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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Agriculture – Economic aspects – Europe, Central »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Agriculture – Economic aspects – Europe, Central"

Bielik, P., E. Horská et N. Turčeková. « Some aspects of land market in Central and Eastern European countries : focus on Slovakia ». Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 51, No. 8 (20 février 2012) : 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5116-agricecon.

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The presented research was done in two different regions in Slovakia, characterized by different soil and natural conditions and also production and economic results. The micro-economic analysis was aiming not only at private farmers but also at other legal entities using land for production of agricultural products. The first monitored group consisted of 412 private farmers, farming in average 43.2 ha of agricultural land. The second group consisted of 150 businesses, having 1 866 ha of agricultural land in average. The paper also shows different problems of restructuring land markets in some countries of Central and Eastern Europe.

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Guerrero-Ocampo, Susana B., José M. Díaz-Puente et Juan Felipe Nuñez Espinoza. « Multi-Actor Partnerships for Agricultural Interactive Innovation : Findings from 17 Case Studies in Europe ». Land 11, n^o 10 (20 octobre 2022) : 1847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11101847.

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Innovation is widely regarded as a key factor for the economic development and competitiveness of companies and countries. It is, therefore, widely considered a policy instrument in various sectors, such as agriculture. In this sector, agricultural innovation is seen as a systemic and interactive phenomenon, which is the result of interactions between innovators and knowledge-generating organisations, as well as social and economic aspects of the context. This paper studies the social structures of multi-actor partnerships involved in interactive innovation processes in agricultural innovation systems, analysing the type of actors involved and the roles they play in the innovation process. For this purpose, 17 case studies were analysed in the framework of the Liaison project, an H2020 project, using social network analysis (SNA) and descriptive statistics. The results show that the studied multi-actor partnerships have been mostly funded by outside sources of funding, highlighting European funds. The innovation networks have a heterogeneous composition, but when we analyse the frequency of interactions there is a tendency to establish greater interaction between organisations that are of the same type. In the “core” of innovation networks, research entities and farmers are central actors with the main role of technician expert and case study field workers, respectively.

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Eitzinger, J., G. Kubu, V. Alexandrov, A. Utset, D. T. Mihailovic, B. Lalic, M. Trnka et al. « Adaptation of vulnerable regional agricultural systems in Europe to climate change – results from the ADAGIO project ». Advances in Science and Research 3, n^o 1 (21 octobre 2009) : 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-3-133-2009.

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Abstract. During 2007-2009 the ADAGIO project (http://www.adagio-eu.org) is carried out to evaluate regional adaptation options in agriculture in most vulnerable European regions (mediterranean, central and eastern European regions). In this context a bottom-up approach is used beside the top-down approach of using scientific studies, involving regional experts and farmers in the evaluation of potential regional vulnerabilities and adaptation options. Preliminary results of the regional studies and gathered feedback from experts and farmers show in general that (increasing) drought and heat are the main factors having impact on agricultural vulnerability not only in the Mediterranean region, but also in the Central and southern Eastern European regions. Another important aspect is that the increasing risk of pest and diseases may play a more important role for agricultural vulnerability than assumed before, however, till now this field is only rarely investigated in Europe. Although dominating risks such as increasing drought and heat are similar in most regions, the vulnerabilities in the different regions are very much influenced by characteristics of the dominating agroecosystems and prevailing socio-economic conditions. This will be even be more significant for potential adaptation measures at the different levels, which have to reflect the regional conditions.

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Saha, Somidh, Christian Kuehne et Jürgen Bauhus. « Lessons learned from oak cluster planting trials in central Europe ». Canadian Journal of Forest Research 47, n^o 2 (février 2017) : 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2016-0265.

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Oaks (Quercus spp.) are becoming increasingly important for future forest management as the climate in central Europe warms. Owing to the high costs of conventional row planting, artificial oak stand establishment in the form of “clusters” became popular in central Europe beginning in the 1970s. In cluster plantings, oaks are planted either in groups of ca. 20–25 at 1 m spacing between trees (i.e., group planting) or in denser groups with 20–30 oaks·m−2 (i.e., nest planting). In both cases, the clusters are spaced apart at a distance that represents the target density of future crop trees. A comprehensive review of the history, growth, tree quality development, and economic aspects of oak cluster plantings suggests that initial growing space was the most important factor influencing development of oaks in clusters. Consequently, survival, growth, quality, and biomass production were comparable in group and row plantings but lower in nest plantings. In addition, group plantings resulted in greater stand-level tree species diversity than nest or row plantings. We conclude that oak group planting is a comparatively inexpensive option for the artificial regeneration of oak-dominated broadleaved forests for a range of situations such as reforestation of disturbed areas or the afforestation of abandoned agricultural land. Future research needs regarding development and tending of forests established by oak group planting are highlighted.

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Jelínková, Zuzana, Jan Moudrý, Jaroslav Bernas, Marek Kopecký, Jan Moudrý et Petr Konvalina. « Environmental and economic aspects of Triticum aestivum L. and Avena sativa growing ». Open Life Sciences 11, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2016) : 533–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biol-2016-0069.

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AbstractThis paper deals with the assessment of cultivation of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and oat (Avena sativa) grown in Central Europe within the conventional and organic farming systems in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and economic profitability. Organic farming may be one of the tools for mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural production. In the context of crop production, cereals rank among the most commonly grown crops and therefore bread wheat and oat were chosen. The Climate change impact category was assessed within the simplified LCA method and the production of greenhouse gas emissions expressed in CO2e per the production unit was calculated. Economic balance of the cultivation of monitored cereals was compiled based on the yields, farm gate prices and costs. On its basis, the cultivation of wheat within the organic farming system appears to be the most profitable. From an environmental point of view, the emission load of the organic farming system is reduced by 8.04 % within the wheat production and by 15.46 % within the oat cultivation. Therefore, the organic farming system in the Czech Republic appears to be more environmentally friendly and economically efficient within the cereals production.

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Schelhaas, Mart-Jan. « European Forest Sector Outlook Study II : Switzerland in the European context ». Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 164, n^o 9 (1 septembre 2013) : 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2013.0271.

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European Forest Sector Outlook Study II: Switzerland in the European context The European Forest Sector Outlook Study II (EFSOS II) is the latest in a series of outlook studies by United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), providing an outlook for the European forest sector for the period 2010–2030. The study is structured around a reference scenario and four policy scenarios, implemented in a set of mathematical models. The paper summarises the methodology and main outcomes for Central Europe, discusses specific Swiss aspects, the usefulness of such outlook results at the national level and possible future improvements. The picture for Switzerland is one broadly characterised by opportunities, facilitated by a favourable starting point with regard to the forest resources and increasing demand in the surrounding countries. However, a preliminary comparison with national supply scenarios reveals some important differences with regard to increment and mortality and thus possibilities for increased supply. The time between successive new studies should therefore be used to update the underlying data sources, make comparisons to national studies and improve understanding of the models, all in close cooperation with the countries.

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TRNKA, M., J. EITZINGER, M. DUBROVSKÝ, D. SEMERÁDOVÁ, P. ŠTĚPÁNEK, P. HLAVINKA, J. BALEK et al. « Is rainfed crop production in central Europe at risk ? Using a regional climate model to produce high resolution agroclimatic information for decision makers ». Journal of Agricultural Science 148, n^o 6 (16 août 2010) : 639–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859610000638.

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SUMMARYThe reality of climate change has rarely been questioned in Europe in the last few years as a consensus has emerged amongst a wide range of national to local environmental and resource policy makers and stakeholders that climate change has been sufficiently demonstrated in a number of sectors. A number of site-based studies evaluating change of attainable yields of various crops have been conducted in Central Europe, but studies that evaluate agroclimatic potential across more countries in the region are rare. Therefore, the main aim of the present study was to develop and test a technique for a comprehensive evaluation of agroclimatic conditions under expected climate conditions over all of Central Europe with a high spatial resolution in order to answer the question posed in the title of the paper ‘Is rainfed crop production in central Europe at risk?’ The domain covers the entire area of Central Europe between latitudes 45° and 51·5°N and longitudes 8° and 27°E, including at least part of the territories of Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Switzerland and Ukraine. The study is based on a range of agroclimatic indices that are designed to capture complex relations existing between climate and crops (their development and/or production) as well as the agrosystems as a whole. They provide information about various aspects of crop production, but they are not meant to compete with other and sometimes more suitable tools (e.g. process-based crop models, soil workability models, etc.). Instead, the selected indices can be seen as complementary to crop modelling tools that describe aspects not fully addressed or covered by crop models for an overall assessment of crop production conditions. The set of indices includes: sum of effective global radiation, number of effective growing days, Huglin index, water balance during the period from April to June (AMJ) and during the summer (JJA), proportion of days suitable for harvesting of field crops in June and July, and proportion of days suitable for sowing in early spring as well as during the autumn. The study concluded that while the uncertainties about future climate change impacts remain, the increase in the mean production potential of the domain as a whole (expressed in terms of effective global radiation and number of effective growing days) is likely a result of climate change, while inter-annual yield variability and risk may also increase. However, this is not true for the Pannonian (the lowlands between the Alps, the Carpathian Mountains and the Dinaric Alps) and Mediterranean parts of the domain, where increases in the water deficit will further limit rainfed agriculture but will probably lead to an increase in irrigation agriculture if local water resources are dwindling. Increases in the severity of the 20-year drought deficit and more substantial water deficits during the critical part of the growing season are very likely over the central and western part of the domain. Similarly, the inter-annual variability of water balance is likely to increase over the domain. There is also a chance of conditions for sowing during spring deteriorating due to unfavourable weather, which might increase the preference given to winter crops. This is already likely due to their ability to withstand spring drought stress events. Harvesting conditions in June (when harvest of some crops might take place in the future) are not improving beyond the present level, making the planning of the effective harvest time more challenging. Based on the evidence provided by the present study, it could be concluded that rainfed agriculture might indeed face more climate-related risks, but the overall conditions will probably allow for acceptable yield levels in most seasons. However, the evidence also suggests that the risk of extremely unfavourable years, resulting in poor economic returns, is likely to increase.

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Genovese, Laura, Roberta Varriale, Loredana Luvidi et Fabio Fratini. « Italy and China Sharing Best Practices on the Sustainable Development of Small Underground Settlements ». Heritage 2, n^o 1 (8 mars 2019) : 813–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage2010053.

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Both Southern Italy and Central China feature historic rural settlements characterized by underground constructions with residential and service functions. Many of these areas are currently tackling economic, social and environmental problems, resulting in unemployment, disengagement, depopulation, marginalization or loss of cultural and biological diversity. Both in Europe and in China, policies for rural development address three core areas of intervention: agricultural competitiveness, environmental protection and the promotion of rural amenities through strengthening and diversifying the economic base of rural communities. The challenge is to create innovative pathways for regeneration based on raising awareness to inspire local rural communities to develop alternative actions to reduce poverty while preserving the unique aspects of their local environment and culture. In this view, cultural heritage can be a catalyst for the sustainable growth of the rural community. Through a series of projects on a national and international scale, the authors have addressed some of these problems by exchanging best practices in conservation, sustainable use and the enhancement of the underground heritage.

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Vasyltsiv, Taras, Ruslan Lupak et Olha Levytska. « Trends and Characteristics of the Migration From Ukraine to Poland : The Aspect of Rural Areas and Conclusion for State Migration Policy ». Wieś i Rolnictwo, n^o 1 (186) (20 janvier 2020) : 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.53098/wir012020/03.

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The authors describe modern global migration trends in Europe and in particular in Poland. The problems and risks for the functioning and development of rural areas of Poland during the strengthening of emigration attitudes and internal mobility of the population are identified. The aspects of the Ukrainian migration as a resource for levelling labour-deficit trends in the Polish labour market are substantiated. The official data of the Office for Foreigners in Poland, the Central Statistical Office, the Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy, the Department of Statistics of the National Bank of Poland, individual organisations for the study of migration between the Ukraine and Poland are presented and the growing volumes and the scale of external labour migration of Ukrainians to Poland are stated (it is shown that today there are about 1.3 million Ukrainians in Poland, which at about 3.5% of the population is a significant value); key changes in the qualitative and structural characteristics of migration are shown. The main parameters of permanent and labour migration of Ukrainians to rural areas in Poland are characterised. An important conclusion is that, despite still low volumes, there are positive trends and the structural characteristics of Ukrainian emigration to rural areas of Poland are improving. The results of the analysis of the quantitative characteristics of Ukrainian labour migration are presented in the context of their employment in types of Poland’s economic activity such as agriculture,forestry, fishery and hunting. The authors determine features and problematic aspects of this migration. The recommendations regarding the development of joint Ukrainian-Polish practices and regulatory and guidance provisions, as well as the priority tools of migration policy, focused on meeting the socio-economic interests of both countries, are justified.

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Balázsi, Ágnes. « Grassland management in protected areas – implementation of the EU biodiversity strategy in certain post-communist countries ». Hacquetia 17, n^o 1 (1 juin 2018) : 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hacq-2017-0008.

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Abstract The post-communist countries of Central-Eastern Europe (CEE) when implementing agricultural and conservation policies, face other challenges than Western European countries: (1) specific institutional design for each, developed on the remnants of totalitarian system causing difficulties for transposing directives; (2) different integration of Natura 2000 network into national protected area governance resulting in slow elaboration of the management plans; (3) farming landscapes were better preserved than in Western Europe, but lacking the continuity of extensive farming so large areas of conservation; and (4) formal protection of sites, lacking in many cases financial support. This paper summarizes: the historical background of the last century that changed the farming landscapes of the CEE countries and the challenges in the management of protected areas in an unsteady socio-economic and political context. The results are focusing on the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania. Two main conclusions are proposed. First, socialism and capitalism slowly abolished family farming, causing people to become disconnected from the landscape - a key element in conservation oriented grassland management. Second, the gaps of knowledge on different aspects of policy implementation sabotage the results of conservation initiatives.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Agriculture – Economic aspects – Europe, Central"

Dabu, Adina. « Theoretical Frameworks and Conceptual Approaches to Economic Development in East and Central Europe. Romania-Case Study ». Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44619.

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The development literature considers Romania from both the sociological and economic standpoints as a developing country with a large agricultural sector. Due to the specific nature of the structure of its economy and society Romania encountered a series of specific problems in its process of social and economic development, a process that began in the mid 19th century. A constant problem for the Romanian policy makers over the last century has been how to shrink the country's agricultural sector and develop the industry and service sectors to reach a level comparable to that of more advanced economies. Romania tried to solve this problem with various policies based on and inspired by a set of sociological and economic views, theories and models. Those policies were only partially successful and today the problem of underdevelopment and unsatisfactory economic performance is still largely unsolved. In the hypothesis of a rational policy making process (defined as conscientious relationship with past experiences based on a rational learning process) the post 1989 agricultural reforms should have been informed by the lessons provided by both the pre-communist and communist periods. Taking as a starting point this premise my study is constructed around the following hypothesis: If the policy process was a rational decision-making process, we would expect that the ideas, concepts, and theories that led to policy failure and mixed results in the past be rejected or correspondingly adjusted to the new context. In order to test this hypothesis the study develops a twofold approach: First, it identifies the main sequences of ideas - policies - results - lessons that characterized each of the pre-communist, communist, and post-communist periods. Second, it compares the ideas, policies, and lessons that could have been drawn from past experiences in regard to agricultural development with the actual ideas and agricultural policies that have been implemented in the post-communist period. The comparison reveals the extent to which the rational decision making model was displayed. In order to make this comparison operational the research design proceeds along the following lines: The key post-communist legislation regarding agriculture that was passed after 1989 is identified. By the detailed analysis of this body of legislation and of one of the most comprehensive reports on agriculture issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Food in Romania in 1999-2000, the dominant agricultural policy paradigm of the period, the key ideas that were behind it, and the main consequences that followed for agriculture are distinguished. The major agricultural reform policies in the pre-communist and communist periods (1864-1948 and 1948-1989) and the basic concepts and theories that informed each of them are documented. Thereafter, an overview of the economic, sociological and structural consequences of these ideas and policies is provided and pinpoints the main lessons that could be eventually derived by looking in retrospect to each of the periods. In accordance with these objectives the study is structured as follows: Chapter 1 outlines the Romanian reform legislation between 1989-2000 and, in line with point one above, uses this legislation as a vehicle to reveal the key ideas, policies and consequences for agricultural development in the last, post-communist decade. Chapter 2 and 3 fulfill the objectives stated in point two above. More precisely, chapter 2 starts by looking at the policy reforms in the pre-communist period, while in parallel outlining the main ideas, policies, consequences, and lessons of the period. Similarly, chapter 3 describes the main policy reforms of the communist period and pays special attention to the lessons that could have been drawn from this period's policies and their consequences. The conclusions wrap up the analysis and discuss the extent to which the study's main hypothesis has been supported or infirmed.
Master of Science

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Zhelo, Inessa. « Impact of Economic, Political, and Socio-Demographic Factors on the Parliamentary Election Outcomes in Central and Eastern European Countries ». Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2008. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29712.

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This study determines how economic, political, and socio-demographic factors impact the parliamentary election outcomes in central and eastern European countries in transition period. A one-way fixed-effect method has been applied to analyze two main economic models. The dependent variables are share of the Western-oriented and traditional-oriented parties. Data of sixteen countries have been used in the thesis. According to the results of this study, it is possible to conclude that outcomes of parliamentary elections in central and eastern European countries depended on political and socio-demographic factors from I 990-2001. Factors such as loans, received from the United States, per capita in the pre-election year, as a measure of external pressure, and share of agriculture in GDP, as a measure of country`s level of development, demonstrate consistent significance in both variations of the model.

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Jalilov, Shokhrukh-Mirzo. « Impact of Rogun Dam on Downstream Uzbekistan Agriculture ». Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10365/16332.

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Strains among the states of Central Asia caused by overuse of the region?s scarce water resources have been increasing in recent years. This is especially true for the relations between Tajikistan, upstream, and Uzbekistan, downstream, on the Amudarya River. Major controversy exists over constructing Rogun Dam on the Vakhsh River, a tributary of the Amudarya River. Construction of Rogun Dam, with a planned height of 335 m (1099 ft), began in 1976 but was stopped in 1991 with the breakup of the former Soviet Union. The intent of this dam is to supply Tajikistan with energy, but a side effect will be the changed flow regime of the Amudarya River to downstream states (especially Uzbekistan). The major impact will be on the agricultural sector of Uzbekistan. The objectives of this study are to estimate the monetary impacts of Rogun Dam and propose mitigation measures to minimize impacts. The study investigates the nature and extent of those impacts and indicates policy implications to mitigate negative consequences of the possible water shortage in summer by assessing the baseline situation and comparing that situation with future status-quo (no changes) level of water. Future water shortage could cost Uzbekistan annually over US $609 million economic loss in agriculture, reduce the country?s GDP by 2.2%, and result in 336,000 unemployed people. If Uzbekistan changes its present water use practice and increases water use efficiency, the future water shortage during irrigation periods will not as seriously affect the country?s economy, as adaptive management measures could cut the losses by 40%.

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Sibindi, Angels. « An analysis of the impact of contract farming on smallholding farming as a mechanism for value chain efficiency enhancement : the case of Mashonaland central province (Zimbabwe) smallholder tobacco farmers ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95661.

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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research study has examined the impact of contract farming on enhancing efficiencies with the agricultural value chain for smallholder tobacco farmers in Mashonaland Central Province in Zimbabwe. The major challenges facing smallholder farmers in Africa in general and Zimbabwe in particular relate to financial constraints, technical expertise and market access. Contract farming as a transactions-cost-focussed-model is considered more effectively responsive to those challenges than the pure market approach which insufficiently addresses the impact of information asymmetries, bounded rationality, uncertainty, governance challenges and infrastructure challenges, among others. It allows for closely monitored smallholder financing by agribusiness entities which reduces or eliminates the probability of loan default. Contract farming is seen as an important mechanism in transforming the fragmented, subsistence agriculture in rural Africa into high commercialised and viable business undertakings. In this study, extensive reference is made to literature on agriculture financing; empirical research data on smallholder productivity and loan recoverability is drawn and analysed using the quantitative research methodology. The analysis sought to test for relationships among a set of variables and in the process examined the impact of contract farming. A comparative analysis of national data on the contract and auction system of tobacco marketing was done with emphasis on production and sales volumes, crop quality, price stability and market access. The results from the quantitative analysis of farmer-level and country-level data indicated a strong correlation between smallholder farmer production, productivity and loan recoverability and contract farming value chain intervention mechanisms.

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YARASHYNSKAYA, Aksana. « The performance of agriculture in transition economies : evidence from Poland and Belarus, 1990-2004 ». Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/40748.

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Defence date: 18 May 2015
Examining Board: Professor Govanni Federico, EUI and University of Pisa, Supervisor; Professor Youssef Cassis, EUI; Professor Vicente Pinilla,University of Zaragoza; Professor/Academic Director, Alexei Pikulik, European University of St.Petersburg/Belarusian Institute for Strategic Studies.
This thesis contributes to the existing literature on the agricultural reforms that took place in Central and Eastern European countries during the transformational period (1990-2004) and on the agricultural development in Europe in general in the long-term (1960-2004). The study explores the history of the agricultural transformations in Poland and Belarus through a detailed analysis of the agricultural production and productivity dynamics, aiming to answer (i) whether the reforms succeeded or failed in terms of agricultural production and agricultural productivity; and (ii) what were the determinants of the agricultural reforms' success or failure. The research is centered on a comparative analysis of Polish and Belarusian agricultural performance, but it also incorporates the other CEE countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Russia and Ukraine), as well as the advanced Western European economies.

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Hildebrandt, Antje [Verfasser]. « Central and eastern europe in transition : economic and institutional aspects / von Antje Hildebrandt ». 2002. http://d-nb.info/966273672/34.

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GUARDIANCICH, Igor. « Pension Reforms in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe : Legislation, implementation and sustainability ». Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13297.

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Defense Date: 28/10/2009
Examining Board: Nicholas Barr (LSE), Martin Kohli (EUI), Martin Rhodes (University of Denver, formerly EUI) (Supervisor), Tine Stanovnik (University of Ljubljana)
The study analyses the legislation and implementation of pension reforms in four Central, Eastern and Southeastern European countries: Croatia, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia. By comparing the political economy of their policymaking processes, it pinpoints regularities between institutional settings, actor constellations, decision-making strategies and reform outcomes. The dissertation addresses three research questions: Why was reform possible and how was it carried through? What are its distributive consequences? Does it guarantee long-term political support? The main argument is that viable pension reforms should not be seen as an event, but rather as a continuing process that must be fiscally, socially and politically sustainable. The primary goals of a pension scheme are poverty reduction, consumption smoothing and insurance. These can be achieved only if the scheme enjoys continuing political support at all levels. Elaborating on this premise, the research makes four broad claims; two related to legislation and two to the implementation of reforms. First, policymakers in post-socialist countries quickly exhausted the possibility of enacting simple corrective measures and were hence forced to negotiate pension reforms with the pro-welfare coalition. Complex exchanges between policy and politics became central to these negotiated bargains. Second, systemic reforms introducing policy innovations, such as funding, were politically superior to parametric changes. Systemic innovations are a source of popular support and free room for manoeuvre. The new funded elements are traded for cuts in public pension schemes. Third, trade-offs between fiscal and social sustainability emerged during legislation, jeopardizing successful implementation. Excessive emphasis on financial viability conflicts with sound social policy. Conversely, failure to eliminate extreme imbalances between contributions and benefits, and unjustified special privileges disrupt the fiscal budget. Finally, how legislation is conducted is important for a reform’s political acceptability. Negotiated bargains are qualitatively different from other modes of policymaking. Contrary to a received wisdom in the literature, the thesis argues that inclusive decision-making, as opposed to limited bargaining, increases both the effectiveness of reforms and their political sustainability over time. The involvement of a greater number of stakeholders allows for smoother implementation: costly deviations from efficient solutions are avoided, and incentives to stick to the reform’s initial rationale are put in place. With respect to existing work, this study makes two innovations. First, it extends analysis to ten years of implementation, following the reform wave of the late 1990s. Second, it employs theoretical instruments to study Eastern pension reforms that are entirely consistent with those applied to the West. The dissertation links the legislative and the implementation phases together by adapting the Natali-Rhodes’ theoretical framework, developed for pension reforms in Continental Europe. The ‘spillover’ is justified on multiple grounds. First, sufficient analogies exist between the institutional structure and the mounting problems of Bismarckian retirement arrangements and post-socialist pension schemes. Second, this approach accounts for the popularity of systemic pension reforms in the region. By focussing on the ‘creative opportunism’ of policymakers, it shows how they simultaneously introduced policy improvements and imposed benefit cuts. Finally, the framework is easily extended to the implementation of reforms, thereby linking individual decision-makers’ preferences to policy outcomes and their consequent sustainability in time.

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Dang, Ngoc Toan. « The human rights-based-approach to development : a case study of a development project in the Central Highlands of Vietnam ». Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.7/uws:48764.

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The Human Rights-based Approach (HRBA) to development is based on the international human rights framework, and its key principles are participation, empowerment, accountability and non-discrimination. The HRBA has been endorsed by the United Nations (UN) and development agencies as the approach to development that has the capacity to adequately address poverty in the developing world. However, while much has been written about the HRBA as a viable approach to development, little is known about how the HRBA is implemented in practice, especially in non-western settings like Vietnam. This research explores the implementation of the HRBA in two ethnic minority communities in the Central Highlands of Vietnam by investigating the views and experiences of local stakeholders who were involved in the project, highlights the lessons learned and explores the implications for advancing rights-based poverty reduction strategies in non-Western societies. The thesis begins by providing a contextual background to the HRBA project in Vietnam. I then move to explore what poverty means in this context and how this fits with the local perception of recent development approaches. To do so I draw on a range of in-depth interviews undertaken with local stakeholders. Through an in-depth case study of one poverty reduction project, I argue that the successful implementation of the HRBA relies on appropriate adaptation to local settings. More specifically, the findings from this study highlight many difficulties that arose during the implementation of the HRBA in the Central Highlands of Vietnam including a limited capacity of project staff members, especially in terms of their understanding of the HRBA principles and their ability to effectively implement the principles in the communities. The research also found an inability of the HRBA to provide material assistance to the community, in conjunction with capacity building. In light of the issues identified in this case study, I recommend that flexibility be viewed as the fourth principle of the HRBA. Adding flexibility to the core HRBA principles of participation, empowerment and accountability is key to the successful implementation of the HRBA in local settings. This is because poverty is not universally the same, but a context-specific phenomenon associated with local contextual specificities. In other words, there is no universal development model that can deliver universal success. In this thesis, I also discuss different modes of cooperatives as potential strategies that could better enable the adaptation of the HRBA to local settings for these modes of cooperatives could link between capacity building and economic development. They could also be an effective empowering strategy, which is a central component of a development project that aims to implement HRBA to development in the communities.

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Malambo, Augrey Hicigaali. « The impact of economic liberalisation on the spatial patterns of peasant crop farming in Zambia since 1991 : the case of Chibombo District in central Zambia ». Diss., 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18095.

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This is a comparative study of the spatial patterns of peasant crop farming in Chibombo District between the 1980s and the 1990s. The study lists and discusses the agricultural support system, communication infrastructure and the crop production and patterns of the 1980s within the environment of centralised planning and then compares these to the structures and patterns of the 1990s in an atmosphere of economic liberalisation. This comparison in crop production, cropping patterns, institutional support systems and the communication infrastructure in five sampled farming wards of Chibombo District, leads to the conclusion that there is a marked change in the structures and patterns of the 1990s from those of the 1980s. Thus, in Chibombo District, the state of the communication infrastructure in the 1990s is generally poorer than the communication infrastructure of the 1980s, the agricultural support system of the 1990s is largely privately owned and found in fewer farming areas while the agricultural support system of the 1980s was state controlled and more widely spread, and crop patterns in some farming wards are different in the 1990s from those of the 1980s. In the 1990s, crop production in farming wards with a supportive environment has increased than it was in the 1980s but decreased in those where a conducive environment lacks. In this line, the study makes several recommendations for consideration on how to mitigate the problems that the peasant farmers are facing or how to enhance the positive changes that have occurred in Chibombo District.
Geography
M.A. (Geography)

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Livres sur le sujet "Agriculture – Economic aspects – Europe, Central"

Brown, Tim. Investment opportunities in Central Eastern Europe. Uckfield : Nuffield Farming Scholarships Trust, 1996.

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Csaba, Csáki. Transformation of agriculture in Central Eastern Europe and the former USSR : Major policy issues and perspectives. Washington, DC (1818 H St. NW Washington 20433) : Agriculture and Rural Development Dept. and Country Economics Dept., World Bank, 1992.

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1953-, Nash John D., dir. The agrarian economies of Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States : Situation and perspectives, 1997. Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 1998.

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Sophia, Davidova, Bauer Kai 1972- et Cuddy Michael 1942-, dir. Integrated development of agriculture and rural areas in Central European countries. Lanham, MD : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2006.

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Effects of EU enlargement to the Central European countries on agricultural markets. Frankfurt am Main : Peter Lang, 2003.

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A, Kerr William, et Gaisford James D, dir. The transformation of the agrifood system in Central and Eastern Europe and the new independent states. Wallingford, Oxon : Cab International, 1997.

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1962-, Norsworthy L. Alexander, dir. Rural development, natural resources, and the environment : Lessons of experience in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Washington, DC : Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development, Europe and Central Asia Region, World Bank, 2000.

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Maurel, Marie Claude. La transition post-collectiviste : Mutations agraires en Europe centrale. Paris : l'Harmattan, 1994.

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Lerman, Zvi. Agriculture in transition : Land policies and evolving farm structures in post-Soviet countries. Lanham, MD : Lexington Books, 2004.

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World Congress for Central and East European Studies (5th 1995 Warsaw, Poland). Microeconomic change in Central and East Europe. New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Agriculture – Economic aspects – Europe, Central"

Bański, Jerzy. « Land-use and ownership changes of agriculture ». Dans Social and Economic Development in Central and Eastern Europe, 225–43. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series : Regions and cities ; 137 : Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429450969-11.

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Sowa, Przemyslaw Marcin. « Selected Socio-economic Aspects of Post-communist Health-Care Transition ». Dans Governance of Hospitals in Central and Eastern Europe, 15–95. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-766-6_2.

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Halamska, Maria. « 11. Changing property structures in central European agriculture during decollectivization : the social aspects of appropriation ». Dans Contexts of Property in Europe, 229–46. Turnhout : Brepols Publishers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.rurhe-eb.4.00072.

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Ragland, John, et Seweryn Kukula. « Balancing Agriculture with Physical and Economic Environment in Eastern and Central Europe with Special Reference to Poland ». Dans Agriculture and the Environment, 181–205. Madison, WI, USA : American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/asaspecpub60.c10.

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Haneklaus, S., J. Fleckenstein et E. Schnug. « Agro-Environmental Aspects of Land Disposal of Industrial Wastes ». Dans Soil Quality, Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Security in Central and Eastern Europe, 101–13. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4181-9_8.

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Suchý, Marek. « St Vitus Building Accounts (1372–1378) : The Economic Aspects of Building the Cathedral ». Dans Money and Finance in Central Europe during the Later Middle Ages, 222–46. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137460233_15.

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Rizzolli, Helmut, et Federico Pigozzo. « Economic and Social Aspects of the Trade of Luxury Goods between Africa and Europe : Ostrich Feather ». Dans Atti delle «Settimane di Studi» e altri Convegni, 507–17. Florence : Firenze University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-857-0.26.

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In Europe, in the Middle Ages, ostrich feathers were used for the decoration of military headgear, as a representation of the high lineage of the possessor and his military virtues. They were imported from the coasts of West Africa, from Egypt and Syria into Italian and Spanish ports and from there exported to England and continental Europe. Venice, at the end of the fourteenth century, began to color feathers and soon the new fashion was spread throughout Europe. During the fifteenth century, even women began to use ostrich feathers on their hats or in their fans. When European ships reached America, Central Africa and the islands of the Indian Ocean, a huge amount of exotic bird feathers became available and ostrich feather fad spread through the population.

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Hartell, Jason G., et Johan F. M. Swinnen. « From Central Planning to the Common Agricultural Policy : Analysis and Political Economy Aspects of Agricultural Policy in Central and Eastern Europe ». Dans Agriculture and East-West European Integration, 187–214. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315197760-8.

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Kalinski, Janusz. « Structural Changes in Polish Agriculture 1918‚Äì89 ». Dans Economic Transformations in East and Central Europe. Routledge, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203202791.ch10.

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« STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN POLISH AGRICULTURE 1918–89 ». Dans Economic Transformations in East and Central Europe, 179–92. Routledge, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203202791-19.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Agriculture – Economic aspects – Europe, Central"

Forgacs, Csaba. « In what direction is agricultural specialization headed in Central and Eastern Europe ? (2005-2016) ». Dans 21st International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2020". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2020.53.005.

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The paper deals with the main directions of specialization in Central and Eastern European Countries’ (CEECs, EU10) agriculture after the EU’s Eastward Enlargement. We analyse and compare growth and productivity advantages of specialized farm types by physical size (in hectare) in EU10 member-states to the EU10/27/15 average based on EUROSTAT data in the period of 2005-2016. We focus on exploring the main directions of specialization using such indicators as the number of specialized farms, land (Utilized Agricultural Area, UAA) and labour (Agricultural Working Unit, AWU) use on the input side, average farm size by land and labour use as well as area-, labour-, and total productivity on the output side. We conclude that the directions of specialization in farming in EU10 were based on the traditional farm production structure making the latter better able to adjust and take advantages of Common Agricultural Policy. Concerning production growth rate, the three leading specialization types of CEECs’ farms were: (i) cattle rearing and fattening, (ii) cereals, oilseed and protein crops and (iii) fruits and citrus fruits. These three specialization types of farms – in the same ranking order - also increased land (UAA) and labour (AWU) use well above the average. Specialized cereals farms and cattle rearing and fattening farms were also ranked in top three by number. Both cereals and fruits specialized farms have leading position in growth rate of land and labour use and also are in top three in growth rate of land area and total farm productivity. Cereals and fruits specialized farms also more than doubled labour productivity during the first decade after the EU’s Eastward enlargement but did not rank in the top three in this category.

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FORGACS, Csaba. « DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL FARMS IN EU 10 (CEECS) BETWEEN 2005–2010 ». Dans Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.123.

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The paper deals with developments and possible future of small farms in EU with special respect to EU 10 (Central East European Countries, CEECs) analyzing the structure of small farms by economic and area size on one hand and, their Standard Output (SO) as well as labor use (Agricultural Working Unit, AWU) and the farm manager aspect on the other. The main conclusions of the paper underline that importance of small farms in rural development cannot be neglected by policy makers, although, trends of development indicate certain differences in concentration in economic size, area size, standard output (SO) and engaged labor between CEECs. It was pointed out that decline of number of farms and that of small farms especially has continued between 2005 and 2010 more in EU 10 than EU 27 and more in case of farms with less than 2 ha (UAA) in EU 10. Decline was much higher in case of small farms run by managers over 65. Labor use also went back in small farms more in EU 10 than EU 27 and more in case of farms with UAA below 2 ha. Standard Output grew faster in EU 10 than EU27, however concerning SO of small farms below 5 ha a higher declined was observed in EU 10 in compare with EU 27. Brief evaluation on effectiveness of CAP in 2006–2013 programming period and future policy towards small farms for 2014–2020 was also discussed.

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Cardaci, Alessio, et Antonella Versaci. « Identification and safeguarding of Central Sicily's forgotten vernacular heritage : elements of identity and memory ». Dans HERITAGE2022 International Conference on Vernacular Heritage : Culture, People and Sustainability. Valencia : Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/heritage2022.2022.14880.

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The coronavirus pandemic has created new challenges for rural areas already affected by chronic economic, social, and environmental problems such as depopulation, reduced service provision, ageing, the decline of agriculture income, inhibited accessibility. These problems are of great importance in Central Sicily. Here, the absence of adequate infrastructure, the limited presence of organizations for the promotion and marketing of agricultural products, and climate change have strongly affected the rural landscape. Numerous small towns, farms and extraordinary underground structures are on the verge of extinction, threatened by the ravages of time, forgetfulness, and vandalism. Although often unknown, these eloquent examples of the vernacular heritage of the interior of the island are no longer an integral part of the life of the region. However, if properly identified, studied, protected, re-used, and reconnected to the territory, they could help to reinforce the local cultural identities, and bring positive changes in the socio-economic conditions of the concerned peoples. This paper aims at exploring all these aspects, focusing on the territory of Enna. It also intends to present a pilot project aimed at identifying the most important elements of local rural architecture to promote sustainable methods of preservation and restoration.

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Korobeinikova, Larisa. « Features of Legal Regulation of Investment Activities in Russia ». Dans The XX International Scientific Conference "Functioning of Investments Financed from State Resources and from Other Sources in The Countries of Central And Eastern Europe". Temida 2, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/ipf.2022.08.

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The article considers some problems of legal regulation of investment activity in the Russian Federation. The issues of state regulation of investment activity are reflected, the actual problems of improving the forms and methods of state regulation in this area are considered. The effective development of the economy is directly related to the activation of investment activity. The transition to an innovative path of economic development has further actualized the importance of this factor. The solution to the problem of intensification of investment processes depends on many circumstances and involves the implementation of various measures in terms of content. Among them, an important place is occupied by the legal aspects of investment, improving the legal regulation of investment activities, which, in turn, necessitates a systematic and comprehensive study of the investment process as an economic and legal phenomenon, its essence and socio-economic significance, common properties and features generated by the diversity of investment spheres and types of investors, concretization of basic, basic concepts in this area of legal regulation, many of which do not meet the requirements of certainty and consistency.

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Belykh, Vladimir, et Tatyana Stadnik. « Improving the Procedures for Concluding Transfer Pricing Agreements in Russia and Kazakhstan : a Comparative-Legal Analysis ». Dans The XX International Scientific Conference "Functioning of Investments Financed from State Resources and from Other Sources in The Countries of Central And Eastern Europe". Temida 2, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/ipf.2022.01.

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The article provides a comparative analysis of the procedure for considering and concluding transfer pricing agreements in the countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan. The issues of determining the parties to the transfer pricing agreement, introducing amendments and additions to them, the timing of the final decision on the application of entrepreneurs to conclude an agreement, as well as the list of documents required for its signing are to be investigated. The discussions of civil scientists regarding the interpretation of the nature of agreements on pricing, namely, referring them to one of the types of tax control or to a contractual form of regulation of relations in the field of taxation have been studied and reflected. The positive and negative aspects of transfer pricing agreements for the state and business have been identifi ed. It is noted that pricing agreements can help achieve a balance of public and private interests, neutralize the negative aspects of the use of transfer prices, including reducing numerous disputes and litigation between entrepreneurs and government agencies. Proposals were made to amend and supplement the legislation on transfer pricing in Russia and Kazakhstan in terms of improving the procedure for concluding transfer pricing agreements for tax purposes.

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Małecka, Joanna. « Alternative Securities Markets as Financing Sources for SMEs – Selected Aspects of AIM and NC ». Dans Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cbme.2017.072.

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Small and medium-sized enterprises are the foundation for the development of each contemporary national economy. Their number affects macroeconomic indices of economies and directly translates into the labour market created by SMEs. This article aims to investigate the key conditionings behind the macroeconomic significance and legal factors of the financial market operation in Poland and the UK, with particular emphasis on the stock exchange as the fundamental element of the capital market. Both AIM and NewConnect are platforms dedicated to SMEs, which have been allowed easier access to this capital market segment by minimising mandatory legal conditions. This study analyses the number of listed companies and their capitalisation values in 1999–2015, covering: the rules of the financial market operation, with a special focus on the legal bases of the stock market operation in the economies investigated; legal conditions for the development of this economic segment; and a detailed analysis of the number of participants and capitalisation values achieved on the Warsaw and London Stock Exchanges, in particular AIM and NewConnect. This paper builds on source data from various annual reports and stock exchange publications drawn up and made available by stock exchanges and financial supervisors. The attempt to compare the indices and capacities of the WSE and the NC with the biggest European player is motivated by the fact that the Warsaw Stock Exchange is classified as the largest and most dynamically growing stock exchange in Central and Eastern Europe.

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Mazur-Kumrić, Nives, et Ivan Zeko-Pivač. « TRIGGERING EMERGENCY PROCEDURES : A CRITICAL OVERVIEW OF THE EU’S AND UN'S RESPONSE TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND BEYOND ». Dans EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18300.

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The large-scale COVID-19 pandemic is a severe public health emergency which poses distressing social and economic challenges to the international community as a whole. In order to provide immediate and effective support to affected welfare and healthcare systems as well as to build their lasting, inclusive and sustainable recovery, both the European Union and the United Nations have introduced a number of urgent measures aiming to help and protect citizens and economies. This paper looks into the specificities of urgent procedures launched and carried out by the two most influential international organisations with a view to rapidly respond to the unprecedented COVID-19 crisis. More specifically, it focuses on the involved institutions and steps of urgent procedures as well as on their most remarkable outcomes. In the case of the European Union, the emphasis is put primarily on two Coronavirus Response Investment Initiatives (CRIIs), adopted during the Croatian Presidency of the Council in one of the fastest legal procedures in the history of the European Union, and the Recovery Assistance for Cohesion and the Territories of Europe (REACT-EU) as an extension of the CRIIs’ crisis repair measures. The overarching United Nations’ response is assessed through an analysis of its urgent policy agenda developed on the premise that the COVID-19 pandemic is not only a health and socio-economic emergency but also a global humanitarian, security and human rights crisis. This particularly includes procedures foreseen by the Global Humanitarian Response Plan (GHRP) and the Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan (SPRP). In addition, the aim of the paper is to provide a critical overview of the subject by highlighting three pivotal elements. First, the paper sheds light on the financial aspects of the urgent fight against the COVID-19 pandemic, necessary for turning words into action. Notably, this refers to funds secured by the Multiannual Financial Frameworks 2014-2020 and 2021-2027, and the Next Generation EU recovery instrument, on the one hand, and the UN COVID-19 Response and Recovery Fund, the UN Central Emergency Response Fund and the Solidarity Response Fund, on the other hand. Second, it offers a comparative evaluation of the end results of the European and global emergency procedures in mitigating the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, it summarises the underlying elements of measures governing the aftermath of the ongoing crisis, i.e. those promoting a human-centred, green, sustainable, inclusive and digital approach to future life.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Agriculture – Economic aspects – Europe, Central"

Romero, Antonio. The Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement and relations between European Union and Cuba. Fundación Carolina, février 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dtff01en.

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This document makes an assessment of the Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement (PDCA) between Cuba and the European Union (EU) in its four years of validity, and of the evolution of political and economic relations between both parties. The analysis is structured in five headings that address the background, determinants and significance of the PDCA between Cuba and the EU; the main elements discussed in the political dialogue —and in thematic dialogue— between the two parties since 2018, and the central aspects of trade, investment and cooperation relations between Cuba and the EU. The report concludes that, unlike the United States, the EU is able to support the complex process of economic and institutional transformations underway in Cuba, in four fundamental areas: i) technical assistance and advice for the design and implementation of public policies, macroeconomic management, decentralisation and local development; ii) cooperation to fight climate change and transform Cuba’s productive and technological structure; iii) the promotion and encouragement of foreign investment flows from Europe, targeting key productive sectors; and iv) the exploration of financial opportunities for Cuba through the European Investment Bank (EIB) under the current PDCA.

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