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1
Bielik, P., E. Horská et N. Turčeková. « Some aspects of land market in Central and Eastern European countries : focus on Slovakia ». Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 51, No. 8 (20 février 2012) : 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5116-agricecon.
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The presented research was done in two different regions in Slovakia, characterized by different soil and natural conditions and also production and economic results. The micro-economic analysis was aiming not only at private farmers but also at other legal entities using land for production of agricultural products. The first monitored group consisted of 412 private farmers, farming in average 43.2 ha of agricultural land. The second group consisted of 150 businesses, having 1 866 ha of agricultural land in average. The paper also shows different problems of restructuring land markets in some countries of Central and Eastern Europe.
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Guerrero-Ocampo, Susana B., José M. Díaz-Puente et Juan Felipe Nuñez Espinoza. « Multi-Actor Partnerships for Agricultural Interactive Innovation : Findings from 17 Case Studies in Europe ». Land 11, no 10 (20 octobre 2022) : 1847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11101847.
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Innovation is widely regarded as a key factor for the economic development and competitiveness of companies and countries. It is, therefore, widely considered a policy instrument in various sectors, such as agriculture. In this sector, agricultural innovation is seen as a systemic and interactive phenomenon, which is the result of interactions between innovators and knowledge-generating organisations, as well as social and economic aspects of the context. This paper studies the social structures of multi-actor partnerships involved in interactive innovation processes in agricultural innovation systems, analysing the type of actors involved and the roles they play in the innovation process. For this purpose, 17 case studies were analysed in the framework of the Liaison project, an H2020 project, using social network analysis (SNA) and descriptive statistics. The results show that the studied multi-actor partnerships have been mostly funded by outside sources of funding, highlighting European funds. The innovation networks have a heterogeneous composition, but when we analyse the frequency of interactions there is a tendency to establish greater interaction between organisations that are of the same type. In the “core” of innovation networks, research entities and farmers are central actors with the main role of technician expert and case study field workers, respectively.
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Eitzinger, J., G. Kubu, V. Alexandrov, A. Utset, D. T. Mihailovic, B. Lalic, M. Trnka et al. « Adaptation of vulnerable regional agricultural systems in Europe to climate change – results from the ADAGIO project ». Advances in Science and Research 3, no 1 (21 octobre 2009) : 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-3-133-2009.
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Abstract. During 2007-2009 the ADAGIO project (http://www.adagio-eu.org) is carried out to evaluate regional adaptation options in agriculture in most vulnerable European regions (mediterranean, central and eastern European regions). In this context a bottom-up approach is used beside the top-down approach of using scientific studies, involving regional experts and farmers in the evaluation of potential regional vulnerabilities and adaptation options. Preliminary results of the regional studies and gathered feedback from experts and farmers show in general that (increasing) drought and heat are the main factors having impact on agricultural vulnerability not only in the Mediterranean region, but also in the Central and southern Eastern European regions. Another important aspect is that the increasing risk of pest and diseases may play a more important role for agricultural vulnerability than assumed before, however, till now this field is only rarely investigated in Europe. Although dominating risks such as increasing drought and heat are similar in most regions, the vulnerabilities in the different regions are very much influenced by characteristics of the dominating agroecosystems and prevailing socio-economic conditions. This will be even be more significant for potential adaptation measures at the different levels, which have to reflect the regional conditions.
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Saha, Somidh, Christian Kuehne et Jürgen Bauhus. « Lessons learned from oak cluster planting trials in central Europe ». Canadian Journal of Forest Research 47, no 2 (février 2017) : 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2016-0265.
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Oaks (Quercus spp.) are becoming increasingly important for future forest management as the climate in central Europe warms. Owing to the high costs of conventional row planting, artificial oak stand establishment in the form of “clusters” became popular in central Europe beginning in the 1970s. In cluster plantings, oaks are planted either in groups of ca. 20–25 at 1 m spacing between trees (i.e., group planting) or in denser groups with 20–30 oaks·m−2 (i.e., nest planting). In both cases, the clusters are spaced apart at a distance that represents the target density of future crop trees. A comprehensive review of the history, growth, tree quality development, and economic aspects of oak cluster plantings suggests that initial growing space was the most important factor influencing development of oaks in clusters. Consequently, survival, growth, quality, and biomass production were comparable in group and row plantings but lower in nest plantings. In addition, group plantings resulted in greater stand-level tree species diversity than nest or row plantings. We conclude that oak group planting is a comparatively inexpensive option for the artificial regeneration of oak-dominated broadleaved forests for a range of situations such as reforestation of disturbed areas or the afforestation of abandoned agricultural land. Future research needs regarding development and tending of forests established by oak group planting are highlighted.
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Jelínková, Zuzana, Jan Moudrý, Jaroslav Bernas, Marek Kopecký, Jan Moudrý et Petr Konvalina. « Environmental and economic aspects of Triticum aestivum L. and Avena sativa growing ». Open Life Sciences 11, no 1 (1 janvier 2016) : 533–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biol-2016-0069.
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AbstractThis paper deals with the assessment of cultivation of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and oat (Avena sativa) grown in Central Europe within the conventional and organic farming systems in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and economic profitability. Organic farming may be one of the tools for mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural production. In the context of crop production, cereals rank among the most commonly grown crops and therefore bread wheat and oat were chosen. The Climate change impact category was assessed within the simplified LCA method and the production of greenhouse gas emissions expressed in CO2e per the production unit was calculated. Economic balance of the cultivation of monitored cereals was compiled based on the yields, farm gate prices and costs. On its basis, the cultivation of wheat within the organic farming system appears to be the most profitable. From an environmental point of view, the emission load of the organic farming system is reduced by 8.04 % within the wheat production and by 15.46 % within the oat cultivation. Therefore, the organic farming system in the Czech Republic appears to be more environmentally friendly and economically efficient within the cereals production.
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Schelhaas, Mart-Jan. « European Forest Sector Outlook Study II : Switzerland in the European context ». Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 164, no 9 (1 septembre 2013) : 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2013.0271.
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European Forest Sector Outlook Study II: Switzerland in the European context The European Forest Sector Outlook Study II (EFSOS II) is the latest in a series of outlook studies by United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), providing an outlook for the European forest sector for the period 2010–2030. The study is structured around a reference scenario and four policy scenarios, implemented in a set of mathematical models. The paper summarises the methodology and main outcomes for Central Europe, discusses specific Swiss aspects, the usefulness of such outlook results at the national level and possible future improvements. The picture for Switzerland is one broadly characterised by opportunities, facilitated by a favourable starting point with regard to the forest resources and increasing demand in the surrounding countries. However, a preliminary comparison with national supply scenarios reveals some important differences with regard to increment and mortality and thus possibilities for increased supply. The time between successive new studies should therefore be used to update the underlying data sources, make comparisons to national studies and improve understanding of the models, all in close cooperation with the countries.
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TRNKA, M., J. EITZINGER, M. DUBROVSKÝ, D. SEMERÁDOVÁ, P. ŠTĚPÁNEK, P. HLAVINKA, J. BALEK et al. « Is rainfed crop production in central Europe at risk ? Using a regional climate model to produce high resolution agroclimatic information for decision makers ». Journal of Agricultural Science 148, no 6 (16 août 2010) : 639–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859610000638.
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SUMMARYThe reality of climate change has rarely been questioned in Europe in the last few years as a consensus has emerged amongst a wide range of national to local environmental and resource policy makers and stakeholders that climate change has been sufficiently demonstrated in a number of sectors. A number of site-based studies evaluating change of attainable yields of various crops have been conducted in Central Europe, but studies that evaluate agroclimatic potential across more countries in the region are rare. Therefore, the main aim of the present study was to develop and test a technique for a comprehensive evaluation of agroclimatic conditions under expected climate conditions over all of Central Europe with a high spatial resolution in order to answer the question posed in the title of the paper ‘Is rainfed crop production in central Europe at risk?’ The domain covers the entire area of Central Europe between latitudes 45° and 51·5°N and longitudes 8° and 27°E, including at least part of the territories of Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Switzerland and Ukraine. The study is based on a range of agroclimatic indices that are designed to capture complex relations existing between climate and crops (their development and/or production) as well as the agrosystems as a whole. They provide information about various aspects of crop production, but they are not meant to compete with other and sometimes more suitable tools (e.g. process-based crop models, soil workability models, etc.). Instead, the selected indices can be seen as complementary to crop modelling tools that describe aspects not fully addressed or covered by crop models for an overall assessment of crop production conditions. The set of indices includes: sum of effective global radiation, number of effective growing days, Huglin index, water balance during the period from April to June (AMJ) and during the summer (JJA), proportion of days suitable for harvesting of field crops in June and July, and proportion of days suitable for sowing in early spring as well as during the autumn. The study concluded that while the uncertainties about future climate change impacts remain, the increase in the mean production potential of the domain as a whole (expressed in terms of effective global radiation and number of effective growing days) is likely a result of climate change, while inter-annual yield variability and risk may also increase. However, this is not true for the Pannonian (the lowlands between the Alps, the Carpathian Mountains and the Dinaric Alps) and Mediterranean parts of the domain, where increases in the water deficit will further limit rainfed agriculture but will probably lead to an increase in irrigation agriculture if local water resources are dwindling. Increases in the severity of the 20-year drought deficit and more substantial water deficits during the critical part of the growing season are very likely over the central and western part of the domain. Similarly, the inter-annual variability of water balance is likely to increase over the domain. There is also a chance of conditions for sowing during spring deteriorating due to unfavourable weather, which might increase the preference given to winter crops. This is already likely due to their ability to withstand spring drought stress events. Harvesting conditions in June (when harvest of some crops might take place in the future) are not improving beyond the present level, making the planning of the effective harvest time more challenging. Based on the evidence provided by the present study, it could be concluded that rainfed agriculture might indeed face more climate-related risks, but the overall conditions will probably allow for acceptable yield levels in most seasons. However, the evidence also suggests that the risk of extremely unfavourable years, resulting in poor economic returns, is likely to increase.
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Genovese, Laura, Roberta Varriale, Loredana Luvidi et Fabio Fratini. « Italy and China Sharing Best Practices on the Sustainable Development of Small Underground Settlements ». Heritage 2, no 1 (8 mars 2019) : 813–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage2010053.
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Both Southern Italy and Central China feature historic rural settlements characterized by underground constructions with residential and service functions. Many of these areas are currently tackling economic, social and environmental problems, resulting in unemployment, disengagement, depopulation, marginalization or loss of cultural and biological diversity. Both in Europe and in China, policies for rural development address three core areas of intervention: agricultural competitiveness, environmental protection and the promotion of rural amenities through strengthening and diversifying the economic base of rural communities. The challenge is to create innovative pathways for regeneration based on raising awareness to inspire local rural communities to develop alternative actions to reduce poverty while preserving the unique aspects of their local environment and culture. In this view, cultural heritage can be a catalyst for the sustainable growth of the rural community. Through a series of projects on a national and international scale, the authors have addressed some of these problems by exchanging best practices in conservation, sustainable use and the enhancement of the underground heritage.
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Vasyltsiv, Taras, Ruslan Lupak et Olha Levytska. « Trends and Characteristics of the Migration From Ukraine to Poland : The Aspect of Rural Areas and Conclusion for State Migration Policy ». Wieś i Rolnictwo, no 1 (186) (20 janvier 2020) : 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.53098/wir012020/03.
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The authors describe modern global migration trends in Europe and in particular in Poland. The problems and risks for the functioning and development of rural areas of Poland during the strengthening of emigration attitudes and internal mobility of the population are identified. The aspects of the Ukrainian migration as a resource for levelling labour-deficit trends in the Polish labour market are substantiated. The official data of the Office for Foreigners in Poland, the Central Statistical Office, the Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy, the Department of Statistics of the National Bank of Poland, individual organisations for the study of migration between the Ukraine and Poland are presented and the growing volumes and the scale of external labour migration of Ukrainians to Poland are stated (it is shown that today there are about 1.3 million Ukrainians in Poland, which at about 3.5% of the population is a significant value); key changes in the qualitative and structural characteristics of migration are shown. The main parameters of permanent and labour migration of Ukrainians to rural areas in Poland are characterised. An important conclusion is that, despite still low volumes, there are positive trends and the structural characteristics of Ukrainian emigration to rural areas of Poland are improving. The results of the analysis of the quantitative characteristics of Ukrainian labour migration are presented in the context of their employment in types of Poland’s economic activity such as agriculture,forestry, fishery and hunting. The authors determine features and problematic aspects of this migration. The recommendations regarding the development of joint Ukrainian-Polish practices and regulatory and guidance provisions, as well as the priority tools of migration policy, focused on meeting the socio-economic interests of both countries, are justified.
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Balázsi, Ágnes. « Grassland management in protected areas – implementation of the EU biodiversity strategy in certain post-communist countries ». Hacquetia 17, no 1 (1 juin 2018) : 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hacq-2017-0008.
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Abstract The post-communist countries of Central-Eastern Europe (CEE) when implementing agricultural and conservation policies, face other challenges than Western European countries: (1) specific institutional design for each, developed on the remnants of totalitarian system causing difficulties for transposing directives; (2) different integration of Natura 2000 network into national protected area governance resulting in slow elaboration of the management plans; (3) farming landscapes were better preserved than in Western Europe, but lacking the continuity of extensive farming so large areas of conservation; and (4) formal protection of sites, lacking in many cases financial support. This paper summarizes: the historical background of the last century that changed the farming landscapes of the CEE countries and the challenges in the management of protected areas in an unsteady socio-economic and political context. The results are focusing on the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania. Two main conclusions are proposed. First, socialism and capitalism slowly abolished family farming, causing people to become disconnected from the landscape - a key element in conservation oriented grassland management. Second, the gaps of knowledge on different aspects of policy implementation sabotage the results of conservation initiatives.
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Myga-Piątek, Urszula, et Oimahmad Rahmonov. « Winery regions as the oldest cultural landscapes : remnants, signs, and metamorphoses ». Miscellanea Geographica 22, no 2 (30 juin 2018) : 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2018-0009.
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Abstract Considering the general typology of landscapes, winery landscapes are a subtype of agricultural landscapes. A winery landscape is an area in which the dominant land use or indigenous vegetation consists of extensive grapevine crops, that is, vineyards and/or areas covered by wild grapevines; where a specific wine culture has evolved, or grapes constitute an important part of the local diet. In this paper, winery landscapes are studied at two levels: typological (as a repeatable, specific type of area with precisely defined characteristic features), and regional (regional areas that are unique and individual). The authors analyze the evolution of winery landscapes over time and describe their natural and historical aspects. A wide range of factors were taken into consideration: historical and political, socio-economic, cultural and religious influences, as well as the natural environmental background. This paper aims to describe the evolution of winery landscapes in Europe and beyond by considering the Mediterranean Basin, Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, and Central Asia.
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Kovačič, Art. « Implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility in Central Europe ». Management of Sustainable Development 10, no 2 (1 décembre 2018) : 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msd-2019-0013.
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Abstract Corporate Social Responsibility can be understand as a way for managing business activities which integrates economic, social and environmental aspects in harmony with principles of sustainable development that have a positive impact not only on our economic performance but also on our surroundings (employees, partners, customers, the city and region) with a consistent reduction of impacts on the environment via enduring development of human resources, the community and society. It is our continuous obligation to do business ethically, transparently and in accord with CSR principles and to contribute to the economic environment along with improvement in the quality of life of our employees, their families, the local community and, equally also, in society in the broader meaning of this word. Management in enterprises implement the Corporate Social Responsibility approach. Business sustainability is high in CEE enterprises.
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Allen, Patricia, Debra Van Dusen, Jackelyn Lundy et Stephen Gliessman. « Integrating social, environmental, and economic issues in sustainable agriculture ». American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 6, no 1 (mars 1991) : 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300003787.
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AbstractIn the past several years, researchers, educators, policymakers, and activists have initiated sustainable agriculture programs and efforts the world over. This development has sometimes been accompanied by a sense that it is time to stop discussing sustainability at a conceptual level and get on with the work of making agriculture sustainable. Our perspective is that it is critical to pursue a comprehensive definition of sustainability in order to set sustainable agriculture priorities and ensure that sustainable agriculture takes a path that does not reproduce problems of conventional agriculture. In this paper we briefly review some popular definitions of sustainable agriculture and find that their focus is primarily on farm-level resource conservation and profitability as the main components of sustainability. Others have challenged this approach for either not examining the social aspects of sustainability or for containing an implicit assumption that working on the environmental, production, and microeconomic aspects of sustainability will automatically take care of its social aspects. We propose an expanded conceptualization of sustainability—one that focuses on the entire food and agriculture system at a global level and includes not only environmental soundness and economic viability, but social equity as well. In this perspective, issues such as poverty and hunger are as central to achieving agricultural sustainability as those of soil erosion and adequate farm returns.
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Brentford, Philip. « Constitutional Aspects of the Independence of the European Central Bank ». International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47, no 1 (janvier 1998) : 75–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300061571.
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At the celebrations of the 40th anniversary of the signature of the Treaty of Rome 1957 on 26 March 1997, Romano Prodi, President of the Italian Council, said that, with the Maastricht Treaty “we are perfecting our common economic constitution”, and that this Treaty should not be seen simply as an “instrument for the introduction of the single currency, but also as the awakening of the European peoples to the necessity of setting limits on the action of governments”. This notion of constitution or of economic constitution has received much attention from European legal scholars within the ongoing debate on constitutionalism and constitutionalisation within the Community legal order. However, constitutionalisation presents us with semantic difficulties, as legal doctrine has to adapt itself to the specificity of Community law. The discussion is further complicated by the divergence of views on the subject of whether the Treaties are a constitution for Europe and, indeed, whether Europe needs a constitution. Before we consider what constitutionalisation signifies, the notion of a constitution and an economic constitution in Community law merit consideration.
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KLAUTKE, EGBERT. « URBAN HISTORY AND MODERNITY IN CENTRAL EUROPE ». Historical Journal 53, no 1 (29 janvier 2010) : 177–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x09990409.
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ABSTRACTThis historiographical review discusses recent literature on cities in modern Central Europe – mainly on Berlin and Vienna – which reflects the great variety of approaches to urban history and underlines the importance of urban history for the study of modernity. The history of urbanization was a central event in the history of modernity. Especially in the Central European capitals of Berlin and Vienna, where modernization and urban growth started later and then advanced more quickly than in West European cities, all aspects of social, political, economic, and cultural modernity and its consequences can be observed in detail.
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BANSKI, Jerzy. « Phases to the transformation of agriculture in Central Europe – Selected processes and their results ». Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 64, No. 12 (12 décembre 2018) : 546–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/86/2018-agricecon.
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The fall of the communist system in Central Europe was followed by dynamic social and economic change that also had its clear impact on the food sector. One of the key factors shaping the contemporary condition of the agricultural sector in region has been change of ownership, with the collapse of the nationalised sector and restitution of property to former owners. The work presented here considers the main directions of changes and assessment of selected economic processes ongoing in the farming sector over the last quarter-century throughout the region under consideration. This analysis may be further broken down in relation to the three suggested phases of change, i.e. transformation, integration and polarisation. The work took in five countries of the former Eastern Bloc, i.e. the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovakia.
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Offutt, S. « Policy analysis for globalized agriculture ». Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 49, No. 2 (29 février 2012) : 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5267-agricecon.
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Farms, farmers, farm families, and even farm policies have changed in the United States and Europe over the decades since World War II. Now it is time to bring the methods of farm policy analysis and the scope of data collection up to date. Agricultural economics, by tradition an empirical discipline, can offer important insights into the design, implementation, and effectiveness of policy. To succeed in this century, though, requires an emphasis on understanding micro-economic behavior at the level of the farm household. The paper presents fundamental aspects on methodology for micro-level farm policy analysis and data requirements for application of its intruments.
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Banach, Wiesław. « Refleksja nad koncepcją folwarcznych korzeni polskiej kultury gospodarczej Janusza Hryniewicza ». Człowiek i Społeczeństwo 38 (27 juillet 2020) : 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/cis.2014.38.4.
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The main aim of the article is to examine Janusz Hryniewicz’s concept of Polish economic culture. According to the discussed author, a lot of elements present in contemporary Polish companies and organizations (economic practices) are the result of participation in an East-Central Europe economic and social system based on agriculture. Processes of long duration led to a division of the European space in the 16th century: in Western Europe we can see the development of capitalism and its institutions; in East-Central Europe, the rise of a social and economic system based on the manorial-serf economy (called new serfdom). Hryniewicz tries to show the link between rules of misconduct in the 16th century manor farm and the contemporary attitude to the job of workers and managers alike. The paper is an attempt to show the discussed concept from an anthropological and cultural studies perspective.
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Grando, Stefano. « Esperienze di diversificazione qualitativa degli alimenti : la ri-localizzazione dei circuiti produzione-consumo ». ECONOMIA AGRO-ALIMENTARE, no 1 (juin 2009) : 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ecag2009-001004.
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- Quality diversification in food production: initiatives of re-localisation of production-consumption networks In an era characterized by a tendency towards globalisation of food supply chains and standardization of consumption habits, many rural areas are witnessing initiatives based on the re-discovery of local food traditions and productions, and on their promotion towards distant markets. These initiatives mainly regard areas where a local food culture is still present, and some local supply chains have survived even in recent decades. In some other rural areas, on the contrary, standardization of food production and consumption led to a completely export-oriented primary sector and to the disappearance of almost any sort of local supply chains. In some of these areas, mainly in Northern European countries, grass root initiatives of re-localisation of the food supply chains have recently emerged, aiming at promoting the local consumption of locally produced food. This entails strengthening (or re-creating) local food productions, creating local markets and encouraging local consumption of the products . This phenomenon emerged also within the eu funded research "corason - A cognitive approach to rural sustainable development - the dynamics of expert and lay knowledges", in which about 30 case-studies of local food production from twelve countries have been investigated. Five of them represent initiatives of relocalisation: Cahir Farmers' Market in Ireland, Skye and Lochalsh Horticultural Development Association and Food Link Group in Scotland, Eldrimner project in Sweden, and Netzwerk Vorpommern in Germany. All these initiatives share some basic aims: social sustainability at community level, environmental sustainability, local culture valorisation. Shortening the distance that food travels means sustaining local producers income and, often, delivering better quality food to consumers. At the same time it encourages diversification of agriculture, it supports environmental protection, and it provides opportunities for the revitalization of rural communities. Other evidences arise from a comparative analysis of these experiences. A relevant role of civil society has been noticed. Further, a strong ideological component is sometimes present, with initiatives promoted by actors belonging to, or inspired by, social movements. All the initiatives show a high degree of selfgovernance, with a central role played by pro-active local actors. There is a re-definition of food quality. Emphasis is given to localness, as a key attribute in itself as well as a condition influencing other attributes. An emphasis is also given to the positive relational and social aspects related to the establishment of local networks. These initiatives require specific knowledge dynamics, in particular the rediscovery of a traditional food culture (varieties, cultivation methods, recipes) that had been forgotten among local communities.JEL Codes: Q13, Q56, R12Key words: local networks, food quality, food supply chains, traditional knowledge, Northern Europe
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Miteva, A. « AGRICULTURE IN THE NORTH CENTRAL REGION AND THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF ITS IMPACT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION ». Trakia Journal of Sciences 19, Suppl.1 (2021) : 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2021.s.01.020.
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The aim of the study is to assess the importance and socio-economic and environmental aspects of the impact of agriculture in the North Central region for the development of the region. The analysis uses statistical data for the period of our country's membership in the EU. To assess the importance of agriculture in the region and the trends in its development, data from expert assessment by specialists from the regional offices of the State Fund "Agriculture" and the National Agricultural Advisory System are presented. On this basis, are disclosed the peculiarities of the established model of agriculture in the North Central region in terms of changes in the size of farms, production specialization, organizational parameters, diversification of activities, application of agri-environmental practices and others.
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Smyth, Russell. « Property Rights in China's Economic Reforms ». Communist and Post-Communist Studies 31, no 3 (1 septembre 1998) : 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-067x(98)00012-9.
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This paper explores China's experience with property rights reform. In contrast to most countries in East Central Europe and the former Soviet Union, China has experimented with different ownership forms and this has been quite successful. Over the last two decades China has had the highest growth rate in the world. The main argument presented here is that private property rights alone cannot provide a theory for China's economic success and that the whole process is too complex to be reduced to canonical explanations. To this end the paper reviews recent evidence in the three main areas of reform—agriculture, rural industrialisation and state-owned sector reform.
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Hološ, Slavomír, et Peter Šurda. « Evaluation of Drought – Review of Drought Indices and their Application in the Recent Studies from Slovakia ». Acta Horticulturae et Regiotecturae 24, s1 (1 mai 2021) : 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ahr-2021-0015.
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Abstract Drought has recently become an important topic in Europe but also in Slovakia. Observed results from various studies suggest that this drought phenomenon has a serious impact on hydrology, agriculture and social and economic sectors. The first part of the paper was devoted to the study of literature from the field of existing drought indices, which serve to identify all types of drought such as meteorological, agricultural and socio-economic drought. The second part of the paper dealt with selected scientific studies on drought assessment and the use of drought indices in Central Europe and Slovakia.
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Beke Lisányi, Judit. « Integration Efforts in Agriculture ». Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 12, no 1-2 (2 mai 2018) : 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2018/1-2/12.
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The economic and political transition brought many challenges for the Hungarian agricultural sector. The break-up of large agricultural holdings had serious negative impacts on food production and on the export of agricultural products. Capital intensive profit-seeking intermediaries dominate the trading of agricultural goods that has injurious effects in terms of downward pressure on production prices and an increase in consumer prices. Cooperatives have a key role in effectively tackling the common challenges that small-scale producers have to face. More vertical integration along the food chain could contribute to providing rural employment and to an increase in living standards in rural areas. This study reviews the development, the specific features and the driving forces of modern cooperatives in Central Europe in general, and in Hungary in particular. The focus is on the integrator role of cooperatives and their future role in our globalised world.
JEL Classification: Q10, Q13
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Bošnjaković, Branko. « Europe Between Climate and Energy Insecurity : Geopolitical Aspects ». Journal of Maritime & ; Transportation Science Special edition, no 1 (avril 2016) : 29–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18048/2016-00.29.
Texte intégralRésumé :
EU sees itself as a world leader in coping with the challenge of climate change. At the same time, the Ukraine crisis has demonstrated how vulnerable its energy supply security is due to EU’s dependence on import oil and gas. The paper addresses the interlinkages and prospects of EU’s climate and energy policies with respect to ethical and security dimensions. The ethical dimension is addressed in terms of how to fairly allocate responsibility among nations, regions and states to reduce GHG emissions to non-dangerous levels, a central issue at the upcoming UN summit in Paris. The proposed principles, such as the common but differentiated responsibility, are discussed in view of a growing literature, political controversies and converging diplomatic moves. At the same time the fundamental values of the EU may be at stake if the security dimension of all EU member states cannot be guaranteed. Both ethical and security challenges EU is confronted with points strongly towards accelerated introduction of a low-carbon economy and corresponding infrastructure, with renewables to play a central role in the medium/long term. A review of the literature shows that continuing import dependence on oil and gas, including from Russia, is a risk factor both in economic, political and environmental terms. Some recently proposed policy responses, such as the creation of an EU energy union, are reviewed and critically evaluated.
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Florea, Nicoleta Mihaela, Roxana Maria Badircea, Ramona Costina Pirvu, Alina Georgiana Manta, Marius Dalian Doran et Elena Jianu. « The impact of agriculture and renewable energy on climate change in Central and East European Countries ». Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 66, No. 10 (29 octobre 2020) : 447–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/250/2020-agricecon.
Texte intégralRésumé :
According to the objectives of the European Union concerning the climate changes, Member States should take all the necessary measures in order to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of this study is to identify the causality relations between greenhouse gases emissions, added value from agriculture, renewable energy consumption, and economic growth based on a panel consisting of 11 states from the Central and Eastern Europe (CEECs) in the period between 2000 and 2017. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method was used to estimate the long-term relationships among the variables. Also a Granger causality test based on the ARDL – Error Correction Model (ECM) and a Pairwise Granger causality test were used to identify the causality relationship and to detect the direction of causality among the variables. The results obtained reveal, in the long term, two bidirectional relationships between agriculture and economic growth and two unidirectional relationships from agriculture to greenhouse gas emissions and renewable energy. In the short term, four unidirectional relationships were found from agriculture to all the variables in the model and one unidirectional relationship from renewable energy to greenhouse gas emissions.
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Smędzik-Ambroży, Katarzyna, Marta Guth, Adam Majchrzak, Andreea Cipriana Muntean et Silvia Ștefania Maican. « The Socio-Economics Factors in Family Farms with Different Economic Sustainability Levels from Central and Eastern Europe ». Sustainability 13, no 15 (23 juillet 2021) : 8262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158262.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Economic sustainability plays an important role in shaping conditions for economic growth and social development. The importance of answering the question about the level of sustainability of family farms results from the fact that the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, apart from exceptions (e.g., the Czech Republic and Slovakia), are characterized by a fragmented agrarian structure. Hence, the main goal of this article was to answer two questions: (1) whether the countries of Central and Eastern Europe differ in the level of economic sustainability of small family farms; and (2) whether the same socioeconomic factors impact similarly on the level of economic sustainability of small family farms from countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The study was based on surveys conducted in small family farms: in 2018 from Poland (672 farms) and in 2019 in four other countries (Lithuania; 999 farms, Romania; 834 farms, Serbia; 523 farms, Moldova; 530 farms). The publication includes a critical analysis of the literature, structure analysis and correlation analysis. The results show the occurrence of large differences between the economic sustainability of small family farms from the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The research indicates that the larger the area of a small-scale family farm, the greater its economic sustainability. The productivity of these farms increases with their economic sustainability. The results also prove a negative relationship between the age of the farmer and the economic sustainability of their farm in all analysed countries. These trends were found in all analysed countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The results of the analyses support the conclusion that agricultural policy instruments aimed at increasing the economic sustainability of small family farms should lead to: land consolidation, a decrease in the age of farm owners through generational changes, and a decrease in employment in agriculture, which would lead to a reduction in labour input in the agricultural sector.
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Aničić, Jugoslav, Svetlana Vukotić, Dušan Aničić, Vesna Petrović et Dejan Čavić. « Investment policy factors of enterprises in Serbia : Agriculture and processing industry sectors ». Ekonomika poljoprivrede 68, no 1 (2021) : 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ekopolj2101037a.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In this paper, the authors research and analyze the impact of factors that decisively influence making investment decisions in enterprises operating in the agriculture and processing industry sectors. The fact is that significant foreign direct investments have been coming to Serbia for many years, but the development gap with comparable countries in Central and Eastern Europe is not decreasing. Analysis show that economic development cannot be left only to the market and foreign investments, but an appropriate economic policy is needed to encourage public and private investments, based on domestic savings. Authors believe that companies from agriculture and processing industry should be carriers of economic growth and development, employment, exports and the creation of new value, but they need a stable and predictable business environment, as well as the support of official economic policy.
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Jeder, Houcine, Emna Ben Hamza et Hatem Belhouchette. « AN OPTIMAL PRICE FOR SUSTAINABLE IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE IN CENTRAL-EASTERN TUNISIA ». New Medit 18, no 2 (15 juin 2019) : 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30682/nm1902a.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Increasing pressures on water resources are causing many countries in Mediterranean to (re)consider various mechanisms to improve water use efficiency for agricultural like Tunisia country. The price mechanism remains the most appropriate instrument to allocate this water resource, but the search for the optimal price of water that reconciles different aspects economic and environmental is the most important issue to rise. In this paper, we will show that the search for a compromise between farm income and water consumption is possible through an optimal price applying both the entropy maximization approach and the multiobjective optimization. The results show that the use of Generalised Maximum Entropy (GME) approach is able to calibrate the model. Once the model is calibrated, a Multi-Objective Programming (MOP) was used to determine the optimal price using the compromise method. This optimal price determined has resulted to a slight economic decline in agricultural income against an immediate environmental gain of water saving. This compromise is a way to ensure the sustainability of irrigated agriculture and the preservation of water resources in Tunisia.
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Schwarczová, Loreta, et Anna Bandlerová. « EU LAND POLICY – PATHWAY TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE EUROPE ». EU agrarian Law 2, no 2 (1 décembre 2013) : 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eual-2013-0012.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract The land policy plays a key role in the frame of priorities of the EU and influences the political, economic and social development of countries and regions. The Faculty of European Studies and Regional Development of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra has been active in various aspects of the policy mainly by the support of national and international funding programmes. One of the most actively developed European funding programme at the faculty is the Jean Monnet programme. The structure and priorities of the Jean Monnet programme are sufficiently complemented to the mission and priorities of the faculty at the educational and scientific level. The paper especially focuses on the realization, impact and sustainability of achieved project results.
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Bilenko, Yuriy. « Labor productivity in the agriculture, structural shifts and economic growth in the Central and Eastern European countries ». Agricultural and Resource Economics : International Scientific E-Journal 8, no 4 (20 décembre 2022) : 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.51599/are.2022.08.04.01.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Purpose. In our article, we assess the scope and directions of changes in agricultural labor productivity compared to other sectors of the economy.
Methodology / approach. For our survey we choose 15 countries: (і) EU countries – Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia, as well (іі) post-Soviet European countries – Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, russia and also (ііі) Albania for period 1996–2019. We use an empirical methodology designed to analyze structural decomposition of labor productivity into the growth effect within the sector and structural dynamic and static effects, often called ‘shift-share analysis’. We analyze process of convergence of sectoral labor productivity and its impact on economic growth.
Results. Labor productivity grows in the agricultural sector of the economy at the fastest rate, on average by almost 12 % per year. The growth effects within the industry takes a dominant position in all sectors of the economy in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and its share is on average 88.5 %, and the structural effects are as follows: the dynamic effect is almost 1%, the static effect is 10.4 %. We have confirmed that the agricultural sector is gaining weight in the economic growth of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the influence of the service sector is increasing, although together they do not exceed the influence of the growth of value added in industry.
Originality / scientific novelty. For the first time we have used the methodology of decomposition of labor productivity growth into three effects: growth, dynamic and static ones for the period before the financial crisis 2008 and after the crisis for 15 countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Using panel GLS estimator with fixed effects we estimate the impact of labor productivity on economic growth in different sectors for 1991–2020 period.
Practical value / implications. The main results of the study can be used for elaboration of effective economic policy in agriculture development in Central and Eastern European countries; for identification of structural shifts in labor productivity in different sectors of the economy before and after the financial crisis; for estimation of the level of convergence between different sectors of the economy; determining main factors of increasing value added in agriculture in Ukraine and other Central and Eastern European countries; implementation structural changes in economy in the period of crisis.
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Peter, Adamisin, Kotulic Rastislav et Vozarova Ivana Kravcakova. « Legal form of agricultural entities as a factor in ensuring the sustainability of the economic performance of agriculture ». Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 63, No. 2 (13 février 2017) : 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/208/2015-agricecon.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Development of the agricultural sector prior to 1989 in Slovakia, such as in most countries of the Central and Eastern Europe, was affected by the collectivization realized on the principle of the central planning. The main objective became the quantity, while quality and efficiency had only a secondary importance. Entering into a new market environment after 1990 meant for agricultural enterprises complicated structural, economic and social changes. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the economic performance of agricultural entities depending on their legal form in Slovakia. We assume that the legal form or the way of organizing and management of processes within the agricultural enterprises has an impact on the economic performance of the agricultural subjects. The analysis confirmed the assumptions. On the basis of the testing results, it was found that business companies show a higher rate of economic success measured by the selected economic indicators.
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Domonkos, Endre. « Economic Stabilization after the Treaty of Trianon : Challenges and Possibilities ». Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, European and Regional Studies 19, no 1 (1 novembre 2021) : 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auseur-2021-0004.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract The ‘Great War’ had harmful impacts on Hungary’s national economy. With the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, the former self-sufficient economic unit broke into six different entities, which had far-reaching consequences in Central and Eastern Europe. Economic difficulties were further aggravated by rampant inflation. Finally, the loss of the majority of raw materials by the Treaty of Trianon meant that Hungary was cut off from its sources of supply. The following paper examines the impacts of economic reconstruction in Hungary. The analysis also focuses on the development of industry, agriculture, and trade in the 1920s.
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Székács, András, Péter Roszík, Katalin Balázs, László Podmaniczky et Apolka Ujj. « Agroecological initiatives in Hungary and their Central European aspects ». International Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 47, no 3 (décembre 2020) : 216–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/ijanr.v47i3.2266.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Agroecology initiatives were first implemented within Central and Eastern Europe in Hungary in the 1980s in response to the environmental and ecological problems of intensive, agrochemical-based agricultural technology. The agroecology sector has grown substantially ever since and is currently facing its second boom, yet Hungary’s level of organic farming remains substantially below the average level in the European Union (EU) and in the Visegrad Group countries (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia). This review summarizes early and recent agroecology developments in Hungary in the context of the region and the EU in a broader sense, mainly regarding scientific research and policy aspects. The 10-fold growth of the organic agriculture sector in Hungary over the last two decades brings Hungary somewhat closer to the average EU level and is discussed in relation to the regulating legal environment, i.e., the EU’s harmonized Rural Development Program. In addition, the European Green Deal envisions a reduction in pesticide use by 50% by 2030 and supports agroecology to reduce excess fertilization, increase organic farming and reverse biodiversity loss. Hungary pursues these goals through, among others means, the transnational joint initiative of the Visegrad countries, BIOEAST. The environmental risks jeopardizing agroecology are summarized in a systematic context, covering not only agricultural organic microcontaminants but also agricultural biotechnology products and issues in energy utilization efficacy. Related past and current research projects, as well as Hungary’s involvement in the international advancement of agroecology, are outlined.
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Kindler, Janusz. « Some thoughts on the implementation of water quality management strategies for Central and Eastern Europe ». Water Science and Technology 30, no 5 (1 septembre 1994) : 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0220.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) continue their efforts to address environmental problems, including water quality management, in the context of a transition from the centrally planned to market economies. Their economic recovery and further development is the most pressing and central goal since water quality deterioration is nothing but one of the many consequences of the lack of economic progress. Since international assistance to the CEE countries is limited, an early action should be taken to support the establishment of national financial mechanisms and incentives. To improve water quality, the efficiency of water, energy and material use must be increased in the CEE countries; reducing water use is an imperative. Industrial wastewater management strategy shall distinguish between the old and new enterprises. The non-point pollution sources of agricultural character should largely be controlled by preventive measures, applied jointly by land, water and agricultural specialists and managers. Transformation of industry and agriculture and water quality improvements must be undertaken together.
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Milisauskas, Sarunas, et Janusz Kruk. « Utilization of cattle for traction during the later Neolithic in southeastern Poland ». Antiquity 65, no 248 (septembre 1991) : 562–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00080170.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The site of Bronocice provides a valuable chance to explore aspects of economic changes in the later Neolithic of central Europe, thanks to its large sample of animal bones, and to a remarkable trace of haulage on a horn-core.
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Rosa, Lorenzo, Davide Danilo Chiarelli, Maria Cristina Rulli, Jampel Dell’Angelo et Paolo D’Odorico. « Global agricultural economic water scarcity ». Science Advances 6, no 18 (29 avril 2020) : eaaz6031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz6031.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Water scarcity raises major concerns on the sustainable future of humanity and the conservation of important ecosystem functions. To meet the increasing food demand without expanding cultivated areas, agriculture will likely need to introduce irrigation in croplands that are currently rain-fed but where enough water would be available for irrigation. “Agricultural economic water scarcity” is, here, defined as lack of irrigation due to limited institutional and economic capacity instead of hydrologic constraints. To date, the location and productivity potential of economically water scarce croplands remain unknown. We develop a monthly agrohydrological analysis to map agricultural regions affected by agricultural economic water scarcity. We find these regions account for up to 25% of the global croplands, mostly across Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia. Sustainable irrigation of economically water scarce croplands could feed an additional 840 million people while preventing further aggravation of blue water scarcity.
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Korotun, Volodymyr, Tetiana Kaneva, Anton Drepin, Liudmyla Levaieva et Svitlana Kucherenko. « The Impact of Fiscal Decentralization on Economic Growth in Central and Eastern Europe ». European Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no 3 (1 octobre 2020) : 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n3p215.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In this research, we evaluated the impact of fiscal decentralization on GDP per capita growth. Using the unbalanced panel data, the authors assessed the interconnections between fiscal decentralization – considering its expenditure and revenue aspects as well as tax autonomy – and economic growth for Central and Eastern European countries from 1995 to 2018. In the examined states, the expenditure decentralization exceeded the revenue one. We found out that revenue decentralization and tax autonomy adversely affected economic growth. But expenditure decentralization associated with a positive GDP growth rate. In this paper, we also explored the peculiarities of fiscal decentralization reform. Structural transformations radically reduced the size of the public sector in Central and Eastern Europe, which had a positive effect on the economy. The vital components of local budgets tax revenues are personal income tax and the property taxes. The most effective mechanism for the property tax base’s determination arises from the value of the real estate or land.
Keywords: fiscal policy, fiscal decentralization, tax autonomy, property taxes, economic growth
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Sahm, Henriette, Jürn Sanders, Hiltrud Nieberg, Gesine Behrens, Heike Kuhnert, Renate Strohm et Ulrich Hamm. « Reversion from organic to conventional agriculture : A review ». Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 28, no 3 (8 mai 2012) : 263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170512000117.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractOver the past 10 years, the organic sector has expanded continuously in Europe due to policy support and a growing market demand for organic products. In line with this development, many farmers converted to organic farming each year. Nevertheless, the total number of organic farms has not increased constantly in Europe. In several countries, the absolute number of organic farms actually decreased in some years of the past decade. Some of the deregistered farmers gave up completely; others reverted to conventional agriculture. Against this background, this article aims (i) to give an overview of the extent of reversion to conventional agriculture in Europe based on statistics, (ii) to conceptualize the decision to revert in the form of a theoretical model, (iii) to compare farmers’ reasons to revert to conventional farming based on existing studies, and (iv) to identify further research needs. The importance of reversions to conventional agriculture is difficult to determine with the existing data, especially as in most cases it is not recorded as to what happened to the farms after deregistering from organic certification. The data nevertheless show that there are large fluctuations in the organic sector with many farmers entering and exiting each year. In order to reveal the farmers’ reasons for deregistering, various qualitative as well as quantitative surveys have been carried out already. For most farmers, the decision to revert is a result of different factors. Reasons for the reversion of their farms can be classified into economic motives, difficulties regarding certification and control, problems with organic production techniques as well as the farms’ macro environment. In most cases, however, economic reasons played a main role. Suggestions for organic legislation bodies, advisory services and policy makers are derived out of the findings. A deeper understanding of the influencing aspects regarding reversions and the necessary changes in the organic sector to avoid them should be an important objective of forthcoming research.
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Kraft, Stanislav, et Denisa Havlíková. « Anytime ? Anywhere ? The seasonality of flight offers in Central Europe ». Moravian Geographical Reports 24, no 4 (1 décembre 2016) : 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgr-2016-0020.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Air transport can be considered as the most dynamic transport mode during recent decades. It is an important but also responsive indicator of global social, economic, political and cultural cooperation in different areas. For this reason, air transport is a unique source of various aspects of international relations. The principal goal of this study is an analysis of seasonality in the offer of flights in Central Europe during 2014, considering the different positions and functions of the airports within the air transport system. Ten airports from the Central European region are monitored in the analysis in terms of fluctuations in flight offers and offered destinations. A synthesis of these patterns is presented as a typology of the surveyed airports using the Ossan triangle. This paper clearly shows the different patterns of the spatial and temporal organization of air transport in Central Europe.
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Kozminski, Andrzej K. « Restitution of Private Property : Re-privatization in Central and Eastern Europe ». Communist and Post-Communist Studies 30, no 1 (1 mars 1997) : 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-067x(96)00025-6.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article deals with the relatively little researched problem of the restitution of property confiscated by the communist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe, After the fall of communism, new democratic governments and parliaments were faced with the problem of compensating former owners. This problem has practical aspects related to investors' confidence, as well as moral, symbolic, and emotional ones. Quite often it becomes a pawn in the political game. Legislation adopted and proposed in the key countries of the region is examined and compared. The political, economic, and institutional context of re-privatization is analysed. From the point of view of the key objectives of property restitution, the different re-privatization formulas, practised throughout the region, are assessed.
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Youn, Ik Joong, et Bernhard Seliger. « A Critical Review of Existing Approaches to Siberia : Relevance to Siberian Economic Development ». International Studies Review 6, no 2 (28 septembre 2005) : 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-00602006.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Russia went through major political and economic changes in the 1990s. Siberia, historically a resource-colony, also began autonomous economic development. However, economic development did not succeed as planned and resulted in total failure. Siberia still holds the same meaning to Russia, as a colony that provides natural resources. But the exploitation of Siberia's rich resources is not enough to entice policymakers and scientists to develop Siberia until it reaches its full economic potential. This leads to a concentration of research in the economic analysis of resources, energy, transport, environment, agriculture, and forestry. The focus on institutional transformation is very typical in the discussion about Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Russia's transformation, while micro-institutional analyses remain silent about Siberia. Emerging research on fiscal federalism and regionalization in Russia can provide basic elements of a micro-institutional theory, but elements such as a framework for education, local administration, and infrastructure are still wanting.
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Hauser, Michael, et Mara Lindtner. « Organic agriculture in post-war Uganda : emergence of pioneer-led niches between 1986 and 1993 ». Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 32, no 2 (6 juin 2016) : 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170516000132.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractUganda is the largest producer of organic commodities in Africa. While most of the literature associate the start of organic agriculture in Uganda with the first certified project, no accounts exist about non-certified organic agriculture before 1993. Both in Europe and in the USA, pioneers drove non-certified organic agriculture as a response to economic, ecological and social crises. Uganda suffered two decades of civil war ending in 1986 causing multiple crises. We explore how post-war conditions influenced the emergence of organic agriculture in Uganda. We conducted individual semi-structured interviews with 12 organic agriculture experts from Central and Southwestern Uganda. Interviews were held in English using interview guides informed by a transition theoretical perspective. Interviews were tape-recorded, transcribed and analyzed using deductive and inductive coding. Our analysis shows that the degraded environment, food insecurity and economic instability after the war created a sense of urgency for the rehabilitation of livelihoods. Pioneers, including civil society activists, farmers, entrepreneurs and researchers, responded by promoting low-cost, resource-conserving technologies and agronomic practices to smallholder farmers. Economic liberalization, decentralization and institutional vacuum eased pioneers’ activities, despite facing opponents from the government and research. Through experimental learning, demonstration farms and cooperation with the Catholic Church, public extension services, researchers and international development-oriented non-governmental organizations, pioneers reached out to farmers in Eastern, Central and Southwestern Uganda. As challenging as post-war crises may be, they offer opportunities for changing development trajectories. Therefore, reconstruction and rehabilitation efforts can accommodate sustainability concerns and allow the introduction of course-changing measures in any sector.
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Czyżewski, Andrzej, et Mariola Michałowska. « The Impact of Agriculture on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Visegrad Group Countries after the World Economic Crisis of 2008. Comparative Study of the Researched Countries ». Energies 15, no 6 (21 mars 2022) : 2268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062268.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The aim of this study is to identify the correlation between the amount of greenhouse gas emissions, added value from agriculture and economic growth in the Visegrad Group countries. Four countries of Central Europe were studied the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia in 2008–2019. Due to the objectives of the article, it was decided to use the panel model. The temporal scope of the research covers the years 2008–2019, i.e., two economic periods: 2008–2014 (a downward trend, including agriculture), and 2015–2019 (an upward trend). Greenhouse gas emissions are positively correlated with value added from agriculture and economic growth. The increase in the level of these variables stimulates of the amount of greenhouse gas emissions in the countries of the Visegrad Group. The analysis of the eco-efficiency of greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture, in relation to the gross added value produced, shows that the country with the least pollution of this value was Hungary, followed by Slovakia. The Czech Republic was third, and Poland was the last. The results of the research can be treated as a premise for a strategy for the development of agriculture, limiting the negative effects of its industrial development for more sustainable development.
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Dabrowski, Marek. « Transition to a market economy : A retrospective comparison of China with countries of the former Soviet block ». Acta Oeconomica 70, S (16 octobre 2020) : 15–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2020.00024.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractIn the 1990s and early 2000s, comparison of transition strategies of China versus those in Central and Eastern Europe raised controversies in the economic and political science literature. However, differences between China and the countries of the former Soviet bloc in their transition strategies resulted not necessarily from a deliberate political choice but from different initial conditions. Low-income and largely rural China, after its first radical step (de-collectivisation of agriculture in 1978), could move more gradually due to its under-industrialisation and retaining administrative control over the economy. The over-industrialised Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and former Soviet Union (FSU) countries where the previous command system of economic management spontaneously collapsed at the end of 1980s, did not have such an option. They had to conduct market-oriented reforms as quickly as they could, with all the associated economic and social pain. Regardless of speed and strategy of transition, almost all previously centrally-planned economies, including China, completed building basic foundations of a market system by the early 2000s although the quality of economic and political institutions and policies differ between the sub-regional groups and individual countries.
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WIDAYATI, Tri, WARIDIN WARIDIN et Edy YUSUF. « Strategies for Environmental, Economic, and Social Sustainability of Potato Agriculture in Dieng plateau Central Java Indonesia ». Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 8, no 1 (28 mai 2017) : 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v8.1(17).24.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Environmental problems in Dieng Plateau area, Central Java, Indonesia have no longer conformed to the principles of ecology, in which the use of fertilizers and pesticides is very high and productivity has decreased. Potato farming system causes the land condition becomes critical which could negatively affect the system of sustainable agricultural development. This study aims to analyze sustainable agriculture management in Dieng Plateu using indicators of economic, environmental and social. This study employed a combination of quantitative and qualitative method. Quantitative method was used to answer questions regarding economic, social, and environmental aspects. The economic aspect of sustainable agriculture included income, productivity and calculation of return cost ratio, and technical efficiency. Calculations on the use of organic fertilizer and manure, erosion hazard level and quality of water were included in the environmental aspect. The social aspect included education level, and housing conditions. Qualitative method was used to analyze the institutional model related to the conditions of Dieng area. The findings showed that potato farming indicators index was 48.57 and classified as unsustainable.
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Adamišin, Peter, et Emília Huttmanová. « The analysis of the energy intensity of economies by selected indicators of sustainability (Rio+ 20) ». Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People 2, no 1 (22 mars 2013) : 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26458/jedep.v2i1.30.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The aim of this paper is to analyze the status and the development of energy intensity in selected countries of Central and South-eastern Europe. Reducing of energy consumption is one of the ways to ensure not only economic, but also environmental aspects of sustainability.This paper describes the relationship between economic development and energy intensity of countries, particularly the countries of the selected region.
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Tireuov Kanat Maratovich, K. M., S. K. Mizanbekova et D. A. Aitmukhanbetova. « Ensuring food security in Kazakhstan in modern economic conditions ». Agrarian Economics, no 12 (30 décembre 2021) : 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1818-9806-2021-12-67-76.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Food security occupies a special place in the system of national security of Kazakhstan, since the availability of food serves as a basic indicator of human activity. The country’s maximum participation in the international division of labor in the agroindustrial complex depends on solving the problem of food security. The choice of directions is determined by economic opportunities of the country, its role in the world, conducting of domestic agrofood policy, determination of advanced development strategy of agroindustrial complex, its basic branch – agriculture. Kazakhstan is the largest exporter of grain and takes leading place in the world in flour export. Thanks to good harvests in recent years, Kazakhstan was able to strengthen its ability to stabilize prices in the markets of Central Asia, Russian Federation, the Middle East, Europe and the Caucasus and improve its own prospects in terms of food security in the adjacent regions. The agriculture of Kazakhstan is in urgent need of modernization of its material and technical base, more advanced technologies and more effective and targeted state support, without which its dynamic development observed in recent years will be at risk.
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Suhartono, Suhartono. « STRUKTUR EKONOMI, KESEMPATAN KERJA DAN KETIMPANGAN PENDAPATAN DI PROVINSI JAWA TENGAH ». Jurnal Organisasi dan Manajemen 7, no 2 (10 mars 2011) : 86–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.33830/jom.v7i2.94.2011.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The purpose of article is to analyze the potential economic sectors, opportunity job and disparity income in Central Java. The methods using Location Quotient (LQ), Shift Share and Inequality Index Williamson. The results of LQ analysis shows that threre are potential sectors to be developed in the province of Central Java. They are agriculture, livestock, forestry and fisheries, mining and quarrying, electricity, gas and water supply, communications and transport sector, financial sector, leasing and banking services and the services sector. Shift Share analysis results that in the cities in Central Java province has been a shift or change in the economic structure of the primary sector to tertiary sector. Meanwhile, the calculation of income inequality shows that income inequality between regions in Central Java province is very high, Recommendations addressed to the local government to implement economic development with more attention to aspects of equitable distribution of income.
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Khodjaeva, S., M. Musaev, A. Rasulev et M. Turaeva. « Developing of natural gas transportation of Central Asia and its geopolitical and geo-economic aspects ». IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 937, no 4 (1 décembre 2021) : 042044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/937/4/042044.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract The gas transportation of Central Asian countries has been traditionally main part of their economic sector, because of geographical location and natural resources. Geographical and geopolitical Central Asia has significant commercial and political consequences across the region, and there gas production and export potential of the key Central Asia plays key role of gas transportation sector. Central Asian located in the centre of Eurasian continent and its transportation gas sector has very less implications in the global marketplace. Nowadays, geo-strategic role of this region is very low on global energy market. Central Asia is an important region of the Eurasian continent, touching Asia in the East and Europe in the West. The region is rich in oil, gas, gold, uranium ore and other underground minerals, and occupies an important geopolitical and strategic position, in which historically interests converged and intertwined diverse forces. This region surrounded by the giant powers Russia and China is still and strongly influenced by the unstable situation in the Middle East, Afghanistan, Pakistan and other adjacent regions. In addition, in the context of the expected increase in demand for energy resources in China, India and other Asian countries, reliable supplies of oil and natural gas from the Central Asian region contribute to the stabilization of the international energy market, in connection with which the importance of this region in terms of providing energy security.
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Máté, Domicián, Mohammad Fazle Rabbi, Adam Novotny et Sándor Kovács. « Grand Challenges in Central Europe : The Relationship of Food Security, Climate Change, and Energy Use ». Energies 13, no 20 (16 octobre 2020) : 5422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205422.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Pursuing various sustainable development goals is posing new challenges for societies, policymakers, and researchers alike. This study implements an exploratory approach to address the complexity of food security and nuance its relationship with other grand challenges, such as energy use and climate change, in Central European countries. A multiple factor analysis (MFA) suggests that the three pillars of food security relate differently to climate change: food affordability and food accessibility positively correlate with climate change, while food quality has a negative association with temperature rise. However, if countries switched to renewable energy resources, all three pillars of food security could be achieved simultaneously. The study also underlines regional inequalities regarding grand challenges and emphasizes the need for innovative local solutions, i.e., advances in agriculture systems, educational programs, and the development of environmental technologies that consider social and economic issues.