Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Accordo TRIPs »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Accordo TRIPs"
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Spoto, Giuseppe. « Luci e ombre del sistema multilaterale degli accordi internazionali sul commercio dei prodotti agricoli ». Przegląd Prawa Rolnego, no 2(29) (30 décembre 2021) : 423–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ppr.2021.29.2.22.
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Anche se le regolazioni sul commercio dei prodotti agricoli si sono evoluti dagli obiettivi di piena liberalizzazione perseguiti per il commercio dei prodotti industriali, le regole del GATT sono state applicate fin dall’inizio. L’autore dell’articolo ricostruisce il quadro normativo delle fonti internazionali, con particolare attenzione all’Accordo SPS (sulle misure sanitarie e fitosanitarie), all’Accordo TBT (sulle barriere tecniche al commercio), e all’Accordo TRIPs (Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights; Accordo sugli aspetti commerciali dei diritti di proprietà intellettuale). La seconda parte dello studio approfondisce il tema del commercio e dell’informazione a garanzia del diritto internazionale umanitario, partendo da un esame del caso del vino israeliano e dalla motivazione della sentenza della Corte di giustizia dell’Unione europea (C-368/18). Da quando l’OMC è stata istituita sono avvenuti molti cambiamenti, ma soprattutto c’è stata un’inversione di rotta da parte dei Paesi industrializzati che hanno scelto di stimolare accordi commerciali bilaterali rispetto al sistema multilaterale, minando così l’importanza delle regole dell’OMC. La novità più significativa di questa evoluzione è che tali accordi bilaterali non sono più da considerare come ulteriori sviluppi nella costruzione del sistema multilaterale, ma sono spesso diventati dei veri e propri ostacoli alla ricostruzione. Per l’autore, sono proprio le regole del commercio internazionale stabilite con l’OMC a offrire le migliori garanzie di fronte alla crescita degli scambi e alla conquista sempre più crescente di quote significative del mercato mondiale da parte dei Paesi più aggressivi. Le crisi economiche degli ultimi anni e, soprattutto, i recenti sconvolgimenti dei mercati internazionali a seguito della pandemia hanno mostrato la necessità di rinnovare l’agenda globale, legando indissolubilmente la circolazione delle merci (soprattutto agricole) ad ulteriori obiettivi che non possono prescindere dal cambiamento climatico, dalla lotta all’inquinamento e dalla soluzione dei problemi ambientali che sono diventati temi da considerare come tasselli di un unico grande mosaico. Questi obiettivi richiederebbero un rilancio del multilateralismo e confermerebbero l’importanza di trovare un anello comune all’interno dell’OMC.
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Tijou, Brigitte. « Accords TRIPS : l'autre mondialisation ». Vacarme 9, no 3 (1999) : 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/vaca.009.0035.
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Brudon, Pascale. « Accès aux médicaments et accord TRIPS ». Annuaire suisse de politique de développement, no 17 (1 avril 1998) : 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/aspd.762.
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Roelofs, L. « Is Panpsychism at Odds with Science ? » Journal of Consciousness Studies 28, no 9 (1 janvier 2021) : 116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.53765/20512201.28.9.116.
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Galileo's Error is a superlative work of public philosophy, particularly as a way of introducing modern academic panpsychism to a broader audience. In this commentary, I reflect on an issue that is prominent, though often with different background concerns, in both academic and popular discourse: what it means to be 'scientific' or 'unscientific'. Panpsychism is not itself a scientific hypothesis, but neither is it (as critics sometimes claim) in conflict with science. Indeed, Goff argues, and I agree, that panpsychism is an eminently scientific worldview, in the sense of a way of viewing reality that accords with and embraces what science reveals. But what exactly it means to 'accord with and embrace' science is disputed; this paper tries to untangle some of the threads.
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Mahmood, Zafar. « WTO and Pakistan : Opportunities and Policy Challenges ». Pakistan Development Review 37, no 4II (1 décembre 1998) : 687–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v37i4iipp.687-701.
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From its inception the GATT had guided international trade most successfully until the early 1970s. However, afterwards the developed countries (DCs) increasingly recurred to new forms of trade restrictions not covered by the GATT rules. Ironically, these “grey measures” were mostly against the less developed countries (LDCs). These measures constrained international trade exactly at the time when the LDCs started penetrating developed markets. One of the main objectives of the Uruguay Round (UR) accord was to restrict the surge of protectionism. The accord was the most ambitious and detailed trade accord of all the GATT rounds. It established the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Before the UR accord the discrimination in textiles, clothing and agriculture was severe because tariffs and non-tariff barriers (NTBs) were employed in such a way that the overall effect of protection accumulated. The Round had agreed upon the harmonisation and reduction of tariffs, and elimination of NTBs (in stages) and thus it is expected that the effective protection will diminish in the DCs. The new accord has ensured multilateral rules for these sectors. All members expected that protection would be eventually lower with full implementation of the accord. In order to protect the interest of different groups the WTO has now lay down nondiscriminatory trading rules for services and trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPs), thus covering all major fields of international trade policy.
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Castellini, Alessandra, et Cinzia Pisano. « L'impatto degli accordi Euro-mediterranei sull'ortofrutta italiana : alcuni risultati ». ECONOMIA AGRO-ALIMENTARE, no 2 (octobre 2009) : 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ecag2009-002006.
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- Sector: some Results Since 1995, the Barcelona Process aims to establish a free trade area between Mediterranean countries by 2010. The most commercialized products from Mediterranean countries are fruit and vegetables. The agreement defines, only for some products, preferences at the entrance of the eu market, limited concession for each partner for single products, limited quantities and calendars. This work tries to analyse the impact of the liberalization on the Italian products applying a gravity model in order to asses the Italian import flows from eight Mediterranean countries which signed the Barcelona agreement. The econometric estimation includes fruit and vegetables at the aggregate level and some specified products that enter in competition with typical Italian Mediterranean production such as citrus, melons, potatoes and tomatoes. Since these Mediterranean countries appear as a highly heterogeneous block related to historical, cultural, political and geographical factors, the gravity equation controls these factors by an augmented gravity equation.JEL Code: Q17 - Agriculture in International TradeParole chiave: accordi euro-mediterranei, mercato italiano, ortofrutta, competitivitŕ, gravity model
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Ponomareva, Elena. « Traps and dilemmas of Peace accord or what future is in front of BiH ? » Politea 1, no 2 (2011) : 219–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/pol1102219p.
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Hingun, Mohsin, et Rahamatthunnisa Mohamed Nizamuddin. « AMENDING SECTION 84 PATENTS ACT 1983 TO ENCOMPASS THE HEALTH FLEXIBILITIES LEVERAGE ACCORDED BY ARTICLE 31bis TRIPS AGREEMENT ». UUM Journal of Legal Studies 11 (31 juillet 2020) : 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/uumjls.11.2.2020.8052.
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The significance of this study lies in its proposal to insert an appropriate provision into the Patents Act 1983 to embody the provisions of Article 31bis TRIPS Agreement. The methodology adopted in this study is library-based, and relies extensively on primary sources such as the Paris Convention, TRIPS Agreement and Patents Act 1983. This is further supported through secondary sources such as articles, books, websites and newspaper reports. The research question posed in this study aims to identify the most appropriate provision that should be incorporated into the Patents Act 1983 in addressing the public health flexibilities provided under Article 31bis. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that Article 31bis is best incorporated into the Patents Act 1983, under the right of the government mechanism rather than through the compulsory license mechanism. Furthermore, the scope of this study is limited to issues that address the abuse of monopoly, granted by the patent system, with respect to the dire needs of the public health. Hence, this paper discusses the mechanisms that address abuse of the patent system under Article 5(A) Paris Convention, Articles 31 and 31bis TRIPS Agreement, the relevant corresponding provisions under the Patents Act 1983, and subsequently formulates new proposed amendments to Section 84 Patents Act 1983 to buttress the public health flexibilities provided under Article 31bis. The outcome of this study proposes that the provisions of Article 31bis should be incorporated into the Patents Act 1983 under the right of the government mechanism, by replacing the current Section 84 Patents Act 1983 with a newly proposed Section 84.
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Beiter, Klaus D. « Reductionist Intellectual Property Protection and Expansionist (and “Prodevelopment”) Competition Rules as a Human Rights Imperative ? Enhancing Technology Transfer to the Global South ». Law and Development Review 14, no 1 (1 janvier 2021) : 215–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ldr-2020-0079.
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Abstract Increasingly, the economy of industrialised countries moves away from being based on a multiplicity of independent innovators to one characterised by cross-licensing and the pooling of intellectual property (IP) rights. Competition law is accorded a more limited role. Refusals to license or restrictive licence terms are tolerated. This paradigm emphasises the innovation at the expense of the dissemination rationale of IP and competition law. The pressure on developing countries is to follow suit. However, this approach jeopardises overcoming the technology dependence of these states. Yet, the political consensus underlying the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) was that, in exchange for IP rights protection, a transfer and dissemination of technology benefiting the global South would occur. This has not taken place so far. Taking this promise seriously requires according an enhanced, more social role to competition law. Articles 8(2), 31 and 40 of TRIPS – the TRIPS competition rules – could be interpreted in a way to accomplish this. This article argues in favour of a “prodevelopment” approach to IP-related competition law. This could be viewed as a demand of the rule of law at the international level. On the one hand, treaties such as TRIPS are to be interpreted in good faith. On the other, public interest and human rights considerations justify, as it were, require, such an approach. Articles 7 and 8 of TRIPS can play a crucial role in this regard. They reflect such public interest considerations as “object and purpose” of TRIPS. They also provide a link to international human rights law (IHRL). IHRL protects a (group) right to development, confirming “policy space” for World Trade Organization (WTO) members and the freedom to opt for a competition law model that facilitates dissemination. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) further protects various economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications (REBSPA). These rights may be said to give rise to “transfer and dissemination of technology” as a human right. Duties under the right to development and “territorial” and “extraterritorial” human rights obligations (ETOs) under the ICESCR support an understanding of competition law which is pro development, which takes account of local access and welfare needs. The article concludes with a set of 10 consolidated considerations for a “prodevelopment” IP-related competition law.
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Boëne, Bernard. « Method and Substance in the Military Field ». European Journal of Sociology 49, no 3 (décembre 2008) : 367–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975609000149.
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AbstractThis article tries to assess the cognitive merits of various research programmes in the treatment of military issues. It contends that, on such topics more than on others, method influences conceptualization and theory construction. Having noted the infrequent showings of some programmes in the military field, it goes on to demonstrate, based on the literature produced over a century, that the blames laid at positivism's door are especially justified in it. The Weberian/Simmelian tradition has shown more promise. A brief synthetic formulation of its achievements suggests that it alone accords with Clausewitzian thought, and shows sufficient flexibility to account for recent changes which baffle other programmes, or to open avenues of collaboration with promising new approaches (notably, nonlinear dynamics).
Thèses sur le sujet "Accordo TRIPs"
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ANDREONI, MARTINO MARIO. « La tutela cautelare anticipatoria. Premesse per uno studio dei provvedimenti cautelari nel diritto della proprietà intellettuale ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/7773.
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Nell’elaborato si esamina la tutela cautelare anticipatoria quale forma di tutela minore rispetto a quella del processo ordinario, ma potenzialmente satisfattiva e autonoma e di frequente utilizzo in alcuni settori del diritto, quale, in particolare, il diritto della proprietà intellettuale e della concorrenza. Prendendo le mosse dalle nozioni di tutela anticipatoria elaborate dalla dottrina, si tenta di definire le caratteristiche di questa forma di tutela, così come è stata realizzata nel corso degli anni nell’ordinamento italiano, analizzando anche le esperienze, più risalenti e mature, dell’ordinamento francese, con la procédure en référé e dell’ordinamento tedesco, con le eistweilige Verfügungen. Si procede poi ad individuare le caratteristiche strutturali e funzionali dei provvedimenti cautelari anticipatori, e le loro differenze da quelli conservativi, alla luce delle norme sulla strumentalità attenuata introdotte, a partire dal 2003, nelle leggi speciali e nel codice di procedura civile, con particolare riguardo ai presupposti di concessione, all’autonomia, alla stabilità e all’efficacia, sul piano sostanziale e su quello processuale, di tali provvedimenti, e alle peculiarità dei giudizi di merito che eventualmente siano instaurati dopo il provvedimento cautelare anticipatorio. Si affronta, inoltre, il problema di quali siano gli effetti della sentenza anticipabili con il provvedimento cautelare, con riguardo alle pronunce di condanna, di mero accertamento e costitutive, e le forme di attuazione del provvedimento cautelare. Si procede, infine, con l’analisi dei provvedimenti cautelari anticipatori previsti dal codice della proprietà industriale e dalla legge sul diritto d’autore, ed in particolare dell’inibitoria e della sua attuazione, e si affronta il problema della stabilità di tali provvedimenti, alla luce delle norme nazionali e di quelle comunitarie ed internazionali.
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VALENTE, ALESSIA. « Multicentre translational Trial of Remote Ischaemic Conditioning in acute ischaemic Stroke (TRICS) ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023. https://hdl.handle.net/10281/403045.
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L’ictus rappresenta la seconda causa di morte a livello globale e la prima causa di disabilità negli anziani. A causa di alcuni limiti di impiego, le principali terapie disponibili, volte a ripristinare il flusso sanguigno attraverso fibrinolisi e/o trombectomia meccanica, possono essere usate solo nel 60% dei pazienti con eziologia ischemica. Per tale motivo, la ricerca preclinica cerca di identificare target terapeutici utili per definire nuovi trattamenti ed estendere l’accesso alle cure. Nessuna nuova strategia terapeutica identificata negli studi preclinici ha però confermato la sua efficacia nei trial clinici. I problemi di traslazionalità dipendono da alcuni limiti degli studi preclinici, come l’uso di un ridotto numero di animali, che non rappresentano le condizioni reali dei pazienti o la mancata replicazione dei risultati ottenuti dai singoli laboratori, introducendo così bias metodologici, tra cui la mancanza di protocolli armonizzati. Il presente studio origina dalla necessità di migliorare il valore traslazionale della ricerca preclinica nell’ictus ischemico attraverso la definizione di un multicentre preclinical randomised controlled trial (pRCT), il progetto TRICS, che ha l’obiettivo di valutare l’azione neuroprotettiva del remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) dopo l’evento ischemico. Perché il RIC raggiunga una neuroprotezione significativa, l’outcome primario è che induca un miglioramento dei deficit sensorimotori a 48 ore dall’evento ischemico, calcolati attraverso il De Simoni neuroscore. Lo score valuta i deficit generali, che indicano lo stato di salute dell’animale e i deficit focali selettivamente associati alle conseguenze neurologiche dell’ischemia. Per ridurre al minimo i bias tecnici, il nostro studio ha previsto una prima fase di armonizzazione della valutazione comportamentale tra i centri, mediante analisi della concordanza tra i rater che eseguivano la misura, definita come interrater agreement. Questo è stato calcolato come intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC=0, nessun accordo, a ICC=1, accordo perfetto. Ci siamo posti l’obiettivo di raggiungere un interrater agreement con un ICC≥ 0.60. Una buona concordanza tra i centri è infatti una condizione indispensabile per garantire che tutti applichino lo stesso metodo di valutazione, assicurando l’oggettività, la trasparenza e la riproducibilità dei risultati. Dopo un training sull’esecuzione del De Simoni neuroscore, ogni centro ha indotto l’ischemia cerebrale nell’animale mediante l’occlusione transiente dell’arteria cerebrale media (tMCAo). A 48 ore dall’operazione, tutti gli animali sono stati filmati durante l’esecuzione del test e i video sono stati inviati al centro coordinatore, che li ha randomizzati e inoltrati ai centri. Un rater per ogni centro ha eseguito in cieco il De Simoni neuroscore sui video e sulle valutazioni è stata eseguita l’analisi statistica. Il risultato ottenuto dall’interrater agreement è stato di ICC=0.50 (0.22-0.77) per i topi e ICC=0.49 (0.210.77) per i ratti; non siamo riusciti a raggiungere l’obiettivo prefissato. Questi risultati sono dipesi da alcuni errori nell’esecuzione del test e dall’attribuzione sbagliata dei punteggi. È stata organizzata una seconda fase di training per superare le differenze di valutazioni più evidenti e preparati nuovi animali ischemici con cui sostituire i video che presentavano errori. Il risultato ottenuto dall’interrater agreement del secondo trial è stato di ICC=0.64 (0.37 – 0.85) per i topi e ICC=0.69 (0.44 - 0.88) per i ratti, soddisfacendo quindi il criterio per iniziare la fase interventistica dello studio. La fase di armonizzazione rappresenta un nuovo ed originale approccio nella ricerca preclinica e dovrebbe rappresentare lo schema di lavoro di base per pianificare uno studio pRCT al fine di renderlo solido e predittivo.In view of fostering transferability of pre-clinical data on the efficacy of remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) in acute ischemic stroke, we designed two multi-centre translational trials in mice and rats of both sexes. We defined to model ischaemic stroke by the transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (tMCAo). The improvement of sensorimotor deficits at 48h after tMCAo in RIC-treated animals was defined as the primary outcome. This work presents the harmonization phase relative to the evaluation of sensorimotor deficits by De Simoni neuroscore. Each centre performed different tMCAo durations - 30, 45, 60 min - allowing sufficient variability in the outcome. Animals were monitored post-surgery according to the ARRIVE and IMPROVE guidelines and data was registered into an electronic case report form on RedCap. All animals were video recorded during the neuroscore and the videos (n=11 per species) were distributed and evaluated blindly by raters at all centres. The interrater agreement of neuroscore was described using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), ranging between ICC=0 (equivalent to chance) and ICC=1 (perfect agreement), setting a target of ICC≥0.60 as satisfactory. We obtained moderate agreement for mice (ICC=0.50 [0.22-0.77]) and rats (ICC=0.49 [0.21-0.77]). Errors were identified in animal handling and test execution. We thus performed a second training followed by a new blind evaluation replacing the videos with poor experimental execution. The interrater agreement improved for mice (ICC=0.64 [0.37-0.85]) and rats (ICC=0.69 [0.44-0.88]). In conclusion, two dedicated training on the neuroscore allowed us to reach the agreement target for both species and thus next proceed with the interventional phase of the project.
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Christian, Bryan W. Christian Bryan W. Christian Bryan W. Christian Bryan W. « Wanderings ». Diss., [La Jolla, Calif.] : University of California, San Diego, 2010. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/fullcit?p1477876.
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Thesis (M. A.)--University of California, San Diego, 2010.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed July 14, 2010). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Sound files consist of recordings of North and Yet somehow comes emptiness in single-channel and stereo. configurations.
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Briatta, Marion. « Droit de la contrefaçon et droit de la propriété intellectuelle : origines et enjeux d’une désunion ». Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IEPP0035.
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Le droit français de la propriété intellectuelle a conservé un attachement singulier à la notion de contrefaçon qui constitue encore aujourd’hui le dénominateur commun des différents régimes de propriété intellectuelle. En matière de marques, de brevets, de dessins et modèles, de droit d’auteur ou encore d’indications géographiques, les atteintes portées aux droits de propriété intellectuelle sont indifféremment qualifiées de contrefaçon et sont sanctionnées dans le cadre d’une action unique : l’action en contrefaçon. L’unité de cette action se manifeste à deux égards. Commune à l’ensemble des droits de propriété intellectuelle, cette action bénéficie en outre d’un régime hybride lui permettant de s’épanouir indifféremment devant les juridictions civiles et pénales. Ce régime hybride s’explique par les fondations pénales du droit français de la propriété intellectuelle. La protection des monopoles fut en effet originellement conçue à partir de la punition des délits de contrefaçon. Longtemps amalgamée au droit de la contrefaçon, la propriété intellectuelle a appartenu au champ pénal jusqu’à l’adoption de lois modernes sur la propriété intellectuelle dans les années 1960. Ces lois remirent en question le rôle ordonnateur du droit pénal de la contrefaçon sans pour autant clarifier ses rapports avec le droit substantiel de la propriété intellectuelle. Cette omission s’avère aujourd’hui problématique. Confronté à une contrefaçon criminelle endémique et mondialisée, le législateur a aggravé le régime pénal existant et lui a associé un volet douanier rénové destiné à entraver l’accès du marché français aux contrefaçons étrangères. L’effectivité de ces réformes demeure cependant entravée par le maintien d’une définition unitaire de la contrefaçon qui s’épanouit à mi-chemin du droit pénal et du droit civil. L’abandon d’une telle définition passerait par une désunion à notre avis nécessaire, du droit de la contrefaçon et du droit de la propriété intellectuelleUnder French law, the term counterfeiting helps to designate any kind of infringement of intellectual property rights. The type of intellectual property involved or the criminal or the civil nature of the infringement is irrelevant to bring a counterfeiting claim. Rightsholders are indeed granted with a unitary remedy that can be similarly invoked before a criminal court or a civil court. Criminal cases of counterfeiting and civil litigations dealing with infringement of IPRs are ruled based on a hybrid legal action called 'l'action en contrefaçon'. Such hybridity can be better understood if we look at the history of French intellectual property law. Until the 1960s, the protection of trademarks, patents, copyrights or design models was a strict matter of criminal law. Legislations that were passed since have developed a civil regime for IPRs while maintaining an ambiguous reference to these counterfeiting offenses. As a result, French Intellectual Property law has been struggling to distinguish between criminal counterfeiting and civil infringements of IPRs. In the context of internationalization of the fight against counterfeiting, such ambiguity led France to adopt problematic customs measures that may violate the TRIPS agreement
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Pham, Thuy duong. « L'accord sur les ADPIC : les perspectives du droit vietnamien de la propriété intellectuelle ». Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020043.
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Les droits de propriété intellectuelle sont les droits conférés à l’individu par une création intellectuelle. Ils donnent généralement au créateur un droit exclusif sur l’utilisation de sa création pendant une certaine période. L’Accord de l’OMC sur les aspects des droits de propriété intellectuelle (DPI) qui touchent au commerce (ADPIC), négocié au cours du Cycle d’Uruguay, qui s’est tenu de 1986 à 1994, a introduit pour la première fois des règles relatives à la propriété intellectuelle dans le système commercial multilatéral. Le Viet-Nam est devenu le 150ème Membre de l’OMC le 11 janvier 2007. Comme le Viet-Nam l’a déclaré au Conseil des ADPIC en 2008, le Code civil de 1995, qui a introduit les principes de base de la propriété, y compris la propriété intellectuelle, était le texte fondamental qui a constitué un tournant dans les efforts déployés par le Viet-Nam pour devenir une économie de marché. Le Code civil a été révisé en 2005 par la Loi n° 33/2005/QH11, qui a réitéré les principes civils de base des DPI. Le Code civil constitue le fondement sur la base duquel toutes les catégories de droit de la propriété intellectuelle sont réglementées, conformément à la législation vietnamienne pertinente. La Loi n° 50/2005/QH11 du 29 novembre 2005 sur la propriété intellectuelle a été modifiée et complétée en 2009 (Loi n° 36/2009/QH12). Elle couvre tout l’éventail des DPI, dans leur intégralité. Les dispositions d’application sont généralement énoncées dans des décrets et des circulaires. La recherche des textes nationaux nous permet de comprendre l’intégration de cet Accord dans le système interne. Mais il nécessite toujours un système normatif plus efficace en faisant des recherches sur les problèmes juridiques posésIntellectual property rights are the rights given to persons over the creations of their minds. They usually give the creator an exclusive right over the use of his/her creation for a certain period of time. The WTO’s Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), negotiated in the 1986-94 Uruguay Round, introduced intellectual property rules into the multilateral trading system for the first time. Vietnam became the 150th member of the WTO since January 11, 2007. As Viet Nam stated in the TRIPS Council in 2008, the Civil Code of 1995, which introduced the basic principles of property, including intellectual property, was the fundamental text representing a turning point in Vietnamese efforts to become a market economy. The Civil Code was revised in 2005 by Law No. 33/2005/QH11, re-stipulating the basic civil principles of intellectual property rights. The Civil Code is the basis on which the whole universe of IPRs is regulated by IP legislation in Viet Nam. The Law on Intellectual Property (Law No. 50/2005/QH11 of 29 November 2005) was amended and supplemented in 2009 (Law No. 36/2009/QH12). This Law covers comprehensively the full range of full IPRs. Implementing provisions are generally regulated by decrees and circulars. Research of national legislation allows us to understand the integration of this Agreement in the domestic system. But it still requires a more effective regulatory system by doing research on legal problems
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Fadika, Madia. « Le droit des marques des États membres de l'OAPI à la lumière de l'accord sur les ADPIC ». Thesis, Poitiers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013POIT3010.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Face à la "mondialisation" du fléau de la contrefaçon, les États ont édicté l'Accord ADPIC pour harmoniser, à l'échelle internationale, les règles de protection des droits de propriété intellectuelle et les moyens de les faire respecter contre la contrefaçon. L'Accord ADPIC est le premier traité multilatéral qui prévoit de véritables "moyens de faire respecter les droits de propriété intellectuelle". Sa partie III consacre un important volet aux prescriptions spéciales aux frontières, aux procédures et mesures correctives, civiles et pénales destinées à lutter contre la contrefaçon. Signataires de l'Accord ADPIC, les seize États membres de l'Organisation Africaine de la Propriété Intellectuelle (OAPI) ont révisé le 24 février 1999, leur législation commune l'Accord de Bangui afin de se conformer à leurs engagements internationaux. Cette étude consacrée aux marques, catégorie des droits de propriété intellectuelle la plus connue mais aussi la plus contrefaite de l'espace OAPI, démontre que les exigences de l'Accord ADPIC ne sont pas respectées plusieurs années après sa ratification. La première partie de cette étude consiste en une analyse critique des règles de protection de la marque. La seconde partie met en exergue le non respect des droits des détenteurs de marques contre la contrefaçon. Après avoir souligné les nombreuses contingences qui entament l'efficacité des moyens de lutte contre la contrefaçon, une série de mesures est proposée afin d'améliorer le respect des droits de marques en particulier et de propriété intellectuelle en généralFaced with the "globalization" of the scourge of counterfeiting, states have enacted the TRIPS Agreement to harmonize on an international scale the rules of protection of intellectual property rights and means to enforce them against counterfeiting. The TRIPS Agreement is the first multilateral treaty that provides real "means of enforcing intellectual property rights." Part III devotes an important part on special border requirements, procedures and remedies, civil and criminal measures to fight against counterfeiting. As signatories of the TRIPS Agreement, the sixteen members of the African Intellectual Property Organization (AIPO) revised on the 24th February 1999, their common law the Bangui Agreement in order to comply with their international commitments. This study on trademarks, the best known category of intellectual property but also the most counterfeited in the AIPO space, demonstrates that the requirements of the TRIPS Agreement are not met several years after its ratification. The first part of this study is a critical analysis of the rules of trademarks protection. The second part highlights the disregard for the rights of trademarks owners against counterfeiting. Having underlined the many contingencies that cut into the effectiveness of the fight against counterfeiting, a serie of measures is proposed to improve the rights of particular trademarks and intellectual property in general
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Franjus-Guigues, Dorothée. « Nature et protection juridiques des indications géographiques : l'avènement d'un droit à l'épreuve de sa mise en oeuvre ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1017/document.
Texte intégralRésumé :
L'indication Géographique, signe distinctif particulièrement spécifique, a connu au XIXème et XXème siècle, par, notamment des législations nationales éparses, des accords bilatéraux ou des conventions multilatérales, voire même l'utilisation contentieuse des moyens juridiques de lutte contre la concurrence déloyale, différents types de protection utiles mais limités. Ces derniers, appuyés par l'intervention de la Communauté Européenne, ont, néanmoins, eu le grand avantage de rendre possible l'émergence internationale, dans l'Accord ADPIC, d'une section spécifique dédiée. Ce texte issu des Accords de Marrakech instituant, en 1994, l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce (OMC) reconnaît, en effet, l'Indication Géographique comme l'objet d'un droit autonome de Propriété Intellectuelle. Il lui permet de disposer d'une définition et d'un régime juridique, et surtout oblige les différents Membres de l'OMC, à le reconnaître et à le protéger. En posant un principe de liberté dans la mise en œuvre de ce dispositif nouveau qui, contrairement aux autres Droits de Propriété Intellectuelle, et en particulier aux marques, ne s'applique pas à un système préexistant, cet Accord a eu pour conséquence non pas une uniformisation, mais une certaine hétérogénéité des situations nationales. Celles-ci ont pu conduire, dans certains cas, à un métissage ou à une substitution des concepts, notamment à cause de l'intégration des Indications Géographiques dans des systèmes préexistants de Propriété Intellectuelle, comme celui des marques de certificationGeographical Indication, a particularly specific distinguishing sign, experienced throughout the XIXth and XXth centuries, under specially scattered national legislations, joint conventions or bilateral agreements, even under the contentious use of legal means to combat unfair competition, different types of useful but limited protection. These latter, supported by the intervention of the European Community, had however the advantage of contributing to make a specific dedicated section emergence possible in the Trip's agreement. This text coming from the Marrakech Agreements which established in 1994 the World Trade Organization (WTO), recognizes in fact the Geographical Indications as an independent law of Intellectual Property. It allows them to rely on a definition and a legal system, and bind the different members of the WTO to their recognition and protection. In asserting a principle of liberty in the implementation of this new system which, contrary to the other rights of Intellectual Property, and particularly of marks, does not apply to a preexisting system, this Agreement has not resulted in a uniform effect but heterogeneity of national situations. In special cases, these situations may have led to a knowledgeable mix or substitution of concepts, particularly because of the Geographical Indications integration into preexisting systems of Intellectual Property such as certification marks. Beyond the recognition of the Geographical Indication definition in these texts, the existence of two types of protection, simple and additional, has also practical consequences on these different integrations
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Ben, Merad Nadia. « Le règlement des différends relatifs a la propriété intellectuelle dans le cadre de l'OMC ». Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR0020.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Les négociations de l’Uruguay Round ont été l’occasion d’introduire la propriété intellectuelle dans le cadre du GATT avec la conclusion de l’Accord sur les aspects des droits de propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce (ADPIC) et l’application du système renforcé de règlement des différends de l’OMC aux différends découlant de ce nouvel accord. La présente thèse vise à analyser comment ce système administré par l’ORD organise, traite et règle les différends relatifs au respect des obligations découlant de l’Accord sur les ADPIC. La question est d’une grande importance en raison des singularités de l’Accord sur les ADPIC. Les études menées tout au long de cette thèse ont permis de faire état des règles et procédures encadrant le règlement des différends ADPIC ; de révéler certaines spécificités, en ce qui concerne le type de plaintes pouvant être portées devant l’ORD, et certaines difficultés spécifiques soulevées par l’application de son système de rétorsion à l’Accord sur les ADPIC ; de mettre en avant le rôle central que joue l’ORD, lequel s’est révélé crédible et efficace, non seulement en traitant les différends ADPIC par le truchement des Groupes spéciaux et l’Organe d’appel, mais encore en contribuant à en régler un nombre appréciable au stade des consultations ; et enfin de souligner la manière prudente dont ont fait preuve les Groupes spéciaux et l’Organe d’appel dans leur missionThe Uruguay Round negotiations gave an opportunity to include intellectual property within the GATT framework, with the conclusion of the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and the application of the reinforced system of the WTO dispute settlement to disputes deriving from this new agreement. The present thesis aims at analyzing how this system, managed by the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) organizes, drafts and rules disputes related to the respect of the obligations born of the TRIPS Agreement. The question is of great importance because of the TRIPS Agreement singularities. The studies undertaken throughout this thesis help report on the rules and procedures framing the TRIPS disputes settlement ; reveal some specificities, with regard to the type of complaints which can be brought before the DSB, and some specific difficulties generated by the application of the DSB retaliation system to the TRIPS Agreement ; highlight the central role that plays the DSB, which appeared trustworthy and effective, not only in dealing with TRIPS disputes through the establishment of panels and the Appellate Body, but also in contributing to the settlement of a significant number of disputes at the consultation stage ; and finally underline how the panels and the Appellate Body precautiously lead their own mission
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Kang, Su-Ju. « L'action extérieure de l'Union Européenne en faveur du renforcement du regime des droits de propriété intellectuelle en Chine ». Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1G011.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Malgré l’amélioration du régime des droits de propriété intellectuelle (DPI) en Chine après l’accession de celle-ci à l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) en 2001, la question relative aux DPI demeure l’un des « sujets de vive préoccupation » dans le commerce sino-européen. Selon la stratégie européenne visant à assurer le respect des DPI dans les pays tiers, adoptée en 2005 et renouvelée en 2014, la Chine est ciblée par la Commission européenne comme le premier pays tiers dans lequel les autorités locales ne prennent pas de mesure efficace pour s’attaquer aux problèmes de violations des DPI. En raison des enjeux politiques et économiques importants pour l’UE, son intervention est nécessaire pour améliorer le régime des DPI et l’environnement de l’investissement en Chine. L’analyse de l’action extérieure de l’UE s’appuie sur l’étude des instruments auxquels elle recourt en vue de renforcer la protection et le respect des DPI en Chine. L’objet de notre recherche est d’examiner la manière dont l’Union choisit d’exploiter les instruments à géométrie variable au sein des enceintes multilatérale et bilatérale. Deux axes distincts mais complémentaires orientent la mise en œuvre de l’action extérieure de l’UE vis-à-vis de la Chine : l’approche coopérative, d’une part, et de l’approche conventionnelle, d’autre part. L’approche coopérative vise d’abord à rapprocher le régime juridique chinois des standards les plus élevés du droit de l’UE. En dépit d’un certain nombre de difficultés limitant l’efficacité de l’action extérieure de l’UE, la coopération bilatérale avec la Chine permet de contribuer à l’amélioration du régime juridique chinois. La convergence normative devrait ensuite faciliter l’apparition d’une approche commune entre l’UE et la Chine sur le plan conventionnel. Il importe à cet égard de souligner la position divergente de la Chine face à la promotion de l’UE, par la voie conventionnelle, d’un renforcement de la protection et du respect des DPI. Malgré la convergence accrue des positions européenne et chinoise favorables à la protection « ADPIC-plus » des DPI, la Chine se montre réticente voire hostile envers les initiatives conventionnelles de l’UE tendant à renforcer les mesures relatives au respect des DPIDespite the improvement of China’s intellectual property rights (IPR) regime after this country’s World Trade Organization (WTO) accession in 2001, the IPR remains one of “major concerns” in Sino-European trade relation. According to European strategy for the enforcement of intellectual property rights in third countries, adopted in 2005 and renewed in 2014, China is identified by the European Commission as first priority country, in which the local authority does not take effective measures to tackle the problems caused by IPR violations. Taking into account the EU’s important political and economic concerns, his action is necessary in order to improve the IPR regime and the investment environment in China. The analysis of EU’s external action is based on the instruments used to strengthen IPR’s protection and enforcement in China. The purpose of our research is to examine the EU’s method to use the different instruments within the multilateral and bilateral fora. Two distinct but complementary axes orientate the undertaking of EU’s external action vis-à-vis China: cooperative approach, on the one hand, and the conventional approach, on the other hand. Firstly, the cooperative approach aims to bring Chinese legal system closer to higher standards in EU law. In spite of certain difficulties limiting the efficacy of EU external action, the bilateral cooperation with China can contribute to a better legal system in China. Then, the normative convergence should be able to facilitate the emergence of a common approach between the EU and China in the conventional framework. In this respect, it is important to emphasis Chinese divergent position with regard to EU’s conventional approach aiming to strengthen IPR protection and enforcement. Despite the increasing convergence of European and Chinese positions favorable toward “TRIPs-plus” protection, China seems reluctant even hostile to EU’s conventional initiatives intending to strengthen IPR enforcement measures
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Cao, Peng. « Les limites du mécanisme de règlement des différends de l'OMC à l'égard de la mise en oeuvre de l'accord sur les ADPIC en Chine ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32059.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Avant même son adhésion à l’OMC, la Chine disposait déjà en matière de propriété intellectuelle d'un arsenal juridique très complet sous de fortes influences extérieures, en particulier américaines. La Chine a instauré le système complet et efficace de propriété intellectuelle en moins de trente ans, elle a capacité de, au moins théoriquement, remplir ses engagements internationaux de l’Accord sur les ADPIC. La Chine semble maintenant l'un des pays où la protection de la propriété intellectuelle est du niveau mondial le plus avancé. Dans ce cas là, on peut néanmoins s’interroger, si on constate que la Chine a déjà rempli ses engagements internationaux en cette matière, pourquoi les Etats-Unis ont déposé deux plaintes relatives au régime chinois de propriété intellectuelle auprès de l’OMC en avril 2007 ? Pourquoi la Chine a une fois de plus été inscrit en 2007 par les Etats-Unis sur la « liste 301» ? Et pourquoi la Chine est toujours considérée comme un pays roi de la contrefaçon aux yeux des occidentaux ?Les pays développés peuvent arriver à imposer une législation aux pays en développement, ils ne peuvent cependant pas imposer sa mise en œuvre. Comme le dit le fameux proverbe, « Tu peux amener un cheval au bord de la rivière, tu ne peux néanmoins pas le faire boire ». La raison nous semble évidente en espèce : l’élaboration d’une loi suppose une action des autorités étatiques, qui pourrait être faite comme un choix diplomatique sous des contraintes ; l’application de la loi dans une société dépend des éléments juridique, économique, culturel, moral, etc., qui ne peut pas être obtenue sous l’effet d’une contraintes de quelque sorte que ce soit. Cela nous invite à réfléchir sur l’applicabilité du mécanisme de règlement des différends de l’OMC à la mise en œuvre de l’Accord sur les ADPIC. La protection des droits de propriété intellectuelle dans les pays en développement met en lumière des problèmes systémiques dont le traitement nécessite une approche globale. Même si la Chine n’est qu’un exemple des pays en développement, à cause de sa taille, c’est toujours la protection des droits de propriété intellectuelle en Chine qui attire le plus l’attention au niveau mondial. En Chine, comme dans tous les pays en développement, le décalage entre la législation nationale en matière de propriété intellectuelle et sa mise en œuvre ne peut diminuer qu’au fur et à mesure de l’évolution de la société dans les aspects concernant l’Etat de droit, la mentalité des habitants à l’égard des droits de propriété intellectuelle, le rôle de la propriété intellectuelle dans le développement de la société, etcEven before its entry into the WTO, China had already had a complete set of legal means in the field of intellectual property under the great external influences, especially from the United States., China has established an integrated and valid system of intellectual property in no more than three decades, therefore, she is capable of, at least theoretically, fulfilling her international commitments to the TRIPS Agreement. Nowadays, China seems to become one of the countries which have the world's highest level of intellectual property protection. Given the circumstances, if it is perceived that China has already fulfilled its international obligations under TRIPS Agreement, we still wonder why the United States appealed twice to WTO concerning China’s intellectual property system in 2007 ? Why was China listed in the "The 301 Clause" again in 2007 by the United States? And why has China been considered a manufacturer of counterfeits in westerners’ eyes?Developed countries can compel developing countries to make laws, but they can not ensure the implementation of laws. As the famous proverb goes, "You can lead a horse to the water, but you cannot make it drink." The reason seems quite obvious: legislation is an action of a country, which may be made as a diplomatic choice under certain pressure; while the application of the law, whose effect is unlikely to be achieved under any kind of external pressure, is dependant on various factors such as jurisdiction, economy, culture, ethics etc. This enables us to reflect on the validity of the WTO mechanism of dispute settlement in the implementation of the TRIPS Agreement. The protection of intellectual property rights in developing countries concerning some systematic problems requires a comprehensive cognition. Although China is an example of developing countries due to her size, the protection of intellectual property rights in China has always attracted various attentions worldwide. In China, as in all the other developing countries, the disparity between the legislation and implementation on intellectual property can only be reduced with the gradual social development in aspects of the establishment of a country under the rule of law, the ideological recognition of intellectual property rights by the public, the role of intellectual property in the process of social development, etc
Livres sur le sujet "Accordo TRIPs"
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Aglialoro, Giuseppe. Il diritto delle biotecnologie : Dagli accordi TRIPS alla Direttiva n. 98/44. Torino : G. Giappichelli, 2006.
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développement, Institut universitaire d'études du. Propriété intellectuelle : Quels enjeux pour les pays en développement ? : accords TRIPs, brevetabilité du vivant, accès aux médicaments et brevets : dossier de l'Annuaire Suisse-Tiers monde 1998. Genève : Institut universitaire d'études du développement, Service des publications, 1999.
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Boosting pharmaceutical innovation in the post-TRIPS era : Real-life lessons for the developing world. Cheltenham, UK : Edward Elgar, 2014.
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Suryanarayan, V. India–Sri Lanka Equation. Sous la direction de David M. Malone, C. Raja Mohan et Srinath Raghavan. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743538.013.30.
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This chapter provides an overview of India–Sri Lanka relations since the dawn of independence. Being a small country, bordering on a colossus, it is natural that Sri Lanka should entertain fears about the intentions and objectives of its northern neighbour. Very often, the Sinhalese elite, in order to limit Indian influence, tries to involve external powers, which contribute to the worsening of India–Sri Lanka relations. Significant highlights in the chapter include: problems of stateless people, delimitation of the maritime boundary, New Delhi’s policy towards ethnic conflict, the India–Sri Lanka Accord and the 13th Amendment, the refugee phenomenon, the travails of fishermen, and India–Sri Lanka economic cooperation. The full potential of India–Sri Lanka relations can be accomplished only when the ruling elite view geography as an opportunity and not as a hindrance.
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Kur, Annette. Intellectual Property Rights in a Fair World Trade System : Proposals for Reform of Trips. Elgar Publishing Limited, Edward, 2011.
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Intellectual Property Rights and Global Capitalism : The Political Economy of the Trips Agreement. M.E. Sharpe, 2004.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Accordo TRIPs"
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Love, James. « Access to Medicine and Compliance with the WTO TRIPS Accord : Models for State Practice in Developing Countries ». Dans Global Intellectual Property Rights, 74–89. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230522923_5.
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« Some Gaza Impressions, Over Two Decades after Oslo ». Dans The Oslo Accords, sous la direction de Mohammed Omer. American University in Cairo Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5743/cairo/9789774167706.003.0013.
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This chapter examines the impact of the Oslo Accords as it enters its third decade. It describes how negotiations were doomed to absolute failure by Israeli conditions, caveats, and loopholes; after Israel's latest wars in 2014, 2012, and 2008–2009, which left more Palestinians believing in armed resistance against Israel's occupation and illegal intimidation. The majority of Palestinians in Gaza blame the failure of negotiations not only on Israel but also on Palestinian leaders. Blame also lies with the United States government, which blocks every possibility of mutual peace through its bias toward Israel. In addition, it lies with pressure, and criticism, from Israeli lobbyists every time the US tries to take a step toward mutual peace based on international laws.
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Gissing, George. « Chapter XXXII Reardon Becomes Practical ». Dans New Grub Street. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780198729181.003.0033.
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Reardon had never been to Brighton, and of his own accord never would have gone; he was prejudiced against the place because its name has become suggestive of fashionable imbecility and the snobbishness which tries to model itself thereon; he knew that the town...
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Carlos Maria, Correa. « Ch.10 Layout-Designs (topographies) of Integrated Circuits ». Dans Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198707219.003.0010.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter demonstrates how World Trade Organization (WTO) Members are bound to accord the treatment provided for in the Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement to the natural or legal persons that meet the criteria of eligibility for protection provided for under the 1989 Washington Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits, subject to the exceptions to the national treatment principle provided for therein (Article 3.1 of the TRIPS Agreement). Section 6, Part II, of the TRIPS Agreement essentially obliges Members to comply with the Washington Treaty. This obligation applies irrespective of the fact that the Treaty never entered into force. The protection of integrated circuits is the newest chapter in the intellectual property field. The first country to introduce a sui generis regime with that purpose was the US in 1984, followed by Japan in May 1985. With Section 6 of the TRIPS Agreement, the US and Japan obtained what they were unable to reach with the negotiation of the Washington Treaty. The Agreement gave them an opportunity to correct what they deemed weaknesses of the Washington Treaty, notably, the provisions relating to compulsory licenses, importation of products containing infringing semiconductors, and innocent infringement.
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Carlos Maria, Correa. « Ch.6 Trademarks ». Dans Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198707219.003.0006.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter addresses Section 2, Part II, of the Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement, which relates to trademarks. In addition to the substantive rules contained in said section, the Agreement incorporates provisions to ensure the enforcement of rights (Part III) and, particularly, procedures to be followed by customs authorities with regard to counterfeit trademark goods (Part III, Section 4). This section significantly strengthens the rights of trademark owners as compared to those available under the Paris Convention. The main innovation brought about by the TRIPS text in the trademark area probably relates to the expanded protection conferred on well-known trademarks. Another area of potential significant impact is the limitation and conditions imposed with regard to the use requirement to maintain registration, and the flexibility accorded to assign trademarks unrelated to the respective business. The enforcement rules in Part III are likely to be, however, the most significant components of the Agreement in terms of impact on trademark law.
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Grubb, Philip W., Peter R. Thomsen, Tom Hoxie et Gordon Wright. « Historical Developments ». Dans Patents for Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, and Biotechnology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199684731.003.0003.
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This chapter describes historical developments in patent systems and patent law. It highlights key developments in the UK from 1800–2014, in the US from 1790–2014, in other industrialized countries (Germany, France, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Japan), and in developing countries. The final section discusses international developments such as the Paris Convention, the European Patent Convention, the Unitary Patent system in Europe, the Patent Cooperation Treaty, the TRIPs Agreement, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Patent Law Treaty, the London Agreement, and the Substantive Patent Law Treaty. These developments, which have generally acted to strengthen patent protection, did not simply happen of their own accord; political, diplomatic, and industry lobbying activities have played a larger role than any objective analysis of the economic and social benefits of the patent system.
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Belov, Nikita V. « The Chronicler of Sablins Merchants — Unknown Monument of Ustyug Chronicles of the Last Quarter of the 17th — First Half of the 18th Centuries ». Dans Hermeneutics of Old Russian Literature : Issue 20, 408–22. А.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/horl.1607-6192-2021-20-408-422.
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The article introduces into scientific circulation a previously un- known monument to the private Ustyug chronicle of the 17th — 18th centuries. It represents several blocks of chronicles for the years of 1601–1735, left on clean lists of RSL manuscript, f. 310 (collection of V.M. Undolsky), No. 387. The study of ownership marks of the manuscript, as well as the annalistic text read in it allows us to make attribution of the work in question with confidence. Accord- ing to the author, the chronicler was created in a family of Ustyug merchants Sablin in 1670–1730s. The chronicle combines the features of the city chronicler, family notebook and diary notes. It reflects important milestones in the history of Veliky Ustyug: the events of the Troubles, the city fires of 1677 and 1678, the observation of the Big Comet of 1680/81, the Solovetsky trips of Peter the Great, the crop failures of the second half of the 1690s, the flood of 1723. The compilers of the chronicler pay special attention to the Ivanovsky fire of 1715 — the text of the chronicle preserved three independent descriptions of this natural disaster. The article concludes with the publication of the text by the Sablin’s Chronicle and the owner’s records of the manuscript of the Undolsky collection.
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Godbold Jr., E. Stanly. « The Revolutionaries ». Dans Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter, 188—C13.P60. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197581568.003.0014.
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Abstract This chapter reviews the work of Chapter 13 The Revolutionaries Anwar Sadat, Menachem Begin, and Jimmy Carter, revolutionaries who changed the course of history with their determination to bring peace to the Middle East, a determination that produced the Camp David Accords. Sadat defied history when he went to Jerusalem to inform the Israelis that he was serious about wanting peace. Carter took a chance on halting the SALT II treating negotiations with the Soviet Union when he agreed to be the mediator between Israel and Egypt and leave the Soviet Union and all other nations out of the discussions. Jimmy and Rosalynn made a dramatic trip to seven nations at the end of 1977. Standing in the snow in front of the Nike, the monument to Polish heroes in Warsaw, they stated unequivocally that they favored freedom and human rights everywhere, including in Soviet satellite states. They objected to the sequestering of religion in Poland, favored returning the Holy Crown of St. Stephen back to the Hungarian people, hoped to alleviate poverty in India, and seemed uneasy celebrating the New Year with the shah and empress of Iran. At home, they questioned the loyalty of health, education, and welfare Secretary Joseph Califano, and searched for a solution to a farmers strike.
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Chapman*, Alan D., Doug Yule, William Schmidt et Todd LaMaskin. « Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous tectonic evolution of the western Klamath Mountains and outboard Franciscan assemblages, northern California–southern Oregon, USA ». Dans From Terranes to Terrains : Geologic Field Guides on the Construction and Destruction of the Pacific Northwest, 73–130. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2021.0062(04).
Texte intégralRésumé :
ABSTRACT The Klamath Mountains province and adjacent Franciscan subduction complex (northern California–southern Oregon) together contain a world-class archive of subduction-related growth and stabilization of continental lithosphere. These key elements of the North American Cordillera expanded significantly from Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous time, apparently by a combination of tectonic accretion and continental arc– plus rift-related magmatic additions. The purpose of this field trip is twofold: to showcase the rock record of continental growth in this region and to discuss unresolved regional geologic problems. The latter include: (1) the extent to which Mesozoic orogenesis (e.g., Siskiyou and Nevadan events plus the onset of Franciscan accretion) was driven by collision of continental or oceanic fragments versus changes in plate motion, (2) whether growth involved “accordion tectonics” whereby marginal basins (and associated fringing arcs) repeatedly opened and closed or was driven by the accretion of significant volumes of material exotic to North America, and (3) the origin of the Condrey Mountain schist, a composite low-grade unit occupying an enigmatic structural window in the central Klamaths—at odds with the east-dipping thrust sheet regional structural “rule.” Respectively, we assert that (1) if collision drove orogenesis, the requisite exotic materials are missing (we cannot rule out the possibility that such materials were removed via subduction and/or strike slip faulting); (2) opening and closure of the Josephine ophiolite-floored and Galice Formation–filled basin demonstrably occurred adjacent to North America; and (3) the inner Condrey Mountain schist domain is equivalent to the oldest clastic Franciscan subunit (the South Fork Mountain schist) and therefore represents trench assemblages underplated >100 km inboard of the subduction margin, presumably during a previously unrecognized phase of shallow-angle subduction. In aggregate, these relations suggest that the Klamath Mountains and adjacent Franciscan complex represent telescoped arc and forearc upper plate domains of a dynamic Mesozoic subduction zone, wherein the downgoing oceanic plate took a variety of trajectories into the mantle. We speculate that the downgoing plate contained alternating tracts of smooth and dense versus rough and buoyant lithosphere—the former gliding into the mantle (facilitating slab rollback and upper plate extension) and the latter enhancing basal traction (driving upper plate compression and slab-shallowing). Modern snapshots of similarly complex convergent settings are abundant in the western Pacific Ocean, with subduction of the Australian plate beneath New Guinea and adjacent island groups providing perhaps the best analog.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Accordo TRIPs"
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Gorban, Victor, Vasile Voineac et Valentina Maievschi. « Elemente tehnologice de utilizare a capcanelor cu lumină pentru monitorizarea şi combaterea insectelor dăunătoare ». Dans International Scientific Symposium "Plant Protection – Achievements and Prospects". Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/9789975347204.21.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Low efficiency of plant protection means is explained by the lack of a centralized forecasting system for the terms to carry out protective measures, lack of modern methods of obtaining primary data for making up reliable short-term forecasts for the development and spread of pests in agricultural agrocenoses. During last years investigations cowering the elaboration of new systems of integrated plant protection became more active by utilization biorational means of plant protection, and electro optic installations. A great attention is accords to elaboration and selection of sources- attractants and new electro optic structures whice must show a high attractively due to a specific irradiation spectrum and, thus, provide a maximum trapping of harmful insects. Application of the light traps is a more perfect method for phenology investigation of many important, in an economic aspect plant pest, and results of insects gathering can by used for elaboration short-term prognoses of insect pests development for rendering more precise the terms for craning out of protection measures. Further the light traps for insect can be used as an independent mean for plant pest combating. In combination with other methods to combat the use of light traps significantly reduces the number of flying pests, and thus caused them harm.