Articles de revues sur le sujet « Aggregati stabili »

The amount of bonds between constituting parts of a protein aggregate were determined in wild type (WT) and A53T α-synuclein (αS) oligomers, amyloids and in the complex of thymosin-β4–cytoplasmic domain of stabilin-2 (Tβ4-stabilin CTD). A53T αS aggregates have more extensive βsheet contents reflected by constant regions at low potential barriers in difference (to monomers) melting diagrams (MDs). Energies of the intermolecular interactions and of secondary structures bonds, formed during polymerization, fall into the 5.41 kJ mol−1 ≤ Ea ≤ 5.77 kJ mol−1 range for αS aggregates. Monomers lose more mobile hydration water while forming amyloids than oligomers. Part of the strong mobile hydration water–protein bonds break off and these bonding sites of the protein form intermolecular bonds in the aggregates. The new bonds connect the constituting proteins into aggregates. Amyloid–oligomer difference MD showed an overall more homogeneous solvent accessible surface of A53T αS amyloids. From the comparison of the nominal sum of the MDs of the constituting proteins to the measured MD of the Tβ4-stabilin CTD complex, the number of intermolecular bonds connecting constituent proteins into complex is 20(1) H2O/complex. The energies of these bonds are in the 5.40(3) kJ mol−1 ≤ Ea ≤ 5.70(5) kJ mol−1 range.

Soil aggregates have great effects on soil properties and soil functions. Mulching (organic inputs) has been known as a factor influencing soil aggregate stability. Our study aimed to reveal the causes of the higher stability of soil aggregates under organic mulches. The primary soil characteristics such as organic carbon (Cox), humus quality (E4/E6), potential wettability index (PWI), and aromaticity index (iAR) were determined. The Cox was measured using rapid dichromate oxidation, and E4/E6 was measured using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The PWI and iAR were determined according to the intensity of selected bands in diffuse reflectance infrared spectra. Results showed that mulched plots contained higher Cox content in aggregates in comparison with whole soil. This indicates that the carbon was stabilized within the aggregates and sequestrated into the soil. The iAR was significantly higher after using the organic mulches, the aliphatic components of the organic matter thus contribute more to the aggregates stabilization. The PWI of aggregates was found to be higher after applying these mulches than in soil. Organic mulches are therefore able to reduce the wettability of the aggregates and also to protect the aggregate from dispersion with water.

Soil structure is a very important soil property, which influences many processes in the soil. There are many methods for aggregate stability measurement varying in the energy applied in the treatment. The aim of this paper is to compare two aggregate stability measurement methods on a set of reclaimed dumpsite soils. Method proposed by Le Bissonnias (1996) is composed of three tests, which allow distinguishing the particular aggregate breakdown mechanisms. Results can be expressed by a coefficient of vulnerability (Kv). Results of the second method, assessment of water stable aggregates, can be expressed by WSA index. WSA indexes mainly correspond to the results of the first test, which qualify the aggregate breakdown during the fast wetting. A strong statistically significant relationship was found between WSA and Kv for each test. Correlation coefficients were –0.767, –0.806, and –0.741 for linear models. Our conclusion is that results of both methods are comparable.

  The study on the relationship between the soil aggregates stability assessed using water stable aggregate (WSA) index and the selected terrain and soil properties was performed on a morphologically diverse study site in Chernozem soil region of Southern Moravia. Soil analyses and detailed digital elevation model processing were the main methods adopted in the study. The soil structure stability is negatively influenced by the soil material removal from the steep parts of the back-slope and re-deposition of the mineral loess material at the base of the slope. The highest aggregates stability was identified in the upper flat parts of the study plot, undisturbed by erosion processes, and at the concave parts of the back-slope with intensive accumulation of organic matter. Statistical analysis showed a significant dependence of aggregates stability on organic carbon content and plan curvature index.

Soil aggregate instability on unprotected roadside slopes can cause landslide, soil erosion and sedimentation. Different biological and chemical soil stabilizers are used to reinforce the instable slopes. In the present study, straw mulch and Polyacrylamide (PAM) combinations were investigated on a clay soil of road cutslope in campus of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. The selected cover treatments were Polyacrylamide (2, 3 and 4 g·m–2) with wheat straw mulch (50, 150 and 250 g·m–2) which was spread by hand to attain 75% groundcover on a 1:1 slope. After the three months, soil sampling was done to determine the changes in aggregate stability of soil. Results showed that the most efficient treatment with respect to mean weight diameter of soil aggregates in dry and wet sieving (MWDdry and MWDwet), aggregate stability index (AS) and aggregate destruction index (DI) was treatment of B (150 g·m–2 wheat straw mulch and 3 g·m–2 Polyacrylamide tackifier) with 34%, 68% and 47% increment in MWDdry, MWDwet and AS, respectively as well as 37% reduction in DI as compared to the bare soil control.<br /><br />

A field experiment was conducted to examine the influence of various organic materials on soil aggregate stability and soil microbiological properties on the Loess Plateau of China. The study involved seven treatments: no fertilizer (CK); inorganic N, P, K fertilizer (NPK); low amount of maize stalks plus NPK (LSNPK); medium amount of maize stalks plus NPK (MSNPK); high amount of maize stalks plus NPK (HSNPK); maize stalk compost plus NPK (CNPK); cattle manure plus NPK (MNPK). The organic fertilizer treatments improved soil aggregate stability and soil microbiological properties compared with CK and NPK treatments. Compared with the NPK treatment, soil treated with LSNPK had a significant increase of 27.1% in 5&ndash;3 mm dry aggregates. The &gt; 5 mm water stable aggregates treated with CNPK increased by 6.5% compared to the NPK. Soil microbial biomass C and N and urease activity were significantly increased in CNPK by 42.0, 54.6 and 19.8%, respectively. The study indicated that the variation trend in the amount of soil aggregate (0.5&ndash;5 mm) for organic fertilizer treatments was similar to the content of soil microbial carbon and nitrogen and soil enzyme activity. Considering the great availability of organic material, especially stalk compost in this region, application of organic materials is recommended to improve soil structure and fertility.

One of the most important binding agents for forming stable aggregates is a soil organic matter (SOM), which can be retained in various size fractions of aggregates. If aggregates are water-resistant, they retain more carbon. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the stability of aggregates and their ability of carbon sequestration in different soil types and soil management systems in Slovakian vineyards. The highest content of water-stable macro-aggregates (WSA_ma) was determined in Cambisols, and the lowest in Fluvisols. The highest content of WSA_ma (size fraction 0.5&ndash;3 mm) was determined in Chernozems, decreasing within the following sequence: Fluvisols &gt; Leptosols &gt; Cambisols &gt; Luvisols. The soil type had a statistically significant influence on the re-distribution of soil organic matter in size fractions of water-stable aggregates. The highest content of SOM in water-stable aggregates of the vineyards was determined in grassy strips in-between the vineyard rows in comparison to intensively cultivated rows of vineyard. The highest values of carbon sequestration capacity (CSC) in WSA_ma were found in Cambisols &gt; Leptosols and the lowest values of CSC were in Fluvisols. The micro-aggregates represented a significant carbon reservoir for the intensively cultivated soils (rows of vineyard). On the other hand, increasing of macro-aggregates (size fraction 0.5&ndash;3 mm) was characteristic for grassland soils (between the rows of vineyard).

The stability characteristics of soluble nano-sized quinoa protein isolates prepared by different high-pressure homogenization in terms of droplet size and lipid oxidation were studied. Commercial quinoa protein isolates (QPI) were exposed to high-pressure homogenization (HPH) at various pressure (50, 100 and 200 MPa) and pressure cycles (one-cycle and two cycles). The quinoa isolate aggregates were utilized to produce oil-in-water nanoemulsions, which demonstrated the good stabile characteristics for 28 day of storage at 4 oC. While quinoa protein / canola oil nanoemulsions (QPCON) produced with untreated QPI and QPI samples by other HPH treatments were shown a significant increase in terms of droplet size and lipid oxidation in 28 days of storage, QPI samples treated with HPH at 100 MPa for a cycle (100 MPa-1) was found as the most efficient treatment in the stability of protein aggregate sizes and less oxidation level. The sample showed a slight increase from 98 nm to 117 nm for droplet size and from 58 to 102 mmol/kg for lipid oxidation from day 0 to day 28.

One of the critical tasks in designing a wireless sensor network is to monitor, detect, and report various useful occurrences of events in the network domain which are determined by the result of data aggregation. Fault tolerance is critical to the efficiency of data aggregation scheme. One important reason is that sensor nodes are neither reliable nor stabile. In this paper, we present an improved k-means data aggregation algorithm considering the proposal of isolated point. Each cluster includes three types of sets: aggregation data, fault data set and abnormal data set. Aggregation data comes from normal sensors in this cluster through the improved K-means aggregation algorithm and abnormal nodes can be detected according to the aggregation result.

Soils have the capacity to store three times more carbon (C) than the atmosphere. This fact has focused scientific and governmental attention because it is one way to mitigate climate change. However, there comes a time when the capacity of soils to store C reaches a limit, considering soil organic carbon (SOC) saturation. In the Mediterranean area, agricultural soils are traditionally exposed to conventional tillage (CT), causing soil properties and quality degradation. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether CT modifies the carbon storage capacity (carbon saturation), linked to soil mineral fractions <20 µm in olive grove soil in a Mediterranean area over 15 years. The results showed losses of SOC and soil organic carbon stock (SOC-S) over the period studied. Moreover, CT significantly affected aggregate grain size, reducing the percentage of small macro-aggregates (2000–250 µm) by 51.1%, 32.9%, 46.6%, and 50.6% for the Ap, Bw, BC, and C horizons, respectively, and promoting an increase in fine fractions (large micro-aggregates (250–53 µm), silt + clay fraction (53–20 µm) and fine silt + clay (<20 µm)). After 15 years, SOC fractionation showed a decrease in SOC concentration within the large macro-aggregate fraction (>2000 µm) of 38.6% in the Bw horizon; however, in the small macro-aggregates (2000–250 µm), an increase in SOC concentration over time, of 33.5%, was observed in the Ap and Bw horizons. This increasing trend continued in the fine soil fractions. Concerning SOC bound to the fine mineral fraction (<20 µm), evolution over time with CT led to an increase in soil sequestration capacity in the first horizons of 44.7% (Ap horizon) and 42.9% (Bw horizon), and a decrease in depth (BC horizon) of 31.3%. Finally, the total saturated soil organic carbon stock (T-SOC-Ssat), after 15 years, experienced an increase of 30.5 Mg ha−1, and these results conditioned the soil organic carbon stock deficit (SOC-Sdef), causing a potential increase in the capacity of soils to sequester carbon, of 15.2 Mg ha−1 in 15 years. With these results, we can affirm that the effect of CT in the medium term has conditioned the degradation of these soils and the low SOC concentrations, and has therefore made it possible for these soils, with the application of sustainable management practices, to have a high carbon storage capacity and become carbon sinks.

A five-year (2010–2015) field experiment was conducted to investigate warming impacts on organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) contents and their ratios in bulk soil and soil water-stable aggregates in an alpine meadow of the Tibetan Plateau. Compared with unwarmed control, warming had no significant effects on OC, TN and TP contents and their ratios in bulk soil. The contents of OC, TN and TP associated with macroaggregates and microaggregates decreased, whereas those associated with silt + clay fractions significantly increased. The C:N and C:P ratios in macro- and microaggregates and silt + clay fractions decreased, with significant differences for C:P ratio in microaggregates and C:N and C:P ratios in silt + clay fractions. The results indicated that C, N and P were protected chemically in silt- and clay-size fractions under warming, which offset the loss of C, N and P protected physically by macro- and microaggregates. Both physically and chemically protected C decomposition proceeded relatively more rapidly or accumulated relatively more slowly than did N and P. Our results suggest that C, N and P distributions within soil aggregate size fractions influence their net changes in bulk soil under future climate change scenarios.

Concrete railway sleeper has been used in Indonesia since about 1990�s. It has more advantage that is less maintenance, stabile, good quality, shapeable, onsite raw material, and higher loading ability [9-10, 20 - 22]. But It is prone to damage such as cracking and breaking during construction, so it is often thrown away as a solid waste that can contaminate the land and reduce soil fertility. Therefore, it should be utilized in order to be more useful that is used as recycle aggregate. The concrete waste that is taken from broken concrete railway sleeper will be crush as an aggregate as raw material in the concrete to substitute part or all of the normal concrete. It is called recycled aggregate and concrete that is made from recycled aggregate is called recycled concrete. Base on the testing of raw material, the recycled aggregate can be met to the specification as ASTM [1], so it can be used for concrete raw material. Recycled concrete compressive strength result lower the normal concrete compressive strength in the same initial strength design. The strength value of recycled concrete is decrease about 1 � 17% for 25 MPa and 10 � 18% for 30 MPa. It is also happened to tensile strength of recycled concrete that decrease about 2 � 13 % for 25 MPa and 7 � 22 % for 30 MPa.

A field experiment lasting 37 years was conducted to evaluate the applications of different rates of pig manure and mineral fertilisers alone or in combination impacts on total phosphorus (P_total) and Olsen phosphorus (P_Olsen) contents and phosphorus activity coefficient (PAC, percentage of P_Olsen to P_total) within soil water-stable aggregates (WSA) in a Mollisol of Northeast China. The contents of P_total and P_Olsen associated with different size classes of WSA significantly (P &lt; 0.05) increased with an increasing rate of applied P. The application of manure alone or combined with mineral fertilisers significantly increased PAC value associated with different size classes of WSA. There were positive correlations between P_total and P_Olsen contents with soil organic carbon (SOC) content within soil WSA. As SOC content increased 1 g/kg, P_total and P_Olsen contents increased 0.06–0.10 g/kg and 7.69–22.2 mg/kg, respectively, and the increase was larger in smaller size classes of WSA. The results suggested that a high manure rate combined with mineral fertilisers is more beneficial for increasing soil phosphorus content and availability. SOC is a vital factor controlling phosphorus content and availability within soil WSA.

Aggregate Stability Index (ASI) and particulate organic matter (POM) are strongly influenced by land use and management. This work illustrates the effects of plantations on ASI and POM-C and POM-N in northern Iran. Three plantations of P. deltoides (PD), T. distichum (TD), A. subcordata (AS), and a fourth site ‒ adjacent abandoned lands (BL, as control) were selected. Soil samples were taken within 16 quadrats of each plantation and BL from the two depths of 0–15 cm and 15–30 cm during the summer. Soil C was significantly higher under TD (2.10%) than under BL (2.02%) &gt; PD (1.61%) &gt; AS (1.30%). Soil N was found in ranked order of AS (8.99%) &gt; TD (7.82%) &gt; PD (5.30%) &gt; BL (3.68%) (P &lt; 0.019). The significantly higher ASI was found under TD (57.49) in comparison with PD (53.10), BL (51.23), and AS (36.57). The POM-C was as follows: TD (0.209%) &gt; PD (0.141%) &gt; AS (0.139%) &gt; BL (0.075%) (P = 0.020). The highest POM-N was found under TD (0.035), followed by AS (0.0284%), PD (0.0288%), and BL (0.007%). The results indicate the positive effect of afforestation on soil ASI and POM-C and POM-N, especially in the surface layers of soil.

The synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) coated with hydrophilic poly-sodium-acrylate (PSA) ligands was studied to assess PSA-MNP complexes as draw solution (DS) solutes in forward osmosis (FO). For MNP-based DS, the surface modification and the size of the MNPs are two crucial factors to achieve a high osmolality. Superparamagnetic nanoparticles (NP) with functional groups attached may represent the ideal DS where chemical modifications of the NPs can be used in optimizing the DS osmolality and the magnetic properties allows for efficient recovery (DS re-concentration) using an external magnetic field. In this study MNPs with diameters of 4 nm have been prepared by controlled chemical co-precipitation of magnetite phase from aqueous solutions containing suitable salts of Fe2+ and Fe3+ under inert atmosphere and a pure magnetite phase could be verified by X-ray diffraction. Magnetic colloid suspensions containing PSA-coated MNPs with three different molar ratios of PSA:MNP = 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 were prepared and assessed in terms of osmotic pressure, aggregation propensity and magnetization. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of PSA on coated MNPs and pristine PSA-MNPs with a molar ratio PSA:MNP = 1:1 exhibited an osmotic pressure of 30 bar. Molar ratios of PSA:MNP = 1:2 and 1:3 lead to the formation of less stabile magnetic colloid solutions, which led to the formation of aggregates with larger average hydrodynamic sizes and modest osmotic pressures (5.5 bar and 0.2 bar, respectively). After purification with ultrafiltration, the 1:1 nanoparticles exhibited an osmotic pressure of 9 bar with no aggregation and a sufficient magnetization of 25 emu/g to allow for DS regeneration using an external magnetic field. However, it was observed that the amount of PSA molecules attached to the MNPs decreased during DS recycling steps, leaving only strong chelate-bonded core-shell PSA as coating on the MNPs. This demonstrates the crucial role of MNP coating robustness in designing an efficient MNP-based DS for FO.

In this paper, the mechanism of NOM removal by coagulation is investigated using coagulant polyaluminium chloride (PACl), compared with AlCl3. The kinetics of Al ion hydrolysis, interaction of hydrolyzed species of Al and NOM, and hydraulic power condition in coagulation process are investigated by programmable jar test, photometric dispersion analyzer and ferron assaying. After the coagulant dosing, Al ion would hydrolyze very quickly, and then monomeric Al and small polymeric Al would further hydrolyze to form larger polymer and precipitate, based on pH condition, while the further hydrolyzed process is relative slow. Although complexation between NOM and Al appears to be several orders of magnitude slower than hydrolysis of monomeric forms of Al, it would be faster than further polymerization and precipitation of Al during aging. However the further polymerization of fresh Al would benefit to Al-NOM complex aggregation and settlement. Therefore, PACl, with stabile preformed polymer shows significantly different performance in NOM removal compared with AlCl3. Although the hydraulic power condition plays significant role in collision frequency and efficiency of particles removal, the process of the aggregation to form larger floc to settle down is relative slower than interaction of Al and NOM, and it is not very correlative to the performance of NOM removal if only it can provide enough mixture.

Possible coagulation mechanisms were studied in relatively high alkalinity model systems and surface waters. On the basis of available information, original laboratory experiments and simple calculation ere performed in order to show that the adsorption of Al3+ and Fe3+ ions is not the dominant process in decreasing the stability of suspended particles. The ions of the feeding coagulants hydrolyse within short time and form positively charged water soluble aluminium- or ferric hydroxides. Adsorption of these water soluble hydroxides onto the surface of colloids and quasi-colloid particles are restricted because of the quick completion of the hydrolysis process in relatively high alkalinity (&gt;1.2 mmol/L) water. The result of complete hydrolysis of Al3+ or Fe3+ ions are slightly positively charged poorly water soluble aluminium or ferric hydroxide sols. The positively charged hydroxides and the associated water molecules are connected to each other by hydrogen bonds, providing a stabile structure. The hydrogen bonds provide the aggregation of slightly positively charged sol aggregation into flocs. Considering the repulsing forces among the sols, high numbers of individual sol particles (having nm sizes) are able adsorb onto the surface of suspended particles, changing their electrical charge and decreasing the stability of the colloids and quasi-colloid particles. This process is dominant in the destabilisation of suspended particles.

Abstract An interaction between the slope position and type of soil management practices could be one of the most important factor affecting several soil properties including soil structure. Therefore, we evaluated selected soil properties including soil structure parameters in relation to slope gradient and soil management practices between Trakovice and Bučany villages (western Slovakia). The sampling sites were located in two adjacent, gently sloping fields with a NW-SE orientation. The sites also differ in soil management type: Field No. 1 was used as arable land with intensive cultivation (IC) of crops, while a greening system (GS) had been established on Field No. 2. Soil samples were taken from five geomorphological zones at each slope: summit, shoulder, back-slope, toe slope and flat terrain under the slope. Results showed that soil pH, content of soil organic matter (SOM) and carbonates depended on land use of the slopes. In GS, the water-stable macro-aggregates (WSAma) 0.5–3 mm (favourable size fraction) displayed statistical significant quadratic polynomial trend along the slope gradient. In IC the values of mean weight diameter of dry sieved aggregates (MWDd) decreased significantly along the slope gradient, while in GS the opposite trend was observed. In IC significant correlations between carbonates content (r=-0.775, P<0.01), humic acids (HA) content (r=0.654, P<0.05), colour quotients of humic substances (r=-0.706, P<0.05), colour quotients of HA (r=-0.723, P<0.05) and MWDd were determined. In GS higher content of carbonates was followed by a decrease in content WSAma, MWDd, mean weight diameter of wet sieved aggregates (MWDw) and stability index of aggregates. At the same time stabile and labile soil organic matter improved soil structure parameters in GS.

Prostanoids are lipid compounds that mediate a variety of physiological and pathological functions in almost all body tissues and organs. Thromboxane (TX) A2 is a powerful inducer of platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction and it has ulcerogenic activity in the gastrointestinal tract. Overdose or chronic use of a high dose of acetaminophen (N-acetyl-paminophenol, APAP) is a major cause of acute liver failure in the Western world. We investigated whether TXA2 plays a role in host response to toxic effect of APAP. CBA/H Zg mice of both sexes were intoxicated with a single lethal or high sublethal dose of APAP, which was administered to animals by oral gavage. The toxicity of APAP was determined by observing the survival of mice during 48 h, by measuring concentration of alanine-aminotransferase (ALT) in plasma 20-22 h after APAP administration and by liver histology. The results have shown that anti-thromboxane (TX) B2 antibodies (anti-TXB2) and a selective inhibitor of thromboxane (TX) synthase, benzylimidazole (BZI), were significantly hepatoprotective, while a selective thromboxane receptor (TPR) antagonist, daltroban, was slightly protective in this model of acute liver injury. A stabile metabolite of TXA2, TXB2, and a stabile agonist of TPR, U-46619, had no influence on APAP-induced liver damage. Our findings suggest that TXA2 has a pathogenic role in acute liver toxicity induced with APAP, which was highly abrogated by administration of anti-TXB2. According to our results, this protection is mediated, at least in part, through decreased production of TXB2 by liver fragments<em> ex vivo</em>.

One of the conductive fiber types used in the mixtures in order to provide the desired performance by reducing the deterioration of asphalt concrete coatings during the project is steel fibers. In recent years, studies on the use of steel fiber to provide self-healing property by heating the layers during the repair phase have attracted attention. In order to evaluate the economy of steel fiber layers, it is necessary to know the mechanical properties of these layers before they come into repair. In this study, the abrasion made Marshall design to binder mixtures, according to the design result, at the rate of 0.1%, 0.15% and 0.2% of the total weight of aggregate and bitumen, a steel fiber of 10 mm length and 1 mm diameter was added to the mixtures. After the first Marshall stability, conditioned indirect tensile strength tests on the mixtures, the same tests were applied again without removing the samples from the device. As a result, the highest Marshall stability and conditioned indirect tensile strength were obtained in binder mixes with 0.10% steel fiber compared to the unadulterated, while in the additive wear mixture tests, close to the additive-free or lower results were obtained.

The collective agent coordination problem in organizational behavior systems is consider. In particular, the problem of coordinating of the agents’ interests to assess the degree of achieve-ment of the corporate strategic targets. The relevance of the problem is due to the need to increase the speed of decision-making, the speed of reaction to changes in the external environment, which can be achieved using appropriate control mechanisms. Aim. Improving methods of collective deci-sion making under circumstances where agents have different ranks of significance. Materials and methods. Methods comprise the integrated rating mechanisms and the generalized median voter schemes. The mathematical apparatus was chosen is contingent on the group decision making in organizational systems. Active agents strives to maximize his target function in the process of inter-action, which leads to a conflict of interests and a desire to distort information. The chosen methods allow these problems to be solved. The first ones are used to aggregate indicators that reflect the de-gree of achievement of the private goals of the organization at the strategic level. The second ones are used to identification the true agents’ opinions about the type of target index convolution matri-ces. Results. The matrix non-anonymous generalized median mechanism is proposed. The non-anonymous statement allows taking into account the interests of agents with different ranks. It is shown how to reduce non-anonymous procedure to an anonymous one. Decisions making process about all elements of the convolution matrices in integrated rating mechanisms with using anony-mous median voter scheme is strategy proofnees. However, the results of aggregation are not stabil-ity to the agent strategic behavior in cases of application anonymous or non-anonymous coordina-tion procedures. The new integrated mechanism based on the synthesis of known control mecha-nisms is proposed to overcome the discovered problem. Conclusion. The statement of the problem corresponds to the real procedures of decision making by governance board, when the opinion of one agent turns out to be more significant than the opinion of another agent. The developed mech-anism makes it possible to agree on the opinions of experts on the degree of achievement of the strategic goals of the organization; it can also be adapted to solve other applied problems, for ex-ample, making a decision on the choice of a project, assessing risks, assessing suppliers, etc.

Pendahuluan: Kecenderungan aggregasi dan aglomerasi partikel keramik ukuran nano di dalam resin (komposit kedokteran gigi) menjadi suatu tantangan untuk dapat mensintesis nano partikel mullite dengan teknik solution gelation (sol-gel). Nilai pH hidrolisis pada teknik sol-gel diketahui mempengaruhi ukuran dan zeta potensial partikel keramik sehingga mempengaruhi kestabilan distribusi partikel keramik di dalam cairan. Metode: Desain penelitian berupa penelitian deskriptif. Partikel mullite dihasilkan melalui prekursor tetraethyl orthosilicate (TeOS) dan aluminium nitrate (Al2(NO3)3) yang di dicampurkan pada tahap hidrolisis dengan pengaturan pH yang bervariasi: pH 2, pH 3 dan pH 4. Partikel mullite yang dihasilkan di karakterisasi menggunakan Dynamic light scattering (DLS) untuk mengetahui ukuran dan zeta potensial partikel mullite. Hasil: Ukuran rerata partikel mullite yang dihasilkan pada pH 2, 3 dan 4 berturut-turut adalah 2349,7 nm, 1281 nm dan 245,9 nm. Hasil memperlihatkan penurunan ukuran partikel seiring dengan peningkatan pH. Mulite dengan pH hidrolisis 4 berukuran nanometer, sementara mullite dengan pH 2 dan 3 berukuran mikron. Sementara itu, nilai zeta potensial pada keramik mullite yang dihasilkan pada pH 2, 3 dan 4 berturut-turut adalah 31,7 mV, 40,7 mV dan 29,2 mV. Nilai zeta potensial pada semua kelompok mullite, masuk pada kategori stabil. Simpulan: Partikel mullite yang dihasilkan dengan pH hidrolisis 4 dapat menjadi alternatif bahan pengisi kedokteran gigi karena memiliki ukuran nano dan kestabilan partikel yang baik.Kata kunci: Mullite, pH hidrolisis, ukuran partikel, zeta potensial, sol-gel

Beralihnya sistem nilai tukar rupiah dari sistem mengambang terkendali (managed floating exchange rate) ke sistem nilai tukar mengambang penuh (floating exchange rate) memberikan dampak terhadap kebijakan moneter di Indonesia. Nilai tukar yang sebelumnya digunakan sebagai salah satu nominal anchor dalam pencapaian sasaran akhir kebijakan moneter tidak berlangsung lama digunakan lagi. Sementara dengan semakin terbukanya perekonomian Indonesia, nilai tukar rupiah sangat rentan terhadap arus lalu lintas modal internasional yang bergerak sedemikian dinamis.Pasar keuangan yang berkembang pesat sebagai imbas keterbukaan tersebut telah mendorong ketidak stabilan permintaan akan uang sehingga telah mengurangi efektivitas kebijakan moneter dengan pendekatan kuantitas. Ketidakstabilan permintaan uang tersebut antara lain disebabkan pesatnya perkembangan produk-produk keuangan dan terjadinya decoupling antara sektor keuangan dan sektor riil dimana uang bukan hanya sebagai alat transaksi tetapi juga sebagai barang yang diperdagangkan.Pengujian empiris dengan menggunakan vector autoregression dan Granger causality test versi Hsiao menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan moneter dengan inflation targeting dapat digunakan di Indonesia khususnya setelah era sistem nilai tukar fleksibel. Pengendalian moneter dalam kerangka inflation targeting dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan sukubunga PUAB overnight sebagai kandidat utama sasaran operasional dan MCI sebagai sasaran antara, sementara underlying inflation sebagai sasaran akhir tunggal.Sementara penggunaan MCI sebagai sasaran antara tidak dilakukan secara kaku (policy rules) tetapi dimungkinkan terjadinya discretionary policy sepanjang shock terhadap inflasi dan nilai tukar berasal dari supply shock dan bersifat sementara. Disamping itu, masih kuatnya hubungan langsung antara monetary aggregates dengan inflasi maka pengalihan kebijakan moneter dari quantity targeting ke price targeting bukan merupakan substitusi penuh. Monetary aggregates masih tetap digunakan sebagai variabel indikator untuk mendeteksi tekanan terhadap inflasi.

The effect of PEF on the whole liquid egg components, proteins and lipids, and the microstructure were studied and compared with pasteurisation. The effect of the refrigerated storage one week after the treatments was too studied. After all the treatments, only pasteurised samples showed water-soluble protein values significantly lower than the control and PEF treated samples, even after refrigeration. This could be related to the reinforcement of protein-protein interactions generated by the partial denaturalisation of proteins, observed by Cryo-SEM. Moreover, a water-soluble protein decrease was detected in the control and PEF treated samples after refrigeration, probably due to the aggregation of the egg lipoprotein during the storage. Furthermore, a slight lipolysis was observed in the control and PEF treated samples after refrigeration; but this effect was lower as higher was the PEF treatment. The study of the oxidation parameters showed an intermediate degradation of the lipids in treated samples, compared to the pasteurised eggs. These would reflect a higher microbiological stability of the PEF treated samples compared to the non-treated eggs.

<p>Consumption of animal food sources at the right amount is needed to help overcome nutrition problems, including stunting. Related to provision of animal food sources, Ministry of Agriculture has expanded the target of self sufficiency from beef only to animal protein from livestock. Related to this event, it is needed accurate information on consumption pattern of this food group. Objective of this writing is to present results of analyses on animal food consumption at household level identified by region and income class. Source of data used was Susenas 2014 from Statistic Indonesia with national coverage. Results of the analyses showed that participation rate and animal food consumption per capita were high at urban and highest income class households. At aggregate level, consumption per capita of livestock and fishery products by urban household were higher than that in rural areas. Type of animal food frequently consumed were broiler eggs, broiler chicken, and mackerel/tuna/skipjack. On the average, per capita beef consumption and consumption participation rate were low. Recommendation of this study is that efforts to achieve animal protein self sufficiency are done through intensification program on production and product development of livestock and fishery based products, development of infrastructure and marketing institution to expedite animal products’ distribution, maintain affordable and stable prices of animal protein sources, and intensive promotion of the importance of animal protein consumption in the context of diverse, nutritious balanced, and safe food pattern.</p><p> </p><p>Abstrak</p><p>Konsumsi pangan sumber protein hewani dalam jumlah cukup diperlukan untuk membantu mengatasi berbagai permasalahan gizi, termasuk stunting. Terkait penyediaan pangan sumber protein hewani, Kementerian Pertanian memperluas sasaran swasembada dari hanya daging sapi menjadi protein hewani asal ternak. Sehubungan dengan itu, diperlukan informasi yang akurat terkait pola konsumsi kelompok pangan ini. Tujuan penulisan artikel ini adalah untuk menyajikan hasil analisis berbagai pola konsumsi pangan hewani di tingkat rumah tangga yang dikaji berdasarkan kelas pendapatan dan wilayah tempat tinggal. Sumber data yang digunakan adalah hasil Susenas tahun 2014 dari BPS dengan cakupan nasional. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa tingkat partisipasi dan besaran konsumsi pangan hewani tinggi pada rumah tangga di perkotaan dan pada rumah tangga berpendapatan tinggi. Secara aggregat, konsumsi produk peternakan dan perikanan di perkotaan lebih tinggi dibandingkan di pedesaan. Jenis pangan hewani yang banyak dikonsumsi adalah telur ayam ras, daging ayam ras dan ikan tongkol/tuna/cakalang. Rata-rata konsumsi daging sapi/kapita sangat rendah dan angka partisipasi konsumsi juga rendah. Disarankan upaya pencapaian swasembada protein hewani dilakukan melalui intensifikasi peningkatan produksi dan pengembangan produk pangan asal ternak dan ikan, pengembangan prasarana dan kelembagaan pemasaran untuk memperlancar distribusi, menjaga harga wajar serta stabil, dan promosi yang intensif atas pentingnya makan sumber pangan protein hewani dalam konteks pola makan beragam bergizi seimbang dan aman.</p>

Endothelial dysfunction and vascular injuries are the early processes in thrombogenesis leading to thrombotic stroke. These processes trigger platelet activation characterized by synthesis of Thromboxane A2, potent agonist in platelet aggregation. Acetosal (ASA) 100 mg usually given to thrombotic stroke patients exerts its pharmacological effect by inhibition of TxA2 synthesis, thus could prevent thrombus formation. Diabetes mellitus (DM) as risk factor of thrombotic stroke exhibits an increase in TxA2 synthesis. It is not known whether ASA 100 mg could inhibit TxA2 adequately in diabetic patients. This study aimed to analyze the differences of serum TxA2 level, which was measured by serum TxB2 level as stabile metabolite of TxA2, after taking ASA 100 mg in diabetic and non-diabetic thrombotic stroke patients. This prospective observational study was held in Neurology Department of Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya. Total 27 patients, consisted of 15 patients with DM and 12 patients with non-DM were enrolled. Serum TxB2 was measured before and after 5-7 days 100 mg ASA 100 administration. Mean value of serum TxB2 level before and after taking ASA was 16.43 ± 16.08 ng/mL and 2.93 ± 1.83 ng/mL in diabetic and 27.36 ± 21.04 ng/mL and 5.36 ± 4.06 ng/mL in non-diabetic group. Mean reduction of serum TxB2 level in diabetic and non-diabetic group was 13.49 ± 15.9 ng/mL and 22.00 ± 21.65 ng/mL. There were significant differences in serum TxB2 level after taking ASA 100 mg in diabetic and non-diabetic group but the mean reduction of serum TxB2 level were not significantly different.

Straipsnyje analizuojami indikatoriai, taikomi tinklo apkrovos savastingumui tirti: Hursto indeksas, stabilumo indeksas, IR (Increment Ratio) statistika. Kompiuteriniu modeliavimu ištirtas šių indikatorių tinkamumas tinklo apkrovos savastingumui vertinti realiu laiku. Sukurta programinių modulių biblioteka SSE (Self-Similarity Estimator), skirta fiksuoti ir agreguoti tinklo duomenų paketus, vertinanti tinklo apkrovos srautų savastingumą realiu laiku. Naudojant SSE programinių modulių biblioteką, suformuotų laiko eilučių Hursto indeksas ir IR statistika apskaičiuotos naudojant analitines formules, o stabilumo indeksas – robastiniu empirinių kvantilių regresijos metodu. Modulių bibliotekos SSE analizės efektyvumas ištirtas kompiuterinio modeliavimo būdu apskaičiuojant savastingumo indikatorius stabiliųjų procesų realizacijoms.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: savastingumas (self-similarity), Hursto indeksas, stabilumo indeksas, IR statistika.The Real-time Mode Research of Network Traffic FractalityLiudvikas Kaklauskas, Leonidas Sakalauskas Summaryhe article analyses the indicators implemented for investigating the network self-similarity: the Hurst index, stability index, IR (Increment Ratio) statistics. The suitability of these indicators for the on-line estimation of network traffic self-similarity was investigated by applying computer-based modelling. The software SSE (Self-Similarity Estimator) module library was developed; it was designed for the recording and aggregation of network traffic packages as well as for the on-line estimation of network traffic self-similarity. By using the SSE software module library, the Hurst index and the IR statistics of time series were estimated by applying analytic formulas, and the index of stability was estimated applying the robust method of regression of empirical quantiles. The efficiency of the analysis of the SSE module library was investigated by estimating the self-similarity indicators for realisation of the stabile processes while applying the method of computer-based modelling.

ABSTRACTThe fluctuative price of shallot in Indonesia is mainly due to discontinuous supply. Shallot is usually planted three times a year. Lack of supply occurs during July to October. Therefore, the produce need to be stored to ensure its availability during off season, not only for consumption but also as seed bulb for the following planting season. The research was aimed to maintain the quality of seed bulbs during twelve weeks storage and to evaluate productivity of the seed bulbs after storage. Shallot seed bulbs of Bima Brebes was used for the research that was devided into two steps. The first step was arranged in nested design, in which seed bulb was stored at 0 0C, 5 0C, 10 0C and ambient temperature nested into storage period i.e 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks with four replications. The second step was evaluation of productivity of the seed bulbs that was arranged in nested design. The seed bulbs, after being stored at diferent condition, was subjected to different acclimatization treatments i.e. gradual increase of temperatures for 3 days and direct change to ambient temperature for one day, to devernalize the seed bulbs and replicated our times. The results showed that the dormant period of shallot seed bulbs lasted for 8 weeks after harvest (6 week after storage) as indicated by germination and vigor index of >90%. The termination of dormancy coincided with a rise in GA, IAA and cytokines as well as ABA. Storing the seed bulbs for 3 months in 5 0C could maintain its viability and vigor >90%, with 9.8% of total damage and 15.6% of weight loss. The seed bulbs grew normally and produced 30.2 g of bulb per plant. The percentage of flowering plant of gradually acclimatized seed bulbs previously stored at 5 0C (10.3%) was not significantly different from those directly acclimatized at ambient temperature (12%).Keywords: ABA, cytokinin, dormancy, GA, weight lossABSTRAKPenyebab utama fluktuasi harga bawang merah di pasar adalah ketersediaan umbi bawang merah yang tidak stabil. Di daerah sentra produksi, bawang merah ditanam tiga kali dalam setahun. Bulan Juli sampai Oktober adalah periode hasil panen rendah. Penyimpanan umbi merupakan salah satu upaya untuk menjamin ketersediaannya di luar musim panen, tidak hanya untuk konsumsi tetapi juga memastikan ketersediaan umbi sebagai benih pada musim tanam selanjutnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempertahankan kualitas benih umbi selama 12 minggu disimpan dan mengevaluasi produktivitasnya setelah penyimpanan. Bahan yang digunakan adalah benih umbi bawang merah varietas Bima Brebes. Penelitian dibagi dalam dua tahap. Tahap pertama adalah penyimpanan benih umbi dirancang dalam nested design yang mana benih umbi disimpan pada suhu 0 0C, 5 0C, 10 0C dan suhu ruang tersarang pada waktu penyimpanan yang terdiri atas 0, 3, 6, 9 dan 12 minggu dan diulang empat kali. Tahap kedua adalah evaluasi produktivitas benih umbi setelah disimpan dirancang dalam nested design. Umbi yang telah disimpan (12 minggu) pada masing-masing kondisi simpan diberi perlakuan aklimatisasi, yaitu suhu berjenjang (3 hari) dan suhu ruang langsung (1 hari), untuk mencegah pembungaan. Setiap perlakuan diulang sebanyak empat kali (ulangan tersarang pada aklimatisasi). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa benih umbi mengalami dormansi sampai 8 minggu setelah panen (6 minggu setelah simpan), ditandai dengan daya berkecambah dan indeks vigor di atas 90%. Berakhirnya dormansi benih umbi bersamaan dengan peningkatan kandungan giberelin, auksin, dan sitokinin mengimbangi peningkatan asam absisat. Penyimpanan benih selama 12 minggu pada suhu 5 0C dapat mempertahankan viabilitas dan vigor di atas 90% dengan kerusakan (umbi bertunas, chilling injury, hampa atau busuk) sebesar 9.8% dan susut bobot sebesar 15.6%. Setelah disimpan selama 12 minggu benih dapat tumbuh normal dan memproduksi 30.2 g umbi per tanaman. Aklimatisasi suhu berjenjang umbi benih yang telah disimpan pada suhu 5 0C menghasilkan persentase pembungaan (10.3%) yang tidak berbeda nyata dengan aklimatisasi suhu ruang langsung (12%).Kata kunci: ABA, dormansi, GA, sitokinin, susut bobot

Bahan organik dan mikroorganisme diperlukan untuk memperbaiki sifat fisik tanah pasca galian batuan agar dapat digunakan untuk budidaya tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh aplikasi bahan organik dan mikroorganisme tanah terhadap perbaikan fisik tanah pasca galian batuan dan pertumbuhan cabai rawit. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Cibiru Bandung, Jawa Barat dengan titik ordinat -6.92049471880716, 107.716127309820, dari bulan Juni sampai Oktober 2020, menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) Faktorial dua faktor dan diulang tiga kali. Faktor pertama yaitu bahan organik: b0 : kontrol (tanpa pemberian bahan organik), b1: kompos Paitan 15 t ha-1, b2: kompos eceng gondok 15 t ha-1, b3: abu cangkang sawit 15 t ha-1. Faktor kedua : mikroba: mo: kontrol (tanpa pemberian mikroba), m1 : Inokulum campuran Fungi Mikoriza Asburkular (FMA) 10 g polibag-1, m2 :Inokulum campuran BPF (Bakteri Pelarut Fosfat) 10 ml polibag-1, m3 : campuran FMA dan BPF. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan eceng gondok 15 t ha-1 yang diberikan bersamaan dengan FMA atau BPF menaikan kelembaban tanah. Aplikasi bahan organik dan mikroba menurunkan agregat stabil tahan air. Eceng gondok dan BPF masing-masing menurunkan suhu tanah. Aplikasi bahan organik dan mikroorganisme belum berpengaruh dalam peningkatan pertumbuhan tanaman cabai rawit, namun berpengaruh terhadap fisik tanah tanah pasca galian batuan.ABSTRACTOrganic matters and microorganisms are needed to improve the physical properties of the post-mine sand pits soil so that it can be used for plant cultivation. The purpose of this study was to know the influence of organic matters and soil microorganism application on post-mine sand pits soil improvement and chili pepper growth. This study was conducted in Cibiru Bandung (-6.92049471880716, 107.716127309820), from June to October 2020, using Block Randomized Factorial Design two factors and repeated three times. The first factor was organic matters: b0 : control, b1: compost Titonia 15 t ha-1, b2: compost Hyacinth 15 t ha-1, b3: palm shell ash 15 tha-1. The second factor: microbes: m0: control, m1: mix inoculum AMF 10 g polybag-1, m2 : mix inoculum PSB 10 ml polybag-1 , m3 : mixture of AMF and PSB. The results showed that hyacinth 15 t ha-1 given with FMA or PSB increased soil moisture. The application of organic matters and microbes decreased water stable aggregates. Hyacinth and PSB lower the temperature of the soil. The application of organic matters and microorganisms has not had an effect in increasing the growth of chili pepper plants but influences the physical properties of the post-mine sand pit soil.

Italian cities have been touched by two major events, the 2008 and 2012 crises and the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021. The research aimed to verify whether, and in what way, Italian cities have embarked on a path of transformation, outlining their possible trajectories of change in the intervening decade. The cities considered were the metropolitan cities to which the legislature has assigned the role of territorial reference for areas of a regional nature. The research examined real estate market values for their ability to represent a city’s degree of attractiveness in synthetic form. The other variables used made it possible to detect trends in the determinants of the real estate market: economic growth, demographic development and changes in the territorial capital endowment. Concerning the research objectives, cluster analysis appeared to be the most suitable tool to represent changes by aggregating cities according to common patterns. The survey considered the reactions of the different cities in the two five-year periods related to each exogenous shock and, overall, in the decade under review for a long-term reading of the trends. The conclusions reached by the survey show how, between 2012 and 2017, there was a concentration of wealth and population in the major centers and in particular in the city of Milan, characterized by rising property values against a generalized decline in the Italian market. In the second five-year period from 2017 to 2022, the pattern is reproduced with similar intensity, despite a vast debate on the crisis of large cities and their sustainability in the face of the pandemic. An overall ten-year view from 2012 to 2022 of metropolitan cities shows trends with a sufficiently solid and stable character. In the case of Milan, the expression of a clear-cut process of concentration on which the pandemic has had no effect, is counterbalanced by a second cluster of peripheral metropolitan cities that are suffering from processes that penalize their development prospects, while the third cluster of cities is distinguished by a profile that combines opportunities for growth and critical aspects in demographic and economic terms. Le città italiane sono state toccate da due importanti eventi, la crisi del 2008 e del 2012 e la pandemia Covid- 19 nel corso del 2020 e 2021. La ricerca ha l’obiettivo di verificare se, e in quale modo, le città italiane hanno intrapreso un percorso di trasformazione, delineando le loro possibili traiettorie di cambiamento nel decennio intercorso. Le città considerate sono state le città metropolitane cui il legislatore ha attribuito il ruolo di riferimento territoriale per ambiti di carattere regionale. La ricerca ha esaminato i valori del mercato immobiliare per la loro capacità di rappresentare in forma sintetica il grado di attrattività di una città. Le altre variabili impiegate hanno permesso di rilevare l’andamento dei determinanti del mercato immobiliare: crescita economica, sviluppo demografico e variazione nella dotazione di capitale territoriale. Rispetto agli obiettivi della ricerca, la cluster analysis è apparsa lo strumento maggiormente idoneo a rappresentare i cambiamenti aggregando le città secondo pattern comuni. L’indagine ha considerato le reazioni delle diverse città nei due quinquenni legati a ciascun shock esogeno e, complessivamente, nel decennio in esame per una lettura di lungo periodo delle tendenze in atto. Le conclusioni cui perviene l’indagine evidenziano come tra il 2012 e il 2017, vi sia un percorso di concentrazione della ricchezza e della popolazione nei centri maggiori e in particolare nella città di Milano, contraddistinta da valori immobiliari in crescita a fronte di un declino generalizzato del mercato italiano. Nel secondo quinquennio dal 2017 al 2022, lo schema si riproduce con analoga intensità, a dispetto di un vasto dibattito sulla crisi delle grandi città e sulla loro sostenibilità alla prova della pande- mia. Una visione complessiva decennale dal 2012 al 2022 delle città metropolitane evidenzia tendenze do- tate di un carattere sufficientemente solido e stabile. Al caso di Milano, espressione di un processo di concentrazione chiaro e netto su cui la pandemia non ha avuto effetti, fa riscontro un secondo cluster di città metropolitane periferiche che scontano processi che ne penalizzano le prospettive di sviluppo, mentre un terzo cluster di città si distingue per un profilo che unisce opportunità di crescita e aspetti critici sotto il profilo demografico ed economico.

AbstractWe report on light-emitting electrochemical cells, comprising a solution-processed single-layer active material and air-stabile electrodes, that exhibit efficient and bright thermally activated delayed fluorescence. Our optimized devices delivers a luminance of 120 cd m−2 at an external quantum efficiency of 7.0%. As such, it outperforms the combined luminance/efficiency state-of-the art for thermally activated delayed fluorescence light-emitting electrochemical cells by one order of magnitude. For this end, we employed a polymeric blend host for balanced electrochemical doping and electronic transport as well as uniform film formation, an optimized concentration (<1 mass%) of guest for complete host-to-guest energy transfer at minimized aggregation and efficient emission, and an appropriate concentration of an electrochemically stabile electrolyte for desired doping effects. The generic nature of our approach is manifested in the attainment of bright and efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescence emission from three different light-emitting electrochemical cells with invariant host:guest:electrolyte number ratio.

This study was conducted in Ifite-Nanka, Orumba North L.G.A. in Anambra state, Nigeria. The aim of the research was to evaluate the effect of three land use types on soil organic carbon (SOC) and physical properties and to determine the factors that contributed to the stability of the eroded sites. Horizon variability of these soil parameters was also determined. The result showed that Oil palm plantation had significantly (p < 0.05) highest SOC value (0.51 %) followed by arable cropping (0.46 %) and least in cashew plantation (0.28 %). Oil palm plan- tation had the highest value of water stable aggregate (WSA) (15.35) followed by arable farm land (11.67) and least was cashew plantation but aggregate stabil- ity (AS) was highest in arable cropping. Along the profile, SOC was highest in A horizon and so was the WSA and AS. Among SOC, clay and sand content used in determining the stability of the soil, SOC explained 64.9 % and 45.5 % varia- tions in AS and WSA respectively. Collapsing the structural and stability indi- ces, more of the structural indices were improved in arable land use while more of the stability indices were improved oil palm plantation plots.

Abstract. Hydroseeding is an alternative to traditional seed-sowing vegetative technology by mixing other ingredients such as tackifiers (soil amendment), fertilizers, mulch, water, or other materials sprayed using hydraulic pumps (Siswomartono, 1989). In general, the soil amendment used in the hydroseeding mixture is a type of polyacrilamide (PAM). The use of PAM in hydroseeding mixtures still has a deficiency of less stable soil aggregate bonds after being sprayed (dry) on the slope surface (Sunandar, 201). The soil aggregate bond is one of the factors that affect the soil resistance to erosion caused by rain water. Therefore, to answer these problems need to look for other adhesive materials that can bind aggregate soil to be better or stable. Latex is an alternative answer to the problem, however, the effect of latex on the growth of vegetation seeds in the hydroseeding mixture has not been studied. The purpose of this research paper is to compare the utilization of latex and polyacrilamide (PAM) in the mixture of hydroseeding to the growth of grass and cover crop vegetation. The research method used is RAK in time with 9 treatments, namely: PAM + grass seeds, latex + grass seeds bermuda, PAM + cover crop PJ, latex + cover crop seeds PJ, PAM + grass seeds rhodes, latex + grass seeds rhodes, PAM + grass seeds signal, latex + grass seeds signal and grass vetiver with 3 repetitions. The results showed an interaction between the combination of seeds and the soil amendment with time. In addition, this study shows that the use of Latex and PAM has no significant effect on growth. Therefore, hydroseeding technology using latex type feeding material is good enough to replace PAM Keywords: Hydroseeding, Lateks, Polyacrylamid (PAM), Rhodes, Signal, Bermuda, PJ Abstrak. Hydroseeding merupakan alternatif teknologi vegetatif penaburan benih secara tradisional dengan mencampurkan bahan lainnya seperti tackifier (bahan pemantap), pupuk, mulsa, air, atau bahan lainnya yang disemprotkan menggunakan pompa hidrolik (Siswomartono, 1989). Pada umumnya, bahan pemantap tanah yang digunakan dalam campuran hydroseeding adalah jenis bahan pemantap polyacrilamide (PAM). Penggunaan PAM dalam campuran hydroseeding masih memiliki kekurangan yaitu ikatan antar agregat tanah kurang stabil setelah disemprotkan (kering) pada permukaan lereng (Sunandar, 2015). Ikatan agregat tanah merupakan salah satu faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap ketahanan tanah terhadap erosi yang disebabkan oleh air hujan. Oleh karena itu, untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebut perlu dicari bahan perekat lain yang mampu mengikat agregat tanah menjadi lebih baik atau stabil. Lateks merupakan salah satu alternatif jawaban permasalahan tersebut, namun demikian pengaruh lateks terhadap pertumbuhan biji vegetasi dalam campuran hydroseeding tersebut belum dikaji. Tujuan penulisan makalah penelitian ini adalah membandingkan pemanfaatan bahan pemantap tanah jenis lateks dan polyacrilamide (PAM) dalam campuran hydroseeding terhadap pertumbuhan vegetasi jenis rumput dan cover crop. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah RAK in time dengan 9 perlakuan yaitu: PAM + biji rumput bermuda, lateks + biji rumput bermuda, PAM + cover crop PJ, lateks + cover crop PJ, PAM + biji rumput rhodes, lateks + biji rumput rhodes, PAM + biji rumput signal, lateks + biji rumput signal dan rumput vetiver dengan 3 kali pengulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya interaksi antara kombinasi biji dan bahan pemantap dengan waktu. Selain itu penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan Lateks dan PAM tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan. Untuk itu teknologi hydroseeding dengan menggunakan bahan pemantap jenis lateks cukup baik untuk menggantikan PAM Kata Kunci: Hydroseeding, Lateks, Polyacrylamid (PAM), Rhodes, Signal, Bermuda, PJ

Food insecurity is no different in southern Africa. This paper attempts to assess the country effects within the aggregated cereal food security status within the Southern African Customs Union (SACU). The impact of a big player on dependent small players is analysed by using the panel data approach to empirically explain the dynamics of climate patterns on cereal food production. The paper employed econometric dynamic models to determine effects of urbansisation, production yield, land availability and weather variables on both country individual and regional food security. Results indicates that a unit decrease in available crop surface per capita in each time period leads to 40% decrease in the ability to be food secure within the SACU region. It implies that countries with less crop surface, low crop yield and high population growth tend to be less food secure because of applying less rigorous food production technologies. Therefore, adjustments in cereal food production in Southern Africa are necessary to follow principles of climate smart agriculture. Resulting shifts in production systems will open an opportunity for regional cooperation in food resource management. Iindividual country policy on food security shows divergence and could be adjusted towards a more holistic regional approach with innovation, trade, health, wealth and geopolitical relations. Individual country support from a regional customs union will strengthen regional equity and sustainable development for ultimate welfare. Technological change in cereal food production practices will be based on resource quality and management skills.

Avendo il nome derivato dalla parola latina Argentun, l'argento (Ag) è un metallo di transizione che ha un'elevata conduzione elettrica e resistenza alla corrosione. Di solito si trova aggregato con minerali di rame, zinco e oro. Ampiamente utilizzato nella produzione di specchi e monete, in processi dentali come l'amalgama d'argento, nella produzione di gioielli e posate, nella fotografia e nei dispositivi elettronici a causa della sua elevata conduttività elettrica. Questa ricerca si propone di descrivere i dati ottenuti nei riassunti minerari del Dipartimento Nazionale di Ricerca Mineraria (http://www.dnpm.gov.br), la ricerca bibliografica è stata condotta in articoli scientifici, utilizzando computer del laboratorio informatico dell'Istituto Federale di Istruzione, Scienza e Tecnologia di Amapá. Quando si tratta di estrazione dell'argento, il Messico è il paese che si distingue come produttore e il Perù ha attualmente la più grande riserva del mondo. Il Brasile ha piccole riserve di minerale d'argento, la sua partecipazione alla produzione mondiale di questo metallo è quasi trascurabile. Nel paese non ci sono mai stati record dell'estrazione dell'argento come prodotto principale, si trova sempre associato ad altre sostanze e arato come un prodotto accessorio della loro estrazione. La produzione nazionale avviene principalmente in metalli primari e, in misura minore, in metallo concentrato, perché è più costoso e richiede più fasi di lavorazione. La domanda di argento è molto più alta della sua produzione nel paese, il che rende la spesa per le importazioni superiore a quella delle esportazioni. Il materiale più esportato è il bene primario e il più importato è il prodotto semilavorati. Il consumo interno di argento nel paese è quasi stabile, con poche variazioni. I settori che consumano più argento sono: la monetazione, l'industria fotografica, il settore gioielliere e l'elettronica. Il suo prezzo ha registrato un calo dopo un aumento record nel 2011 a causa della bassa domanda industriale associata alla grande offerta di metallo.

The stability of different type nanomaterials play an important role among recent scientific and industrial challenges, including the examination of the effect of polymers, surfactants and their mixture on surface and electric surface properties and aggregation extent of dispersed particles, which are of utmost importance. Bentonite and its composite with different nanomaterials are frequently used for instance in environmental protection for wastewater treatment, since due to their great specific surface area they have excellent sorption properties. There are several publications in the literature for the application of bentonite in drilling muds. By using them the fluid loss can be decreased during the drilling process, the filtration of the fluid can be increased, it also improves the rheological properties and the formation damage can also be mitigated. During research the investigation and the analysis of the zeta-potential of nanoparticles and their composites at different pH and salt content can be an interesting topic. During our experiments the electric surface properties of nanomagnetite synthetized in laboratory (NM), cation exchanged bentonite from Mád (Be) and the composite particles of these particles were investigated. Hybrid particles of different compositions (9:1, 7:3, 1:1, 3:7, 1:9) were analyzed at different potassium chloride concentrations (0.1 – 0.0001 M). The surface adsorption on the surface, i.e. the change in the surface charge can be traced well by analyzing the obtained zeta-potential values. The behavior of such systems was observed in the full pH interval, thus, valuable data were obtained regarding the colloidal stability. As for the stability, different requirements may emerge in practice, there are application fields where the colloidally stable system is advantageous, on the other hand, in some cases, ceasing the stabile system is the goal. Our investigations are of high importance in terms of stability and its characterization [1].

Postmodernism is supposed to identify the conditions of contemporary cultural production when human affairs in general, and the dissemination of prevailing ideas in particular, have become fully enmeshed in relations of commodity exchange. (Martin 2002, p. 30) The accumulation of capital within industrial economies keyed on the surplus value derived from the production of raw materials into mass manufactured products, and their subsequent exchange in the capitalist marketplace. Within what Poster (1990) described as the contemporary mode of information , surplus capital is generated from the manufacturing of product’s symbolic values, which in turn substantiate their use and ultimately exchange values within the consumer market. This, in essence, is the centrifugal process undermining the brand (Klein 1999), promotional (Wernick 1991), or commodity sign (Goldman and Papson 1996), culture that characterizes contemporary capitalism: Through the creative outpourings of “cultural intermediaries” (Bourdieu 1984) working within the advertising, marketing, public relations, and media industries, commodities—routinely produced within low wage industrializing economies—are symbolically constituted to global consuming publics. This postmodern regime of cultural production is graphically illustrated within the sporting goods industry (Miles 1998) where, in regard to their use value, highly non-differentiated material products such as sport shoes are differentiated in symbolic terms through innovative advertising and marketing initiatives. In this way, oftentimes gaudy concoctions of leather, nylon, and rubber become transformed into prized cultural commodities possessing an inflated economic value within today’s informational-symbolic order (Castells 1996). Arguably, the globally ubiquitous Nike Inc. is the sporting brand that has most aggressively and effectively capitalized upon what Rowe described as the “culturalization of economics” in the latter twentieth century (1999, p. 70). Indeed, as Nike Chairman and CEO Phil Knight enthusiastically declared: For years, we thought of ourselves as a production-oriented company, meaning we put all our emphasis on designing and manufacturing the product. But now we understand that the most important thing we do is market the product. We’ve come around to saying that Nike is a marketing-oriented company, and the product is our most important marketing tool. What I mean is that marketing knits the whole organization together. The design elements and functional characteristics of the product itself are just part of the overall marketing process. (Quoted in (Willigan 1992, p. 92) This commercial culturalization of Nike has certainly sparked considerable academic interest, as evidenced by the voluminous literature pertaining to the various dimensions of its practices of cultural production (Donaghu and Barff 1990; Ind 1993; Korzeniewicz 1994; Cole and Hribar 1995; Boje 1998; Goldman and Papson 1998; Lafrance 1998; Armstrong 1999; Denzin 1999; Penaloza 1999; Sage 1999; Lucas 2000; Stabile 2000). Rather than contribute to this body of work, our aim is to engage a sporting shoe company attempting to establish itself within the brand universe defined and dominated by Nike. For this reason we turn to German-based Puma AG: a dynamic brand-in-process, seeking to differentiate itself within the cluttered sporting landscape, through the assertion of a consciously fractured brand identity designed to address a diverse range of clearly-defined consumer subjectivities. Puma’s history can be traced to post-war Germany when, in 1948, a fraternal dispute compelled Rudolf Dassler to leave Adidas (the company he founded with his brother Adi) and set up a rival sports shoe business on the opposite bank of the Moselle river in Herzogenaurach. Over the next three decades the two companies vied for the leadership in the global sports shoe industry. However, the emergence of Nike and Reebok in the 1980s, and particularly their adoption of aggressive marketing strategies, saw both Adidas and Puma succumbing to what was a new world sneaker order (Strasser and Becklund 1991). Of the two, Puma’s plight was the more chronic, with expenditures regularly exceeding moribund revenues. For instance, in 1993, Puma lost US$32 million on sales of just US$190 million (Saddleton 2002, p. 2). At this time, Puma’s brand presence and identity was negligible quite simply because it failed to operate according to the rhythms and regimes of the commodity sign economy that the sport shoe industry had become (Goldman and Papson 1994; 1996; 1998). Remarkably, from this position of seemingly terminal decline, in recent years, Puma has “successfully turned its image around” (Saddleton 2002, p. 2) through the adoption of a branding strategy perhaps even more radical than that of Nike’s. Led by the company’s global director of brand management, Antonio Bertone, Puma positioned itself as “the brand that mixes the influence of sport, lifestyle and fashion” (quoted in (Davis 2002, p. 41). Hence, Puma eschewed the sport performance mantra which defined the company (and indeed its rivals) for so long, in favour of a strategy centered on the aestheticization of the sport shoe as an important component of the commodity based lifestyle assemblages, through which individuals are encouraged to constitute their very being (Featherstone 1991; Lury 1996). According to Bertone, Puma is now “targeting the sneaker enthusiast, not the guy who buys shoes for running” (quoted in (Davis 2002, p. 41). While its efforts to “blur the lines between sport and lifestyle” (Anon 2002, p. 30) may explain part of Puma’s recent success, at the core of the company’s turnaround was its move to diversify the brand into a plethora of lifestyle and fashion options. Puma has essentially splintered into a range of seemingly disparate sub-brands each directed at a very definite target consumer (or perceptions thereof). Amongst other options, Puma can presently be consumed in, and through: the upscale pseudo-Prada Platinum range; collections by fashion designers such as Jil Sander and Yasuhiro Mihara; Pumaville, a range clearly directed at the “alternative sport” market, and endorsed by athletes such as motocross rider Travis Pastrana; and, the H Street range designed to capture “the carefree spirit of athletics” (http://www.puma.com). However, Puma’s attempts to interpellate (Althusser 1971) a diverse array of sporting subjectivies is perhaps best illustrated in the “Nuala” collection, a yoga-inspired “lifestyle” collection resulting from a collaboration with supermodel Christy Turlington, the inspiration for which is expressed in suitably flowery terms: What is Nuala? NUALA is an acronym representing: Natural-Universal-Altruistic-Limitless-Authentic. Often defined as "meditation in motion", Nuala is the product of an organic partnership that reflects Christy Turlington's passion for the ancient discipline of Yoga and PUMA's commitment to create a superior mix of sport and lifestyle products. Having studied comparative religion and philosophy at New York University, model turned entrepreneur Christy Turlington sought to merge her interest in eastern practices with her real-life experience in the fashion industry and create an elegant, concise, fashion collection to complement her busy work, travel, and exercise schedule. The goal of Nuala is to create a symbiosis between the outer and inner being, the individual and collective experience, using yoga as a metaphor to make this balance possible. At Nuala, we believe that everything in life should serve more than one purpose. Nuala is more than a line of yoga-inspired activewear; it is a building block for limitless living aimed at providing fashion-conscious, independant women comfort for everyday life. The line allows flexibility and transition, from technical yoga pieces to fashionable apparel one can live in. Celebrating women for their intuition, intelligence, and individuality, Nuala bridges the spacious gap between one's public and private life. Thus, Puma seeks to hail the female subject of consumption (Andrews 1998), through design and marketing rhetorics (couched in a spurious Eastern mysticism) which contemporary manifestations of what are traditionally feminine experiences and sensibilities. In seeking to engage, at one at the same time, a variety of class, ethnic, and gender based constituencies through the symbolic advancement of a range of lifestyle niches (hi-fashion, sports, casual, organic, retro etc.) Puma evokes Toffler’s prophetic vision regarding the rise of a “de-massified society” and “a profusion of life-styles and more highly individualized personalities” (Toffler 1980, pp. 231, 255-256). In this manner, Puma identified how the nurturing of an ever-expanding array of consumer subjectivities has become perhaps the most pertinent feature of present-day market relations. Such an approach to sub-branding is, of course, hardly anything new (Gartman 1998). Indeed, even the sports shoe giants have long-since diversified into a range of product lines. Yet it is our contention that even in the process of sub-branding, companies such as Nike nonetheless retain a tangible sense of a core brand identity. So, for instance, Nike imbues a sentiment of performative authenticity, cultural irreverence and personal empowerment throughout all its sub-brands, from its running shoes to its outdoor wear (arguably, Nike commercials have a distinctive “look” or “feel”) (Cole and Hribar 1995). By contrast, Puma’s sub-branding suggests a greater polyvalence: the brand engages divergent consumer subjectivities in much more definite and explicit ways. As Davis (2002, p. 41) emphasis added) suggested, Puma “has done a good job of effectively meeting the demands of disparate groups of consumers.” Perhaps more accurately, it could be asserted that Puma has been effective in constituting the market as an aggregate of disparate consumer groups (Solomon and Englis 1997). Goldman and Papson have suggested the decline of Reebok in the early 1990s owed much to the “inconsistency in the image they projected” (1996, p. 38). Following the logic of this assertion, the Puma brand’s lack of coherence or consistency would seem to foretell and impending decline. Yet, recent evidence suggests such a prediction as being wholly erroneous: Puma is a company, and (sub)brand system, on the rise. Recent market performance would certainly suggest so. For instance, in the first quarter of 2003 (a period in which many of its competitors experienced meager growth rates), Puma’s consolidated sales increased 47% resulting in a share price jump from ?1.43 to ?3.08 (Puma.com 2003). Moreover, as one trade magazine suggested: “Puma is one brand that has successfully turned its image around in recent years…and if analysts predictions are accurate, Puma’s sales will almost double by 2005” (Saddleton 2002, p. 2). 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