Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Acremonium sp »

Aquilaria crassna is one of the Aquilaria species that could produce agarwood. agarwood production of A. crassna can be induced by microfungi as an inoculant. Ecological interaction between the host plant, wounding and inoculant in the formation of agarwood has not yet clearly. other factors like the plant ages, plant species, environ- ment also played important roles in the formation of agarwood. This research aimed to determine the influence of the combination between planting media and Acremonium sp. and Fusarium sp. to agarwood quality of Aquilaria crassna. The experiment was consisted of two factors, which were five planting media and two inoculants fungi i.e. Acremonium sp. and Fusarium sp. The observed parameters were the percentage of senescence leaves, color of wood, level of fragrant and terpenoid content. The best agarwood fragrant was produced by the seedlings that were treated with either combination of husk charcoal media enriched with NPK fertilizer and Acremonium sp. or the combina- tion between husk charcoal media enriched with Hoagland modified solution and Fusarium sp.. The darkest color of wood was produced by the seedlings that were treated with combination of husk charcoal media enriched with NPK fertilizer and Acremonium sp., as well as for the same media with Fusarium sp.. during the experiment terpenoid could not be detected from the treated seedlings. Acremonium sp. caused more leave senescence than that of Fusarium sp..

Microrganismos foram isolados de areia fenólica resultante de atividades metalúrgicas, utilizando meio mínimo para fungos e pentaclorofenol (PCF) como única fonte de carbono. Após quatro repiques sucessivos em intervalos de 15 dias de incubação, as culturas foram plaqueadas em meio de Martin. Três gêneros de fungos foram isolados e identificados como Acremonium sp., Paecilomyces sp. e Penicillium sp. Estes foram testados para degradar os corantes índigo e RBBR (Azul Brilhante de Remazol - R) e o organoclorado PCF. A descoloração do índigo foi de 99%, para Paecilomyces e Penicillium, e de 74%, para Acremonium, e a de RBBR foi de 16%, para Penicillium; 14%, para Acremonium, e 5%, para Paecilomyces. Usando azul de bromotimol como indicador de degradação de PCF, foram obtidos 24% de descoloração para Acremonium; 22%, para Penicillium, e 17%, para Paecilomyces Utilizando cromatografia gasosa, detectou-se degradação de PCF de 69%, para Penicillium; 65%, para Paecilomyces, e 40% para Acremonium, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que foi possível isolar microrganismos de uma areia de fundição, altamente contaminada com fenóis, e os fungos isolados foram capazes de degradar PCF e outros xenobióticos testados.

The present study was aimed at isolating endophytic fungi from the Algerian medicinal plant Salicornia arabica and analyzing its antifungal and antibacterial effects. The morphological analysis allowed us to identify endophyte isolates at the genus level as belonging to 8 different genera, Aureobasidium sp., Ulocladium sp., Acremonium sp., Stemphylium sp., Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., Phoma sp., and Chrysosporium sp. with frequency percentages 6.7%, 13.3%, 20%, 13.3%, 13.3%, 13.3%, 6.7%, 6.7%, respectively. The antimicrobial activity was caried out using the agar plug diffusion method. The three isolates of the genus Acremonium sp. were highly active against all tested bacteria except Enterococcus faecalis. Comparison of the means of inhibition zones of the active isolates showed that the three fungal isolates of Acremonium were the most active, followed by Chrysosporium sp., Penicillium sp.1, Aureobasidium sp., Stemphylium sp.1, Penicillium sp. .2, and Ulocladium sp.2. The widest zones of inhibition were 22.33 and 20.33mm for Acremonium sp.3, 18.33 and 15.33mm for Aureobasidium sp., 19.33mm for Penicillium sp.1, and 19 and 15mm for Stemphylium sp.1 obtained against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, respectively. Regarding the antifungal activity, the best inhibitory activity was 80 and 64.70% obtained with the isolate Penicillium sp.2 against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciccri and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. albedinis, respectively, and of 63.29 and 58% observed against Phytophthora infestans and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciccri, respectively, with the endophytic isolate Aspergillus sp.2. These results indicated the possible prospect of endophytes fungi isolated from Salicornia arabica as a promising resource of antimicrobial compounds and in the quest for the potential starting points for the development of new antibiotics.

The ability of Acremonium sp. 502 phytopathogenic fungi to produce ethylene was studied.It was found that Acremonium sp. 502 is able tosynthesize ethylene. The highest level of biosynthesis was recorded after 5 weeks of cultivationthat coincides with the terms of the highest levelof synthesis of cellulases that are involved in thepenetration of the fungus into the plant. A suggestion that ethylene synthesis plays a certainrole in the mechanism of pathogenesis of cucumbers plants is offered.

Multifunctional drugs have shown great promise in biomedicine. Organisms with antimicrobial and anticancer activity in combination with antioxidant activity need further research. The Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf coasts were randomly sampled to find fungi with multifunctional activity. One hundred strains (98 fungi and 2 lichenized forms) were isolated from 15 locations. One-third of the isolates inhibited clinical bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi, S. paratyphi) and fungal pathogens (Talaromycets marneffei, Malassezia globose, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus) and four cancer cell lines (Hep G2 liver, A-549 lung, A-431skin, MCF 7 breast cancer). Bacterial and cancer inhibition was often accompanied by a high antioxidant activity, as indicated by the principal component analysis (PCA). PCA also indicated that fungal and bacterial pathogens appeared to be inhibited mostly by different marine fungal isolates. Strains with multifunctional activity were found more from the Rea Sea than from the Arabian Gulf coasts. The highest potential for multifunctional drugs were observed for Acremonium sp., Acrocalymma sp., Acrocalymma africana, Acrocalymma medicaginis (activity reported for the first time), Aspergillus sp. Cladosporium oxysporum, Emericellopsis alkaline, Microdochium sp., and Phomopsis glabrae. Lung, skin, and breast cancers were inhibited 85%–97% by Acremonium sp, while most of the isolates showed low inhibition (ca 20%). The highest antifungal activity was observed for Acremonium sp., Diaporthe hubeiensis, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, and Nannizia gypsea. One Acremonium sp. is of particular interest to offer a multifunctional drug; it displayed both antifungal and antibacterial activity combined with high antioxidant activity (DPPH scavenging 97%). A. medicaginis displayed combined antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant activity being of high interest. Several genera and some species included strains with both high and low biological activities pointing out the need to study several isolates to find the most efficient strains for biomedical applications.

Acremonium arthrinii sp. nov. was collected from Phyllostachys heteroclada in the forest of Sichuan Province, China. This mycopathogenic fungus was frequently found on the top of the ascomata of Arthrinium yunnanum, and presumably causes its death. In this study, the new species was examined morphologically and maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of a combined LSU, SSU, ITS and TEF 1-α were performed to clarify the taxonomic affinity of the species. Acremonium arthrinii can be distinguished from other Acremonium species based on conidiogenesis, size differences in conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and conidia, and its DNA sequence differences and phylogeny. Detailed descriptions, micrographs and phylogenetic relationships of the new taxon were provided.

Some aspects of the presence of systemic endophytic fungi in agriculturally important New Zealand grasses were studied in relation to plant breeding. Seedling resistance to adult Argentine stem weevil feeding in perennial ryegrass, Italian ryegrass and tall fescue was found to be related to the presence of their respective Acremonium endophytes in the seed rather than to plant genetic resistance. In addition a study of perennial ryegrass revealed that this resistance was independent of endophyte viability. The seedling resistance conferred by the endophyte of Italian ryegrass was found to be beneficial for field establishment. This endophyte differs from that in perennial ryegrass and tall fescue in that it does not confer resistance to Argentine stem weevil on mature plants, but only on seedlings. The extent of plant genetic seedling tolerance to adult Argentine stem weevil feeding was limited to broad inter-specific differences, with tall fescue more tolerant than perennial ryegrass and both of these more tolerant than Italian ryegrass. This ranking corresponds with previous observations on feeding preference on mature plants. A study of factors affecting the concentration of endophyte mycelia in infected seed of perennial ryegrass revealed that plant genetic factors had little effect. The major factors studied were: 1) the endophyte concentration in the maternal parent plant directly influenced the endophyte concentration in the seed. 2) nitrogen fertilizer applications to a seed crop reduced the concentration of mycelia in the seed, with earlier applications having a greater effect. 3) application of the fungicide propiconazole (Tilt) to a seed crop reduced the endophyte concentration in the seed. 4) the endophyte concentration in the seed was found to directly influence the endophyte concentration in seedlings, six month old plants and that of seed harvested from a first year seed crop. As there have been no previous reports of tetraploid perennial ryegrass cultivars with endophyte an experiment was conducted to determine if these could be developed by the standard procedure of colchicine treatment. The results revealed that endophyte was retained following colchicine treatment.

This project explored the feasibility of using fungi in a constructed wetland for the treatment of pulp mill effluent. The effluent is high in dissolved lignins (some of which are chlorinated), which have proven very difficult to degrade biologically. Mindful of work done with the (terrestrial) white rot fungi, especially Phanerochaete chtysosporium, the question is asked, Is there a fungus which can tolerate submerged conditions while degrading a significant amount of dissolved lignins? Two fungal species with lignin-degrading capability were isolated from submerged films in a log pond. These fungi have been evaluated for decolorization potential under different environmental conditions. Results of laboratory experiments show that one of these fungi, identified as Acremonium sp., was capable of 44% decolorization of pulp mill effluent under sterile, submerged, room temperature conditions. The fungal decolorization was evaluated both in floating cultures and as a film inoculated on wood chips. In addition, bench-scale examination of the potential of this fungus to decolorize pulp mill effluent in non-sterile conditions was completed.
Graduation date: 1994

碩士
國立臺灣大學
漁業科學研究所
106
In this study, a number of alga-derived fungal strains were isolated from marine algae collected from northeastern coast of Taiwan. In the preliminary antimicrobial screening against bacteria and fungi, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans, the ethyl acetate extracts of liquid (potato dextrose broth) and solid (brown rice) fermented products of Acremonium sp. NTU492, a fungus derived from the red alga Mastophora rosea, were found to exhibit significant growth inhibitory activity against C. albicans and C. neoformans. A series of fractionation and separation was thus undertaken, which has resulted in the isolation and purification of 15 compounds, and their structures were elucidated by spectral analysis. Among these, nine novel compounds included acrepeptins A−E (2−6), acremonisins A−B (12−13), (4R, 7R, 9S, E)-4,7-dihydroxy-9-propyl-2,3,4,7,8,9-hexahydro-2H-oxecin-1-one（14）and 4,4-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy-5-methylisochroman-1-one (15). The other were known compounds, determined to be 8-deoxy-trichothecin (1), cyclo[L-alanyl-L-threonyl-(2S)-2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoyl-L-isoleucyl-(2S)-2-hydroxy-3-methylbutan -oyl] (7), β-alanine, N-[N-[N-[N-[1-(2-hydroxy-4-methyl-1-oxopentyl)-L-prolyl]-L-isoleucyl]-N-methyl-L-valyl]-N-methyl-L-alanyl] (8), guangomide A (9), guangomide B (10) and brefeldin A (11). In terms of antibacterial activity, 8-deoxy-trichothecin (1) showed activity against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans with MIC = 2.0 μg/mL and 0.5 μg/mL, respectively; brefeldin A（11）showed activity against Candida albicans with MIC = 32 μg/mL; (4R, 7R, 9S, E)-4,7-dihydroxy-9-propyl-2,3,4,7,8,9-hexahydro-2H-oxecin-1-one（14）showed activity against Cryptococcus neoformans with MFC = 16 μg/mL. In respect of anticancer activity, 8-deoxy-trichothecin (1) showed activity against hepatocellular carcinoma cells (SK-Hep-1) and paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancer cells (TOV-21G-RT), with IC50 = 2.1 and 1.8 μM, respectively; cyclo[L-alanyl-L-threonyl-(2S)-2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoyl-L-isoleucyl-(2S)-2-hydroxy-3-methyl butanoyl] (7) showed activity against hepatocellular carcinoma cells and prostate cancer cells (PC-3), with IC50 = 3.7 and 6.6 μM respectively; brefeldin A（11）showed activity against hepatocellular carcinoma cells and prostate cancer cells with both IC50 lower than 1 μΜ; (4R, 7R, 9S, E)-4,7-dihydroxy-9-propyl-2,3,4,7,8,9-hexahydro-2H-oxecin-1-one（14）showed activity against hepatocellular carcinoma cells and prostate cancer cells with IC50 = 1.6 and 1.7 μM respectively. Finally, in regard to anti-inflammatory activity, acrepeptin A−C (2−4) inhibited 73.3, 58.6 and 77.2％ of NO production under the concentration of 20 μM. In summary, a total of 15 compounds were isolated, and their structures, chemical properties and biological activities were investigated in this study.

碩士
國立中興大學
植物病理學系
87
Abstract In 1996, commercial plantings of lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L. ) at Hsilo in Yunlin County were damaged by a disease previously unreported in Taiwan. Symptoms consisted of small, circular to irregular, yellowish- brown to brown lesions, occurring on minor and lateral veins of lower leaves. Lesions are often so numerous that they coalesce to form areas extending several centimeters along leaf veins. Infection may also result in a severe necrosis of lower leaf. A species of Acremonium was consistently isolated from disease portions on 2% ( w/v ) water agar. Pathogenicity was confirmed by culturing two representative isolates on potato dextrose agar ( PDA ) for 14 days, under a 12-hr light / 12-hr dark cycle, filtering the suspensions through cheesecloth, obtaining spore concentrations of 1.5×105 conidia and spraying suspensions onto thirty four crops including Compositae. Plants were incubated in a humid chamber. After 6 days, leaf spots similar to the original symptoms developed only on inoculated plants of six lettuce cultivars and tricolor chrysanthemum. Other inoculated plants remained symptomless. The inoculation test was repeated and results were the same. On malt extract agar, growth of the fungus is slow. Colonies reach 16.5-20 mm diameter for 10 days at 20-25℃, with pale orange to orange, pionnotal to slightly cottony mycelia. Phialides erect, very variable in length, simple or occasionally branched, septate, hyaline, 20-70μm.. Conidia borne singly but remaining in mucilaginous heads, hyaline, one-septate, smooth-walled, subcylindrical, not distinctly truncated, 11.25-17.5×2.5-5.0μm, L/W 3.5-4.5. Chlamydospores produced abundantly, globose to oval, hyaline, terminal or intercalary, single cell, 5-12.5μm.. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth of Acremonium sp. isolates AL-0818 and AL-0724 was at 24-28℃. The best temperature for both conidial germination and infection on lettuce was at 28℃. The results indicated that the fungus may be a new species of Acremonium on Lactuca sativa in the world. Fourteen carbohydrates and eighteen nitrogenous compounds were evaluated for their effects on mycelial growth of two isolates, AL-0818 and AL-0724 of Acremonium sp., the causal agent of brown spot of lettuce. Among those compounds, sucrose and galactose were more effective than other carbohydrates to enhance the growth of Acremonium sp. As to nitrogenous compounds, casein was the most effective in stimulating growth of the pathogen. The optimum ratio of sucrose and casein by weight was at ten. Sixteen pesticides were respectively added into the basal medium ( a modified Czapek*s medium containing sucrose and casein, SC-medium ) for indexing their suppressive effectiveness. Carbendazim at 250ppm and flutonlanil at 100ppm were not obviously effective in inhibiting the pathogen. In advance, carbendazim, flutonlanil, streptomycin sulfate, and neomycin sulfate were selected to make up a formulation of the selective medium. The relationship between concentrations of the four pesticides and the germ-tube growth length of the pathogen was analyzed for determining the optimal formulation that favored the growth of Acremonium sp. and suppressed the contamination of undesired microorganisms. Finally, Sucrose-casein semiselective medium (SC-semiselective medium) consisting of 30g sucrose, 3g casein, 1g K2HPO4, 0.5g KCl, 0.5g MgSO4*7H2O, 0.01g FeSO4*7H2O, 15g agar, 150ppm carbendazim, 50ppm flutonlanil, 200ppm streptomycin sulfate, 50ppm neomycin sulfate and 1L distilled water was hence formulated for the enumeration and isolation of Acremonium sp. from soil. The results showed that Acremonium sp. was able to be accurately detected from artificially and naturally infested soils by the use of SC semiselective medium. Population density of the pathogen in naturally infested field soil was 0-4.3×103 cfu/g soil by detection with SC semiselective medium. The pathogen population density of artificial infested soil decreased from 105 to 103 after two months in the field, and followed by eight months, the fungus could still be detected from the tested soil. High temperature did not favor the survival of the Acremonium sp. Therefore, population density of the fungus rapidly decreased with increment of the temperature. The soils collected from three kinds of localities affected markedly the survival of the pathogen. Especially, Chihu soil was not the most beneficial for its survival. Eleven organic materials (amendments) were added (0.5-2%, w/w) individually to soil artificially infested with the Acremonium sp. Most of them were significantly effective to enhance or maintain the survival of the pathogen in the soil. Disease incidence of lettuce brown spot was highly correlated with population density of the pathogen in soil. The optimum soil temperatures for the infection on lettuce were 20-28℃. Key words : Lettuce, brown spot of lettuce, host range, survival, new disease, and Acremonium sp.

碩士
國立中興大學
食品暨應用生物科技學系所
102
Cisplatin is one of potent tumor suppressor compounds, by its main mechanism of action of DNA cross-linked inhibition of cell replication and division, resulting in tumor cell apoptosis and necrosis. However, the limit of application of cisplatin on clinical treatment occurred due to its side effects, such as kidney injury. Cordyceps cicadae is a fungus which attacks insects or a fungus insect complex including cicada larvae by Paecilomyces cicadae. Moreover, Cordyceps cicadae may possess potential to improve kidney disease. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of ultrasonic water extracts of Cordyceps cicadae (WECC) and ultrasonic water Acremonium sp. mycelium (WEAM) on SD rats with cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury. Rats were intraperitoneally injection with cisplatin (1 mg/kg of B.W.) on the 1st day, 3th day, 6th day, 9th day, 12th day, 16th day. On day 17, 0.9% saline by oral gavage (C group), WEAM at 310 mg/kg of B.W. (CA group) and WECC at 930 mg/kg of B.W. (CC group) were treated until the 44th day. The results showed that the levels of serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine and urinary protein, survival rate and histological examination showed no significant difference in WECC and WEAM groups compared to the cisplatin group. However, a slight decrease of kidney injury molecular-1 (KIM-1) level in kidney tissues was observed in the WEAM treated rats. In conclusion, WECC and WEAM might be a limited improve on renal damage caused by cisplatin.

We studied for the first time luminescence characteristics of the some micromycetes, isolated from the bottom sediments of the Black sea from the 27 m depth. Luminescence parameters were registered at laboratory complex “Svet” using mechanical and chemical stimulations. Fungi cultures of genera Acremonium, Aspergillus, Penicillium were isolated on ChDA medium which served as control. Culture of Penicillium commune gave no light emission with any kind of stimulation. Culture of Acremonium sp. has shown luminescence in the blue – green field of spectrum. Using chemical stimulation by fresh water we registered signals with luminescence energy (to 3.24 ± 0.11)•108 quantum•cm2 and duration up to 4.42 s, which 3 times exceeded analogous magnitudes in a group, stimulated by sea water (p < 0.05). Under chemical stimulation by ethyl alcohol fungi culture luminescence was not observed. Culture of Aspergillus fumigatus possessed the most expressed properties of luminescence. Stimulation by fresh water culture emission with energy of (3.35 ± 0.11)•108 quantum•cm2 and duration up to 4.96 s. Action of ethyl alcohol to culture also stimulated signals, but intensity of light emission was 3–4 times lower than under mechanical stimulation. For sure the given studies will permit not only to evaluate contribution of marine fungi into general bioluminescence of the sea, but as well to determine places of accumulation of opportunistic species in the sea.

We studied for the first time luminescence characteristics of the some micromycetes, isolated from the bottom sediments of the Black sea from the 27 m depth. Luminescence parameters were registered at laboratory complex “Svet” using mechanical and chemical stimulations. Fungi cultures of genera Acremonium, Aspergillus, Penicillium were isolated on ChDA medium which served as control. Culture of Penicillium commune gave no light emission with any kind of stimulation. Culture of Acremonium sp. has shown luminescence in the blue – green field of spectrum. Using chemical stimulation by fresh water we registered signals with luminescence energy (to 3.24 ± 0.11)•108 quantum•cm2 and duration up to 4.42 s, which 3 times exceeded analogous magnitudes in a group, stimulated by sea water (p < 0.05). Under chemical stimulation by ethyl alcohol fungi culture luminescence was not observed. Culture of Aspergillus fumigatus possessed the most expressed properties of luminescence. Stimulation by fresh water culture emission with energy of (3.35 ± 0.11)•108 quantum•cm2 and duration up to 4.96 s. Action of ethyl alcohol to culture also stimulated signals, but intensity of light emission was 3–4 times lower than under mechanical stimulation. For sure the given studies will permit not only to evaluate contribution of marine fungi into general bioluminescence of the sea, but as well to determine places of accumulation of opportunistic species in the sea.