Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Acquisto a non domino »

Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title In July 1990 Ministero dei Beni Culturali bought two important manuscripts of XVII century, belonging to Lorenzo Magalotti and given from the Ministero itself to the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale in Florence, the most suitable seat to receive them. The first one is Scritture intorno al paragone degli occhiali di S.A.S., containing autographic letters by Magalotti, Campani, Falconieri, and others. The other one, entitled Miscellanea di cose fisiche non stampate dal Galileo ed altri, contains copied and autographic documents and letters.

Dans le domaine des géosciences, l'utilisation d'appareils photographiques automatiques fixes pour la surveillance des mouvements gravitaires est de plus en plus courante. Les séries d'images ainsi acquises permettent de suivre dans le temps l'évolution du mouvement étudié. Bien que les appareils soient fixes, on observe que les conditions du milieu extérieur peuvent entraîner un déplacement/décalage des images qui peut dépasser le déplacement dû au phénomène étudié. Nous proposons ici une méthode automatique qui analyse le déplacement apparent sur toute l'image afin de segmenter la scène en séparant les zones du terrain en mouvement des zones fixes. Nous illustrons la méthode sur une série d'images, acquises au cours de l'été 2016, du glacier rocheux du Laurichard (Hautes Alpes, France), dont les mouvements sont par ailleurs bien connus et étudiés.

AbstractAcrylamides are versatile building blocks that are easily obtained from readily available starting materials. During the last 20 years, these valuable substrates bearing a nucleophilic nitrogen atom and an electrophilic double bond have proven to be efficient domino partners, leading to a wide variety of complex aza-heterocycles of synthetic relevance. In this non-exhaustive review, metal-free and metal-triggered reactions followed by an annulation will be presented; these two approaches allow good modulation of the reactivity of the polyvalent acrylamides.1 Introduction2 Metal-Free Annulations2.1 Domino Reactions Triggered by a Michael Addition2.2 Domino Reactions Triggered by an Aza-Michael Addition2.3 Domino Processes Triggered by an Acylation Reaction2.4 Domino Reactions Triggered by a Baylis–Hillman Reaction2.5 Cycloadditions and Domino Reactions2.6 Miscellaneous Domino Reactions3 Metal-Triggered/Mediated Annulations3.1 Zinc-Promoted Transformations3.2 Rhodium-Catalyzed Functionalization/Annulation Cascades3.3 Cobalt-Catalyzed Functionalization/Annulation Cascades3.4 Ruthenium-Catalyzed Functionalization/Annulation Cascades3.5 Iron-Catalyzed Functionalization/Annulation Cascades3.6 Palladium-Catalyzed Functionalization/Annulation Cascades3.7 Copper-Catalyzed Transformations3.8 Transition Metals Acting in Tandem in Domino Processes4 Radical Cascade Reactions5 Conclusion

Le due decisioni sopra riportate riguardano la violazione del regolamento sulle pratiche commerciali in due situazioni analoghe: in entrambi i casi il costo del biglietto pubblicizzato dall'impresa di trasporto non comprendeva un costo aggiuntivo che veniva addebitato al momento dell'effettivo acquisto del biglietto. Più precisamente, la decisione australiana che sanziona tale violazione segue un'altra decisione dello stesso tribunale che ha accertato la responsabilità: presenti due parti davanti al tribunale, l'Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) da un alto e la compagnia aerea Virgin dall'altro, la sanzione è applicata dal giudice con riferimento all'importo concordato tra le parti (sanzione congiunta), previa valutazione da parte del giudice dell'adeguatezza di tale importo. La decisione italiana è resa dall'Autorità Garante della Concorrenza e del Mercato (AGCM), la quale, in un procedimento avviato dall'Autorità stessa nei confronti della compagnia marittima Moby, ne stabilisce la responsabilità, vieta la diffusione e la prosecuzione della pratica e condanna la società stessa al pagamento di un sanzione

This research aimed to see the students’ perception in practicing speaking English using the English Domino game. It was conducted using qualitative research with a case study approach. Fifteen students of the English Department at a private university in Muara Bungo were chosen by using purposive sampling. Furthermore, this research used interviews related to their experience and motivation in speaking English with the domino games to collect the data. The results indicated that the students’ motivation in practicing speaking in English increased by using the English domino games. Most of the students felt relaxed and confident to speak while playing English Domino. They were also excited and motivated to take their turns in telling the connected story. This kind of game can be an alternative for teaching English, particularly speaking in a non-English speaking country.

The third wave of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) surged to Asia in the early 2000s with the Asian type of domino effect – the domino of proposing new bilateral agreements. However, with the launch of Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations, the mode of domino returned to the normal track (the domino of participating in existing agreements), which seems to have led to the end of third wave of FTAs. However, the number of FTAs in Asia would again increase in the near future, counter-reacting to TPP and Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). In fact, the majority of recent FTA proposals in Asia are those proposed by non-TPP parties, especially by China, or those between Asia and European Commission (EC). This short paper will briefly discuss three issues in turn to provide an overview of the state of play of FTA policy activity in Asia: (i) the latest trend of FTAs in Asia; (ii) what is likely to happen to Asia’s FTA scene in near future; and (iii) desirable and effective trade policy in the era of FTAs.

The thesis aims to reconstruct the procedural rules that apply whenever the simulation of contract becomes an issue within a civil proceeding.To this end, a different method is followed from that commonly used by the courts and in the scholarly literature, which have mostly deduced the content of these rules assuming, as a starting point, a certain solution to the problem of the nature of simulated contracts. The courts, that still adhere to the traditional doctrine of nullity of the simulated contract, state that the rules of the civil code dedicated to the action and the objection of nullity shall also apply to the action and objection of simulation. Part of the scholars, rejecting such premises, uphold interpretative solutions that are at odds with those supported by the courts. On the contrary, in this thesis, the legal notion of simulation is assumed as a starting point. Such a legal notion describes the set of facts that lead to a simulation of a contract and to the legal consequences set forth in articles 1414 and ff of the civil code; these facts are thus material to the process in which the simulation is an issue. Hence, the first part of the thesis (chapters 1 to 4) aims at framing the legal notion of simulation within the main categories of civil procedure, and starts from the definition of the legal notion of simulation by critically assessing the two main conceptions of the simulation phenomenon that emerge from the conspicuous literature on the subject: a “negative” conception, which sees the simulation as the lack of an essential element of the contract, and a “positive” conception, which sees the simulation as an agreement between the parties with the aim of excluding the legal effects of a contract between them (simulation agreement). The arguments in support of this last conception are set forth; after that, the question of the structure of the so-called “concealed contract” and the role of the simulation agreement on its formation and effectiveness is examined. The framing of the simulation in the fundamental categories of the process is then carried out through the observation of the legal effects that the simulation activity produces with regard to third parties, and the procedural classification of the substantial categories referred to in Articles 1415 and 1416 of the Italian Civil Code (in particular, unopposability). Finally, the objective scope of the process in which the ascertainment of the simulation of a contract is requested (action of simulation) is defined by critically examining the prevailing doctrine, according to which the said action aims at ascertaining the lack of a “contractual relationship”. Another doctrine is then examined, according to which simulation and nullity may be described as authonomous legal effects capable of being ascertained within a judgment having the force of res judicata. The second part (chapters 5 and 6) is dedicated to the discussion of selected issues of “procedural dynamics”, namely: a) the objection of absolute simulation, and the problem wether the judge may decide upon it ex officio in both the processes aimed at enforcing a simulated contract, and in those that aim, on the contrary, at the declaration of nullity, or at the annulment, rescission or termination of the same contract; b) the multiple facets that the issue of absolute simulation presents in the course of a forced expropriation proceeding undertaken against an “apparent owner”; c) the form of the concealed contract and the extent to which the simulants may prove a relative simulation by witnesses, particularly in the event that the relative simulation of the price of a sale contract is alleged as an objection to an avoidance action promoted by the bankruptcy trustee; d) the stading to an action of simulation; e) the objective scope of the res judicata in the same action.
La tesi mira a ricostruire la disciplina processuale della simulazione negoziale, ossia le regole concernenti l'attività compiuta nel processo dalle parti e dal giudice, ogniqualvolta la simulazione di un negozio giuridico sia oggetto di allegazione, prova e decisione (nella forma della mera cognizione o dell'accertamento). Si segue, a tal fine, un metodo diverso da quello comunemente impiegato dalla giurisprudenza e dalla dottrina, le quali hanno perlopiù dedotto il contenuto di tali regole a partire dalla soluzione di volta in volta prescelta al problema della qualificazione del contratto simulato. La giurisprudenza, muovendo dalla tesi della nullità del contratto simulato, conclude per la diretta applicabilità delle norme del codice civile dedicate all'azione e all'eccezione di nullità. Parte della dottrina, discostandosi da quella premessa, propone soluzioni applicative di segno opposto. Al contrario, nel presente lavoro, la centralità solitamente assegnata al contratto simulato, è occupata dalla simulazione, ossia dalla fattispecie degli effetti che gli artt. 1414 e seguenti designano quali “effetti della simulazione”. Detta fattispecie è infatti quanto forma oggetto dell'attività dei soggetti del processo (l'allegazione, la prova, la cognizione e l'accertamento). La ricostruzione della disciplina processuale della simulazione muove pertanto dalla collocazione della fattispecie simulatoria entro le categorie che informano il contenuto di quella disciplina, e cioè la qualificazione della simulazione come tema di prova, come questione di merito oggetto di mera cognizione, nonché, infine, come oggetto del processo e dell'accertamento munito di autorità di cosa giudicata. La prima parte della tesi (capitoli da 1 a 4) si occupa esattamente di tale inquadramento, prendendo le mosse dalla definizione della fattispecie simulatoria e dalla discussione critica delle due opposte concezioni del fenomeno simulatorio che emergono dalla cospicua letteratura sul tema: una concezione “negativa”, che vede nella simulazione una forma qualificata di difetto della fattispecie negoziale, e una concezione “positiva”, che ravvisa la fattispecie simulatoria in un negozio distinto da quello simulato (il c.d. accordo simulatorio). Enunciate le ragioni a sostegno di quest'ultima concezione, si prende in esame la questione della struttura del contratto dissimulato e del ruolo dell'accordo simulatorio sulla formazione e l'efficacia del medesimo. L'inquadramento della simulazione nelle categorie fondamentali del processo prosegue mediante l'osservazione degli effetti giuridici che l'attività simulatoria produce riguardo ai terzi, e l'inquadramento processuale delle categorie sostanziali richiamate negli artt. 1415 e 1416 c.c. (segnatamente, l'inopponibilità). Infine, si definisce l'oggetto dell'azione di simulazione, mettendo di fronte la prevalente tesi che detto oggetto fa coincidere con il rapporto fondamentale contrattuale, e quella minoritaria che addita le azioni di simulazione e nullità quali esempi di processi di accertamento di situazioni giuridiche preliminari. Si sottopone quindi a critica la tesi del rapporto fondamentale. La seconda parte (capitoli 5 e 6) è dedicata alla discussione di profili scelti di dinamica processuale, segnatamente: l'eccezione di simulazione assoluta, e il problema della sua rilevabilità d'ufficio nei processi diretti all'esecuzione del contratto simulato, nonché in quelli che mirano, al contrario, alla dichiarazione della nullità, ovvero all'annullamento, alla rescissione o alla risoluzione dello stesso contratto; le molteplici sfaccettature che presenta la cognizione della simulazione assoluta nel corso (o a lato) dell'espropriazione forzata intrapresa contro il titolare apparente; la forma del contratto dissimulato e l'ampiezza dei poteri istruttori dei simulanti che intendano dar prova della simulazione relativa, e per suo tramite del contratto dissimulato, particolarmente nel caso in cui la simulazione relativa del prezzo venga addotta per contrastare l'azione revocatoria promossa dal curatore fallimentare contro una compravendita immobiliare “a prezzo vile”; la legittimazione ad agire nell'azione di simulazione; i limiti oggettivi del giudicato di accertamento della simulazione.

El presente trabajo en buena cuenta intenta examinar precisamente algunos de los problemas que plantean los actos de disposición o negocios jurídicos sobre patrimonio ajeno, haciendo especial referencia a la denominada adquisición a non domino. Podemos decir, preliminarmente, que este término es una fórmula descriptiva que sirve para calificar el fenómeno por el cual un sujeto logra adquirir la propiedad de un bien aun cuando su transferente no era el legítimo propietario. Vale la pena entonces preguntarse: ¿Cuál es la razón de semejante posibilidad? ¿Cuáles son los criterios normativos para su reconocimiento y aplicación?. En nuestro país, los supuestos de adquisición a non domino aún no han sido estudiados de manera sistemática, que permita comprender no sólo el tratamiento de su estructura y su función, sino también de sus alcances y sus límites. Esta situación conlleva comúnmente, y sin mayores esfuerzos, a sostener dos posiciones: a) asignar a la buena fe un rol fundamental como criterio de solución de conflictos que hace posible la adquisición (posición favorable); b) impedir la adquisición toda vez que presupone siempre la realización de un tipo penal: delito de estelionato (posición desfavorable). Permítasenos dudar, por lo menos, de las dos aseveraciones mencionadas; y, más bien, transformarlas en preguntas: ¿es suficiente la buena fe para tutelar las adquisiciones a non domino? ¿Es la buena fe límite y medida de la protección de los terceros adquirentes? ¿La conducta delictiva de sólo uno de los partícipes del acto impide irremediablemente una adquisición a non domino? ¿Cuáles son los alcances de la tutela? Todas estas cuestiones serán discutidas a lo largo de este trabajo, el cual se divide en cinco capítulos. En el primer capítulo, abordamos sucintamente el problema general del negocio jurídico sobre patrimonio ajeno y nos centramos en algunos conceptos jurídicos fundamentales que se formularon a raíz de los actos de disposición de bienes ajenos, que intentaron explicar y justificar su posibilidad. Se hace referencia, en sentido crítico, a una vieja polémica acerca de si la facultad de disposición se adscribe o no al contenido derecho de propiedad, donde la primera postura sostiene que la facultad de disposición está fuera del derecho de propiedad y esto explicaría los actos de disposiciones de bienes ajenos; dado que, por regla, correspondería al propietario y, por excepción, a un tercero. Asimismo, se revisa la categoría denominada “legitimación para obrar”, en sentido sustancial, que permitirá explicar la validez estructural y la ineficacia funcional de los negocios sobre patrimonio ajeno. Por último, se analiza el fenómeno general de la circulación jurídica de bienes y el sistema de transferencia de propiedad en el Perú, lo que es de importancia para desarrollos posteriores.
Tesis

Este trabalho pretende estabelecer uma comparação entre os sistemas registrais do Brasil e de Portugal, apontando suas similitudes e suas diferenças para, enfim, poder-se compreender os princípios fundamentais registrais a que cada país aderiu e a possibilidade de se evoluir com a experiência de ambos. Para tanto, iniciou-se com uma breve visão histórica dos sistemas registrais brasileiro e português, com o fim de estabelecer -se em qual dos sistemas modelos, cada país inspirou-se para criar seu próprio sistema. Em seguida, delineiam-se as características e princípios de cada sistema estudado para então partir-se para a necessária compreensão acerca do conceito de terceiros em Portugal e sobre o sistema de nulidades do Brasil e de Portugal, analisando-se o caminho jurisprudencial tomado acerca da proteção de terceiros nas aquisições a non domino no Brasil, já que não há norma específica que trate da matéria, com exceção do previsto no art. 214, §5º da Lei 6.015/73 e o art. 1.827 do Código Civil Brasileiro. Passa-se a estudar os comandos normativos portugueses que tratam da proteção do terceiro (art. 5º, 17, n. 2 122º do CRP e o art. 291 do Código Civil Português) e para chegar-se à conclusão de que este país se encontra mais avançado e estruturado na matéria de proteção de terceiros nas aquisições a non domino que o Brasil, em que pese ainda precisar de aprimoramento na legislação na busca por maior exatidão dos cadastros imobiliários.

Climate is changing at a faster pace than some species can adjust to and the situation can become more complicated in the arctic and sub-arctic, where temperatures are warming more rapidly than at lower latitudes. This can be particularly problematic for long-distance migrants using multiple climatic zones during the annual cycle. In fact, several long-distance migrants are in decline globally and in order to unravel population level responses it is essential to first understand how processes operating at the individual level can influence fitness. Icelandic whimbrels Numenius phaeopus islandicus provide a suitable system in which to investigate these questions. I investigated (1) differences in seasonal migration duration, speed and ground speed, and mapped migration routes, wintering and stopover; (2) examined range wide energetic trade-offs and associated carry-over effects of wintering area conditions into the breeding season; (3) explored seasonal and sex-specific variation in consistency of individual timing during the annual cycle; (4) using full annual cycle individual level data, I investigated correlations between annual stages and duration of stationary periods, and assessed their fitness consequences; and (5) explored how wind conditions, temperature and departure date influence spring migratory strategy of Icelandic whimbrels. Contrary to most seasonal migrants, Icelandic whimbrels tended to migrate faster in autumn than in spring, and during the latter migration period a stopover strategy was prevalent. I found a trade-off between migration distance and wintering site quality but spending the winter at higher quality sites had no apparent influence on breeding phenology or breeding investment. Hence, after establishing that fledging success decreases with laying date, fitness consequences did not seem to emerge from winter site use. I also show that individuals have consistent schedules during the annual cycle, particularly at spring migration departure. Yet, schedule adjustments seem to occur during stationary periods (e.g. stopover, wintering), which likely allow whimbrels to avoid or alleviate negative fitness consequences between breeding seasons, by compensating for delays and breed on time; however, compensation between consecutive stages within the annual cycle is insufficient. The migratory strategy used in spring had no clear influence on laying date (hence unlikely to influence fledging success) and did not seem to be driven by wind conditions. Instead, individuals departing later tended to fly directly to Iceland and arrive earlier than those that stopover. As in other systems, timing is crucial for Icelandic whimbrels, particularly laying date, which links to breeding success. I only found a significant effect of spring arrival date on laying date (although spring arrival can be influenced by other factors). Variables such as food supply and weather conditions in the breeding area and pair bond were not investigated, but I discuss how these might influence laying date. Additionally, I suggest that the decline in fledging success with laying date is likely caused by predation pressure on whimbrel broods. Since individuals are consistent in phenology and timing is crucial, it is important to acquire knowledge (i) on food resource dynamics at the breeding areas, to comprehend in detail how these may become limiting under a scenario of environmental change; and (ii) on the ontogeny of migration and associated timing, as this allow to understand how migratory schedules are defined and forecast population-level responses.
Para muitas espécies as alterações climáticas ocorrem mais rápido do que a sua capacidade de resposta e a situação pode tornar-se mais complicada no árctico e sub-árctico, onde as temperaturas têm aumentado de forma mais célere do que a latitudes inferiores. Isto é particularmente problemático para migradores que usam várias regiões climáticas durante o seu ciclo anual. De facto, vários migradores de longa distância estão em declínio global e para perceber a sua capacidade de resposta a nível populacional, é primeiro necessário compreender como os processos que ocorrem ao nível dos indivíduos podem influenciar o seu fitness. Os maçaricos-galegos da subespécie islandesa Numenius phaeopus islandicus proporcionam um bom sistema de estudo para investigar estas questões. Nesta tese investiguei (1) as diferenças sazonais na duração da migração, velocidade de migração e velocidade do voo em relação ao solo, e mapeei as rotas de migração, zonas de invernada e de paragem migratória desta população; (2) examinei trade-offs energéticos à escala da distribuição da população e os potenciais efeitos de carry-over das condições de invernada no período de reprodução; (3) determinei a variação sazonal e sexual na consistência do timing individual ao longo do ciclo anual; (4) usando dados a nível individual para todo o ciclo anual, investiguei correlações entre estádios anuais e a duração de períodos estacionários, e avaliei as suas consequências no fitness individual; e (5) explorei como as condições de vento, temperatura e data de saída durante a migração influenciam a estratégia migratória primaveril. Ao contrário da maioria dos migradores sazonais, os maçaricos-galegos islandeses tendem a migrar mais rápido no outono do que na primavera, e durante a migração primaveril a estratégia de stopover é mais comum. Descrevi trade-offs entre a distância de migração e a qualidade do local de invernada, mas invernar num local de maior qualidade aparentemente não tem influência na fenologia de reprodução ou investimento reprodutor. Assim, depois de estabelecer que o sucesso reprodutor decresce com a data de postura, o local de invernada não parece ter consequências no fitness individual. Demonstrei que os indivíduos são consistentes no calendário anual, principalmente na data de saída na migração primaveril. Ainda assim, ocorrem ajustes ao calendário durante períodos estacionários (e.g. stopover, invernada), o que permite evitar ou atenuar implicações negativas entre épocas reprodutoras, ao compensar atrasos e nidificar a tempo. Contudo, entre estádios consecutivos do ciclo anual a compensação parece insuficiente. A estratégia usada na migração primaveral não teve uma influência clara na data de postura (portanto é improvável que afecte o fitness individual) e não parece depender das condições de vento. Indivíduos que partem mais tarde, tendem a fazer um voo directo para a Islândia e chegar antes daqueles que fazem uma paragem migratória. Como em outras espécies, o timing é crucial para os maçaricos-galegos islandeses, particularmente a data de postura, que influencia o sucesso reprodutor. Apenas encontrei um efeito significativo da data de chegada na migração primaveril na data de postura (no entanto, a data de chegada pode ser influenciada por outros factores). Os efeitos da disponibilidade alimentar e condições atmosféricas nos locais de reprodução, e a relação entre os membros do casal não foram investigados, mas é discutido como podem influenciar a data de postura. Adicionalmente, sugiro que o declínio no sucesso reprodutor com a data de postura é provavelmente causado por pressão de predação nas famílias de maçaricos-galegos. Uma vez que os indivíduos são consistentes no calendário e o timing é crucial, é importante adquirir conhecimento (i) sobre a dinâmica de recursos alimentares nas áreas de reprodução, para compreender em detalhe como esse factor pode vir a tornar-se limitante, dado o cenário actual de alterações ambientais; e (ii) sobre a ontogenia de migração e timing associado, uma vez que permitirá entender como o timing de migração é estabelecido e prever respostas populacionais.
Programa Doutoral em Biologia

Il settore del commercio elettronico è un settore in sempre più ampio e rapido sviluppo. Le motivazioni possono essere molteplici ma sono sicuramente legate al cambiamento dello stile di vita delle persone e alla possibilità di accedere all’acquisto di beni che altrimenti sarebbe stato pressoché impossibile acquistare. La disciplina riguardante questo settore è anch’essa stata elaborata mano a mano che questo settore si è evoluto, per rispondere di volta in volta alle diverse necessità che si sono presentate. La disciplina è tutt’oggi ancora in evoluzione, soprattutto a causa del fatto che in questo settore ci sono molteplici forme contrattuali che vengono utilizzate per creare accordi commerciali dei più vari tipi, e ognuno dei quali prospetta problematiche diverse. In questo lavoro si parte dalla nascita e dallo sviluppo del commercio elettronico per analizzare l’evoluzione della disciplina associata. Dopodiché si analizza il tipo di contratto posto in essere tra la Santoni S.p.A. (noto marchio di calzature di alta gamma) e la Filoblu s.rl. (società veneta che si occupa della creazione e gestione di piattaforme e-commerce) per valutarne i punti cruciali. Dopo aver analizzato in dettaglio gli aspetti sopra citati, viene illustrata la disciplina delle denunce per difetto di conformità del bene e come queste vengono gestite dalla Santoni S.p.A., per passare poi all’analisi delle denunce per difetto di conformità degli ultimi 3 anni. Questo perché, come si noterà, questo è un campo in cui le problematiche sono controverse e gran parte della gestione viene lasciata alle ditte produttrici che si trovano di volta in volta di fronte alla scelta su come gestire il caso per rendere il cliente soddisfatto del servizio. La disciplina segue i suoi sviluppi e cerca di prevenire (per quanto possibile) situazioni sgradevoli sia per il fornitore del bene che per l’acquirente. L’entusiasmo mostrato dagli acquirenti per la comodità e la facilità dell’acquisto on-line, viene molto spesso smorzato dall’impossibilità di vedere e toccare con mano il bene oggetto della transazione, creando un senso di inquietudine legata alla qualità del bene che si sta acquistando. Per questo motivo, nel momento in cui un acquirente denuncia un difetto di conformità sul bene acquistato on-line o semplicemente la sua insoddisfazione su determinati aspetti del bene (colore, calzata, forma, ecc.), si attiva un meccanismo volto a valutare la presenza o meno di un eventuale difetto sul bene e di risolverlo nel modo più soddisfacente per l’acquirente. Dopotutto per un’azienda, gestire un negozio on-line equivale ad avere una vetrina di sé stessa attiva 24 ore su 24 e visibile a chiunque abbia un accesso al mondo di internet, e per questo motivo gestire i clienti che utilizzano questo tipo di servizio significa migliorare o peggiorare, in maniera esponenziale rispetto a quanto può avvenire in un negozio fisico, l’immagine percepita da ogni singolo acquirente. C’è però da dire che, in molti casi registrati, nonostante una perizia tecnica effettuata da operai specializzati sul prodotto venduto, la poca conoscenza dei processi di produzione dei singoli clienti, mette i venditori in situazioni difficili da gestire, in quanto il cliente non riesce a capire che quello che lui percepisce come un difetto in realtà non lo è, e che quindi non è imputabile all’azienda quello che lui crede che lo sia. Generalmente in questi casi, sempre per cercare di limitare degli inevitabili danni d’immagine, si offrono al cliente soluzioni alternative come resi gratuiti, omaggi di piccoli prodotti complementari o buoni sconto su acquisti successivi, ma sarebbe sicuramente necessaria una normativa completa e definitiva, che indichi in maniera risoluta come gestire casistiche particolari che si presentano frequentemente nella fase post-vendita. Viste le innumerevoli problematiche che si riscontrano frequentemente in questo ambito, la normativa a tutt’oggi presente non risulta essere sufficientemente soddisfacente per lo scopo a cui è stata creata. Come detto precedentemente, tutto il meccanismo che viene messo in atto all’interno di ogni azienda dopo una denuncia di difetto di conformità, si innesca per risolvere il problema ed evitare un inevitabile danno d’immagine, quindi si può concludere che, nonostante la presenza di una normativa (anche se ancora in via di sviluppo), l’arma migliore che un consumatore on-line può mettere in atto e che spaventa di più i venditori è sicuramente il danno d’immagine. Una cattiva recensione su un blog, un social network, o semplicemente un racconto di una brutta esperienza derivante da un acquisto on-line, può vanificare tutti gli sforzi fatti dal venditore per raggiungere una buona percezione del proprio marchio, e innestare un meccanismo a catena che non giova all’immagine aziendale.

From the outset of kidney transplantation, some living donors were “Good Samaritan” donors—that is, individuals who donated a kidney without a specific recipient in mind. However, non-genetically related donors fell out of favor quickly because the results were no better than deceased donor grafts. As immunosuppression improved and graft outcomes from non-biologically related donors improved, attitudes changed (with greater and earlier support from the public than from transplant professionals and with greater support for spouses then friends then acquaintances, and then strangers). This chapter examines ethical controversies raised by Good Samaritan donors using a living donor ethics framework. It examines the moral justification for permitting living donation by strangers, the ethics of the donor and recipient selection and allocation processes, and whether Good Samaritan donors should be encouraged to catalyze a domino multi-donor-recipient pair chain rather than donate to a single candidate on the waitlist.

The popularity of teaching Latvian as a mother tongue has always been of great importance. Although various teaching materials have been developed over time, corpus-based learning materials are becoming more and more popular nowadays. Since December 2018, the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science of the University of Latvia has carried out the Latvian State Research Programme “Latvian Language”, agreement No. VPP-IZM-2018/2-0002 (subproject “Acquisi-tion of Latvian Language”). During the project, “The Corpus of Students’ Essays” will be created. With the help of the Corpus, it will be possible to create new teaching materials and also carry out different Latvian grammar studies, etc. Based on the Corpus, it will also be possible to analyse different aspects of Latvian language acquisition of students from different Latvian schools, find out what is most difficult for students, and later work with various Latvian language acquisition issues. “Corpus of Student’s Essays” is a specialized language corpus that contains texts limited to one or more subject areas, domains, topics, etc. The corpus includes 468 essays from a class 12 Latvian language exam (approximately 185 000 running words). These are works by students of Latvian-language secondary schools, minority schools, and state gymnasiums from Kurzeme, Latgale, and Riga. “Corpus of Student’s Essays” contains uncorrected texts, retaining all typing, punctuation, etc. mistakes made by students. The corpus is automatically morphologically tagged. “Corpus of Student’s Essays”, like other language corpora, is developed in several stages. The beginning of the creation of any corpus is related to the definition of text selection criteria, then the selection of texts for the corpus, digitization, if necessary, editing, morphological annotation, creation and addition of a metadata set, etc. Since the corpus is not just texts, there is also an infrastructure for the collecting and processing of corpus data, as well as an interface for the use of the corpus. This article will deal with the structure and development stages of the “Corpus of Student’s Essays”, as well as the problems and solutions associated with it.

Abstract A large number of incidents occurred in the petrochemical industry due to the continuous accumulation and frequent transfer of dangerous substances. For these historical incident data, a lot of efforts have been made to analyze how and why incidents occurred by use of descriptive statistics, while scarce work was done to in-depth explore the performance characteristics of the causal factors related to different types of incidents. This paper focuses on the relative importance of different causal factors for different types of incidents. A total of 1144 incidents related to tank farms of China during the period 1960–2018 were collected and classified with regard to the intuitive consequences of incidents (fire & explosion, material loss, quality variations, equipment damage and personnel harm) and whether the domino effect was involved (domino incidents and non-domino incidents). The causal factors were classified into five major categories and subdivided into fifteen subcategories. The interaction analysis of each factor with the specific consequence type was performed. The method of logistic regression was used to quantify the relative probability of different causal factors for different types of incidents and to determine which factors have a significant effect on triggering the domino incidents. It is found that human factors and organization/management factors were more common causal factors to lead to different consequences, and the same causal factor has distinct effects on the probability of occurrence for different types of incidents. The results highlight the more critical risk factors for each type of incident and the method can be applied to provide guidance on incident prevention and safety protection.

ROROs, at first glance, appear to be stability nightmares with their relatively high vertical center gravity, relatively low metacentric height, and imposing freeboard. Their non-uniform cargo also causes concern in loading due to uncertainty in weights estimates and stowage locations. The Golden Ray is an example of a vessel design that was pushed to the limits of what is capable for ROROs, only to fail due to the complex nature of simultaneously meeting the loading criteria and keeping the vessel upright in a dynamic operating environment. Historically, naval architects have attempted to push the boundaries of what vessels are capable of by increasing size, speed, or maneuverability (and more), to carry more cargo or reach their destination quicker. They use the same criteria and programs that have served them in earlier iterations of the design, and have frequently overlooked the unpredictability of the marine environment and the domino effect that changing a single vessel characteristic can have on the rest of the design. This paper will discuss the stability of the Golden Ray leading up to its capsize in Brunswick, Georgia, and discuss other similar casualties where the boundaries of design were pushed but the full extent of failures that a vessel could encounter in its lifetime were not explored. The aim of this paper is to offer naval architects, computer program designers, and vessel operators teaching moments from past failures in vessel design and to offer risk mitigation strategies throughout the design and build process.

E-learning has been spreading more and more in the Romanian schools in order to support the traditional teaching process. Computer-assisted instruction has many advantages, such as active learning strategies, students' involvement in learning, and development of more complex technical skills in tune with greater demands for social and societal insertion. However, there are still many controversies related to the phenomenon of human alienation, reduction of basic interpersonal relations, therefore having negative effects upon the emotional-affective dimension of personal and interpersonal relationships. Referring to persons with disabilities, it is commonly agreed that technology is not just their ally, but often the only chance to compensate their natural induced impairments. People with disabilities use technology to communicate, move, fulfill their basic needs, and self-care, overcoming the 'assisted-person' status and gaining more independence and greater control upon the quality of their lives. Still, questions remain: can or will technology ever help them decisively to overcome social barriers, those last challenges to social progress and the emergence of societies showing an inclusive frame of mind? Those 'walls of discrimination' created between ignorance and tolerance can actually be torn down, at some point, so that disability may be addressed as a sample of human diversity and not as a disadvantage? How can we use technology to get a positive answer to this issue sooner? Using these questions for starters, a project dedicated to the training of inclusive mindsets through play and teamwork from the early age has begun in Bucharest at the Special Kindergarten for the Hard of Hearing no. 65 in March 2014. Fun Lab is a project that combines latest learning technologies through sensory stimulation using cutting-edge equipment with problem-solving strategy based on mutual interaction and support in order to solve amusing tasks, which brings persons with sensory disabilities and regular people of all ages together. We wish to reform the way of looking at disability within the community, to prevent indifference or intolerance, discrimination (even the positive one). We wish to reform the way of thinking of persons with disabilities, both with or without sensory impairments, but having "ignoring or indifference disabilities", in the way of a common effort to real equal opportunities and rights to life and education of all those involved. And because communication between these dramatically different communities is often difficult or impossible, we chose a universal way, so to speak, to communicate, at local, international or even intergalactic level... what else could unite us more tightly and make us interact to each other than technology? We bet on technology, this gigantic destroyer of humanity, as it was often described, to reverse it against its long standing meaning, that is to maim and extinct human relationships and human in generally in the favor of the machine. We plan to reverse the poles and use technological systems to close different communities, to make them interact and know each other, to accept each other and to support each other, completing to one each other in order to achieve a common goal - progress. Project Goal Our goal is a kind of "domino" relationship between the progress of approach and education strategies for rehabilitation of preschoolers with sensory and associated multi-sensory disabilities and the social progress of the community within they will find their place. Non-acceptance and indifference come from ignorance and lack of relationship; by offering a common "toy", we hope to improve not only the life of persons with deficiencies, but the personal progress desire of those from the greater community, referring to attitude toward deficiency in general, toward impairment and limits, even physical ones, toward knowledge or relationship. Activities and results What we plan for ourselves through this project is offering work techniques and abilities for teachers, students and parents, as education partners, by organizing of interactive workshops "Sensory-lab"-like, in which we blend fun, relaxation and out of daily routines with a subtle and positive learning process through play and fun. We use multi-touch technologies and sensory responsive equipments, such as: multi-touch 27" monitor computer charged with hundreds of apps and games from the mains AppStores (sensory training, speech therapy apps, deaf signs apps, sport and motric coordination games, music, team play games, memory and attention games, cognitive and communication development games using virtual realities), 3D archive library and also sound, light and movement responsive equipments. Through participation at "sensory-lab" workshops, the life of the school community will improve and the mutual interactions between the two categories of persons: those who can hear and those who cannot, even if we talk about preschoolers or their parents. As a result of "sensory-lab" activities we expect an increase of the interest in common events and an increased involvement in education and extra-curricular activities of parents and local community.

Introduction u cours des deux derniers millénaires, il y a eu plusieurs façons de conserver, transmettre et même créer la connaissance ; la tradition orale, l’écrit manuscrit, l’écrit imprimé et l’écrit numérisé. La tradition orale et le manuscrit ont dominé pendant plus de 1400 ans, et ce, jusqu’à l’apparition du livre imprimé en 1451, résultant de l’invention mécanique de Gutenberg. Il faudra attendre un peu plus de 550 ans, avant que l’invention du support électronique déloge à son tour le livre imprimé, prenant une ampleur sans précédent grâce à la révolution numérique contemporaine, résultat du maillage des technologies de l’informatique, de la robotique et de la science des données. Les premières universités qui sont nées en Occident, au Moyen Âge, ont développé cette tradition orale de la connaissance tout en multipliant l’usage du manuscrit créant ainsi de véritables communautés de maîtres et d’étudiants ; la venue de l’imprimerie permettra la multiplication des universités où l’oral et l’écrit continueront de jouer un rôle déterminant dans la création et la transmission des connaissances même si le « support » a évolué du manuscrit à l’imprimé puis vers le numérique. Au cours de toutes ces années, le modèle de l’université s’est raffiné et perfectionné sur une trajectoire somme toute assez linéaire en élargissant son rôle dans l’éducation à celui-ci de la recherche et de l’innovation, en multipliant les disciplines offertes et les clientèles desservies. L’université de chaque ville universitaire est devenue une institution florissante et indispensable à son rayonnement international, à un point tel que l’on mesure souvent sa contribution par la taille de sa clientèle étudiante, l’empreinte de ses campus, la grandeur de ses bibliothèques spécialisées ; c’est toutefois la renommée de ses chercheurs qui consacre la réputation de chaque université au cours de cette longue trajectoire pendant laquelle a pu s’établir la liberté universitaire. « Les libertés universitaires empruntèrent beaucoup aux libertés ecclésiastiques » : Étudiants et maîtres, qu'ils furent, ou non, hommes d'Église, furent assimilés à des clercs relevant de la seule justice ecclésiastique, réputée plus équitable. Mais ils échappèrent aussi largement à la justice ecclésiastique locale, n'étant justiciables que devant leur propre institution les professeurs et le recteur, chef élu de l’université - ou devant le pape ou ses délégués. Les libertés académiques marquèrent donc l’émergence d'un droit propre, qui ménageait aux maîtres et aux étudiants une place à part dans la société. Ce droit était le même, à travers l'Occident, pour tous ceux qui appartenaient à ces institutions supranationales que furent, par essence, les premières universités. À la fin du Moyen Âge, l'affirmation des États nationaux obligea les libertés académiques à s'inscrire dans ce nouveau cadre politique, comme de simples pratiques dérogatoires au droit commun et toujours sujettes à révision. Vestige vénérable de l’antique indépendance et privilège octroyé par le prince, elles eurent donc désormais un statut ambigu » . La révolution numérique viendra fragiliser ce statut. En effet, la révolution numérique vient bouleverser cette longue trajectoire linéaire de l’université en lui enlevant son quasi monopole dans la conservation et le partage du savoir parce qu’elle rend plus facile et somme toute, moins coûteux l’accès à l’information, au savoir et aux données. Le numérique est révolutionnaire comme l’était l’imprimé et son influence sur l’université, sera tout aussi considérable, car cette révolution impacte radicalement tous les secteurs de l’économie en accélérant la robotisation et la numérisation des processus de création, de fabrication et de distribution des biens et des services. Ces innovations utilisent la radio-identification (RFID) qui permet de mémoriser et de récupérer à distance des données sur les objets et l’Internet des objets qui permet aux objets d’être reliés automatiquement à des réseaux de communications .Ces innovations s’entrecroisent aux technologies de la réalité virtuelle, à celles des algorithmiques intelligentes et de l’intelligence artificielle et viennent littéralement inonder de données les institutions et les organisations qui doivent alors les analyser, les gérer et les protéger. Le monde numérique est né et avec lui, a surgi toute une série de compétences radicalement nouvelles que les étudiants, les enseignants et les chercheurs de nos universités doivent rapidement maîtriser pour évoluer dans ce Nouveau Monde, y travailler et contribuer à la rendre plus humain et plus équitable. En effet, tous les secteurs de l’activité commerciale, économique, culturelle ou sociale exigent déjà clairement des connaissances et des compétences numériques et technologiques de tous les participants au marché du travail. Dans cette nouvelle logique industrielle du monde numérique, les gagnants sont déjà bien identifiés. Ce sont les fameux GAFAM (Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon et Microsoft) suivis de près par les NATU (Netflix, Airbnb, Tesla et Uber) et par les géants chinois du numérique, les BATX (Baidu, Alibaba, Tenant et Xiaomi). Ces géants sont alimentés par les recherches, les innovations et les applications mobiles (APPs) créées par les partenaires de leurs écosystèmes regroupant, sur différents campus d’entreprises, plusieurs des cerveaux qui sont au cœur de cette révolution numérique. L’université voit donc remise en question sa capacité traditionnelle d’attirer, de retenir et de promouvoir les artisans du monde de demain. Son aptitude à former des esprits critiques et à contribuer à la transmission des valeurs universelles est également ébranlée par ce tsunami de changements. Il faut cependant reconnaître que les facultés de médecine, d’ingénierie et de sciences naturelles aux États-Unis qui ont développé des contacts étroits, abondants et suivis avec les hôpitaux, les grandes entreprises et l’administration publique et cela dès la fin du 19e siècle ont été plus en mesure que bien d’autres, de recruter et retenir les gens de talent. Elle ont énormément contribué à faire avancer les connaissances scientifiques et la scolarisation en sciences appliquées ..La concentration inouïe des Prix Nobel scientifiques aux États-Unis est à cet égard très convaincante . La révolution numérique contemporaine survient également au moment même où de grands bouleversements frappent la planète : l’urgence climatique, le vieillissement des populations, la « déglobalisation », les déplacements des populations, les guerres, les pandémies, la crise des inégalités, de l’éthique et des démocraties. Ces bouleversements interpellent les universitaires et c’est pourquoi leur communauté doit adopter une raison d’être et ainsi renouveler leur mission afin des mieux répondre à ces enjeux de la civilisation. Cette communauté doit non seulement se doter d’une vision et des modes de fonctionnement adaptés aux nouvelles réalités liées aux technologies numériques, mais elle doit aussi tenir compte de ces grands bouleversements. Tout ceci l’oblige à s’intégrer à des écosystèmes où les connaissances sont partagées et où de nouvelles compétences doivent être rapidement acquises. Le but de ce texte est de mieux cerner l’ampleur du défi que pose le monde numérique au milieu universitaire et de proposer quelques idées pouvant alimenter la réflexion des universitaires dans cette démarche d’adaptation au monde numérique. Or, ma conviction la plus profonde c’est que la révolution numérique aura des impacts sur nos sociétés et notre civilisation aussi grands que ceux provoqués par la découverte de l’imprimerie et son industrialisation au 15e siècle. C’est pourquoi la première section de ce document est consacrée à un rappel historique de la révolution de l’imprimerie par Gutenberg alors que la deuxième section illustrera comment les caractéristiques de la révolution numérique viennent soutenir cette conviction si profonde. Une troisième section fournira plus de détails sur le défi d’adaptation que le monde numérique pose aux universités alors que la quatrième section évoquera les contours du changement de paradigme que cette adaptation va imposer. La cinquième section servira à illustrer un scénario de rêves qui permettra de mieux illustrer l’ampleur de la gestion du changement qui guette les universitaires. La conclusion permettra de revenir sur quelques concepts et principes clefs pour guider la démarche vers l’action. L’université ne peut plus « être en haut et seule », elle doit être « au centre et avec » des écosystèmes de partenariats multiples, dans un modèle hybride physique/virtuel. C’est ainsi qu’elle pourra conserver son leadership historique de vigie du savoir et des connaissances d’un monde complexe, continuer d’établir l’authenticité des faits et imposer la nécessaire rigueur de la science et de l’objectivité.