Articles de revues sur le sujet « Agriculture – Belarus – 1990- »

Land use and cover changes (LUCC) have a fundamental impact on the terrestrial carbon cycle. The abandonment of cropland as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union offers a typical case of the conversion from cropland to natural vegetation, which could have a significant effect on the terrestrial carbon cycle. Due to the inaccuracy of LUCC records, the corresponding impact on the terrestrial carbon cycle has not been well quantified. In this study, we estimated the carbon flux using the Vegetation-Global-Atmosphere-Soil (VEGAS) model over the region of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine during 1990–2017. We first optimized the LUCC input data by adjusting the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) data by Russian statistical data and redistributing the spatiotemporal input data from the Historical Database of the Global Environment (HYDE) to the original model. Between 1990 and 2017, the area of cropland abandonment was estimated to be 36.82 Mha, compared to 11.67 Mha estimated by FAO. At the same time, the carbon uptake from the atmosphere to the biosphere was 9.23 GtC (vs fixed cropland 8.24 and HYDE 8.25 GtC) during 1990–2017, which means by optimizing the cropland distribution data, the total carbon absorption during the abandonment process increased by 0.99 GtC. Meanwhile, the growth of the vegetation carbon pool was significantly higher than that of the soil carbon pool. Therefore, we further highlight the importance of accurate cropland distribution data in terrestrial carbon cycle simulation.

The article highlights the research results on the assessment of natural moisture supply in Ukraine, the state of water resources and agricultural production in the face of modern climate change taking into account the forecast for the medium and long term prospects. It was established that the rate of air temperature growth for the period of 1975-2019 in Ukraine ranges from 0.61 to 0.82oC, while in neighboring post-Soviet countries (Russia, Moldova, Belarus) – this figure is 0.47 - 0.59oC, and in the northern hemisphere and Europe – it is 0.34 and 0.47oC respectively. These data show that the rate of air temperature rise in Ukraine is much higher compared to European countries and the whole world. The rapid rise in average annual temperature in Ukraine is not accompanied by a significant increase in precipitation. Its amount in Ukraine as well as in some other regions remains virtually unchanged. Due to the steady increase in temperature, the area of ​​Ukraine with a significant deficit of natural moisture supply for the period of 1990-2015 increased by 7%, and with excessive and sufficient natural moisture supply, on the contrary, decreased by 10%. If the current warming rates are kept until 2050 and 2100, the territory of the country with insufficient humidity will increase up to 56 and 71%, respectively. As a result of such changes, there is a high probability of medium and long-term prospects of increasing arable land with insufficient natural moisture supply up to 20.6 million hectares (67%) and up to 24.9 million hectares (80%) with a simultaneous decrease in arable land with sufficient natural moisture supply up to 5.5 - 1.8 million hectares. At present, the potential total evaporation is 40-45 km3/year higher than in 1990. As a result, despite the decrease in water consumption, the total amount of water consumption taken from the territory of Ukraine is 20-25 km3 higher. Further climate change will lead to an increase in the volume of additional water consumption till 2050 by 80 km3, and till 2100 - by almost 150 km3 compared to 1990. Modern climate change has significantly affected the cropping systems and their productivity at regional level. The average yield of grain and legumes in the Forest-Steppe and Polissya compared to 1990 increased by 46-61%, and in the Steppe it decreased by 10%. A similar trend is observed with regard to the changes in the productivity of other major cereals, except corn, the yield of which increased in all areas, but in the Forest-Steppe and Polissya by 71-82%, and in the Steppe - only by 9%. The general increase in the production of grain and legumes in the country for the last years was only due to more humid regions - Polissya and Forest-Steppe. Climate change, which has already taken place, proved to be favorable for the spread of the most economically profitable crops in the north of the country, while limiting their production in the south. Thus, in the face of climate change, the conditions of moisture supply in the territory of Ukraine are the main limiting factor that limits not only the level of crop productivity, but also the use of natural and anthropogenic potential of agriculture.

Agrarian science in general and a number of agrarian scientists were at the forefront of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR. Researches and knowledge in the field of this science in the republic originated in the last third of the XVIII century. Their formation was accelerated by occurrence of Gory-Goretskaya agricultural school 180 years ago in Mogilev province and of the Institute of Belarusian Culture (Inbelkult) in 1922, which gave start to the Academy of Sciences in 1928. It also included agricultural research institutes, which in 1940 made up 30 % of the total number of research institutions in the BSSR. In 1957–2002 agrarian science was united by the sectoral Academy. In 2002 it was included into the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus again, Department of Agrarian Sciences was created which included 25 research organizations, 7 agricultural and 2 industrial enterprises. Today, agricultural knowledge is formed by the structural sub-divisions of the Agrarian Sciences Division of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, other scientific organizations of the Academy, and their joint researches. There are five leading research and production centers for arable farming, livestock breeding, potato and fruit-and-vegetable farming, mechanization of agriculture and foodstuffs, which combined specialized research all the areas of the country's agro-industrial complex and to strengthening the country's agrarian economy. Agrarian scientists have established close relations with colleagues in many countries of the world, but the closest relations have been established with Russian research institutes: a number of research and technical programs have been implemented within the framework of the Union State of Belarus and Russia. There are many famous people among Belarusian agrarians being highly appreciated by the state. Thus, agrarian science of the Republic of Belarus has passed a serious stage of development throughout its history, retaining connection and tradition of several generations of scientists of fundamental importance for research work in the XXI century.

This paper investigates spatial and temporal features of the climate change in the Republic of Belarus during the period from 1960 to 2019. To accomplish this, we used data on daily average surface air temperature and applied decomposing the time series of these data with singular-spectrum analysis. We analyzed the principal components and long-term average anomalies of average annual, winter and summer air temperatures, the number of frosty days in the cold season and the number of winter days with thaws, the duration and heat supply of the growing season, as well as the frequency and intensity of heat waves. We also estimated the rates of moving the annual sum of active temperatures and the duration of the growing season from the south to the north of Belarus as a result of global warming. The ERA5 reanalysis estimates the spatial and temporal changes in the balance between annual rainfall and potential evaporation from 1980 to 2019. The average annual air temperature in 2000-2019 is shown to be exceeded the long-term average of this value by 1.8° C. The annual sum of active temperatures moves northward at an average speed of 120 km in 10 years with acceleration. Over the past 20 years, the rate of this displacement has doubled in comparison with the period 1980-2000. The length of the growing season moves from the south to the north at a speed of about 110 km per 10 years. It is shown that an increase in potential evaporation due to air warming when slightly changing annual amount of precipitation leads to aridization of the climate of Belarus emitting a reduction in the duration of the cold period with a simultaneous increase in the number of thaws does not contribute to the replenishment of water reserves during snowmelt. Additional damage to forestry and agriculture might be caused by heat waves, the frequency of which for 2000-2019 increased by a factor of 4 compared to the previous 20-year period. Additional damage to forestry and agriculture might be caused by heat waves, which frequency during last 19 years increased by a factor of 4 compared to the previous 20 years.

The article is addressing the dynamics of livestock numbers in public and private agricultural farms and enterprises of Belarus over the years from 1941 to 2021. It is remarked that over a 50-year period the number of pigs increased twice, that of beef cattle increased more than twice, dairy cows – by 1,2 times, goats – by 1,07 times. Over the same period, sheep and horse numbers declined 6,3- and 5,4-fold respectively. Starting from 1991 and up until 2021, the numbers of dairy cows, pigs, sheep and horses declined significantly (37, 43, 78 and 84,3 % respectively).In 2020, as against 1990, the live weight of cattle and poultry made 100,1 % and 108,8 % in carcass weight; milk production made 104,1 %. Per capita production of meat, milk and eggs was respectively 21 kg, 99 kg and 15 pieces more than in previous years. Increased per capita production of the basic animal products not only guarantees food safety in the country, but it also provides with export possibilities inviting the inflow of foreign currencies.

Examines the socio-economic situation of the Western Belarusian lands included in the Polish Republic as a result of the Polish-Soviet war of 1919–1920 in the article. The socio-economic consequences of the "polonization" of Western Belarus are shown. The description of the main reasons for the backwardness of the industrial and agricultural sectors of the Western Belarusian territories is given.

The historical review of the Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus considers all periods of the Institute’s evolution, starting with its organization in 1959, forming the main structural divisions and areas of research and development (1959–1968), structuring these areas and accelerating their development (1969–1990), optimization and headway with a primary focus on the scientific support of important tasks of industry and the agricultural complex of the Republic of Belarus (1991–2019). The information on the formation and development of scientific schools at the Institute, their outstanding achievements and examples of successful implementation of developments in enterprises and organizations of the national economic complex is presented. In chronological order, the results of the activities of the Institute scientists structured by the main scientific areas are reviewed, and references to their published books and monographs are given.

The article presents the results of the analysis of the main directions of the reform of higher technical education of the USSR in the 1930s and their features in Belarus. On the basis of archival materials introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, the specifics of the development of the higher technical school of Belarus are revealed on the example of the Belarusian State Polytechnic Institute (Minsk) and the Belarusian State Mechanical Engineering Institute (Gomel). It is noted that the short period of restructuring of higher education on the principles of Western European approaches soon showed its inconsistency in the USSR. Huge territories, large-scale projects of industrialisation and collectivisation required not a narrow specialist, but an engineer capable of solving complex problems. Agricultural engineering already in 1930 began to abandon the use of Western European models of equipment, which, due to their orientation to the farmer in conditions of the huge size of collective farms and state farms, were unproductive and ineffective. These circumstances contributed to the change in the concept of higher education, which was oriented in 1932 to the consolidation of universities and specialties. The reforms carried out were enshrined in the USSR Constitution of 1936, which allowed the higher school to acquire those features that distinguished it in a favorable light in the world – accessibility, democracy and fundamentality. The liquidation of the All-Union Committee on Higher Technical Education in the same year and the creation of the All-Union Committee onHigher Education meant the completion of the process of building a higher school in the USSR.

The article main goal is research continuation on the development and detailed study of the socio-technological path for a civilizational solution of the critical situation our planet has faced. The key tasks here are import substitution, i.e., technological independence, reducing the energy source export importance for the economy, and the most intensive increase in political, social, technological and economic sovereignty. Moreover, the need in searching for new partners, reorientation exports and imports to new markets, strengthening integration with allied countries (Russia and Belarus), which in fact have confirmed their willingness and ability to collaborate even under strong external pressure — these needs are constantly increasing. The author concerns the creation and application of the Program for Redirecting the Economy of the Union State of Russia and Belarus on the Biosphere Path of Civilizational Development (Program) as the main solution the tasks referred above. The Program can prevent global problems in existing models of civilizational order and the destructive orientation of their technological and social development. The proposed Program is not limited by the Union State boarders and consists of the following biosphere and engineering technologies: relic solar bioenergy; biosphere agriculture; construction technology of cluster-type, pedestrian linear cities; “second level” transport and infrastructure complexes – Unitsky String Transport (uST); non-rocket near space industrialization. These biospheric technologies are complementary. Their complex implementation will make the redirection and global reset of any country economy possible, and primarily the economy of the Union State.

The development of the terminology of each language depends on the socio-cultural conditions in which the carriers of this idiom live. This is a major factor affecting the configuration of the entire terminology system, and the features of its individual parts, and the general tradition of terminology, serving as one of the parties to standardize the literary language. An example of such a establishedness can be the difficult and controversial formation of terminology in the language of the colonized people, which by any cultural acts, even at first glance, the capitulatory, hides the general idea of its resistance to the dominant language and culture. In the social typology of languages, national terminology plays a prominent role, since it affects the characterization of several relevant attributes of the idiom. Terminology directly depends and at the same time to a certain extent determines the power of foreign-language influences, the communicative sphere of language, and also indirectly determines the degree of tradition of the idiom. In other words, it affects half of the parameters required to create a language characteristic by the methods of social typology. Certainly, throughout all history these parameters do not remain constant, vary depending on cultural-historical conditions. Belarusian linguistics has a long tradition of studying the principles and methods of creating terminology. However, terminology in Belarus as an independent scientific discipline was formed only in the second half of the twentieth century. Based on various sources, researchers analyzed botanical, grammatical, entomological, agricultural, philosophical, legal, automotive, water transport, and others varieties of terminology in the Belarusian language. However, the problem of the perception of Ukrainian traditions in the Belarusian terminology has still little studied. In the scientific level, the issues of foreign-language influences on the lexical subsystem of the new Belarusian literary language (respectively, and on the Belarusian terminology) were first raised in the 1920’s when there were active processes of codification of the idiom. Purposeful and scientifically substantiated Belarusian terminology was initiated in 1921-1922, since it was at this time that the first (mathematical) dictionary from the series “Belarusian Scientific Terminology”, as well as 8 terminological collections containing materials on grammar, logic, arithmetic, algebra, botany, geometry, trigonometry. However, the general codification, and hence the beginning of the terms of the Belarusian language, was initiated in 1918, during the First World War, when under the auspices of the occupation headquarters of the German Army in the East, was printed “Sieben-Sprachen Wörterbuch: Deutsch, Polnisch, Russisch, Weißruthenisch, Litauisch, Lettisch, Jiddisch”, is also known in the history of lexicography as “The Lexicon of the Belarusian Language in German Processing”, or the Seven-language Glossary. Vilnius (in the Belarusian tradition for the name of this city was used exonym Vilna) played the role of the leading cultural centre in the Belarusian national revival until the 1930s. In the first half of the 20’s of the twentieth century the study literature originally came out in Vilnius, but only later – in Minsk, which was separated from the western Belarusian lands by the state Polish-Soviet border (in fact since 1919, legally since 1921 – after the signing of the Riga Peace Treaty). Terminology created in the western Belarusian lands during the 1920’s was freely used in Soviet Belarus. Ukrainian influences on Belarusian terminology were not limited to only one era, alternating throughout the period of the formation and development of a new Belarusian literary language. Let’s say they are quite expressive in the nineteenth century, in the 20’s and 30’s of the twentieth century. As a result, a number of elements of Ukrainian origin have been consolidated in the Belarusian linguistic terminology. After the language reform of 1933 and up to our time, the researchers of Belarus mostly focused on studying the role of the Russian language as the main source of borrowing in the field of Belarusian terminology. The influence of Ukrainian tradition on the terminological system of the Belarusian language from the second half of the twentieth century gradually weakens, but it does not fade well in our time. The study of this problem in a wide range of Belarusian texts will allow us to show in which groups of lexicon the perception of Ukrainian traditions are most entrenched.

Abstract. The yield potential of seeds of linseed varieties in the Republic of Belarus reaches 30 centners per hectare, in recent years, ten new domestic varieties of crops have been created, and the soil and climatic conditions of the country make it possible to cultivate it. However, when testing varieties in the State Institution “State Inspectorate for Testing and Protection of Plant Varieties”, the values of the seed productivity indicator vary greatly both by test sites and by varieties. In this regard, the aim of the research is to assess the level of productivity and adaptive potential of oil flax varieties by statistical parameters calculated on the basis of “seed productivity”. Methods. Statistical processing of data obtained during four years of testing (2018–2020) was carried out at seven variety plots. As the object of the research, the flax varieties Salyut, Al’yans and Vizir’ of the selection of RUE “Institute of Flax” were taken. An assessment of the studied varieties is given in terms of such parameters as plasticity and stability, indicators of variety stability, yield range, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, homeostaticity and breeding value. Results. The highest seed productivity (13.5–17.2 c/ha) and the smallest variability of the “coefficient of variation” (7.4–18.3 %) were observed in the varieties Salyut and Vizir’. It was found that the variability of the productivity of the studied varieties is caused by the influence of environmental conditions, and not by their genetic characteristics. The stability of obtaining high yields in optimal conditions is evidenced by the obtained values of the adaptability coefficient (0.91–1.06). Thus, with a combination of various statistical indicators and models, an objective and complete characteristic of the studied varieties is given. The data obtained testifies to the prospects of cultivating the varieties of linseed Al’yans, Vizir’, Salyut in agricultural organizations of the republic and the possibility of obtaining high and stable yields of this crop. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time the characteristics of linseed varieties Alliance, Vizir, Salyut of Belarusian selection in terms of productivity and adaptive potential are given on the basis of a combination of various statistical indicators and models. The data obtained allowed us to make a conclusion about the prospects of cultivating these varieties in the conditions of Belarus.

The article examines various aspects of the recently revealed archival document of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) on the plan of repressive policy against the Soviet peasantry “On measures to eliminate kulak farms in the areas of continuous collectivization.” The author notes that the process of liquidation of kulaks as class, or of depeasantrification, as it is often designated in the historical literature, has been well studied. The first and rather timid attempts to assess the problem in the terms of individual “deformations of socialism” date to the turn the 1990s. At present, the attention is mostly focused on the regional aspect, as over the past three decades there has been made available a complex of sources from local archives, which was previously in closed storage. The article analyzes preconditions of the protest sentiments in the course of mass collectivization undertaken by the party bodies in the center and in the regions, as well as harsh suppression of possible peasant uprisings by punitive bodies, identification and persecution of the instigators. Examination of official party documents on collectivization permits to identify the ideological, social, and economic criteria for ranking Soviet peasants among kulaks. It is concluded that liquidation of kulaks as class on the territory of the USSR was conducted in a very short time and in two stages. At the first stage, in January – March 1930, repressions were to be carried out in the economically developed regions: the Black Earth region, the Middle and Lower Volga region, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Belarus, North Caucasus, Dagestan, Ural, Siberia. The second stage spread them to other regions of Soviet Russia. The author notes an inconsistency in the thesis of positive economic consequences of the mass collectivization and elimination of kulaks as class for industrialization. Taking into account their consequences, the author proposes to consider these two complementary processes initiated by the leadership of the CPSU (B) as a preventive campaign to intimidate the rural population in order to return to the methods of surplus appropriation via formation of the collective farm system. It has been revealed that J.V. Stalin’s plans, in accordance with the Marxist-Leninist doctrine, included a rapid change in socio-economic status of peasants: from relatively free farmers, producers of agricultural products entitled to manage their crops (after paying the taxes) to hired workers, in other words, proletarians. According to the author, the large-scale famine of the first half of the 1930s was a direct consequence of the so-called “revolutionary transformations in agriculture,” the victims of which are still to be accurately calculated.

The word "optimization"in modern Russia has firmly entered our everyday vocabulary. "Optimization" has affected all spheres of human life and activity. This function also affected the agricultural sector. The number of employees has been reduced by automating many processes. Many processes are outsourced. Starting from repairs, ending with accounting and legal issues. An important part of the optimization process is to improve the design features by changing them. Due to high fuel prices, the cost of the final product is consistently changing, being the main law of modern product logistics. Using the example of an intelligence map, we will consider the factors that affect and are extracted in connection with the change in design features. The reduction in oil production and exports undoubtedly affects the final price of the oil product. The article presents data for 2019 and 2020 on oil production and export. Based on them, we can draw some conclusions. The increase in gas production and its competitive price make it possible for alternative fuels. Methane-fueled transport is no longer a novelty on the market, so why shouldn't it be used in the agricultural sector? It is more economical and most importantly more environmentally friendly along with gasoline and diesel fuel. There are only 4 methane-powered combine harvesters in the world, and they are located in Belarus. The huge benefit and convenience is already obvious. A wide network of pipelines, through which gas moves, has enveloped almost the whole of Russia. This type of transport, such as pipeline, allows you to deliver fuel more quickly and economically.

The main task for the near future is to identify the best samples from the collection to develop the winter barley varieties that meet the modern requirements of domestic agricultural producers. The purpose of the study was to identify the effect of the yield structural elements and other traits on the productivity of collection winter barley varieties and to identify the most adapted for use in the breeding process. The current paper has presented the study results of collection winter barley samples. The study was carried out in the department of barley breeding and seed production of the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center «Donskoy» (2018–2021). Based on the study results of this material, there were identified new sources for use in breeding programs to increase the values of individual traits:– low stem: ‘Perkins’ (USA), ‘Novosadski 331’ (Yugoslavia);– resistance to lodging: ‘Hobbit’ (Switzerland), ‘Merchant’ (Bulgaria), ‘Akademichesky’ (Ukraine), ‘Gust’ (Belarus), ‘18513 EN11’ (France), ‘Explorer 2’, ‘Explorer 3’, ‘Explorer 4’, ‘Explorer 6’, ‘Explorer 8’, ‘Wintwalt’, ‘Tiffani’ (Germany), ‘Perkins’ (USA), ‘Novosadski 331’ (Yugoslavia), ‘Posaune’, ‘Sombrero’, ‘Karisma’ (England), ‘Duet’ (Germany);– number of productive stems per area unit: ‘Explorer 8’, ‘Explorer 4/2’, ‘Wintwalt’ (Germany), ‘Baraka’ (France), ‘Posaune’ (England);– grain content per head: ‘Artel’ (Russia), ‘Caprice’, ‘Azurel’, ‘Rurdue’ (France), ‘HWV1427’ (Germany);– 1000-grain weight: ‘Randevu’, ‘Premier’ (Russia), ‘Nectaria’, ‘Vanessa’ (France), ‘Explorer 3’ (Germany);– grain weight per head: ‘Randevu’, ‘Pallidum 1916’ (Russia), ‘Oribi’, ‘Bezosty’ (France), ‘Explorer 2’, ‘KWS-Scala’ (Germany), ‘Hobbit’ (Switzerland);– fast-maturity: ‘Parallelum 1963’, ‘Sekret,’ ‘Bezosty 1953’, ‘Bezosty 1954’ (Russia), ‘Fermer’ (Ukraine);– high productivity: ‘Rostovsky 55’, ‘Grand’, ‘Artel’ (Russia), ‘KWS-Hiskory’, ‘Explorer 8’ (Germany), ‘Esterel’ (France).According to the complex of economically valuable traits (4 or more traits), there were identified 15 varieties: ‘Randevu’, ‘Parallelum 1960’ (Russia), ‘KWS-Scala’, ‘KWS-2-117’, ‘KWS-2-234’, ‘Explorer 4’, ‘Explorer 3/2’ (Germany), ‘Baraka’, ‘Rebelle’, ‘6577 CH’, ‘18513 EH11’ (France), ‘Cello’, ‘Fenesse’ (USA), ‘Novosadski 321’ (Yugoslavia), ‘Posaune’ (England).

Abstract. The purpose of the research is to assess the Belarusian potato varieties in terms of adaptability, ecological plasticity and stability. To establish the possibility of their cultivation in the conditions of the Chelyabinsk region. Research methods. The assessment of the adaptive potential of potatoes was carried out according to the classical method presented by V. A. Zykin. Results. Allocated 21 adaptive varieties suitable for cultivation in the South Urals. Analysis of ecological plasticity and stability showed that these qualities are combined in Belarusian varieties: Briz (35.7 t/ha; bi = 0.86; Si2 = 7.4), Manifest (35.4 t/ha; 0.92; 7.8), Pershatsvet (34.4 t/ha; 1.20; 29.2), Palats (33.2 t/ha; 1.08; 25.8), in domestic varieties: Spiridon (32.1 t/ha; 1.04; 0.3) and Irbitskiy (33.1 t/ha; 0.81; 23.5), as well as in the Gala variety (38.4 t/ha; 0.98; 2.2) created in Germany. Genotypes of the intensive type include the Chelyabinsk varieties: Tarasov (40.3 t/ha; bi = 1.89) and Zakhar (38.0 t/ha; 1.28), the Belarusian variety Uladar (36.8 t/ha; 1.64) and foreign varieties: Koroleva Anna (45.9 t/ha; 1.61), Zekura (35.7/ha; 1.57) and Rozara (32.0 t/ha; 1.56). A group of varieties of a neutral type was identified, which weakly responds to changes in growing conditions: Kavaler (bi = 0.33), Kashtak (0.63), Amulet (0.65) and Kuzovok (0.77) of the Chelyabinsk selection and the variety Lad (0.73) and Yanka (0.73) of the Belarusian selection. The wide distribution of foreign varieties Koroleva Anna, Rozara and Zekura in agricultural enterprises of the Chelyabinsk region is explained by their high responsiveness to intensification of production, while the Gala variety combines ecological plasticity and stability. Scientific novelty. The assessment of the adaptive potential of potato varieties created in the Republic of Belarus made it possible to identify seven adaptive varieties suitable for cultivation in the South Urals. The Uladar variety belongs to the intensive type genotypes. Varieties Briz, Manifest, Pershatsvet and Palats combine high productivity, environmental plasticity and stability. Potato varieties Yanka and Lad react poorly to changing growing conditions.

The article focuses on the publication activities of post-Soviet archives within the framework of memorial events in honor of the 75th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War. The authors note a wide variety of forms for these events, paying special attention to the publication of collections of documents and materials addressed to various topics and issues associated with the Great Patriotic War and post-war events. First of all, that is the tragedy and heroic deed of the civilian population of the Soviet Union during the war, including the participation of civilians in the partisan movement, as well as the history of military everyday life and the psychology of the Soviet soldier and the Soviet internationalism in the context of the war and post-war events. The analysis of the publication activities of the archives of the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States allows the authors to conclude that it was the archives of the Russian Federation that led the most energetic publication activities, implementing both regional and federal anniversary publication projects (among the latter, the authors distinguish the all-Russian project “With No Status of Limitation”). As early as in the first half of the anniversary year 2020, archivists of the Russian Federation prepared collections covering the participation of Russian regions in the Great Patriotic War. Unlike the Russian archives, the archives of other member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States in 2019 – the first half of 2020 were less productive in their publication activities. However, the authors note the publications of the National Archives of the Republic of Belarus (already published:“Khatyn. On the Way to Recognition. Documents and Materials” and “Operational Summaries of the Belarusian Headquarters of the Partisan Movement. January–July 1944”, were announced: the publication of document collections related to the operation “Cormorant” and the restoration of agriculture in the Belarusian SSR in 1946–1950); of the State Archives of Minsk Region (“Life during War” collection was published), and the State Service of Records and Archives Management of the Trans-Dniester (Pridnestrovian) Moldavian Republic (“There is Such a Profession to Defend the Motherland” – an electronic collection of documents was prepared).

This paper reviews the key deliverables of the study and reconstruction of archaeological findings on the site of the tsar's palace in Kolomenskoye village. The palace was built in the 1660s–1680s during the reign of Aleksei Mikhailovich and his son Fyodor by a group of masters, including from Central Europe (Belarus, Lithuania and other countries), with important assigned roles. In 1670–1690s, the future reformer of Russia Peter the Great, yet a child and a young man, visited this place. He knew and loved the estate. As instructed by him, the palace was fortified and renovated in the late 1710s – early 1720s. It existed for about one century, when the empress Catherine the Great had to dismantle it as it was too old. The site excavations were launched in the 1920s, and were conducted from time to time later. The most important works took place in 1935, 1970–1980s and in the 2000s. In order to analyze the obtained data, it was necessary to collect the reports on these excavations and finds from various repositories. The missing sections were rebuilt, and a database of finds was compiled. All information was transferred to the map system. A 3D reconstruction is underway. Simultaneously, the archival texts and images of the 17th–19th century palace were collected. As a result, we have been able to show that the palace was the most important of the Tsar's summer residences, also designed to be demonstrated to the global community. Its interiors contained ample European objects. The atmosphere of the palace inspired the young Peter the Great to enjoy and adopt the Western culture and architecture.