We analyse and compare growth and productivity advantages of specialized farm types by physical size (in hectare) in EU10 member-states to the EU10/27/15 average based on EUROSTAT data in the period of 2005-2016. We focus on exploring the main directions of specialization using such indicators as the number of specialized farms, land (Utilized Agricultural Area, UAA) and labour (Agricultural Working Unit, AWU) use on the input side, average farm size by land and labour use as well as area-, labour-, and total productivity on the output side. We conclude that the directions of specialization in farming in EU10 were based on the traditional farm production structure making the latter better able to adjust and take advantages of Common Agricultural Policy. Concerning production growth rate, the three leading specialization types of CEECs’ farms were: (i) cattle rearing and fattening, (ii) cereals, oilseed and protein crops and (iii) fruits and citrus fruits. These three specialization types of farms – in the same ranking order - also increased land (UAA) and labour (AWU) use well above the average. Specialized cereals farms and cattle rearing and fattening farms were also ranked in top three by number. Both cereals and fruits specialized farms have leading position in growth rate of land and labour use and also are in top three in growth rate of land area and total farm productivity. Cereals and fruits specialized farms also more than doubled labour productivity during the first decade after the EU’s Eastward enlargement but did not rank in the top three in this category.

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Nagchaudhuri, Abhijit, Madhumi Mitra, Carolyn Brooks, Tracie J. Earle, Gabriel Ladd et Geoffrey L. Bland. « Integration of Mechatronics, Geospatial Information Technology, and Remote Sensing in Agriculture and Environmental Stewardship ». Dans ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-15019.

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University of Maryland Eastern Shore (UMES) is located in the eastern shore region of Delmarva Peninsula. Rural environment of the region and the proximity to Chesapeake Bay makes agricultural needs and environmental concerns some of the key issues in the area. Precision Agriculture integrates advanced mechatronics, geoinformatics, and remote sensing to address these issues in an effective manner. This paper will highlight ongoing efforts to develop the infrastructure for this advanced technology driven agricultural practice at UMES that has significant intersection with broad umbrella of the field of "Mechatronics". Particular emphasis will be on integration of yield monitor and a GPS unit with the existing UMES combine/mechanical harvester; remote sensing from UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), RAV (Remote Controlled Aerial Vehicle), and manned airplane equipped with camera systems; advanced technologies for sensing and monitoring, datalogging, and wireless transmission of environmental data; geospatial information technology; future plans involving variable rate application of nutrients and fertilizers. The paper will also describe aspects of three ongoing multidisciplinary projects titled (i) Environmentally Conscious Precision Agriculture (ECPA); (ii) Airborne Science and Technology Institute (ASTI) and (iii) Aerial Imaging and Remote Sensing for Precision Agriculture and Environmental Stewardship (AIRSPACES) that have contributed significantly in advancing the broad project goals that are not only consistent with the economic necessities of the region but also the land grant mission of UMES.

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Jarolímková, Liběna, Jiří Vaníček et Blanka Bejdáková. « EVALUATION OF THE BENEFITS OF THE CERTIFICATION LEADING QUALITY TRAILS – BEST OF EUROPE : CASE STUDY LUŽNICE VALLEY HIKING TRAIL ». Dans Tourism in Southern and Eastern Europe 2021 : ToSEE – Smart, Experience, Excellence & ToFEEL – Feelings, Excitement, Education, Leisure. University of Rijeka, Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/tosee.06.25.

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Purpose – The article presents the results of a study evaluating the efficiency, benefits, and contribution to the sustainable development of destination of the Certification Leading Quality Trails – Best of Europe in the Czech Republic in Lužnice Valley Hiking Trail. Methodology – The cost-benefit analysis was used for the evaluation of the efficiency of the certification. HEAT (Health economic assessment tool) method was used for quantification of the economic benefits from improving health due to hiking activity on the monitored route. The evaluation of non-financial benefits was based on indicators of the sustainability of destination development in the economic, social, and environmental areas, and on the aspect of visitors´ satisfaction. Findings – The economic efficiency of the certification is low. However, the non-financial benefits of the certified trail are significant. The research showed the benefits of the trail certification in several aspects: the improvement of the quality of the tourist hiking trail led to greater satisfaction of tourists and their better experience. Another benefit is the increase of the image of the destination (Toulava). The certification of the trail contributed also to the sustainable development of the destination in all three pillars. Contribution – The investigation confirmed the importance and benefits of the trail certification. There was a significant improvement in the quality of the route and increased tourist satisfaction. This creates potential for further sustainable development of the destination and related services. Therefore, it is recommended that other hiking trails in the Czech Republic also undergo certification.

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Korobeinikova, Larisa. « Features of Legal Regulation of Investment Activities in Russia ». Dans The XX International Scientific Conference "Functioning of Investments Financed from State Resources and from Other Sources in The Countries of Central And Eastern Europe". Temida 2, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/ipf.2022.08.

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The article considers some problems of legal regulation of investment activity in the Russian Federation. The issues of state regulation of investment activity are reflected, the actual problems of improving the forms and methods of state regulation in this area are considered. The effective development of the economy is directly related to the activation of investment activity. The transition to an innovative path of economic development has further actualized the importance of this factor. The solution to the problem of intensification of investment processes depends on many circumstances and involves the implementation of various measures in terms of content. Among them, an important place is occupied by the legal aspects of investment, improving the legal regulation of investment activities, which, in turn, necessitates a systematic and comprehensive study of the investment process as an economic and legal phenomenon, its essence and socio-economic significance, common properties and features generated by the diversity of investment spheres and types of investors, concretization of basic, basic concepts in this area of legal regulation, many of which do not meet the requirements of certainty and consistency.

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Belykh, Vladimir, et Tatyana Stadnik. « Improving the Procedures for Concluding Transfer Pricing Agreements in Russia and Kazakhstan : a Comparative-Legal Analysis ». Dans The XX International Scientific Conference "Functioning of Investments Financed from State Resources and from Other Sources in The Countries of Central And Eastern Europe". Temida 2, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/ipf.2022.01.

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The article provides a comparative analysis of the procedure for considering and concluding transfer pricing agreements in the countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan. The issues of determining the parties to the transfer pricing agreement, introducing amendments and additions to them, the timing of the final decision on the application of entrepreneurs to conclude an agreement, as well as the list of documents required for its signing are to be investigated. The discussions of civil scientists regarding the interpretation of the nature of agreements on pricing, namely, referring them to one of the types of tax control or to a contractual form of regulation of relations in the field of taxation have been studied and reflected. The positive and negative aspects of transfer pricing agreements for the state and business have been identifi ed. It is noted that pricing agreements can help achieve a balance of public and private interests, neutralize the negative aspects of the use of transfer prices, including reducing numerous disputes and litigation between entrepreneurs and government agencies. Proposals were made to amend and supplement the legislation on transfer pricing in Russia and Kazakhstan in terms of improving the procedure for concluding transfer pricing agreements for tax purposes.

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Konkovs, Karlis Aleksandrs, Rasa Ikstena, Ilze Zvera, Maris Ozolins et Raimonds Ernsteins. « Lake governance developments in Latvia : lake Lubans governing process studies applying governance system framing model ». Dans 23rd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2022”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2022.56.019.

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The overall frame of this research was the governance process of surface water resources in Latvia, particularly, public lakes, to be studied by applying triple dimensional governance framing model of complementary dimensions of governance stakeholders, governance content and governance instruments. Studies were realized in the area of Lake Lubans, administratively located on the border areas between two municipalities of Madona and Rezekne in the eastern part of the country. Lake Lubans is the largest lake in Latvia, as well as the largest dammed lake in Europe, included in surrounding NATURA 2000 nature reserve territory as also nationally largest inland protected wetland complex (Lubana Wetland/Ramsar site, 2009). Case Study Research methodology was applied by approaching the study area not only as a nature protection area but especially as a socio-ecological territorial and human system, using indepth semi-structured interviews in the surrounding areas/administrative territories with all main local-regional and also national stakeholder groups, as well as, applying document studies and territorial/objects’ observations. The National Nature Protection Agency’s Latgale region branch as the legal administrator supervises all nature protection territories in the region and also the Lubana Wetland, which is still lacking statutory Nature Protection Plan for the area; and, due to very limited administrative capacities, Agency is to be oriented more towards c ooperation with various other national and regional institutions from very different sectors, being organized under mainly two ministries involved – Environmental and Regional Development Ministry (nature, environmental, municipal and regional development sectors) and Agriculture Ministry (agriculture, forestry, fisheries, water infrastructure sectors), as well as, particularly, with many municipalities in the wetland area. But municipalities have to take into account also interests of local communities, the basic socio-economic development situation and possibilities, having also limited capacities, sometimes also approaches, which all is to be combined with strong nature protection requirements and limitations. This governance landscape requires co-relation of various and diverse interests and creates a rather fragmented and underdeveloped management of the lake. Lake water levels are fully regulated by the national Water infrastructure agency using dams and other hydro-technical systems, while water areas are used not only for highly popular angling, but also for active commercial fishing and various recreational activities, tourism, esp. bird watching etc., thus also keeping strong nature protection status in the same time, which all represent a unique challenge for to be developed multi-stakeholders and socioecological system (SES) approach for lake governance (assessment, planning, collaborative management, monitoring, and communication) developments in Latvia and alike.

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Małecka, Joanna. « Alternative Securities Markets as Financing Sources for SMEs – Selected Aspects of AIM and NC ». Dans Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cbme.2017.072.

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Small and medium-sized enterprises are the foundation for the development of each contemporary national economy. Their number affects macroeconomic indices of economies and directly translates into the labour market created by SMEs. This article aims to investigate the key conditionings behind the macroeconomic significance and legal factors of the financial market operation in Poland and the UK, with particular emphasis on the stock exchange as the fundamental element of the capital market. Both AIM and NewConnect are platforms dedicated to SMEs, which have been allowed easier access to this capital market segment by minimising mandatory legal conditions. This study analyses the number of listed companies and their capitalisation values in 1999–2015, covering: the rules of the financial market operation, with a special focus on the legal bases of the stock market operation in the economies investigated; legal conditions for the development of this economic segment; and a detailed analysis of the number of participants and capitalisation values achieved on the Warsaw and London Stock Exchanges, in particular AIM and NewConnect. This paper builds on source data from various annual reports and stock exchange publications drawn up and made available by stock exchanges and financial supervisors. The attempt to compare the indices and capacities of the WSE and the NC with the biggest European player is motivated by the fact that the Warsaw Stock Exchange is classified as the largest and most dynamically growing stock exchange in Central and Eastern Europe.

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