Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Active Galactic Nuclei, quasars, emission lines, Seyfert »

Abstract We present a broadband spectrophotometric analysis of an unusual quasar, SDSS J160558.86+474300.1, at z = 0.9, found in a systematic search for reddened radio-loud narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s). J1605+4743 qualifies for the conventional definition of an NLS1 in its permitted emission line widths and Hβ/[O iii] flux ratio. It also shows strong Fe ii emissions. J1605+4743 has a steep radio spectrum. With a radio loudness of ∼150 (70) before (after) reddening correction, it is among the most radio-loud NLS1s discovered. In addition, the blueshifted emission lines are also found to be weak, suggesting that it can be an exotic “wind-dominated” Seyfert similar to weak-line quasars, especially the ones with strong reddening. As an extreme hybrid central engine, its environment and host galaxy become rather intriguing. We discover in it a proximate 2175 Å absorber with a bump strength similar to the average value of 2175 Å absorbers in the Milky Way, which we suspect can be intrinsic to the quasar. In addition, the quasar seems to have enhanced instead of suppressed star formation at a rate of ≳94 M ⊙ yr−1. The combination of these unusual properties, i.e., the unique extinction, strong Fe ii and [O ii] lines, weak [O iii], Mg ii, and Balmer lines, and large radio loudness, might hold important clues to accretion physics, the formation/destruction of dust grains in the environment of active galactic nuclei, and possibly also the coevolution of supermassive black holes and their host galaxies in general.

The issue of the difference between optical and UV properties of radio-quiet and radio-loud (relativistically “jetted”) active galactic nuclei (AGN) is a long standing one, related to the fundamental question of why a minority of powerful AGN possess strong radio emission due to relativistic ejections. This paper examines a particular aspect: the singly-ionized iron emission in the spectral range 4400–5600 Å, where the prominent HI Hβ and [Oiii]λλ4959,5007 lines are also observed. We present a detailed comparison of the relative intensity of Feii multiplets in the spectral types of the quasar main sequence where most jetted sources are found, and afterwards discuss radio-loud narrow-line Seyfert 1 (NLSy1) nuclei with γ-ray detection and with prominent Feii emission. An Feii template based on I Zw 1 provides an accurate representation of the optical Feii emission for RQ and, with some caveats, also for RL sources. CLOUDY photoionization simulations indicate that the observed spectral energy distribution can account for the modest Feii emission observed in composite radio-loud spectra. However, spectral energy differences alone cannot account for the stronger Feii emission observed in radio-quiet sources, for similar physical parameters. As for RL NLSy1s, they do not seem to behave like other RL sources, likely because of their different physical properties, that could be ultimately associated with a higher Eddington ratio.

Abstract We present the first active galactic nuclei (AGN) catalog of the Hobby–Eberly Telescope Dark Energy Experiment Survey (HETDEX) observed between 2017 January and 2020 June. HETDEX is an ongoing spectroscopic survey (3500–5500 Å) with no target preselection based on magnitudes, colors or morphologies, enabling us to select AGN based solely on their spectral features. Both luminous quasars and low-luminosity Seyferts are found in our catalog. AGN candidates are selected with at least two significant AGN emission lines, such as the Lyα and C iv λ1549 line pair, or with a single broad emission line with FWHM > 1000 km s−1. Each source is further confirmed by visual inspections. This catalog contains 5322 AGN, covering an effective sky coverage of 30.61 deg2. A total of 3733 of these AGN have secure redshifts, and we provide redshift estimates for the remaining 1589 single broad-line AGN with no crossmatched spectral redshifts from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 14 of QSOs. The redshift range of the AGN catalog is 0.25 < z < 4.32, with a median of z = 2.1. The bolometric luminosity range is 109–1014 L ☉ with a median of 1012 L ☉. The median r-band magnitude of our AGN catalog is 21.6 mag, with 34% having r > 22.5, and 2.6% reaching the detection limit at r ∼ 26 mag of the deepest imaging surveys we searched. We also provide a composite spectrum of the AGN sample covering 700–4400 Å.

Abstract Polar dust has been found to play an important role in the mid-infrared emission of nearby Seyfert nuclei. If and how often polar dust exists among the quasar population is unknown due to the lack of spatially resolved observations. In this Letter, we report correlations between the prominence of active galactic nucleus (AGN) forbidden line emission (commonly associated with the narrow-line region) and the dust mid-IR energy output among the archetypal Palomar-Green quasar sample and other bright type-1 AGNs drawn from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, Spitzer, and Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) archives. The AGN mid-IR color differences traced by WISE W2 (∼4.6 μm)−W3 (∼12 μm) and W2 (∼4.6 μm)−W4 (∼22 μm), and near-IR to mid-IR spectral energy distributions (SEDs) constrained with the Two Micron All Sky Survey, WISE, and Spitzer data have clear trends with the relative strength of the forbidden line regions traced by the optical [O iii] and mid-IR [O iv] emission lines. These observations indicate that, where the lines are strong, a large fraction of the AGN emission at λ ≳ 5 μm comes from dust in the forbidden line regions. We find that the widely quoted universal AGN template is a result of averaging quasar SEDs with different levels of polar dust emission above the torus output and that the typical intrinsic IR SED of compact torus dust emission alone falls with increasing wavelength past 5 μm (in νF ν ). In addition, the association of polar dust with the forbidden lines suggests an alternative to the receding torus hypothesis for the decrease in infrared output with increasing AGN luminosity.

Context. Finding active galactic nuclei (AGN) behind the Magellanic Clouds (MCs) is difficult because of the high stellar density in these fields. Although the first AGN behind the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) were reported in the 1980s, it is only recently that the number of AGN known behind the SMC has increased by several orders of magnitude. Aims. The mid-infrared colour selection technique has proven to be an efficient means of identifying AGN, especially obscured sources. The X-ray regime is complementary in this regard and we use XMM-Newton observations to support the identification of AGN behind the SMC. Methods. We present a catalogue of AGN behind the SMC by correlating an updated X-ray point-source catalogue from our XMM-Newton survey of the SMC with previously identified AGN from the literature as well as a list of candidates obtained from the ALLWISE mid-infrared colour-selection criterion. We studied the properties of the sample with respect to their redshifts, luminosities, and X-ray spectral characteristics. We also identified the near-infrared counterpart of the sources from the VISTA observations. Results. The redshift and luminosity distributions of the sample (where known) indicate that we detect sources ranging from nearby Seyfert galaxies to distant and obscured quasars. The X-ray hardness ratios are compatible with those typically expected for AGN, and the VISTA colours and variability are also consistent with AGN. A positive correlation was observed between the integrated X-ray flux (0.2–12 keV) and the ALLWISE and VISTA magnitudes. We further present a sample of new candidate AGN and candidates for obscured AGN. Together these make an interesting subset for further follow-up studies. An initial spectroscopic follow-up of 6 out of the 81 new candidates showed that all six sources are active galaxies, although two have narrow emission lines.

ABSTRACT We present a comparative study of the physical properties of a homogeneous sample of 144 Narrow line Seyfert 1 (NLSy1) and 117 Broad-line Seyfert 1 (BLSy1) galaxies. These two samples are in a similar luminosity and redshift range and have optical spectra available in the 16th data release of Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-DR16) and X-ray spectra in either XMM-NEWTON or ROSAT. Direct correlation analysis and a principal component analysis (PCA) have been performed using ten observational and physical parameters obtained by fitting the optical spectra and the soft X-ray photon indices as another parameter. We confirm that the established correlations for the general quasar population hold for both types of galaxies in this sample despite significant differences in the physical properties. We characterize the sample also using the line shape parameters, namely the asymmetry and kurtosis indices. We find that the fraction of NLSy1 galaxies showing outflow signatures, characterized by blue asymmetries, is higher by a factor of about 3 compared to the corresponding fraction in BLSy1 galaxies. The presence of high iron content in the broad-line region of NLSy1 galaxies in conjunction with higher Eddington ratios can be the possible reason behind this phenomenon. We also explore the possibility of using asymmetry in the emission lines as a tracer of outflows in the inner regions of Active Galactic Nuclei. The PCA results point to the NLSy1 and BLSy1 galaxies occupying different parameter spaces, which challenges the notion that NLSy1 galaxies are a subclass of BLSy1 galaxies.

I review the basic properties of low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (LLAGNs) — objects in which activity similar to, but intrinsically milder than, that in QSOs and luminous Seyferts is believed to be present. Until recently, most LLAGNs were first recognized as such and studied at optical wavelengths, but evidence for activity and valuable information concerning its nature are now also being obtained in many other spectral ranges. Low-ionization nuclear emission-line regions (LINERs) are the most common LLAGNs; in a large fraction of them the emission lines come from clouds of gas probably photoionized by a nonstellar continuum, rather than heated by shocks. It is also clear, however, that there could be substantial heterogeneity among LINERs, particularly those with extended emission; some may be produced by cooling flows, supernova-driven winds, and galaxy interactions or mergers. LLAGNs can easily be hidden from sight in a variety of ways, including obscuration by galactic or circumnuclear disks and dilution by bursts of star formation. Direct imaging, spectroscopy, and spectropolarimetry can be used to isolate the different components, especially with high spatial and/or spectral resolution. A surprising result is that Seyfert nuclei are sometimes found in dwarf and very late-type galaxies. The nearby Sd III-IV galaxy NGC 4395 contains the intrinsically faintest known Seyfert 1 nucleus, with a broad Ha luminosity only ∼ 0.1 that of M81. The idea that the apparent “activity” in some galaxies is a direct consequence of vigorous star formation has some strong supporting evidence, and should seriously be considered. As an example, I focus on the peculiar supernova 1987F, whose optical spectrum bears a striking resemblance to that of typical Seyfert 1 nuclei.

AbstractThrough X-ray observations with ASCA, low-luminosity active galactic nuclei have been found in at least seven near-by spiral galaxies. Some of them exhibit very intense, and possibly broad, Fe-K emission lines. Their time variability is relatively insignificant, in contrast to lowluminosity Seyfert galaxies.

We considered the fourth catalog of gamma-ray point sources produced by the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) and selected only jetted active galactic nuclei (AGN) or sources with no specific classification, but with a low-frequency counterpart. Our final list is composed of 2980 gamma-ray point sources. We then searched for optical spectra in all the available literature and publicly available databases, to measure redshifts and to confirm or change the original LAT classification. Our final list of gamma-ray emitting jetted AGN is composed of BL Lac Objects (40%), flat-spectrum radio quasars (23%), misaligned AGN (2.8%), narrow-line Seyfert 1, Seyfert, and low-ionization nuclear emission-line region galaxies (1.9%). We also found a significant number of objects changing from one type to another, and vice versa (changing-look AGN, 1.1%). About 30% of gamma-ray sources still have an ambiguous classification or lack one altogether.

Infrared spectra around [FeII](1.644μm), H2 (v = 1-0 S(1) at 2.121μm) and Brγ (H 7-4 at 2.167μm) have been obtained of 35 emission line nuclei whose optical spectra range from pure HII regionlike to Seyfert 1. All three emission lines have been detected in a large fraction of those nuclei exhibiting starburst activity but not in “pure” Seyferts. The highest detection frequency, however, was found for composite nuclei showing evidence for both starburst and Seyfert activity. Several arguments suggest that both the [FeII] and H2 are shock excited and could be largely attributed to supernova remnants. The fact that the [FeII]/Brγ and H2/Brγ ratios tend to be somewhat larger in composite than in pure starburst nuclei, however, plus significant spatial displacements between the [FeII] and H2 emitting regions found recently during follow-up observations of selected galaxies suggest that large scale phenomena, e.g. SN winds or mass outflows from AGN, may also be important.

``Quasar-mode feedback'' occurs when momentum and energy from the environment of accreting supermassive black hole couple to the host galaxy. One mechanism for such a coupling is by high-velocity (up to $sim$ 0.2c) quasar-driven ionized outflows, appearing as blue-shifted absorption and emission lines in quasar spectra. Given enough energy and momentum, these outflows are capable of affecting the evolution of their host galaxies. This dissertation presents the studies of emission and absorption quasar outflows from different perspectives. (1). By conducting large broad absorption line (BAL) quasar surveys in both Sloan Digital Sky Survey and Very Large Telescopes (VLT), we determined various physics properties of quasar absorption outflows, e.g., the electron number density (ne), the distance of outflows to the central quasar ($R$), and the kinetic energy carried by the outflow ($dot{E}_{k}$). We demonstrated that half of the typical BAL outflows are situated at $R$ $>$ 100 pc, i.e., having the potential to affect the host galaxies. (2). Our group carried out a Hubble Space Telescope program (PI: Arav) for studying the outflows in the Extreme-UV, collaborating with Dr. Gerard Kriss from Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). We developed a novel method to fit the multitude of quasar absorption troughs efficiently and accurately. We have identified the most energetic quasar-driven outflows on record and discovered the largest acceleration and velocity-shift for a quasar absorption outflow. (3). By using the VLT data, Xu led the project to study the relationships between BAL outflows and emission line outflows. We found possible connections between these two types of quasar outflows, e.g., the luminosity of the [oiii] ly 5007 emission profile decreases with increasing ne derived from the BAL outflow in the same quasar. These findings are consistent with BAL and emission outflows being different manifestations of the same wind, and the observed relationships are likely a reflection of the outflow density distribution.
Doctor of Philosophy
Super massive black holes (SMBHs) are believed to exist in the center of almost all massive galaxies, where the brightest accreting ones are named ``quasars''. ``Quasar-mode feedback'' occurs when momentum and energy from the environment of accreting SMBHs couple to the host galaxy. One mechanism for such a coupling is by high-velocity (up to $sim$ 0.2c) quasar-driven ionized outflows, appearing as blue-shifted absorption and emission lines in quasar spectra. Given enough energy and momentum, these outflows are capable of affecting the evolution of their host galaxies. Such quasar outflows are invoked to explain a variety of observations, e.g., the chemical enrichment of the intergalactic medium (IGM), the shape of the observed quasar luminosity function, and the self-regulation of the growth of the SMBHs. In this dissertation, I focus on studying the emission and absorption outflows observed in quasars spectra, collected with the largest telescopes and most powerful instruments in the world. (1). By conducting large broad absorption line (BAL) quasar surveys in both Sloan Digital Sky Survey and Very Large Telescopes (VLT), we determined various physics properties of quasar absorption outflows, e.g., the electron number density (ne), the distance of outflows to the central quasar ($R$), and the kinetic energy carried by the outflow ($dot{E}_{k}$). We demonstrated that half of the typical BAL outflows are situated at $R$ $>$ 100 pc, i.e., having the potential to affect the host galaxies. (2). Our group carried out a Hubble Space Telescope program (PI: Arav) for studying the outflows in the Extreme-UV, collaborating with Dr. Gerard Kriss from Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). We developed a novel method to fit the multitude of quasar absorption troughs efficiently and accurately. We have identified the most energetic quasar-driven outflows on record and discovered the largest acceleration and velocity-shift for a quasar absorption outflow. (3). By using the VLT data, Xu led the project to study the relationships between BAL outflows and emission line outflows. We found possible connections between these two types of quasar outflows, e.g., the luminosity of the [oiii] ly 5007 emission profile decreases with increasing ne derived from the BAL outflow in the same quasar. These findings are consistent with BAL and emission outflows being different manifestations of the same wind, and the observed relationships are likely a reflection of the outflow density distribution.

Active Galaxies are peculiar galaxies, characterized by non-stellar emission from the central regions of their nuclei (Active Galactic Nuclei, AGN), with luminosities from 10^40 to 10^48 erg s^-1. The energy source for this radiation is the accretion onto a SuperMassive Black Hole (10^6-10^10 Msun ). The discovery that Supermassive Black Holes are present in quiescent galaxies as well as in active ones, along with the finding that AGN activity peaks at z~2-3, suggests that this phase is common to all galaxies and likely influences their evolution. The study of AGN is therefore crucial to understand how galaxies formed and evolved in the Universe. The small size and the distance of these sources imply that the emitting regions are spa- tially unresolved, making the spectroscopic analysis the only tool available for their study. AGN are characterised by strong emission features, coming from specific regions: the Broad Line Region and the Narrow Line Region. These lines show profiles far broader than the normal galactic emissions and are hence necessarily emitted by gas under the influence of a very strong gravitational field. Their presence in AGN spectra is therefore a confirmation that the central engine of AGN consists of a SMBH; furthermore, it enables us to give an estimation of the mass of the central body and, through the analysis of their shape, makes us able to study the geometry and the kinematics of the emitting regions. This thesis fits in this context. We are interested in the study of emissions coming from the structures depicted in the AGN Unified Model and, particularly, in the emission lines coming from the BLR, the closest to the SMBH and therefore the one providing information on its mass.