Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Agriculture – Afrique occidentale »
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Thèses sur le sujet "Agriculture – Afrique occidentale"
Roudier, Philippe. « Climat et agriculture en Afrique de l'Ouest : quantification de l'impact du changement climatique sur les rendements et évaluation de l'utilité des prévisions saisonnières ». Paris, EHESS, 2012. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00874724.
Texte intégralIn this thesis, we first aim at reviewing all the studies assessing the impact of future climate changes on agricultural yields. The median value of all relative changes of yield is -11%. We also underline the relevance for future studies to define a large range of climatic scenarios. Based on these conclusions, we next intend to evaluate the impact of future climate change on West African yields using 35 meteorological stations. Results reveal a negative evolution of average yield, mainly driven by temperature rise. Rainfall anomalies can only compensate (positive anomaly) or aggravate (negative) this tendency. We also find that potential impacts are more pessimistic for cultivars with a constant cycle length. Given these previous findings about high year-to-year variability of rainfall (thus entailing a variability of yields) and given the uncertain future climate, we are led to study next what interest the farmers would have in having climatic information such as seasonal forecasts. These forecasts can be used to minimize the impacts of rainfall variability. We compute the value of such forecasts for millet growers in Niger, using a simple economic model. Results reveal a positive impact of such forecasts on average income, even for dry years and with a forecast accuracy close to a real one. This increase reaches +34% if other information such as the onset and the offset of the rainy season are given. Finally, we develop participatory workshops in Senegal (i) to study precisely how farmers change their cropping strategies with seasonal and decadal forecasts and (ii) to quantify the impact of such forecasts on yields. This study reveals that forecasts have mainly no impact on yields (62%). However, it is positive in 31% of cases
Sow, Fanta. « Les stratégies de développement de la filière du miel en milieu rural du Sénégal, Guinée, Mali ». Paris 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA010667.
Texte intégralTraore, Amadou. « Changement climatique et agriculture en Afrique subsaharienne. Perception des agriculteurs et impact de l'association entre une céréale et une légumineuse sur les rendements des deux espèces et leur variabilité inter-annuelle sous climat actuel et futur. Cas du sorgho et du niébé dans l'environnement soudano-sahélien ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://theses.hal.science/tel-03847646.
Texte intégralIn the Sudano-Sahelian zone of West Africa, agricultural productivity is strongly affected by climate variability and change. Agricultural production is dominated by rainfed cereal production such as maize, millet and sorghum for food consumption. Farmers have small and variable yields, leading to increasing uncertainty about their ability to produce more to feed a rapidly growing population. The aim of this thesis was to design more productive and stable cropping systems, adapted to climate change, by exploring the benefits of sorghum-cowpea intercropping, combined with contrasting choices of sorghum variety, mineral fertilisation and sowing date. The approach was based on a survey, field experimentation and simulation using a crop model, for a case study in central Mali in West Africa. The first step was to identify farmers' perceptions of climate change and the agricultural adaptation strategies they consider relevant to cope with climate variability and change. Secondly, the STICS crop model was calibrated on the basis of two years of experimentation (2017, 2018) of the sorghum-cowpea intercrop at the N'Tarla agronomic station. In this experimental set-up, two sorghum varieties (local and improved) with contrasting sensitivity to photoperiod were studied in sole crops and in intercropping with cowpea. Two sowing dates and two levels of mineral fertilisation were also studied. The relevance of the model to represent competition and complementarities between sorghum and cowpea fo water and nitrogen use was evaluated. Finally, the performance (average productivity and productivity stability of a range of technical options for integrated soil fertility management
Bouda, Seydou. « Rôle du capital humain dans le développement au Burkina Faso ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UCFA0158.
Texte intégralAlways devoted a significant budget to education as one of the key variables contributing to the improvement of human capital. After so many efforts and means devoted to the improvement of human capital, one can legitimately wonder whether the improvement of human capital positively influences development in Burkina Faso. Several human capital indicators exist but many converge on the consideration that education is an essential element in its determination. Some studies find mixed results regarding the relationship between education and development. This study aims to analyze the effects of human capital on development in Burkina Faso. The first is to analyze the effects of education on the agricultural productivity of rural households; secondly, to analyze the role that education can play in the adoption of agricultural production techniques and thirdly to analyze the role that education can play in reducing inequalities. The results show that the level of education of the farm manager has a positive effect on the productivity of the main food and cash crops. In general, when the plot manager has the "literate level", technical inefficiency is reduced compared to those who have received no instruction. This inefficiency is further reduced when the farm manager reaches the primary or secondary level. For greater efficiency in the production of cash crops, the survey reveals that secondary education is the required level. Technical support for farmers, belonging to a group as well as being located in the sub-Sudanian zone make it possible to be more efficient. Similarly, the results show that a high level of education is associated with a greater probability of adopting new production techniques, while reducing polluting techniques such as the adoption of pesticides. The results also show that education is a source of inequality in well-being and whether in rural or urban areas, the effect is significant, but the magnitude is greater in urban than in rural areas. These results suggest that policy makers could place more emphasis on access to education enabling farmers to be efficient and adopt the most effective modern agricultural techniques, a guarantee of sustainable agriculture. In order to reduce income inequalities, it is necessary to reduce the disparities between town and country with regard to the chances of access to education, whether it is literacy or different levels of education. In Burkina Faso, cotton can be considered as the benchmark crop for agricultural policies. The public authorities will have to implement a proactive policy by capitalizing on the cultivation of cotton to apply it to certain food crops such as maize, rice and even cowpea, which are now well anchored in consumption habits in urban areas as in countrisides
Fouda-Onambele, Paul. « Information et communication de la FAO en matière d'agriculture en Afrique Occidentale : cas du Bénin, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nigéria, Togo ». Bordeaux 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR30057.
Texte intégralIn west africa, the peoples living in the countries of benin gulf (ghana-nigeria benin-cote d'ivoire-togo) are alike, sharing the same civilizations and facing the same problems. All of those countries have agriculture as the main and fundamental economic activity. Since independence, they have been victims of an inadequate political development which made agriculture play a secondary role. As a result, the agricultural production has declined seriously. It's rate of increase is less than that of the population growth (2% against 3,2%). From this, it resulted a chronic food shortage, misery and poverty. In that situation, the new agricultural development strategies are carried on at first, by information which is a prime necessity resource. So far, the democratization process in progress in those countries enhance an emergence and the development of media which are a powerful and an efficient means to reach the peoples, mostly those living in the rural areas. Being aware of those realities, fao as a reliable source of information, cooperates tightly with the media in order to put information and communication in the service of the peoples for a sustainable agricultural development, a healthy and nutritive feeding
Leblois, Antoine. « Quels changements organisationnels pour l'agriculture africaine ? : essais sur les réformes des filières cotonnières et les assurances à indices météorologiques ». Paris, EHESS, 2012. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00765746.
Texte intégralThe PhD dissertation dealt with two kinds of organisational changes that aim at defining paths for future agricultural development in sub-Saharan African countries. Both were related to market, the first concerned cash crop market structure and reforms, the access to second financial markets and more particularly insurances. The two first chapters were dedicated to institutional changes. We looked empirically for supply responses of market reforms in the cotton sector of 16 sub-Saharan African countries. We controlled for the availability of environmental factors on yield and area cultivated with cotton using the average of available precipitations and temperatures during the crop cycle, weighted by density of cotton cultivation over national cotton production zones. We found that reforms leading to regulation and strong competition had a significant impact, both on area and yield (but no significant impact of reforms leading to low competition). In a nutshell, reforms have generally led to higher yields but that introducing strong competition significantly lowered the area cultivated with cotton. The three last chapters concerned a relatively recent organisational innovation designed for fostering investments and technology adoption: weather index-based insurance mechanisms. I studied the potential of index-based insurances in developing countries, using detailed agronomic data on cotton cultivation in Northern Cameroon and millet cultivation in South-West Niger, matched, in both cases, with observations from high density networks of rainfall stations. Those papers compare the performance of various meteorological indices based on daily rainfall data
Bawa, Anissou. « Mutations des périphéries urbaines au sud du Togo : des espaces ruraux à l'épreuve du peuplement et de la marchandisation des terres ». Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT077/document.
Texte intégralThis research focuses on the transformation of suburban areas in the southern part of the republic of Togo, and in particular on the transformation of rural areas around cities. It’s based on multidisciplinary approach that take into consideration all questions on demography, land occupation, land selling and the perceptions of different actors involve in those areas. Qualitative and quantitative methods have been used to collect demographic and satellite data, and to formulate a database on land market. Also, a series of interviews of key individuals involved in land use plan and a quantitative survey of a large sample of farmers have been conducted.The results show that the economic, social and spatial transformations of suburban area of the city of Lomé is part of a general movement of strong population growth under way since the second half of the twentieth century and which is manifested both by the rapidly settlement and population growth of the localities themselves. Nearly 15 new localities appear every year in this small area and the number of localities with more than 1,000 inhabitants arose from 80 to 168 between 1970 and 2010. This intensification of settlement is both a cause and a consequence of the rapid sale of land. Three-quarters of land transfers are now monetized in this region. But this dynamic land market is still largely informal and unregulated by the government. In fact the rapid decrease of agricultural land is the main concern. Land acquisitions are indeed intended mainly to urbanization (66 %). Every year, a large proportion of agricultural land is converted to shelter: 26 % in the suburbs near the city of Lomé and 7 % in more remote peripheries, especially beyond 25 km. The vast majority of buyers (93 %) reside in nearby urban centers and these are often urban administrative managers (24 %). The supply of land for housing limited by the high demand mainly comes from two streams: the customary informal sector (77.5%), and the formal private sector (22.5%). If the customary sector allows households with low or medium incomes to access to land, it does not guarantee security of tenure and prices remain high relative to the purchasing power of the population. The structuring of these supply chains will be important to urbanization and settlement processes in order to contribute to more inclusive economic growth and shared prosperity and not a missed opportunity for agriculture.However, this land market, allows women – long marginalized by customary land tenure – access to land. Unlike men, women perceive urban growth as an opportunity for their farms and their land strategies aimed at maintaining suburban agriculture. Women become undoubtedly important players for the maintenance of agricultural activities in the suburban areas around African cities
Fare, Yohann. « Origine et transformation d'un système agraire au Sénégal - La zone des Niayes - ». Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IAVF0009/document.
Texte intégralA study on the agrarian system of the Niayes region, situated in the northern coastal area of Senegal, between Dakar and Saint Louis was accomplished, implementing historical surveys coupled with a hundred ones related to agricultural exploitations. About eighty surveys were used to help establish economic results. Main phases within the region’s agrarian system were distinguished.1. During the precolonial period, an economy of gathering (wine and palm oil) and a shifting agriculture with as basis millet and peanut in the South; transhumant stockbreeding system in the North;2. During colonization, market gardening became a source of income for Niayes farmers who, seen the area conditions, could not take advantage of the peanut boom of their Dieri neighbor. This development was also a response to cities’ increasing needs in fruits and vegetables.3. During the great drought (1970’s and 1980’s), the market gardening areas extension and the culture system’s intensification caused by migrants’ influx and thanks to the creation of a fruit-part-type contract, the mbeye seddo which allows sharing added value between the employer and the seasonal worker, the sourgha.4. For 20 years, the development of motorized culture systems, with an increasing differences of incomes between manual and motorized exploitations in one hand and the employers’ and family exploitations on the other hand.Within one contemporary agrarian system, we distinguished three main farming categories (family business, employers’ and capitalist ones). Within these groups, farms use manual, semi-motorized or motorized cultivating systems. The survival threshold (meaning the minimal level of necessary resources) was estimated for an average family at CFA 149’000 per working person and per year (227 euros).The first farm category is a food-producing system on short fallows with palm groves. With manual cultivating systems, it is possible for a working person to develop 800 to 1’200 m2 of vegetable basin (Niaye) depending on species to cultivate, with at best 2 campaigns per year. The income varies from 500 to 1’500 euros/working person/year. With combined systems (motorized drainage and manual water distribution), it increases to 2’500m2/year with also 2 campaigns per year and an income of 500 to 2’600 euros/working person/year. Complete motorization (motorized drainage and spraying water distribution, using hose) allows 2 to 4 campaigns per year on 3’000 to 3’500 m2/working person. Incomes vary between 2’000 to 10’000 euros/working person/year.Manual family farms or employers’ exploitations which hire few sourgha most face difficulties with an income barely situated beyond survival threshold (average of 260 to 300 euros/working person/year, sometimes 100 euros) on less than 2’000 m2/family working person. While appealing to sourghas a great deal, manual exploitations earn between 1’000 and 1’800 euros/working person/year on 4’000 m2 to 1 ha/family working person. Motorized exploitations (combined and integral) can use between 1’000m2 (combined) and 1ha/family working person (integral), with incomes varying from 1’500 euros/working person/year (family system with motorized drainage and manual water distribution) to 3’500 euros/working person/year (intensive and motorized capitalist system with 4 campaigns/year).If motorization seems tempting to improve incomes, though not deemed sustainable for the area (ground water overexploitation, various pollutions, and dependence to fossil energy), “race for motorization” brings about important income differences within manual exploitations and current social relationships, and added value sharing deserves review
Gubert, Flore. « Migration et gestion collective des risques : l’exemple de la région de Kayes (Mali) ». Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CLF10219.
Texte intégralPerrin, Aurélie. « Evaluation environnementale des systèmes agricoles urbains en Afrique de l'Ouest : Implications de la diversité des pratiques et de la variabilité des émissions d'azote dans l'Analyse du Cycle de Vie de la tomate au Bénin ». Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0080/document.
Texte intégralUrban agriculture provides opportunities to reduce poverty and ensure food safety for cities inhabitants in West Africa. The general objective of this thesis is producing representative inventories and a robust environmental assessment for those production systems using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. Our case study was the tomato production in urban gardens in Benin. Our state of the art identified the integration of the diversity of systems and the variability of field emissions as two major challenges for the LCA of vegetable products. We therefore developed a typology-based protocol to collect cropping systems data that includes their diversity and an approach combining a nitrogen budget and the use of a biophysical model to estimate nitrogen field emissions. We created inventories for 6 cropping system types and one weighted mean representative for the urban tomato growers in Benin. The analysis of the agronomical performances of these systems highlighted the important yield variability and the variable and often excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers. The investigation of nitrogen fluxes variability at plot and crop cycle scales led to the identification of 4 major influencing factors: water use, nitrogen input, soil pH and field capacity. Using favorable and unfavorable scenarios for nitrogen emissions for each of these 4 factors, we demonstrated that the LCA results were sensitive to their variations. The implementation of LCA using those contrasted data showed that one hectare of tomato production in Benin was more impacting than European vegetable productions. The benefits from the favorable climate for producing out-of-season tomatoes were hampered by the low efficiency of irrigations systems, the frequent use of insecticides and large nitrogen emissions. Measured data and new knowledge on these systems are needed to validate and refine our conclusions