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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Agricultural laws and legislation – European Union countries »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Agricultural laws and legislation – European Union countries"

Montilon, Vito, Oriana Potere, Leonardo Susca et Giovanna Bottalico. « Phytosanitary Rules for the Movement of Olive (Olea europaea L.) Propagation Material into the European Union (EU) ». Plants 12, n^o 4 (4 février 2023) : 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12040699.

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Phytosanitary legislation involves government laws that are essential to minimize the risk of the introduction and diffusion of pests, especially invasive non-native species, as a consequence of the international exchange of plant material, thus allowing us to safeguard agricultural production and biodiversity of a territory. These measures ensure compliance with adequate requirements relating to the absence of pests, especially of harmful quarantine organisms through inspections and diagnosis tests of the consignments to ascertain the presence of the pests concerned. They also regulate the eradication and containment measures that are implemented in the eventuality of an unintentional introduction of these organisms. In the present contribution, the current plant protection legislation for the exchange of plants or propagation material within the European Union or for export to foreign countries, represented by Regulation (EU) 2016/2031, has been reviewed, with a particular focus on the olive tree (Olea europaea L.). Furthermore, a brief summary of the main olive tree pests transmissible with the propagation material is also reported, indicating their current categorization with respect to the relative quarantine status.

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Spaskyi, Habriiel. « Foreign trade in Ukrainian agricultural goods in the context of the association agreement with the European Union ». Ekonomika APK 324, n^o 10 (28 octobre 2021) : 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32317/2221-1055.202110072.

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The purpose of the article is to establish, based on the analysis, trends in foreign trade and directions for improving the competitiveness of agricultural goods of Ukraine in the EU in the context of the implementation of the Association Agreement. Research methods. In the course of the research the following methods were used: analysis and synthesis, analytical generalizations - during the analysis of foreign trade in agricultural goods; tabular - for clarity of the image of the received results of research; economic and statistical - to assess trends in foreign trade; abstract-logical - in drawing conclusions. Research results. The article analyzes the volume, dynamics, structure of exports and imports of agricultural goods of Ukraine with EU countries, assesses changes in the foreign trade regime, identifies trends and the impact of the implementation of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU on Ukraine's foreign trade. The place and importance of the agricultural sector in European markets are studied. The foreign trade turnover of agricultural goods of Ukraine is determined. The algorithm for assessing the level of competitiveness of agricultural goods is generalized. Scientific novelty. The authors found that, on the one hand, the export orientation of raw materials to the EU market of crop products has increased, on the other hand, there is a high import dependence on finished food products, and the structure of imports is more diversified. Practical significance. Adaptation of Ukrainian legislation in the field of agriculture and sanitary and phytosanitary measures is incomplete and lags behind the planned pace. Ways to diversify exports and increase the profitability of foreign trade in agricultural goods from Ukraine in the EU market are proposed. Tabl.: 1. Figs.: 3. Refs.: 19.

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Sakovska, Olena. « AGRICULTURAL COOPERATION : EXPERIENCE OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES FOR UKRAINE ». Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 6, n^o 1 (16 mars 2020) : 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2020-6-1-118-124.

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The purpose of this article is to analyze the experience of agricultural cooperation in foreign countries, such as Sweden, Norway, Finland, Japan and apply it in Ukraine. The defining feature is that the existing agricultural cooperation in Ukraine is not backed up by proper legislation to integrate with the European countries. Analyzing the state of agricultural cooperation in Ukraine in comparison with foreign countries, the country remains a number of unresolved issues regarding its normal functioning, namely: the activation of international economic cooperation of Ukraine involving the development of a strategy for the effective functioning of agricultural cooperation, which is the basis for ensuring the various areas of rural development employment of rural population. In addition, agricultural cooperation stimulates the development of agrarian market infrastructure, plays an exceptional role in strengthening the economic potential, competitiveness and social status of agricultural producers, improving economic conditions and creating incentives for the growth of commodity products. However, so far its development is at a low level, the main reasons being the underestimation in the process of economic reforms of cooperative forms of economic activity, general unfavorable conditions for agricultural production, psychological unwillingness of peasants to cooperate and insufficient knowledge of the rural population about the benefits of cooperation, weak state support for small businesses in agribusiness and agricultural cooperatives. Methods. The countries of the West in every way stimulate the development of cooperation: by appropriate laws, privileges, subsidies. Ukraine needs to take the example from these countries in order to develop the cooperative movement, which will stimulate rural development. Results. Ukraine is trying to build on the experience of different countries in the field of agricultural cooperation, backing up on the best of the countries studied. Practical implications. Studies have shown that world experience convinces that cooperation has contributed to the development of many countries in the world. In Europe, for example, cooperatives are an important part of economic life and industry. Value/originality. Analyzing the activities of agricultural cooperatives operating in the world, we point out that the main advantage of combining agricultural producers in cooperatives is a grower group (union or cooperative) is considered as the only powerful organization that is able to buy large volumes of products and services and realize large volumes of production.

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Rudenko Olha, Rudenko Olha, Zhytar Maksym Zhytar Maksym et Kodis Yevheniy Kodis Yevheniy. « EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EASTERN PARTNERSHIP PROJECT IN UKRAINE ». Socio World-Social Research & ; Behavioral Sciences 03, n^o 01 (14 janvier 2021) : 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/swd03012021139.

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It was found that today Ukraine is not ready to introduce a decentralized system due to shortcomings in budget planning and non-transparency of public financial management. In case of its introduction in the management system of EU funds of Ukraine, it is advisable to develop a preparatory stage for a decentralized management system of EU assistance resources, which will ensure an independent audit of Ukraine's external assistance management system. Based on the results of the audit, it is necessary to determine the responsible state institution that will carry out the overall coordination of the decentralized system in the subsequent stages of its implementation. An urgent challenge for modern Ukraine is the ability to develop a national research and innovation strategy in line with the best EU models. To date, Ukraine lacks a comprehensive systemic vision for the development of science, technology and innovation, and dialogue with civil society and the expert community is somewhat of a formality. The plans and proposals submitted by the Ministry of Education and Science and the Ministry of Economic Development, Trade and Agriculture need to be properly coordinated. After all, such inconsistency of actions of government structures is also reflected in the quality and effectiveness of the legislation of Ukraine, increases the time of adoption of laws in the Verkhovna Rada. In this regard, cooperation between the three committees in particular needs to be significantly improved, namely: the Committee on Education and Science, the Committee on Informatization and Communications and the Committee on Industrial Policy and Entrepreneurship. Promoting cooperation and integration with the European Union will allow the citizens of the respective partner countries to adapt European values faster, increase people's awareness of the experience and prospects of EU countries, and significantly strengthen their self-identification as Europeans. The importance of the role of the Eastern Partnership in security issues for both the EU and the countries participating in the Eastern Partnership should be emphasized. Keywords: European Union, European integration, Eastern Partnership, regional cooperation, Association Agreement, public administration.

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Bettencourt, Pedro, Claudia Fulgêncio, Maria Grade et Julio Cesar Wasserman. « A comparison between the European and the Brazilian models for management and diagnosis of river basins ». Water Policy 23, n^o 1 (12 janvier 2021) : 58–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2021.204.

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Abstract Water management is assuming more and more importance as freshwater resources are becoming scarce, both in quality and in quantity, across many developed and developing countries. This trend can be attributed to population growth, industrialization, growing agricultural demand, poor water management practices and climate change. In attempting to deal with the intensification of water quality- and quantity-related problems in recent decades, many countries have revised their water resource management policies and legislation, introducing new institutional frameworks and management instruments. Considering regional geographic and cultural distinctions, the present article aims at comparing the models of water resource management in the European Union (EU) and in Brazil. Institutional and legal arrangements currently in place, water planning and management instruments currently in use, assessments of water body status and watershed diagnoses were analysed. Main strengths and weaknesses of each water management system are pointed out in the conclusion. Main challenges for the water sector, and highlights of the converging and diverging points concerning water resource management systems, in each region, are discussed.

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Monedero, Pablo José Abascal. « Family Laws in the European Union ». Socialinė teorija, empirija, politika ir praktika 19 (16 septembre 2019) : 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/stepp.2019.13.

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EU social policies should be complemented by contributing to a harmonious development of society, by reducing structural and regional imbalances, developing a balance between the a localized community and the national society, and improving the living standards of citizens and families of member states (Garrido 2002). Such important social policy principles as freedom and justice are addressed and represented in family laws in the EU regulations introduced during the period of 2000–2016. In this article, we studied the EU’s legal solutions in reference to national (Spain) laws on these matters: children and parental responsibility (adoption, child abduction, family benefits) and couples (matrimonial, regimes, prenuptial agreements, provisional measures). This legislation is necessary in the face of the proliferation of families whose members have different nationalities, and even in the mobilization of residences. Cooperation has intensified between national judicial authorities to ensure that legal decisions taken in one EU country are recognized and implemented in any other. This is highly important in civil cases, such as divorce, child custody, maintenance claims, or even bankruptcy and unpaid bills, when the individuals involved live in different countries. The development of family laws is one of the most important factors of family welfare in European countries.

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Savenkova, Elena V., Adel V. Lebedeva, Anna I. Kurbatova, Daria P. Karpova, Alena N. Basamykina et Irina A. Adarchenko. « Conformity assessment for organic products in the European Union ». RUDN Journal of Ecology and Life Safety 29, n^o 3 (30 décembre 2021) : 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2310-2021-29-3-233-239.

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The adoption of organic agriculture has acquired particular significance as one of the effective means of high-quality and safe products recovery. A brief conformity assessment of requirements for organic products and their regulation in the European Union is provides. The EU legislative acts are confirmed to EU market features raised for organic products. EU regulatory legal acts for imports of organic products from third countries, food quality and labeling of organic production, organic aquaculture animal and seaweed production, organic wine are considered. All food manufacturers must comply with general EU foodstuff laws and regulations, which include labeling regulations. Regulation is complemented by several legislative acts on the production, distribution and marketing of organic products, which are the legal framework for determining rules for their implementation in the EU. The United States permits the sale of European products that produced and certified under the EU organic program as organic in the United States are considered. Legislative acts EU Regulation 1235/2008, EU Regulation 2020/25, EU Regulation 889/2008, EU Regulation 710/2009, EU Regulation 203/2012 are discussed.

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Jessurun d’Oliveira, Hans Ulrich. « Iberian Nationality Legislation and Sephardic Jews ». European Constitutional Law Review 11, n^o 01 (mai 2015) : 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019615000036.

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Proposal to grant Spanish nationality to Sephardic Jews – History of Sephardic Jews in Iberia – Sephardim and the Portuguese nationality code – The EU and the nationality laws of the member states – Impact of Union law on the acquisition of Iberian nationalities by Sephardic Jews – European Convention on Nationality – Sephardim from third countries –Micheletti – Nottebohm

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Anderson, Leah Seppanen. « European Union Gender Regulations in the East : The Czech and Polish Accession Process ». East European Politics and Societies : and Cultures 20, n^o 1 (février 2006) : 101–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325405284314.

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This article explains, first, why there was a uniform emergence of equal opportunities legislation across East Central European states in the late 1990s and early 2000s and, second, why the speed of adoption varied across countries. The author deviates from a traditional comparative focus on domestic factors and instead treats her two case studies—Poland and the Czech Republic—as part of an international system in which external actors can exert a simultaneous but differential effect on domestic policies. The author argues that the European Union (EU) accession process prompted equal opportunities legislation in both countries but domestic actors mediated this influence in different ways. In Poland, legislation was delayed due to an organized opposition to EU gender equity laws and its close ties to parties of the Right in government, two factors absent from the Czech case where laws passed earlier. The author also suggests that the EU's financial and political resources may enable it to reshape these domestic actors in the future.

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Busardò, Francesco Paolo, Matteo Gulino, Simona Napoletano, Simona Zaami et Paola Frati. « The Evolution of Legislation in the Field of Medically Assisted Reproduction and Embryo Stem Cell Research in European Union Members ». BioMed Research International 2014 (2014) : 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/307160.

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Medically Assisted Reproduction (MAR), involving in vitro fertilisation (IVF), and research on embryos have created expectation to many people affected by infertility; at the same time it has generated a surplus of laws and ethical and social debates. Undoubtedly, MAR represents a rather new medical field and constant developments in medicine and new opportunities continue to defy the attempt to respond to those questions. In this paper, the authors reviewed the current legislation in the 28 EU member states trying to evaluate the different legislation paths adopted over the last 15 years and highlighting those EU countries with no specific legislation in place and MAR is covered by a general health Law and those countries in which there are no laws in this field but only “guidelines.” The second aim of this work has been to compare MAR legislation and embryo research in EU countries, which derive from different origins ranging from an extremely prohibitive approach versus a liberal one, going through a cautious regulatory approach.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Agricultural laws and legislation – European Union countries"

ENRIGHT, Sarah Ryan. « Disability discrimination and the European Union : the impact of the framework employment directive 2000/78/EC ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5564.

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Award date: 1 December 2005
Supervisor: M. A. Moreau
In this thesis I propose to examine the effectiveness of the non-discrimination legislative framework now in place at the European level as a tool for achieving fairness and a decent standard of living for people with disabilities. With this aim in mind, the first section of the thesis will examine what factors led the Union to frame its work in the promotion of disability rights and how current anti-discrimination legislation emerged as a result. Section two goes on to examine the relationship between equality and disability and how the notion of equality can be applied to disability discrimination. Section three is dedicated to an analysis of the Framework Directive and its effectiveness in ensuring protection and rights for people with disabilities in the labour market. Finally section four examines the potential of the most innovative part of the Directive for people with disabilities, the concept of reasonable accommodation, which has been introduced to EU law for the first time by Article 5 of the Directive.

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Lu, Lu. « Anti-dumping actions against China : a comparison of European Community and Indian laws and policies ». Thesis, University of Macau, 2009. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1951584.

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Thebaud, Edern. « Les produits-frontière dans la législation alimentaire de l'Union européenne : émergence d'une santé alimentaire entre logique du marché intérieur et exigences de sécurité ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209577.

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Si le droit connaît les médicaments et les denrées alimentaires, il ne reconnaît pas les alicaments. Or, ces dernières années ont vu l’apparition et le développement, sur le marché de l’Union européenne, de « produits-frontière » c'est-à-dire de produits se trouvant à la frontière entre les médicaments et les aliments. Confrontées à un vaste conflit de qualification causé par l’ambivalence conceptuelle des « produits-frontière », les institutions de l’Union ont, au nom de la libre circulation des marchandises ainsi que de la nécessité d’une protection accrue des consommateurs et de la santé publique, entamé, dès le début des années 2000, une large harmonisation des dispositions nationales relatives à ces produits. Considérés comme aliments, leur nature particulière nécessite cependant une approche adaptative de la part du législateur européen. Cette nouvelle approche de l’aliment par le droit, favorable à la reconnaissance d’une santé alimentaire, tant convoitée par la société contemporaine, ne résout toutefois pas l’ambiguïté quant à la place à accorder aux « produits-frontière » dans le corpus juridique de l’Union européenne.
Doctorat en Sciences juridiques
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Van, den Haute Erik. « Harmonisation européenne du crédit hypothécaire : perspectives de droit comparé, de droit international privé et de droit européen ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210458.

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La réalisation du marché intérieur européen par une meilleure intégration des marchés financiers est aujourd’hui devenue une réalité. L'objectif est toutefois loin d'être atteint en matière de crédit hypothécaire, nonobstant de nombreuses initiatives européennes. Compte tenu de ces difficultés et du postulat selon lequel il serait impossible d'harmoniser le droit des suretés immobilières en raison de leur ancrage culturel et national, une proposition alternative consistant dans la création d'une sûreté immobilière commune (euro-hypothèque), venant se superposer aux systèmes nationaux, a été formulée depuis un certain nombre d'années. La recherche analyse dans un premier temps la réalité du postulat précité à la lumière du droit comparé et conclut qu'en réalité, les différents systèmes trouvent non seulement leur origine dans un modèle identique, fondé sur le caractère accessoire de la sûreté, mais ont en outre connu une évolution similaire au cours de ces dernières années. Il apparaît que ce modèle constitue la meilleure base pour toute harmonisation européenne. Après avoir examiné l'interaction avec le droit international privé, sous l'angle de la protection du consommateur, et le droit européen, sous l'angle de la question de la compétence communautaire et du principe de subsidiarité, des pistes sont proposés pour opérer un rapprochement des législations nationales relatives au crédit hypothécaire. La proposition consiste à intégrer dans un seul instrument juridique contraignant (une directive européenne) les différentes propositions permettant d'opérer un rapprochement des législations nationales à trois niveaux :celui de la sûreté immobilière et de la publicité foncier, celui du contrat de prêt et enfin, celui relatif à la procédure de réalisation de l'immeuble.
Doctorat en droit
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Vannes, Viviane. « Concilier le droit à l'action collective et les autres droit fondamentaux : recours au principe de proportion ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210492.

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Concilier le droit à l'action collective et les autres droits fondamentaux :recours au principe de proportionnalité ?

Difficile équilibre entre efficacité du droit de grève et respect des autres droits fondamentaux

Viviane Vannes

L’objet de la thèse est de vérifier si le principe de proportionnalité, entouré de certains critères fixes et cohérents, permet au juge de justifier de manière plus rationnelle une décision portant sur l’exercice du droit de grève. La proportionnalité est en effet de plus en plus invoquée dans la matière des conflits collectifs du travail soit pour admettre son exercice soit pour le limiter voire le sanctionner.

La première partie de la thèse entend identifier le concept de proportionnalité: notion, champ d’application, critères, limites, avantages et inconvénients. Elle est, aujourd’hui, l’instrument de référence comme mode de résolution des conflits de droit, à un point tel qu’elle est érigée au rang des principes de droit. C’est, la raison pour laquelle nous avons voulu déterminer les tenants et aboutissants du concept. Son inconvénient majeur est de s’appuyer, le plus souvent, sur des critères subjectifs :le raisonnable en droit, l’éthique du comportement et la morale sociale. Nous avons, alors, recherché des critères plus objectifs qui seraient susceptibles d’écarter le risque de subjectivité du juge. Nous avons observé qu’en droit européen, la Cour de Justice apprécie la validité d’un acte communautaire ou d’une mesure nationale en vérifiant s’il répond des critères précis :l’aptitude de l’acte à atteindre l’objectif poursuivi, la nécessité de l’acte en vue de l’atteindre et la proportionnalité intrinsèque de l’acte analysée dans ses rapports à l’égard de son ou ses destinataires. Ces critères sont également appliqués par la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme dans la matière portant sur l’application de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme et des libertés fondamentales. L’analyse de cette jurisprudence permet d’affirmer qu’ils présentent une meilleure cohérence et plus d’objectivité que le raisonnable en droit.

La deuxième partie de la thèse s’attache à fixer le statut du droit de grève en Belgique. Compte tenu de l’absence de réglementation générale belge, nous avons, d’abord, pris en considération le droit international et européen. Nous en avons retiré des lignes directives de l’exercice normal du droit de grève. L’analyse de la doctrine et de la jurisprudence belge a, ensuite, permis de fixer les éléments suivants du droit de grève :notion, contours, conditions d’existence, de légalité, de légitimité; compétence du juge du fond et des référés en cas de litige portant sur l’exercice du droit de grève.

La troisième partie de la thèse identifie, dans la matière des conflits collectifs du travail, les droits susceptibles d’être soumis au raisonnement de proportionnalité et ceux qui ne le sont pas. Car, la proportionnalité ne résout pas tous les conflits. Elle ne s’applique pas lorsqu’il s’agit de juger de la légalité de la grève, de sa régularité et dans les situations de grève spontanée déclenchée en réaction aux violations par l’employeur de ses propres obligations. Elle concerne celles où le juge est amené à juger de la légitimité du moment de sa mise en œuvre, des buts poursuivis ou des atteintes que ses modalités causent aux droits subjectifs d’autrui. C’est, alors, le conflit entre des droits de même valeur juridique qui met en œuvre le jugement de proportionnalité :droit de grève et droit de propriété et liberté d’industrie des employeurs ;droit au travail des travailleurs non grévistes ;liberté d’industrie des tiers en relation commerciale avec l’entreprise en grève, fournisseurs, clients, usagers, d’exercer leur commerce, leur industrie ;liberté d’aller et venir des usagers d’un service public.

Dans les situations où elle s’applique, la thèse propose d’inviter le juge à appliquer des critères précis pour juger de la proportionnalité de la grève. Les demandes actuelles du justiciable de rationalité et de compréhension de la décision de justice l’exigent. C’est, dans son application comme mode de résolution des conflits de droit, que notre questionnement est de savoir si, les critères contenus dans le principe de proportionnalité de droit communautaire de l’aptitude, de la nécessité et la proportionnalité de l’acte, peuvent fixer une ligne de conduite destinée à établir les règles de l’exercice normal de la grève ?La réponse donnée est, selon nous, positive.

La thèse n’entend nullement porter atteinte au droit de grève. Il appartient au socle des droits sociaux fondamentaux. La reconnaissance du droit de grève aux travailleurs ou à leurs organisations syndicales est l’un des attributs essentiels des régimes démocratiques. Il n’est donc pas question de remettre en cause un droit fondamental durement acquis. Toutefois, l’essence même d’une société démocratique repose sur le respect d’autres droits, l’intérêt général, la sécurité, la propriété, la liberté au travail, la liberté d’entreprendre. C’est la raison pour laquelle, la thèse s’attache à la difficile question de la conciliation entre, d’une part, droit de grève et efficacité de la grève et, d’autre part, droits d’autrui.

Doctorat en droit
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Polard, Audrey. « Un contrôle efficient des émissions d'azote et de phosphore dans le bassin de l'Escaut : analyse critique de la Directive Cadre sur l'Eau (DCE) et de la Politique Agricole Commune (PAC) ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209638.

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Même si la réduction des apports de nutriments dans les écosystèmes aquatiques est généralement envisagée avec des approches « effects-based », ce n’est pas le cadre qui a été suivi dans cette thèse. En effet, dans une démarche de développement durable, il semble plus pertinent, de définir des mesures de contrôle de la pollution agissant sur les relations de cause à effet. Selon cette logique, la méthodologie proposée par la Directive Cadre sur l’Eau (DCE) pour protéger les écosystèmes aquatiques présente plusieurs faiblesses. Par le fait qu’elle réfère à certains principes de l’économie standard de l’environnement, l’analyse économique de la DCE pose plusieurs problèmes pour agir sur la causalité de la pollution. Néanmoins, la méthodologie proposée par la DCE est pertinente par le fait qu’elle recommande l’utilisation combinée de mesures techniques et d’instruments pour diminuer les dommages environnementaux. Conformément à cette disposition, l’effet de mesures techniques et d’instruments sur le secteur agricole et sur la chaine alimentaire l’englobant a été évalué puisque cette dernière est responsable de la majorité des émissions diffuses et ponctuelles d’azote et de phosphore dans les eaux de surface. La définition de mesures techniques en fonction de l’efficience de l’utilisation des nutriments (Nutrient Use Efficiency, NUE) dans la production agricole a été complétée par l’étude des instruments économiques utilisés dans la Politique Agricole Commune (PAC) pour développer une agriculture multifonctionnelle. Si la thèse concerne de manière générale l’eutrophisation des écosystèmes aquatiques, elle se penche plus particulièrement sur les pressions au sein du bassin de l’Escaut et sur leurs impacts jusqu’à la zone côtière de la mer du Nord. Des mesures techniques agissant sur les causes des émissions diffuses du secteur agricole et sur les émissions ponctuelles des stations d’épuration ont été proposées pour ce bassin. Ces mesures techniques ont été caractérisées prioritairement par leur efficacité environnementale (grâce aux modèles Sénèque-Riverstrahler et MIRO) et en fonction de leurs coûts directs.

Although reducing the load of nutrients in aquatic ecosystems is usually looked at through "effects-based" approaches, this is not the context which this paper has chosen to follow. In fact, keeping in line with sustainable development, it seems more relevant to define measures to control pollution which act on cause and effect relations. According to this way of thinking, the methodology proposed by the Water Framework Directive (WFD) to protect aquatic ecosystems presents a number of weaknesses. By the fact that it refers to certain standard economic principles for the environment, the WFD’s economic analysis poses several problems towards acting on the cause of the pollution. Nevertheless, the methodology proposed by the WFD is relevant, as it recommends the combined use of technical measures and of instruments to reduce environmental damage. In accordance with this disposition, an assessment has been made of the effect of technical measures and instruments on the agricultural sector and on the food chain encompassing it, since the food chain is responsible for the majority of diffuse and point emissions of nitrogen and phosphorus in surface waters. The definition of technical measures in terms of efficient use of nutrients (Nutrient Use Efficiency, NUE) in agricultural production has been complemented by a study of economic instruments used in the Common Agricultural Politicy (CAP) to develop a multifunctional type of agriculture. Although the paper deals with the eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems in a general way, it concentrates particularly on the increasing pressures in the Scheldt basin and on their impacts as far as the North Sea coastal zone. Technical measures acting on the causes of diffuse emissions in the agricultural sector and on point emissions in the water treatment plants have been proposed for this basin. These technical measures have been categorised in order of priority according to their environmental effectiveness (thanks to the Sénèque-Riverstrahler et MIRO models) and depending on their direct costs.
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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FRANCOIS, Valerie. « Techniques societaires nationales et notion d'exploitant en droit agricole communautaire : reflexion a partir des cas anglais, francais et neerlandais ». Doctoral thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4629.

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Defence date: 21 April 2001
Examining board: Prof. Francis Snyder (supervisor) ; Prof. Claude Blumann ; Prof. Louis Dubouis ; Prof. Jacques Ziller
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

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HELIN, Frederique. « Les quotas laitiers : De l'autorisation administrative au droit des patrimoines Elements de reflexion sur un instruent communautaire de contingentement en droit francais et anglais ». Doctoral thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4656.

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Defence date: 20 November 1992
Examining board: Prof. T.C. Daintith (Institute of Advanced Studies, London) ; Prof. L. Lorvellec (Université de Nantes) ; Prof. Y. Mény (Institut d'Etudes Politique, Paris) ; Prof. F. Snyder (Institut universitaire européen, Florence) ; Dr. S. Ventura (Commission des Communauté européennes, Bruxelles)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

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GEHRKE, Heike. « The implementation of the EC milk quota regulations in British, French and German law ». Doctoral thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5509.

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NANNERY, Aoife. « The 'conscience of Europe' in the European sovereign debt crisis : an analysis of the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights and the European Committee of Social Rights on austerity measures ». Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/39046.

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Award date: 30 November 2015
Supervisor: Professor Claire Kilpatrick, European University Institute
This thesis is an analysis of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights and the European Committee of Social Rights arising from austerity measures in the European sovereign debt crisis. The thesis considers the protection afforded to socio-economic interests under the two systems, and how this protection has been tested by the challenges arising from the economic crisis. The first chapter is an analysis of the social Euro-crisis cases. Brought under Article 1 of Protocol 1 to the ECHR the measures enacted to reduce government spending were an alleged violation of the right to property. Almost all of the social Euro-crisis cases were held to be inadmissible by the Court, which cited the gravity of the economic crisis in the respondent states and the executive’s margin of appreciation in matters of social and economic policy. The second chapter places the social Euro-crisis cases in context temporally and thematically, in considering two previous lines of case law developed by Strasbourg: financial and economic stability, and emergency and exceptional circumstances. The ECtHR decisions focus on the severity of the crisis, determining that the margin of appreciation is broader in such circumstances. The ECtHR section concludes that it does not appear that the European sovereign debt crisis has seen Strasbourg develop any definitive crisis approach to ensure that Convention rights are protected in times of economic instability. The third chapter examines the case law generated by the European Committee of Social Rights during the same period. This section serves to act as a counterpart to the ECtHR section. The Committee emphasised that times of crisis require socio-economic rights to be protected, and finds many of the challenged austerity measures incompatible with the European Social Charter.

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Livres sur le sujet "Agricultural laws and legislation – European Union countries"

Usher, J. A. EC agricultural law. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2001.

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Law of the European Union social chapter. Oxford : Hart Publishing, 1998.

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Transatlantic regulatory cooperation : The shifting roles of the EU, the US and California. Cheltenham : Edward Elgar, 2011.

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Agricultura, Pesca y. Alimentación Valencia (Spain :. Province) Conselleria de. Normativa agraria comunitaria : Adaptación española y valenciana 2004. Valencia : Generalitat Valenciana, Conselleria de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, 2005.

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Agricultura, Pesca y. Alimentación Valencia (Spain :. Province) Conselleria de. Normativa agraria comunitaria : Adaptacioń española y valenciana 2001. Valencia : Generalitat Valenciana, Conselleria d'Agricultura, Peixca i Alimentació, 2002.

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Pamela, Meadows, et European Commission, dir. Beyond employment : Changes in work and the future of labour law in Europe. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2001.

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New governance and the European employment strategy. New York, NY : Routledge, 2010.

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1961-, Shaw Jo, et Wallace Chloë J, dir. Economic and social law of the European Union. New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.

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Frank, Hendrickx, et Castro Catarina, dir. Employment privacy law in the European Union. Antwerpen : Intersentia, 2002.

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1970-, Vos Marc de, et Barnard Catherine, dir. European Union internal market and labour law : Friends or foes ? Antwerp : Intersentia, 2009.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Agricultural laws and legislation – European Union countries"

Malacka, Michal. « Sharia – Conflict of Law and Culture in the European Context ». Dans Universal, Regional, National – Ways of the Development of Private International Law in 21st Century, 54–80. Brno : Masaryk University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9497-2019-3.

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Sharia and its conflict with the private law within the EU is one of the most current problems in the conflict of laws. In accordance with the doctrine of ordre public, a foreign law that is otherwise applicable is disregarded if its application would violate some fundamental interest, basic policy, general principle of justice, or prevailing concept of good morals in the forum state. This doctrine is used and followed by judicial procedures not only at “the old continent” but also in Islamic countries. This article shows the basic aspects of Sharia, Islamic legal tradition and the reflection of all the connected aspects in European Union private law and legislation. Some selected chapters analyse the most important differences in the legislation and judicial practice in the EU member states.

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Broom, Donald M. « EU regulations and the current position of animal welfare. » Dans The economics of farm animal welfare : theory, evidence and policy, 147–55. Wallingford : CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786392312.0147.

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Abstract In most countries of the world, sustainability issues are viewed by the public as of increasing importance and animal welfare is perceived to be both a public good and a key aspect of these issues. European Union animal welfare policy and legislation on animal welfare has helped animals, has had much positive influence in the world and has improved the public image of the EU. Health is a key part of welfare and the one-health and one-welfare approaches emphasize that these terms mean the same for humans and non-humans. The animals that humans use are described as sentient beings in EU legislation. Scientific information about animal welfare, like that produced by EFSA, is used in the formulation of the wide range of EU animal welfare laws. The European Commission has an animal welfare strategy including the Animal Welfare Platform. However, most kinds of animals kept in the EU are not covered by legislation, and they are subject to some of the worst animal welfare problems, so a general animal welfare law and specific laws on several species are needed. Animal sentience and welfare should be mentioned, using accurate scientific terminology, in many trade-related laws as well as in animal-specific laws.

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Marinkás, György. « Human Rights Aspects of the Acquisition of Agricultural Lands With Special Regard to the ECtHR Practice Concerning the So-Called “Visegrád Countries”, Romania, Slovenia, Croatia, and Serbia ». Dans Acquisition of Agricultural Lands : Cross-Border Issues from a Central European Perspective, 25–53. Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54171/2022.jesz.aoalcbicec_2.

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The aim of the current study is to examine how the national legal rules and judicial practice regarding the acquisition and holding of agricultural land are, in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, linked to the right to property and the right to fair trial, as granted by Article 1 of the First Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights and Article 6 (1) of the Convention. The study is focused on the land-related issues of the so-called “Visegrád Countries”—Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia—and some other selected neighboring countries, namely Romania, Slovenia, Croatia, and Serbia, all of which are member states of the Council of Europe. The author identified two main categories of legal issues, which are relevant in the selected countries or constitute a distinctive feature of these countries. The category of compensation-related cases can be divided into three main subcategories: cases where the compensation system established by the state after the change of regime displayed systematic shortcomings; cases where the earlier proprietors’ or their heirs’ interests clashed with those of third parties who acquired the property in good faith; and the so-called Slovakian “Gardener cases,” as the author named them, which display similarities with the second subcategory. The other main category is the issue of agricultural land acquisition by foreign natural or legal persons. However, the ECtHR’s case law is not that elaborated in this question as the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, since, contrary to EU law—which as a rule obliges member states to provide the free disposal of agriculture land—Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 does not create a right to acquire property. However, a national legislation that, alone among the CoE member states, implemented land reform programs with some blanket restrictions on the sale of agricultural land is incompatible with the provisions of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1.

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Hajnal, Zsolt. « The Emergence of Member States’ Characteristics in European and National Consumer Law ». Dans The Policies of the European Union from a Central European Perspective, 173–95. Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54171/2022.aojb.poeucep_9.

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European legislation often has a significant impact on private laws in the Member States, especially consumer legislation. In the absence of national, strong consumer protection traditions, consumer protection legisla- tion in Central and Eastern European countries has been largely defined by European consumer law. In the chapter, I am looking for answers as to the specificities of these countries, their ability to enforce these in the EU’s main legislative trends, and how these countries have contributed to European Union consumer law.

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Szilágyi, János Ede, et Hajnalka Szinek Csütörtöki. « Slovakia : Open Land Market and No Restrictions ». Dans Acquisition of Agricultural Lands : Cross-Border Issues from a Central European Perspective, 267–92. Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54171/2022.jesz.aoalcbicec_11.

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Slovakia’s accession to the European Union opened a whole new chapter in the country’s history and brought dynamic changes to its land transfer regulation. In the Slovak Republic, the moratorium forbidding the purchase of agricultural land by foreigners expired in 2014. Following this period, the European Commission launched a comprehensive examination regarding land acquisition regulations in the newly acceded member states. The investigation revealed that specific provisions of the Slovak land regulation restricted the EU’s fundamental economic freedoms. The Slovak legislator responded to this situation by amending a particular paragraph of the Foreign Exchange Act, which has resulted in opening the agricultural land market not only to EU nationals but also to third-country nationals. In addition, several new rules concerning this subject were adopted, namely the Act on the acquisition of ownership of agricultural land. It should be noted that even before the mentioned revelation, this Act had been the subject of numerous public debates. Consequently, the Constitutional Court of the Slovak Republic annulled a significant part of the Act on land acquisition in its decision on November 14, 2018, which has contributed to the agricultural land market becoming fully open in Slovakia. This chapter introduces the current legislation on land protection and characterizes the rules on agricultural land regulation and land transfer law in Slovakia, exploring the constitutional level with particular regard to the decision delivered by the Constitutional Court of the Slovak Republic in detail. Moreover, the proceeding initiated by the European Commission is also a subject of this study. Finally, the national legal instruments of Slovakia are also analyzed in light of the Commission’s Interpretative Communication.

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Karan, Ulaş. « The Impact of the Court of Justice of the European Union on the Turkish Legal System ». Dans The Impact of the European Court of Justice on Neighbouring Countries, 115–40. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198855934.003.0006.

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This chapter explores whether the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) produces any impact on the Turkish legal system and, if so, its possible underlying causes. Protection of intellectual, industrial, and commercial property rights, competition, trade defence instruments, government procurement, direct and indirect taxation have been regarded as the main areas of ‘approximation of legislation’. Accordingly, laws adopted mostly in the past three decades show that the influence of EU law is valid only in certain fields of law, such as intellectual property law, labour law, and competition law, and this is also where we find most CJEU citations. This influence forms part of the EU accession process, which requires Turkey to harmonize its laws with the acquis. According to the research, despite the existence of a long-standing accession process and legislation based on the acquis in certain fields of law, on the whole, the Turkish judiciary does not seem committed to follow EU law in general or CJEU jurisprudence in particular.

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Elek, Balázs. « Criminal Judicial Cooperation from a Central and Eastern European Perspective ». Dans The Policies of the European Union from a Central European Perspective, 259–79. Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54171/2022.aojb.poeucep_13.

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Today, the European Union and EU law influence essentially all areas of the law in Member States. Criminal and criminal procedural law are no exception. The European Union can require Member States to criminalize certain defined behaviors, determine the opinion on criminal sanctions that will punish perpetrators, and oblige the states to apply measures in certain areas of criminal law and laws on criminal procedure. As such, the harmonization of substantive and procedural norms in the Member States’ criminal law falls in the EU’s scope of authority. After the accession of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe to the European Union, the harmonization of criminal and criminal procedural law throughout the European Union has been taken to a new level. There were also previously trust-based agreements on criminal co-operation between East and Central European countries, so mutual trust in EU cooperation was not entirely new in these countries. The harmonization has also been facilitated by the fact that there have historically been many similarities between Member States’ legal systems. One of the best examples of this is the habeas corpus principle. The harmonization of criminal procedure rules has already been developed with the countries of East and Central Europe. However, the case law of the European Court of Justice regularly shows that in former Western European countries there is a greater distrust of the legislation of the East-Central European countries and that the new East–Central Member States often approach a legal issue quite differently.

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Sharp, Robin J. A., Julie A. Ewald et Robert Kenward. « Central Information Flows and Decision-Making Requirements ». Dans Transactional Environmental Support System Design, 7–32. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2824-3.ch002.

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Information needs of government for SEA, EIA, and other aspects of biodiversity conservation and sustainable development are studied and reported in this chapter. This includes needs related to biodiversity for land use planning, for operation of the EU Common Agricultural Policy, for agricultural policy more generally, and for Biodiversity Action Plans. Legislation and its implementation are considered at European Union and member state level by direct enquiries and a preliminary questionnaire survey in project partner countries. Preliminary conclusions are drawn and lessons learned for a Pan-European survey.

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Rossel, Lucia, Brigitte Unger, Jason Batchelor et Jan van Koningsveld. « The Implications of Making Tax Crimes a Predicate Crime for Money Laundering in the EU ». Dans Combating Fiscal Fraud and Empowering Regulators, 236–71. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854722.003.0013.

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This chapter sheds light on the divergence of tax crimes and money laundering laws across Europe after the implementation of the 4th Anti Money Laundering Directive. Laws are a crucial part of the tax environment as they are one of the rules under which the tax ecosystem operates. Taxpayers should pay their taxes following the law, and tax experts should advise them within the realm of it. The chapter sees the 4th AMLD as a shock that put money laundering regulation inside the tax ecosystem, and the way that countries implement this in their regulation is the response to this shock; it uses an innovative comparative approach that involves the analysis of tax evasion through an empirical legal lens. The chapter includes a dataset built by the authors with the legislation of all European Union countries regarding tax crimes and money laundering, as well as other relevant legal variables.

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Donikë, Qerimi. « Part 2 National and Regional Reports, Part 2.4 Europe : Coordinated by Thomas Kadner Graziano, 52 Western Balkans : Western Balkans Perspectives on the Hague Principles ». Dans Choice of Law in International Commercial Contracts. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198840107.003.0052.

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This chapter presents Western Balkans perspectives on the Hague Principles. The term ‘Western Balkans’ is used to denominate the countries of the Balkan peninsula which are not member of the European Union: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Kosovo, and Serbia. The countries of the Western Balkans have had a rather troubled past and the beginning of this century found them (re)building their countries, including their legislation. Given the urgency of other areas of law, Private International Law (PIL) was not in the focus of most of these countries’ reforms, academia, or court practice until recently. Unlike the EU regulations and Hague Conventions, the Hague Principles are not listed among the ‘inspirations’ of any of the current draft laws in the region. Experts who helped in drafting the ongoing reforms, however, have testified to the vast collection of international instruments and PIL codifications of other European countries that were used as inspiration when preparing these drafts. These preparations might have included the Hague Principles as well.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Agricultural laws and legislation – European Union countries"

Mihai, Ioan cosmin. « STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD OF CYBERCRIME FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF COMPROMISED ELEARNING SYSTEMS ». Dans eLSE 2017. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-17-227.

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The phenomenon of cybercrime is becoming more hostile and confrontational as both individuals and organized criminal groups take advantage of new criminal opportunities from the cyber environment. Many cyber-attacks are used to compromise eLearning systems, to change the student’s grades and results, to steal the information available only for trainers and professors, or to infect all the users that are using the platforms. The role of legislation in preventing and combating the cybercrime phenomenon against eLearning systems is very important. Legal measures are needed in all the fields, including investigative measures, procedural powers, jurisdiction, and international cooperation. In a globalized and connected world, the law consists of a collection of national and international legal systems. Sometimes provisions can contradict each other, resulting to collisions of law, because of the interactions between these legal systems. The main goal of the international law is to obtain harmonization of national laws. In the last decade many significant developments were made for the promulgation of multilateral instruments in the field of cybercrime. This paper analyses the collections of regional and international instruments developed in the context of the Council of Europe or the European Union, tools that can help the investigations of compromised online systems. Legal frameworks for the investigation of cybercrime acts in the field of eLearning require a clear scope of application of the power, in order to guarantee the legal actions. Most of the countries have introduced new investigative powers specially created for obtaining electronic evidence which can be used in cases of compromised eLearning systems.

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