Thèses sur le sujet « Access to a judge »
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1
Pidoux, Jérémy. « L'accès au juge pénal en phase sentencielle ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UBFCB001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
La thèse entend analyser de quelle manière l’accès au juge pénal en phase sentencielle a évolué. À partir d’une définition pragmatique de la notion d’« accès au juge », deux mouvements contradictoires ont été identifiés. D’un côté, l’accès formel au juge pénal tend à se renforcer. La saisine et les canaux d’échange permettant aux parties au procès – le mis en cause, la personne lésée et le ministère public – d’arriver devant le juge ont été ouverts. Cette ouverture a été accentuée par le développement d’aides extérieures, intellectuelles et pécuniaires, qui suppriment certains obstacles à la saisine et aux échanges. D’un autre côté, l’accès substantiel au juge pénal tend à s’affaiblir. Le champ matériel de l’accès au juge s’est réduit en raison de la diminution de son office. La qualité des échanges avec le juge s’est dégradée du fait de l’expansion de procédés – la visio-conférence, les box vitrés, la représentation et l’écrit – qui médiatisent lesdits échanges. La discussion ayant lieu devant le juge s’est appauvrie compte tenu du recul ou de l’insuffisance des garanties de l’effectivité du débat se tenant devant lui. L’ambivalence de l’évolution de l’accès au juge pénal démontre donc une profonde transformation de cet accès. L’accès au sens formel est très développé : les parties au procès pénal ont les moyens procéduraux et matériels d’accéder à ce juge. En parallèle, l’accès dont elles bénéficient est la plupart du temps sans substance, il n’est qu’apparent : les parties n’ont pas la faculté, dans de bonnes conditions, de faire trancher certaines questions par le juge pénal. Cette évolution n’est pas en soi critiquable. Il convient seulement de veiller pour chacune des dimensions de l’accès au juge pénal à ce que le renforcement ou l’affaiblissement ne soit pas insuffisant ou trop important. À cet égard, la détermination de l’étendue de la protection du droit d’accès audit juge dans l’ordre conventionnel et l’ordre constitutionnel a permis de proposer différentes améliorationsThe thesis seeks to demonstrate how the access to a criminal judge in the sentencing phase has evolved. From a pragmatic definition of the concept of “access to a judge”, two contradictory movements have been identified. On the one hand, formal access to a criminal judge tends to increase. The referral procedure and different channels for exchanging information allowing the parties – defendant, injured person, Attorney general – to have access to a judge have been opened. They have been improved by the development of external, intellectual and pecuniary assistance; which remove obstacles that could prevent the parties to have access to a criminal judge. On the other hand, substantial access to a criminal judge tends to decline. The material scope of access to a judge has been reduced because of the lessening of his powers. The quality of the communication with the judge has decreased because some methods have been developed – videoconference, glass boxes, representation, and writing – allowing debates to be covered by Medias. The exchanges before the judge have weakened because there are less or not enough guarantees that the debate is efficient. The ambivalent evolution of access to a criminal judge demonstrates the fundamental change of this access. In the formal meaning, the access is well developed: the parties of a criminal trial have the procedural and material means to have access to this judge. Meanwhile, this access is, most of the time, not a real one because the criminal judge cannot make a decision for each criminal matter submitted by the parties. This evolution is not in itself questionable. Nevertheless, we have to make sure that the intensification or the weakening is sufficient but not too important for each aspect of this access. Regarding this, thanks to the determination of the extent of the protection of the right to have access to a judge in conventional and constitutional order, several improvements have been proposed
2
Mackay, Isabel. « Judges' ratings of the best interests of the child custody and access criteria ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ57707.pdf.
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3
Mackay, Isabel (Isabel Marie) Carleton University Dissertation Psychology. « Judges' ratings of the best interests of the child custody and access criteria ». Ottawa, 2001.
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4
Tennah, Mansouria. « La contribution du juge administratif à l'état de droit dans les états d'Afrique francophone : l'exemple de l'Algérie et du Sénégal ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1069.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Communément perçu comme vecteur de démocratie, de liberté, d’égalité et plus généralement de justice, l’État de droit est devenu incontournable. Le concept est passé de la théorie juridique au droit positif et s'est progressivement étendu au champ politique, d'abord à l'échelle européenne, avant d'étendre son rayonnement à l'Afrique, et notamment aux États d'Afrique francophone, parmi lesquels l'Algérie et le Sénégal. L’existence et le bon fonctionnement de l’État de droit, dans lequel l’État en tant que détenteur de la souveraineté accepte de se soumettre au droit, et donc au contrôle du juge, ne sont jamais acquis. Comme tout système, il sera souvent ce que les institutions et les circonstances historiques en feront. Son maintien suppose donc que chaque acteur concerné puisse jouer sa partition pour en garantir le bon fonctionnement. C'est d'autant plus vrai dans les pays où l'État de droit reste à consolider. Dès lors, on est amené à s’interroger sur la nature de la contribution que peut apporter le juge administratif à l’État de droit, dans l’un et l’autre paysCommonly perceived as vector for democracy, freedom, equality and justice more generally, the rule of law has become essential. The concept grew from the legal theory of positive law and gradually extended to the political field, first at European level, before extending its reach to Africa, including the French-speaking African states, including Algeria and Senegal. The existence and proper functioning of the rule of law, in which the state as the sovereign holder agrees to submit to the law, and therefore to judicial review, are never acquired. Like any system, it is often that the institutions and historical circumstances will. Its maintenance is therefore assumed that each player concerned to play its part to ensure proper operation. This is especially true in countries where the rule of law remains a challenge. Consequently, one is led to wonder about the nature of the potential contribution the administrative judge to rule of law in both countries
5
Nuchprayool, Bajrawan. « L'accès au juge administratif en Thaïlande ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32004.
Texte intégralRésumé :
La Constitution du Royaume de Thaïlande de 2007 prévoit une refonte des juridictions administratives avec la séparation de la juridiction judiciaire afin d’assurer la protection des libertés du citoyen face à la puissance publique et de réparer les préjudices causés par l'administration. L’accès au prétoire du juge reste subordonné à un ensemble de règles procédurales. Toutefois, la simplicité des règles semble dominer à première vue, puisque suffit une demande écrite, sans l’obligation d’intervention d’un avocat. Ainsi, la procédure inquisitoire confère au juge l'initiative de la poursuite et la recherche des preuves incombe à l’administration.Dans un contexte marqué par un bouleversement des principes régissant l’accès au juge administratif, la question de l’accès au juge rencontre en pratique de nombreuses limitations issues de la multiplication des règles procédurales ainsi que de l’interprétation du juge. Tel est le cas, notamment, ainsi que le démontre cette thèse, des exigences relatives à la qualité, à la capacité à agir du requérant ou du « cercle de l’intérêt ». Cette mise en perspective des aspects fondamentaux et techniques du contentieux administratif thaïlandais a été influencée par des pays occidentaux, comme la France. Cette étude sur les dimensions théoriques et pratiques de l’accès au juge administratif en Thaïlande propose une réflexion sur la situation actuelle et future du contentieux administratif comme garant de l’État de droitThe Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand 2007 defines an overhaul of the administrative courts with the separated jurisdictions in order to protect the fundamental rights and freedom of all citizens against the misused of state power, to repair any damages caused by the administration, and to control the legality of administrative acts. Moreover, the regulations on how to bring the cases to courts are simplified into uncomplicated written form and can be conducted without a lawyer. Since in the inquisitorial system lets the judge to gather evidences as to conduct the investigations with the administration.However, there are some restrictions about bringing cases to courts which included the conditions of the applicant's abilities to act and "the circle of interest to sue". This perspective of the fundamental aspects of administrative lawsuit has been influenced by western countries, including France. This research study both the theoretical and practical dimensions on how to bring cases to administrative courts which reflect current and future situation through the analysis of the Thai and French administrative lawsuit systems
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Wade, Mame Ndiaga. « Accès au juge constitutionnel et constitutionnalisation du droit : approche comparée avec l'Allemagne, l'Italie et l'Espagne ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM1071/document.
Texte intégralRésumé :
L'accès direct des individus à la justice constitutionnelle a tendance en Allemagne et Espagne, contrairement à la France et à Italie où il n’est pas prévu, à modifier la nature classiquement objective de la mission de constitutionnalisation du juge constitutionnel par les buts subjectifs poursuivis par les recours individuels directs. Il déclenche, le cas échéant, chez le juge constitutionnel une fonction autre que la simple constitutionnalisation du droit, qui demeure objective dans le cadre de l’accès indirect et l'entraîne sur le terrain de la fondamentalisation du droit, qui revêt des caractéristiques très subjectives. C'est ce qui explique la concurrence entre le juge constitutionnel et les juges ordinaires et européens, et conduit le premier à se comporter en cour suprême en Allemagne et en Espagne où existent ces voies de recours. La fondamentalisation, qui est un processus plus vaste que la constitutionnalisation, oblige également le juge constitutionnel à s’adapter et à prendre part à la "circulation des solutions juridiques"The direct access of individuals to constitutional justice has the tendency in Germany and Spain, contrary to France and Italy where it does not exist, to modify the current and objective nature of the mission of constitutionalisation of the constitutional judge through the subjective goals individual and direct recourses. It triggers, on the other hand, on the side of the constitutional judge another function than the simple constitutionalisation of law that remains objective in the case of the indirect access, which is leading to the fundamentalisation of law, which has very subjective features. This is explaining the competition between the constitutional judge and the ordinary and European courts that leads the first to behave in Supreme Court in Germany and Spain where those review procedures exist. The fundamentalisation, which is a wider process than the constitutionalisation one, also oblige the constitutional judge to adapt and to get involved in the “circulation of legal solutions”
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Costa, Thales Morais da. « Les actions collectives en droit brésilien et en droit colombien ». Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D020.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Définies comme des procédures juridictionnelles visant à la prévention, à la cessation ou à la réparation des dommages infligés à des individus en nombre indéterminé, les actions collectives ont profondément modifié la place du juge et celle de l'administration dans la concrétisation des normes générales en droit brésilien et en droit colombien. Contrairement à la doctrine pour laquelle ces actions témoigneraient de l'existence d'une catégorie d'intérêt située entre l'intérêt individuel et l'intérêt général, cette recherche révèle que les actions collectives ne peuvent être comprises qu'en prenant en compte l'évolution du contentieux administratif. Elles s'inscrivent en effet dans un mouvement où les compétences de l'administration sont progressivement dévolues au juge et permettent à ce dernier de prendre une décision à la place de l'administration même en l'absence d'une atteinte portée à un individu déterminé. Elles invitent par-là le chercheur à établir une classification des comportements susceptibles d'être prescrits par le juge. Ces derniers se rapportent en effet toujours à des individus en nombre indéterminé, mais ce rapport peut être direct ou indirect. Quand il s'agit d'un rapport indirect avec des individus en nombre indéterminé, les comportements se rapportent directement à certains objets ou à certains individus parfaitement identifiés. Quand les comportements se rapportent directement à des individus en nombre indéterminé, ceux-ci peuvent être de qualité indéterminée ou déterminée. Et si ces individus sont de qualité déterminée, ils peuvent être en nombre illimité ou en nombre limitéDefined as judicial proceedings aiming to prevent, to stop or to compensate damages to an indefinite number of human beings, collective actions have deeply changed the role of the judge and the one of public administration in enforcing general norms in Brazilian and Colombian Law. Instead of analysing these actions using the concept of collective interest considered by many as an interest located between individual and public interests, this research shows that collective actions can only be understood in the context of judicial review of administrative decisions. Indeed, these procedures represent a step further in the process of giving judges powers traditionally conferred on administrative authorities and allow judges to take a decision in place of these authorities even when there’s no violation of an individual right. Collective actions invite to question the classification of behaviours that might be prescribed by the judge. These behaviours always refer to an indefinite number of human beings, but this relation of one person's behaviour to other persans can be direct or indirect. When it is indirect, the behaviour refers directly to some abjects or to identified individuals. When behaviour refers directly to an indefinite number of human beings, these ones might be identifiable or undetermined individuals. When they are identifiable, they might be in limited or unlimited number
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Melo, Adalberto de Oliveira. « Acesso à justiça, sob o ângulo da atuação do juiz na aplicação do direito em ações acidentárias ». Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2011. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=726.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A presente dissertação busca identificar os obstáculos jurídicos, econômicos, sociais e psicológicos ao acesso à justiça nas ações acidentárias, com ênfase na atuação
do juiz na aplicação do direito. Para tanto, pesquisa a origem das doenças profissionais, adquiridas através da exposição dos trabalhadores aos agentes ambientais físicos, químicos e biológicos, em situações acima do limite de tolerância
e alguns fatores que influenciam no desenvolvimento da doença ocupacional, como o tempo de exposição ao agente, a concentração dos agentes no ambiente laboral e
as características específicas de cada agente ambiental e a influência da Revolução Francesa, da Encíclica Rerum Novarum, da Constituição do México de 1917 e da Revolução Industrial no surgimento da previdência social no mundo, objetivando
analisar o caráter científico ou não dos obstáculos que dificultam e impedem o uso do sistema judicial nas ações de indenização por acidente do trabalho e doenças
ocupacionais. Dessa forma, o estudo procura identificar os procedimentos necessários para se obter uma solução que faça justiça a todos os participantes do conflito, com ênfase na atuação do juiz. Discorre sobre a pesquisa realizada pela
Universidade de Florença e os obstáculos identificados em diversos países e as soluções práticas sugeridas por Cappelleti e analisa a influência desses fatos em face da legislação acidentária vigente no Brasil. Desenvolve temas relacionados à
legislação acidentária no Brasil e posiciona-se sobre o princípio da irretroatividade da lei acidentária mais benéfica ao acidentado, gerando reflexos importantes na concessão de benefícios acidentários. O método de pesquisa tem por base a leitura do repertório bibliográfico sobre o tema da dissertação, com citação de jurisprudência dos tribunais estaduais e superiores e a doutrina pertinente, abordando precedentes de casos concretos. O presente estudo busca, finalmente,
através da análise dos obstáculos que enfrentam os acidentados e portadores de doenças profissionais, encontrar o caminho mais eficaz, para a obtenção dos benefícios acidentários compatíveis com o grau de incapacidade laborativa de que são portadores, sob o ângulo da atuação do juiz, na aplicação do direito em ações acidentáriasThe present dissertation aims to identify the juridical, economic, social and psychological obstacles to access to justice in the accident related actions in the application of the law. For this purpose, it probes into the origin of profession - related diseases acquired through the workers exposition to biological, chemical, physical and environmental agents in above - limit tolerance situations and some factors which influence the development of occupational diseases, such as the length of exposition to the agent, the concentration of such agents in the working environment and the specific characteristics of each environmental agent, the influence of the french revolution, of the encyclic rerum novarum, of the Constituition of Mexico of 1917 and of the industrial revolution with the appearance of the social security system in the world, aimed at analyzing the scientific character or not, of the obstacles which hinder and block the use of the judicial system in compensation actions for work-related accidents and occupational diseases this study aims to identify the necessary procedures to reach a solution which will be fair to all participants in the conflict, with emphasis on the judges acting. It talks about the research conducted by the university of florence and the obstacles identified in several countries and the practical solutions suggested by Cappelleti and analyzes the influence of these facts in the face of the acciddent - related legislation in force in Brazil. It also extends on the themes as regards the accident - related legislation in Brazil and takes a stand about the principle of the irrectroactivity of the accident - related law more beneficial to the injured person, creating important reflections in the concession of accident - related benefits. The research method is based on the reading of the bibliographic repertory about the theme of the dissertation, with the quoting of the jurisprudence of the state and superior courts, with the appropriate doctrine, tackling precedents of factual cases. The present study seeks, finally, through the analysis of obstacles that the injured and carriers of occupation - related diseases faces, to find the most effective way to get the compensation benefits compatible with the degree of labor incapacity of which they suffer, in the light of the judges acting in the application of the law in accident related actions
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Balemaken, Eugène Louis René. « Le juge et le sauvetage de l'entreprise en difficulté en droit OHADA et en droit français : étude de droit comparé ». Thesis, Paris 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA020026/document.
Texte intégralRésumé :
L’Acte uniforme portant organisation des procédures collectives d’apurement du passif, adopté le 10 avril 1998 à Libreville et entré en vigueur le 1er janvier 1998 est venu harmoniser le droit de la faillite dans les pays membres de l’Organisation pour l’Harmonisation en Afrique du droit des Affaires (OHADA). En effet, ces pays étaient jusque là, en la matière, dotés de textes inadaptés datant de l’époque coloniale. Au regard de la parenté aujourd’hui avérée des ordres juridiques africain et français en Droit des entreprises en difficulté, il n’était pas inintéressant de mener une étude comparative sur le rôle du juge dans le sauvetage de l’entreprise en difficulté dans les deux systèmes. L’étude révèle qu’en droit africain et en droit français, les degrés d’intervention du juge varient selon que l’entreprise est in bonis ou selon qu’elle est en état de cessation des paiements. Pour permettre au juge de mener à bien la mission de sauvetage de l’entreprise en difficulté, les législateurs africain et français lui ont octroyé des moyens d’action processuels qui se caractérisent de manière tantôt convergente et tantôt divergente selon les cas, par une maîtrise de l’instance et, par l’exécution immédiate des décisions judiciaires rendues. L’étude révèle cependant l’existence dans les deux ordres juridiques de nombreux obstacles qui s’opposent à la mission de sauvetage incombant aux juges africain et français, obstacles tant d’ordre fonctionnel que d’ordre structurel. A côté des solutions apportées ici et là à toutes ces problématiques, et à bien d’autres soulevées tout au long de l’étude, de nouvelles propositions sont faites pour rendre l’action du juge plus efficiente. Il reste que, qu’il s’agisse du droit africain ou du droit français, à travers la question relative au rôle du juge dans le sauvetage de l’entreprise en difficulté, se pose la récurrente problématique de la réelle capacité du droit à juguler les phénomènes économiquesThe Uniform Act organizing collective proceedings for discharge of liabilities, adopted on 10 April 1998 in Libreville and entered into force on 1 January 1998 came harmonize the insolvency law in the Member countries of the Organization for the Harmonization of the law of Affairs (OHADA). Indeed, these countries were up there, in material, with inadequate texts dating from the colonial era. Under today proven relatives of African and French legal systems in law firms in difficulty, it was interesting to carry out a comparative study on the role of the judge in the rescue of the firm in difficulty in both systems. The study reveals that African law and French law, judge's intervention levels vary depending on whether the company is in bonuses or depending on whether it is in a State of cessation of payments. To enable the judge to carry out the mission to rescue of the firm in difficulty, African and French lawmakers have granted action procedural means characterized sometimes convergent and sometimes divergent manner as appropriate, by a master of the instance and immediate execution of judicial decisions. However, the study reveals the existence in both legal orders of many obstacles that oppose the incumbent judges African and French, rescue mission obstacles so many functional order than structural. Next to the solutions here and all these problems, there other proposals are made to make more efficient action by the judge. It remains that, whether it's African law or French law, through the question of the role of the judge in the rescue of the firm in difficulty, arises the recurring problem of the real capacity of the law to curb economic phenomena
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Gauchon, Charlotte. « Juges non professionnels et théorie générale du procès ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM1075.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Les juges non professionnels ne se résument pas à un concept dont l’unité est relative, ils forment également une catégorie de fait. Ils sont des tiers non-magistrats, rattachés directement ou indirectement à une juridiction, dotés d’une mission juridictionnelle non professionnelle parce qu’inhabituelle et dépourvue d’un objectif de rémunération. Cette définition préalablement posée ne permet cependant pas de postuler l’existence d’une catégorie juridique. La catégorisation suppose en effet de rechercher la commune nature des objets d’étude. La réussite de l’entreprise dépend par conséquent de la découverte d’une unité certaine entre les juges non professionnels et d’une opposition marquée vis-à-vis des juges de carrière. C’est précisément le propre d’une théorie générale du procès dédiée aux juges non professionnels que de répondre à ces questions. Quelles sont les particularités institutionnelles et procédurales des juges non professionnels ? Suffisent-elles pour conclure à l’existence d’une catégorie juridique ? Les juges non professionnels ne s’inscrivent-ils pas dans la lignée des juges professionnels formant ainsi une simple variante au sein d’une catégorie juridique plus large, celle des juges ? La recherche est scindée en deux temps, ordonnée autour d’une distinction fondamentale. Le premier volet d’ordre institutionnel est l’occasion d’étudier les rapports entre le droit au procès et les juges non professionnels, le second volet d’ordre procédural permet d’analyser les relations des juges non professionnels avec le droit du procèsLay judges cannot be reduced to a single concept as the unity of this concept is relative. The definition of lay judges gather different features. They are non-magistrates third party directly or indirectly attached to a court with a jurisdictional function. Their task is unusual and they lack of compensation goals. This definition previously stated does not yet allow to postulate a legal category. The categorisation itself would imply the search of common grounds between the objects of study. The success of the project depends on the findings of unity between the lay judges themselves and on significant difference compared to the professional judges. The main function of a general theory of the trial dedicated to lay judges is to answer these following questions. What are the institutional and procedural features of lay judges? Are they sufficient to conclude that there is a legal category? Would the lay judges fit in the line of professional judges forming a simple variant in a broader legal category? The research will be divided into two stages, both organised around a fundamental distinction. The first part, of institutional order, will be an opportunity to study the relationship between the right to trial and the lay judges. The second part, of procedural order, will analyse the relationship of lay judges with a right for trial
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Chiu, Victoria. « La protection de l'eau en droit public : Étude comparée des droits espagnol, français et italien ». Thesis, Toulon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUL0081/document.
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L’eau en tant que ressource naturelle en mouvement permanent est difficilement saisissable par le droit. La pénurie de cette ressource demeure un problème majeur dans certaines régions du sud de l’Europe et plus particulièrement en Espagne, en France et en Italie. Devant ce défi, une protection juridique renforcée s'impose par nécessité .Le droit est-il en mesure d’assurer à cette ressource une telle protection à travers un statut spécifique qui tienne compte de son caractère vital et rare? Ce travail s’inscrit principalement dans une perspective de droit comparé entre les systèmes juridiques français, italien et espagnol, étudiés à la lumière du droit de l’Union européenne ayant favorisé une standardisation de la protection de l’eau, même si elle demeure insuffisante. La domanialisation et la patrimonialisation de l’eau, ainsi que la reconnaissance progressive d’un droit à l’eau potable et à l’assainissement sont les solutions proposées par les droits publics étudiés. La question de l’effectivité et de l’efficacité de la protection publique de l’eau est au cœur de l’étude et invite à s’interroger sur les acteurs de la mise en œuvre de la protection de la ressource en eau ainsi que sur un partage des compétences souvent complexe. Dans cette perspective, le rôle du juge administratif et des juges des eaux publiques en matière d’application effective des normes protectrices de la ressource en eau est fondamental. Ainsi, la question de l’effectivité de la protection s’est imposée, car elle découle tant de son caractère préventif que du caractère répressif des sanctions appliquées en cas de dommages causés à la ressource en eauWater as a natural resource in constant motion is difficult to grasp by the law. The shortage of this resource remains a major problem in parts of southern Europe, particularly in Spain, France and Italy. Faced with this challenge, enhanced legal protection is necessary with force. Is the law able to guarantee this resource protection through a special status that respects its vital and rare character? The purpose of this piece of work is mainly to set a comparative law perspective between the French, Italian and Spanish legal systems, studied in the light of the law of the European Union which promoted a standardization of water protection, even if it remains insufficient. The public domain, the concept of heritage, and the gradual recognition of the right to drink water and sanitation are the solutions proposed by the legal systems studied. The question of the effectiveness and efficiency of public water protection is at the heart of the study. It raises questions about the actors in the implementation of the protection of water, as well as an often complex sharing of skills. In this perspective, the role of the administrative judge and judges of public waters in terms of effective enforcement of protective standards for water is fundamental. So the question of the effectiveness of protection raises central, because it follows both the preventive character and the repressive nature of the sanctions imposed in the case of damaging the water resources
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Song, Yujia Wolf Susan R. « When can we judge ? » Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,2915.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2010.Title from electronic title page (viewed Jun. 23, 2010). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Philosophy." Discipline: Philosophy; Department/School: Philosophy.
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Corona, Márcia de Oliveira Del. « Doing being a judge ». Florianópolis, SC, 2000. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/78236.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão.Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-17T11:44:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-09-25T18:04:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 171034.pdf: 3143942 bytes, checksum: 97f0ec58f4936f36fe7d27b1d05d8b48 (MD5)
Durante quatro tardes foram gravadas em fita cassete a interação institucional que ocorre em audiências de instrução em tribunais brasileiros. Os dados coletados foram analisados através de uma perspectiva etnográfica e sociolingüística interacional. Foi apresentada uma descrição da coleta de dados e do layout da sala de audiências. A estrutura organizacional do evento foi descrita, assim como os papéis desempenhados pelos participantes. O evento foi identificado como sendo estruturado em atividades distintas coordenadas pelo representante da instituição: o juiz. No decorrer destas atividades o juiz decide quais tópicos podem ser discutidos e em que ordem podem ser abordados. O padrão pré-determinado de perguntas e respostas favorece o direito do juiz de fazer perguntas e constrange os depoentes a fornecer respostas. Interações que mostram juízes formulando perguntas desafiadoras e, ao mesmo, tempo tentando manter uma aparência pública de neutralidade, foram descritas. Enquanto procedem o questionamento, os juízes demonstraram estarem atentos e aparentemente neutros as respostas dos depoentes mediante turnos curtos com uso de continuadores ou ao repetir a resposta dos depoentes, quando estes forneceram respostas curtas. Quando os depoentes responderam as perguntas dos juízes de forma mais complexa, os juízes demonstraram sua atenção às respostas dos mesmos ao formular um resumo da fala anterior dos depoentes. Questões de formulação de moralidade, por parte dos juízes, também foram encontradas, apesar da preocupação destes em demonstrar neutralidade. Também é formulada pelos juízes a insatisfação dos mesmos devido a desconformidades dos depoentes no que diz respeito aos procedimentos dos tribunais. Juízes não deixam passar desapercebidos momentos em que os depoentes não comportam-se de acordo com os procedimentos dos tribunais, apesar dos depoentes não estarem familiarizados com os mesmos. É observado que uma das principais tarefas do Judiciário não é apenas certificar-se de que a justiça é feita, mas certificar-se de que as pessoas estão vendo a justiça ser feita. A publicidade das atividades dos tribunais transformam as atividades do Judiciário em uma "cerimônia de justiça".
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Cseke, Nóra. « Accès au juge et aux procédures d'asile à la lumière des droits européen, allemand et français ». Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAA004.
Texte intégralRésumé :
L’effectivité de l’accès aux instances de l’asile dépend de la réunion de plusieurs facteurs qui ne viennent pas uniquement du droit national. La condition sine qua non de l’effectivité d’un tel accès est une réception harmonieuse par les différents Etats, des garanties procédurales indispensables à celui-ci et définies au niveau européen, ce qui suppose toutefois une relation équilibrée entre le droit conventionnel et le droit de l’Union, construite dans un esprit de dialogue. Dans l’établissement de ce dialogue, le législateur de l’Union, tout comme la Cour européenne des droits de l’Homme et la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne jouent un rôle primordial, et si ce dialogue s’avérait dissonant, le droit national pourrait encore corriger les insuffisances ainsi constatées. Certes, à cette fin, il est nécessaire d’établir un dialogue également au niveau national, et ce, non seulement avec les instances européennes mais aussi à l’intérieur de l’Etat entre les autorités administratives et juridictionnelles. In fine, l’effectivité de cet accès est tout autant indispensable dans une dimension transfrontalière afin de rapprocher davantage les législations nationales et de proposer une solution européenne aux problèmes structuraux et systémiques caractérisant cet accèsThe effectiveness of access to asylum bodies depends on a combination of several factors which are not derived solely from national law. The sine qua non of the effectiveness of such access is a harmonious reception by the various Member States of the procedural guarantees essential to it and defined at European level, which presupposes, however, a balanced relationship between ECHR law and Union law built in a spirit of dialogue. In establishing this dialogue, the EU legislator, like the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union, plays an essential role, and if this dialogue were to prove dissonant, national law could still correct any shortcomings thus noted. To this end, it is certainly necessary to establish a dialogue also at national level, not only with the EU legislator and the European courts but also between the administrative and judicial authorities at State level. Ultimately, the effectiveness of this access is also essential in a cross-border dimension in order to further approximate national legislation and to propose a European solution to the structural and systemic problems characterizing this access
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Quillin, Tyler R. « The Emersonian Judge : An Analysis of McCarthy's Judge through the Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson ». Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144938.
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Bouya, Driss. « Le plan local d'urbanisme à l'épreuve de la hiérarchie des normes ». Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSES060/document.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Le PLU fixe, dans le respect de la hiérarchie des normes, les règles d’utilisation du sol sur son territoire. Cette hiérarchie est constituée par un ensemble de normes et principes dont le nombre n’a cessé de s’alourdir depuis la décentralisation. Bien que de nature différente, ces normes s’imposent toutes, à quelques exceptions près, de la même façon au PLU. Ce dernier doit être compatible avec leurs dispositions. Cet agencement, apparemment cohérent, dissimule de nombreuses imperfections. Les normes supérieures non moins générales, peuvent aussi s’exprimer dans des termes précis, mixant élasticité et rigidité, précision et imprécision, certitude et incertitude,… Les rapports normatifs, du fait de leur imprécision, transmettent non seulement la validité déterminée par l’ordre supérieur mais aussi les incertitudes affectant ce dernier. Ils n’excluent pas la possibilité d’intensification qui pourrait aboutir à la conformité ni celle d’un affaiblissement aboutissant à une simple prise en compte. Il revient alors au PLU de tempérer ces excès de rigueur ou de mollesse et d’en ressortir des règles intellectuellement accessibles, relativement stables et juridiquement sécurisées. Mais, l'exercice est très délicat et préoccupe les communes qui ne peuvent adopter une interprétation totalement conforme à l’esprit de la norme supérieure sans échapper à la reproduction, au niveau du PLU, de l’ambiguïté qui caractérise cette norme. Il en résulte un PLU difficilement déchiffrable et juridiquement vulnérable puisque ses destinataires, exposés à la difficulté de donner un sens précis à ses règles et de déterminer avec précision celles applicables à un moment donné, ne manquent pas de le contester. Dans ce contexte, le juge s’est vu accordé de nouveaux pouvoirs en vue de tempérer l’impact du contentieux sur la sécurité juridique du PLU. Ainsi, à un encadrement drastique des conditions de recevabilité des recours contre le PLU s’ajoutent des alternatives à son annulation pure et simpleThe Local Urbanism Plan (LUP) set, within the respect of the norms hierarchy, the using rules of the soil on his territory. This hierarchy is constituted by a number of norms and principles which kept growing more and more since it was decentralized. Even though they’re different, these norms are all applicable in the same way to the LUP, with some exceptions. The LUP has to be compatible with their dispositions. This layout apparently coherent hides a high amount of imperfections. Higher norms, but not less generals, can as well be expressed in precise terms, mixing elasticity and rigidity, precision and imprecision, certitude and incertitude. Since nominative reports are not precise, they share in the first place the validity determined by the higher order, but also the incertitude affecting it. They don’t exclude the possibility it will intensify, meaning it could lead to the conformity, and neither have they excluded the weakening leading to a simple take into account. Then the LUP has to deal with these excess of rigor or weakness and to take into account the intellectuals, accessible, relatively stables, and legally secured rules. But this exercise is very tricky and a lot of towns are concerned since they cannot adopt an interpretation totally conform to the spirit of the superior norm without escaping the reproduction of the ambiguity which characterize this norm at the LUP level. As a result, LUPs become hardly decipherable and legally vulnerable since their recipients, which have hard times to give a precise meaning to this rules and characterize with precision which are applicable to a given time, are always ready to contest it. In this context, the judge received new capabilities in order to temper the litigation impact about the LUP legal security. Thus, alternatives to its cancelling are added to the drastic monitoring of the admissibility conditions of the recourse against the LUP
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Lhadi, Jérémy. « L'influence des normes européennes sur la procédure civile d'appel avec représentation obligatoire ». Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE3064.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Les normes européennes, qu'elles émanent de l'Union Européenne ou découlent de la Convention Européenne des droits de l'Homme, telle qu'interprétée par la Cour EDH, ont un impact sur l'ensemble de l'ordre juridique étatique des États concernés. Parmi les matières irradiées par le droit européen au sens large, la procédure civile ne fait pas exception mais la matière processuelle demeure traitée de façon singulière par les institutions supra-nationale, à plus forte raison pour la procédure suivie devant les juridictions de recours. Si à raison des ordres juridiques, les normes européennes à valeur supérieure à la loi ont nécessairement une influence sur la procédure civile d'appel, ce n'est qu'en raison de la volonté des autorités françaises que cette influence trouve une réalisation concrète. En effet, au cours de l'adoption de la réforme de la procédure civile d'appel, en 2009, le pouvoir règlementaire a exprimé le souhait d'adopter une procédure d'appel conforme aux exigences européennes du procès civil, en particulier de l'article 6§1 de la Convention EDH et du principe du procès équitable. Pour autant, si cette influence est incontestable, elle se trouve limitée à divers égards. D'une part, l'autonomie procédurale des États a été fermement consacrée par les autorités de l'Union qui ne s'est attribuée aucune compétence en la matière, et la jurisprudence de la Cour de Justice de l'Union. De son côté, la Cour EDH limite son immixtion à cet égard au nom de principe de subsidiarité renforcé par l'adoption des Protocoles additionnels n°15 et 16. Encore, à plus forte raison, le choix du pouvoir règlementaire français, marqué du sceau de la célérité, s'est effectué au détriment certain des autres principes directeurs du procès, en particulier le procès équitable et l'accès au juge, qui se trouvent excessivement amputés par des délais stricts et des sanctions sévères et automatiques. La procédure civile d'appel est devenue une procédure essentiellement calendaire, de gestion de flux contentieux, sans atteindre l'objectif de célérité qui justifiait ces restrictions. Ainsi, au regard des difficultés de délais que connaissent les cour d'appel françaises, il convient de s'interroger sur l'opportunité de consacrer plus largement et de façon effective, les principes européens du procès civil, par l'avénement d'un appel nouveau qui aurait pour objet la remise au cœur de l'équité, du principe du contradictoire, de l'égalité des armes et de l'accès au juge. Pour ce faire, il est possible de se tourner vers les modèles procéduraux des instances judiciaires des institutions européennes, ou encore des exemples procéduraux étrangers. Une telle démarche de rééquilibrage des attentes procédurales permettrait intrinsèquement d'opter pour une procédure plus vertueuse et respectueuse des droits procéduraux des justiciables, et sans doute également, d'améliorer les délais de procédure devant les cours d'appel. Dans une telle perspective, il convient de s'interroger sur l'appel dans sa globalité, mais également sur l'intégralité du procès civil. Quant à la philosophie de l'appel, il semble que la voie d'achèvement soit le meilleur modèle afin d'atteindre ces objectifs, dans un cadre strict qui permette d'exclure les abus et la déloyauté des parties. Ainsi, par différents mécanismes de filtrage et l'adoption d'une instruction plus souple, il serait possible de concilier les exigences du procès équitable et de la célérité, ouvrant la voie d'une influence totale des normes européennes sur la procédure civile d'appel avec représentation obligatoireEuropean norms, whether they emanate from the European Union or derive from the European Convention on Human Rights, as interpreted by the EDH Court, have an impact on the entire state legal order of the States concerned. Of the materials irradiated by European law in the broad sense, civil procedure is no exception, but procedure remains treated in a singular way by both European institutions, even more concerning appeal courts. If, by reason of the legal systems, European norms with a higher value than the law necessarily have an influence on the civil appeal procedure, it is only because of the will of the French authorities that this influence finds concrete realization. Indeed, during the adoption of the reform of the civil appeal procedure in 2009, the regulatory authority expressed the wish to adopt an appeal procedure that complies with the European requirements of the civil trial, in particular Article 6§1 of the EDH Convention and the principle of fair trial. However, while this influence is indisputable, it is limited in various respects. On the one hand, the procedural autonomy of States has been firmly enshrined by the authorities of the Union, which has not given itself any competence in the matter, and the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the Union. For its part, the EDH Court limits its interference in this respect in the name of the principle of subsidiarity reinforced by the adoption of Additional Protocols Nos 15 and 16. Even more so, the choice of French executive power, marked by the seal of celerity, was made at the expense of certain of the other guiding principles of the trial, in particular the fair trial and access to the judge, which find themselves excessively cut off by strict deadlines and strict and automatic penalties. The civil appeal procedure has become essentially a calendar procedure for managing litigation flows, without achieving the objective of celerity that justified these restrictions. Thus, in view of the difficulties of delay experienced by the French Courts of Appeal, it is necessary to consider the advisability of devoting more broadly and effectively the European principles of civil litigation, by the advent of a new appeal that would have as its object put in center fairness, the principle of the contradictory, the equality of arms and access to the judge. To do this, it is possible to turn to the procedural models of the judicial bodies of the European institutions, or even to foreign procedural examples. Such an approach to rebalancing procedural expectations would make it possible to opt for a more virtuous procedure that respects the procedural rights of litigants, and probably also, to improve the time it takes in front of appeal courts. In this perspective, it is necessary to question the appeal in its entirety, but also the totality of the civil process. As for the philosophy of the appeal, it seems that the « way of completion » is the best model in order to achieve these objectives, within a strict framework that makes it possible to exclude abuses and disloyalty of the parties. Thus, through different filtering mechanisms and the adoption of a more flexible instruction, it would be possible to reconcile the requirements of fair trial and expediency, opening the way for a total influence of European standards on the civil procedure of appeal with compulsory representation
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Oliveira, Alex Maia Esmeraldo de. « Ampliação dos poderes judiciais nas ações coletivas : em busca da concretização do acesso à ordem jurídica justa ». Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2016. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4382.
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This dissertation aims to demonstrate how the expansion of instructive powers of the judge, under the
collective process, is an appropriate mechanism to densify access to the legal system, calling it the
attributes of equity and effectiveness. To give support to this proposal, it is through the theoretical
contributions of post-positivism as a promising paradigm proper legal foundation, through the legal
argument at the time that it reveals an instrument of control and improvement of judicial decisions.
On the other hand, the proposal places the collective protection in the second renewals wave of civil
procedure, describing the extra-legal obstacles to access to jurisdiction and analyzes the constitutional
postulate in its material dimension, pointing out the risk of its sacredness and its negative impact on
the protection of collective goods. The collective process is raised to the status of an autonomous
branch of the civil process, composing a microsystem endowed with natural principles. When
entering your analysis describes its social and political relevance, underlying having a society
permeated by massed relations. As a theoretical reference the expansion of instructive powers leaned
over the device and inquisitorial systems. This polarization emerges a discussion of the role of the
judiciary. We propose a new perspective of judicial action, more dynamic and embedded in the social
environment that surrounds it, a position aligned with the publicist view of the process. In this context
it works with a new process model, cooperative, a convergent analysis with collective protection,
enhancing its democratic foundation and its contribution to the delivery of a fair and appropriate
remedy. The powers are described in kind, highlighting the paradigms in consumeristas and
environmental labors. The right to trial was submitted to a constitutional reading to support their
investment and modulation inspired by the nature of the legal interests at stake. The theory of
dynamic distribution is presented as strengthening the judicial action in favor of the effectiveness of
collective action. They are faced limits to this outburst, with the goals of the constitutional process
principles. Given these assumptions, the outlook point-of attracting organized civil society to make
use of collective actions, from the strengthening of judicial functions aimed to eradicate the barriers
of access to the differentiated protection.A presente dissertação objetiva demonstrar como a dilatação dos poderes instrutórios do julgador, no âmbito do processo coletivo, é um mecanismo adequado a densificar o acesso à ordem jurídica, qualificando-a pelos atributos da equidade e efetividade. Para dar sustentação a essa proposta, recorre-se aos aportes teóricos do Pós-positivismo como um paradigma promissor a adequada fundamentação judicial, por meio da argumentação jurídica, ao tempo em que se revela um instrumento de controle e aperfeiçoamento das decisões judiciais. Por outro lado, a proposta situa a tutela coletiva na segunda onda renovatória do processo civil, descrevendo os obstáculos extrajurídicos do acesso à jurisdição e analisa o postulado constitucional em sua dimensão material, apontando o risco de sua sacralização e seu impacto negativo sobre a tutela dos bens coletivos. O processo coletivo é alçado à condição de um ramo autônomo do processo civil, compondo um microssistema dotado de princípios singulares. Ao ingressar em sua análise descreve-se sua relevância social e política, tendo subjacente uma sociedade permeada por relações massificadas. Como referencial teórico a ampliação dos poderes instrutórios debruçou-se sobre os sistemas dispositivo e inquisitivo. Dessa polarização emerge uma discussão sobre o papel do Poder Judiciário. Propõe-se uma nova perspectiva de atuação judicial, mais dinâmica e inserida no ambiente social que o circunda, numa posição alinhada à visão publicista do processo. Neste contexto trabalha-se com um novo modelo processual, cooperativo, numa análise convergente com a tutela coletiva, realçando seu fundamento democrático e sua contribuição para a entrega de uma tutela jurisdicional justa e adequada. São descritos os poderes em espécie, realçando os paradigmas nas lides consumeristas e ambientais. O direito à prova foi submetido a uma leitura constitucional para embasar a sua inversão e modulação inspiradas na natureza dos bens jurídicos em disputa. A teoria da distribuição dinâmica é apresentada como reforço a atuação judicial em prol da efetividade das ações coletivas. São enfrentados os limites a este assomo, tendo como balizas os princípios constitucionais do processo. Diante destas premissas, apontam-se as perspectivas de atrair a sociedade civil organizada para que faça uso das ações coletivas, a partir do fortalecimento das funções judiciais vocacionadas a debelar as barreiras de acesso a essa tutela diferenciada.
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Brien, Christopher. « Judge Willis in Port Phillip : 1841-1843 ». Thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2012. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/4a084e58945c129a9d8d885c87bd2c2a7d1a7b7ae57dbfcf820f02171a5a77b4/1890467/Brien_2012_Judge_Willis_in_Port_Phillip.pdf.
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Aims: This thesis aims to identify why John Walpole Willis, the first resident judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales for the district of Port Phillip (now Melbourne), was removed from office in 1843. Willis subsequently appealed to the Privy Council. In 1846 the Privy Council upheld the appeal on the grounds that he should have been given an opportunity to respond to the complaints. Yet in spite of this, Willis was removed from judicial office for good reason. How can Willis's amoval be reconciled with the success of his appeal? It is the argument of this thesis that Willis was removed not because he had done anything unlawful but that he had diminished public confidence in the system of government, including the administration of justice. As will become apparent in the following pages Willis never understood this basic fact. This was his tragedy and the reason why, despite of the success of his appeal, he was a judicial failure. Scope: The Privy Council made a legal decision regarding Willis's appeal. It considered what the legal outcome was to be of Willis's behaviour in Port Phillip during the period 1841-1843. In order to understand the decision, the events in Port Phillip that Willis identified in his appeal to the Privy Council are placed in context. This material that has been sourced from the Privy Council archives is about a common law judge seeking to justify his behaviour. In this manner the thesis addresses the question of what are society's expectations of the judiciary in a common law system. In the nineteenth century there was no contemporary literature about such expectations. It was only in the twentieth century that common law systems began to write down guidelines or provide a list of relevant ethical considerations for the judiciary. Although the process of removing a judge has changed, the story of Willis in Port Phillip during the period 1841-1843 still has currency today. In this way the thesis provides commentary on 'what the law is' with respect to judicial behaviour and 'how the law operates' when a common law judge misbehaves. Conclusion: The story of Willis in Port Phillip during the period 1841-1843 is a study of judicial failure. It is also a tragedy in that he was probably the last person to recognise the importance of the matters before the Privy Council as representing how a good common law judge should behave. Willis had to be dismissed because he failed to satisfy society's expectations as to how a judge should behave. In short, he diminished public confidence in the administration of justice, brought disrespect for the institution of the judiciary and did not protect the reputation of the judiciary or individual judicial officers. These matters are the very issues raised in Willis's appeal before the Privy Council. The stories of Willis's amoval and appeal are not only of historical interest. The issues raised continue to have resonance with respect to judicial authority today.
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Hochstetler, Spencer. « Judge-Prosecutor Dyad Effects on Racial Disparity ». University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1592170635135092.
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Hamilton, Curtis F. « The Haymarket Story and Judge Joseph E. Gary ». Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1004630414.
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Wester, Emelie. « Between Allah and me : God is the judge ». Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-322742.
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The purpose of this research was to look into the issues one might encounter as a gay and lesbian Muslim with especial focus on the individual experience. I was interested in analyzing the dynamics of one's sexual identity interconnecting with one's religious identity with the assistance of identity theory, personality and culture concepts. I interviewed three different individuals who are all practicing Muslims and live openly as gay in their community, and gathered secondary resources to gain insights from gay, lesbian and transgender Muslims from other communities. The research disclosed individuals’ perceptions on the legitimacy of homosexuality in Islam and their lived experiences regarding their sexuality and the role their culture has played.Presentationen skedde genom Skype där lärarna satt i Uppsala och jag själv vid datorn hemma, boende i Paris, Frankrike.
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McGrath, Joseph B. « The qualities of a judge in church courts ». Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1992. http://www.tren.com.
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Gauvin, Fanny. « Le litige, le juge et l'assureur de protection juridique ». Nantes, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NANT4016.
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Rackley, Erika Mary. « Undressing the judge : feminism, adjudication and the legal imagination ». Thesis, University of Kent, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.399612.
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Kreuz, Sarah Kreuz. « An Analysis of the Variation in Dressage Judge Scoring ». Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1530480688061936.
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Langenbrunner, Mary R., et Jamie Branam Kridler. « High Conflict Divorcing Parents : Just What the Judge Ordered ». Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3479.
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Hough, Alan. « How nonprofit boards monitor, judge and influence organisational performance ». Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2009. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36376/1/Alan_Hough_Thesis.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The law and popular opinion expect boards of directors will actively monitor their organisations. Further, public opinion is that boards should have a positive impact on organisational performance. However, the processes of board monitoring and judgment are poorly understood, and board influence on organisational performance needs to be better understood. This thesis responds to the repeated calls to open the ‘black box’ linking board practices and organisational performance by investigating the processual behaviours of boards.
The work of four boards1 of micro and small-sized nonprofit organisations were studied for periods of at least one year, using a processual research approach, drawing on observations of board meetings, interviews with directors, and the documents of the boards. The research shows that director turnover, the difficulty recruiting and engaging directors, and the administration of reporting, had strong impacts upon board monitoring, judging and/or influence. In addition, board monitoring of organisational performance was adversely affected by directors’ limited awareness of their legal responsibilities and directors’ limited financial literacy.
Directors on average found all sources of information about their organisation’s work useful.
Board judgments about the financial aspects of organisational performance were regulated by the routines of financial reporting. However, there were no comparable routines facilitating judgments about non-financial performance, and such judgments tended to be limited to specific aspects of performance and were ad hoc, largely in response to new information or the repackaging of existing information in a new form. The thesis argues that Weick’s theory of sensemaking offers insight into the way boards went about the task of understanding organisational performance.
Board influence on organisational performance was demonstrated in the areas of: compliance; instrumental influence through service and through discussion and decision-making; and by symbolic, legitimating and protective means. The degree of instrumental influence achieved by boards depended on director competency, access to networks of influence, and understandings of board roles,
and by the agency demonstrated by directors. The thesis concludes that there is a crowding out effect whereby CEO competence and capability limits board influence. The thesis also suggests that there is a second ‘agency problem’, a problem of director volition.
The research potentially has profound implications for the work of nonprofit boards. Rather than purporting to establish a general theory of board governance, the thesis embraces calls to build situation-specific mini-theories about board behaviour.
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Копоть, В. О. « Суддівський розсуд як запорука дотримання інтересів людини ». Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/60891.
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Рівень розвитку суспільства здебільшого залежить від економічних,
політичних, ідеологічних і правових чинників. Однак, ці чинники
формуються під впливом тих чи інших передумов, які становлять основу
економіки, політики, ідеології, правової системи.
Залежно від вибору передумов (саме вибору, оскільки будь-які
рішення – це волевиявлення, вибір конкретного суб’єкта) окремі індивіди
виражають власні думки, які в сукупності формують суспільну думку, що
має загальне всеосяжне значення для всіх учасників суспільних відносин.
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Entis, Melanie. « Images of Samson ». Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61134.
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The goal of this paper is to analyze the various images of Samson as presented by some of the classical and modern Jewish Bible commentaries and interpretations: Moshe Hayyim Luzzatto's Maaseh Shimshon; Ze'ev Jabotinsky's Samson; Adin Steinsaltz's essay in Biblical Images, Men and Women of the Book, and Rabbi Gershon Weiss' Samson's Struggle. Through this analysis, I will explore the evolving images of Samson and how they reflected both the period in which the interpretative work was written, the author's interests and the beliefs of the intended audience.
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Jai, Julie Ramona. « Negotiated vs. judge-made Aboriginal law, bridging the two solitudes ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ54066.pdf.
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Julian, Robert F. « The role of the judge and jury in complex trials ». Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2008. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/28172.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis examines the mode of trial concerns in the U.S.A., New York State, California, England and Wales and Canada --specifically the ability of the jury to comprehend complex cases and the perception/reality that bench trials may not be as fair as jury trials. Defining complex cases as those involving serious fraud indictments, capital murder trials, and lawsuits or indictments against corporations and their managers, the thesis examines problems associated with jury trials in such cases. It evaluates the comparative law and customs and practices regarding the use of juries, emphasizing problems with jury selection, deficits in jury deliberation and post trial problems associated with jury verdicts. The thesis also evaluates the judge only trial, attempting to determine whether a state imposed non jury trial in a criminal case as is presently proposed in the England and Wales Parliament creates an unfairness to the defendant because bench trials significantly differ from jury trials in the application of the rules of evidence and in the role of the judge. The thesis reports on the results of a survey of New York State trial judges, a like survey of New York State lawyers, and the opinions of nine England and Wales judges authorized to try serious fraud cases who were interviewed regarding these issues. The surveys and interviews finds that there is a high degree of support for jury verdicts expressed by the judges, examines evidentiary and pretrial practices in both modes of trial and attempts to evaluate whether claims of procedural flaws and prejudice in bench trials by respected academics are accurate. The thesis concludes by affirming the competence of juries to try complex cases, proposing modifications to post jury verdict procedures to evaluate jury misconduct and advocating that the bench trial evidentiary rules and conduct rules become comparable to the jury trial. The thesis recommends that mode of trial choices be given to the defendant, advocates that when a bench trial is selected that peremptory challenges of the trial judge be permitted and postulates that these reforms will make the bench trial a more attractive alternative to the jury trial in complex cases.
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FILHO, FIRLY NASCIMENTO. « NATIONAL JUSTICE COUNCIL : DEMOCRACY, JUDICIARY ACTS AND JUDGE CONTROL ACTIVITY ». PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2010. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=35063@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROA tese busca demonstrar que a atuação do Conselho Nacional de Justiça criou um novo equilíbrio interno entre os órgãos do Poder Judiciário nacional. Para isso estabelece os padrões gerais dos institutos da Democracia, da Separação de Poderes, da Jurisdição e dos institutos da independência dos juizes, dos poderes processuais, da conduta individual externa e interna. A partir desses parâmetros estabelece um exame da estrutura atual do Poder Judiciário, com incursão na formação histórica, o que explica algumas das características atuais dos problemas que são enfrentados, como a demora na prestação jurisdicional e a conduta dos juizes. Focalizam-se os Princípios de Conduta Judicial discutidos e formalizados em Bangalore, Índia e que constituem um marco fundamental para a atividade dos juizes em todo o mundo. Como um documento de natureza diplomática, busca conciliar as diversas tradições jurídicas, quer européias ou americanas ou de outra influência, como Índia, Malásia e paises africanos. Também ocorre a análise dos princípios éticos aplicados no Brasil. No capitulo final adentra pela análise da atuação do Conselho Nacional de Justiça, fincando suas raízes históricas, inclusive como fruto do processo de globalização, capitaneado pelo Banco Mundial, examinando os diversos casos enfrentados pelo Conselho e enfatizando aqueles de maior repercussão para o equilíbrio interno dos órgãos do Poder Judiciário. Conclui-se que o CNJ é o guardião da administração do Poder Judiciário nacional e que o controle dos seus atos, realizado somente pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal, tem redundado em sua legitimação, o que é resultado da análise dos diversos precedentes examinados no curso da pesquisa.
The thesis seeks to demonstrate that the performance of the National Council of Justice has created a new balance between the internal organs of the national judiciary. For that establishes the general standards of the institutes of democracy, the Separation of Powers, Jurisdiction and the institutes of independent judges, procedural powers, the conduct of individual external and internal. From these parameters provides an examination of the current structure of the Judiciary, to foray into the historical background, which explains some of the current characteristics of the problems that are faced, as the delay in the court and the conduct of judges. They focus the Principles of Judicial Conduct discussed and formalized in Bangalore, India and constitute a milestone for the activity of judges around the world. As a document of a diplomatic nature, seeks to reconcile the different legal traditions, whether European or American or other influence, such as India, Malaysia and African countries. It also occurs to analyze the ethical principles applied in Brazil. In the final chapter enters by analyzing the activity of the National Council of Justice, deeply rooted historical, including as a result of globalization, led by the World Bank, examining the different situations faced by the Council and those emphasizing the greater impact to the internal balance of bodies of the Judiciary. We conclude that the CNJ is the guardian of the administration of the judiciary and the national control of their actions, carried out only by the Supreme Court, has resulted in his legitimation, which is a result of the analysis of several previous research examined the course of.
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Samour, Nahed. « Judge and Jurisconsult - Coercive and Persuasive Authority in Islamic Law ». Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/22264.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Judge and Jurisconsult – Coercive and Persuasive Authority in Islamic Law
(Richter und Rechtsberater- Zwingende und überzeugende Autorität im Islamischen Recht)
Wer spricht das Recht in der islamischen Rechtsprechung? Die islamische Rechtsgeschichte konzentrierte sich lange auf den Einzelrichter (qadi) als Inbegriff der Rechtsprechung. Der Richter handelte jedoch nicht als einzige Verkörperung der Rechtsprechung. Ein Justizpersonal unterstützte seine und arbeitete von einer ihm unterstellten Position aus. Darüber hinaus hat der gelehrte Rechtsberater (mufti) die Rechtsprechung durch übereinstimmende und abweichende Meinungen vor Gericht in vielerlei Hinsicht geprägt. Die Arbeit konzentriert sich auf zwei Autoritäten am Gericht – qadi und mufti – in der frühen Abbasidischen Rechtsgeschichte (2. und 3. Jahrhundert nach der islamischen Zeitrechnung bzw. 8. und 9. Jahrhundert der gregorianischen Zeit), die miteinander kooperiert oder auch konkurriert haben. Die Grundlage ihrer Beziehung ist das islamische Prinzip der gerichtlichen Beratung von Experten in Rechtsfragen. Die islamische Rechtslehre ermutigt einen Richter, der mit Rechtsunsicherheiten konfrontiert war, einen gelehrten Rechtsberater (mufti) zu konsultieren, bevor er eine gerichtliche Entscheidung trifft. Die islamische Rechtsprechung entstand somit aus einem Verhältnis von Kooperation, Konfrontation und Kooptation zwischen Richtern und (außer-gerichtlichen) gelehrten Rechtsberatern.Judge and Jurisconsult – Coercive and Persuasive Authority in Islamic Law Who dispenses justice at court? Islamic legal historians have long focused on the single judge (qadi) as the embodiment of the administration of justice. The judge, however, did not act alone in dispensing justice. A judicial staff supported his work, working from a position subordinate to him. In addition, evading a clearly demarcated judicial hierarchy, the learned jurisconsult (mufti) shaped adjudication in many distinct ways through concurring and dissenting opinions at court. This contribution focuses on two authorities—the qadi and the mufti—who cooperated or competed with each other at court in early Abbasid legal history (2nd-3rd century A. H. / 8th-9th century C.E.). Fundamental to their relationship is the Islamic principle of judicial consultation of experts on legal questions. Islamic legal doctrine encouraged a judge confronted with legal uncertainties to consult a mufti before issuing a judicial decision. Islamic adjudication thus emerged out of cooperation, confrontation and cooptation between judge and (extra-judicial) legal experts.
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Rodgers, Philip L. « How Utah Parents of Utah School Children Judge School Effectiveness ». DigitalCommons@USU, 2003. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6194.
Texte intégralRésumé :
There is a perceived crisis concerning public education in the United States. This has led to an increase in the use of standardized tests for the purpose of measuring school effectiveness. However, the use of standardized tests for this purpose is problematic. Among these problems is the concern that standardized tests may not measure what parents believe are the most important attributes of an effective school. Unfortunately, there is little in the way of empirical evidence regarding parent beliefs in this area.
The purpose of this research was to answer the following four questions.
1. What do parents of school-aged children in Utah feel are the most important attributes of an effective school?
2. Are there statistical and practical differences between levels of respondents' association with public schools and their responses to question #1?
3. Are there statistical and practical differences between levels of respondents' level of education and their responses to question #1?
4. Are there statistical and practical significant differences between respondents' gender and their responses to research question #1?
A mail survey of 800 randomly selected Utah parents of school-aged children was conducted to address these questions. To answer research question #1, the method of paired comparisons was used to derive a parent ranking of eight attributes of an effective school. To answer research questions #2, #3, and #4, a chi-square analysis of association was conducted. The practical significance of these results was assessed through the calculation of the effect size w. In total, 199 usable surveys were returned.
Results indicated that parents believed that providing students with a balanced curriculum that encourages a wide range of learning experiences and providing students with the skills necessary to become a productive and useful citizen were more important attributes of an effective school than providing students with a good understanding of basic academic skills. This result is important because it indicates parent support for two attributes of an effective school-wide range of learning experiences and skills to become a productive and useful citizen-that are difficult to measure through the use of standardized tests.
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SILVESTRE, BRUNO OLIVEIRA. « INTERINSTITUTIONAL ACCESS : AUTHENTICATION AND ACCESS CONTROL ». PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=6619@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIORO uso de computação distribuída vem expandindo seu escopo, saindo de aplicações em redes locais para aplicações envolvendo diversas instituições. Em termos de segurança, essa expansão introduz desafios em identificar usuários oriundos das diferentes organizações e definir seus direitos de acesso a determinado recurso. Abordagens comuns adotam a replicação do cadastro dos usuários pelas diversas instituições ou o compartilhamente de uma mesma identidade por um conjunto de usuários. Entretanto, essas estratégias apresentam deficiências, demandando, por exemplo, maior esforço de gerência por parte dos administradores e até esbarrando em políticas de privacidade. Neste trabalho propomos uma arquitetura que utiliza o conceito de papéis para a autenticação e o controle de acesso entre diferentes instituições. Baseado em uma relação de confiança entre as organizações, a arquitetura permite que os usuários sejam autenticados na instituições onde estão afiliados e utiliza o papel por eles desempenhados para controlar o acesso aos recursos disponibilizados pelas demais organizações.
Distributed computing has been expanding its scope from local area network applications to wide-area applications, involving different organizations. This expansion implies in several new security challenges, such as the identification of users originating from different organizations and the definition of their access rights. Commom aproaches involve replicating user data in several institutions or sharing identities among sets of users. However, these approaches have several limitations, sucj as the increased management effort of administrators or problems with privacy policies. This work proposes a framework for inter-institucional authentication. The framework is based on the concepts of RBAC (role-based access control) and of trust between organizations.
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Atkins, Derek A. (Derek Allan). « Media Bank--access and access control ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/61086.
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Byrnes, Collin DeMeere. « Access ». This title ; PDF viewer required Home page for entire collection, 2007. http://archives.udmercy.edu:8080/dspace/handle/10429/9.
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Giacomini, Marta. « I sistemi di accesso alla giustizia coztituzionale italiana e francese ». Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D081.
Texte intégralRésumé :
La présente recherche porte sur l'analyse des voies de recours disponibles au niveau constitutionnel italien et français, en accordant une attention particulière à la voie incidente, élément commun aux deux pays ayant cependant des particularités constitutionnelles spécifiques dans chacun des ordre juridiques. Si, en droit italien, le contrôle incident constitue une voie de recours classique permettant une action au fond, il représente une nouveauté en droit français. Introduit en 2008, il se décline selon des règles procédurales diverses de celles présentes dans l'ordre constitutionnel italien. Pourquoi donc chercher à associer deux formes d'accès à la justice constitutionnelle? Si nous ouvrons le sujet, notons tout d'abord que ladite voie de recours représente un élément essentiel, primaire, du contrôle de constitutionnalité, à propos duquel la science juridique s'est beaucoup interrogée. En outre, un certain nombre d'arrêts récents en lien avec les voies de recours à la justice constitutionnelle, tant italienne que française, illustrent les nouvelles réflexions se faisant jour quant au potentiel et à la critique de la procédure par voie d'exception, soulignant à la fois les similarité des voies de recours des deux systèmes. Enfin, il est intéressant de s'interroger sur la possibilité de transmettre un modèle ou une règle même d'offrir des solutions efficaces, remédiant ainsi aux problèmes déjà rencontrés par l'un ou l'autre des systèmes juridiquesThe research focuses on the analysis of the access to the Italian and the French constitutional jurisdiction, with particular regard to the incidental model which is a communal and distinctive feature of both constitutional realities. ln the Italian law, the abovementioned model represents the classical structure of the judgment on laws, while in the French system the “question prioritaire de constitulionnalité” represents a novelty introduced in 2008 which is regulated by different procedural rules. ln particular, we believed that some recent events related to the Italian and French constitutional jurisdiction, allow some considerations on the potential and critical issues of the incidental proceeding. To make sure that the comparison is not limited to a theoretical study but has also a "practical" utility, we will analyze some of the areas that are hardly reachable by the model at hand, also trying to verify if, based on the results of already tested experiences of comparative law, we can "export" useful solutions
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Capdepon, Yannick. « Essai d’une théorie générale des droits de la défense ». Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40029.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Si l’on s’accorde à dire que les droits de la défense sont un principe fondamental du droit processuel sans lequelune procédure ne saurait être dite équitable, le sens technique de cette notion demeure aujourd’hui toujoursobscur. En effet, l’approche traditionnelle consistant à définir les droits de la défense comme un ensemble degaranties dont dispose toute partie à une procédure afin d’y défendre ses intérêts ne parvient pas à lever toutesles incertitudes et, surtout, ne permet pas de comprendre rationnellement l’ensemble des hypothèses danslesquelles on peut constater leur utilisation technique et concrète.En arrière-plan des différentes garanties, les droits de la défense semblent se présenter comme un conceptdistinct de celles-ci. Ils sont en eux-mêmes une véritable norme introduite en droit positif sous la forme d’unprincipe fondamental dont les différentes garanties assurent l’effectivité. Imposant que toute personne soumise àun pouvoir décisionnel soit mise en mesure de se défendre, c’est-à-dire de soutenir ou de contester uneprétention, cette norme irrigue concrètement le droit positif en fondant aussi bien la nullité d’une procédure quel’irresponsabilité pénale de l’auteur d’une infractionIf it is agreed that defense rights are a fundamental principle of procedural law, without which, no trial could besaid to be fair, the technical sense of this concept still remains obscure today. Traditionally defined as anensemble of guarantees, which each party to the proceedings is entitled to in order to defend its interests, thisplural approach to the concept does not however remove all uncertainties. It especially does not allow us torationally understand all the situations in which we can see its concrete and technical application.Among the different guarantees, defense rights seem to present themselves as a distinct, separate concept. Theyare in themselves a true standard introduced into the substasntive law in the form of a fundamental principlewhere the different guarantees ensure its effectiveness. Stating that any person subject to a decision-makingauthority should be able to defend her or himself, that is to say to support or to deny a claim, this legal standardencompasses, concretely, positive law by basing both the nullity of a procedure and the irresponsibility of anoffender
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Hoppenstand, Gregory S. « Secure access control with high access precision/ ». Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/23386.
Texte intégralRésumé :
When classified data of different classifications are stored in a database, it is necessary for a contemporary database system to pass through other classified data to find the properly classified data. Although the user of the system may only see data classified at the user's level, the database system itself has breached the security by bringing the other classified data into the main memory from secondary storage. Additionally, the system is not efficient as it could be because unnecessary material has been retrieved. This is a problem in access precision. This thesis proposes a solution to the access precision and pass-through problems using a database counterpart to the mathematical concept of equivalence relations. Each record of the database contains at least one security attribute (e.g., classification) and the database is divided into compartments of records; Compartments are disjoint sets, where each compartment of records has the same aggregate of security attributes. A suitable database model, the Attribute-Based Data Model, is selected, and an example of implementation is provided. Keywords: Database security; Multilevel security; Computer security. (Theses)
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GOMES, CARMEN ANTUNES. « RANDON ACCESS WITH NOTIFICATION : MULTIPLE ACCESS PROTOCOLS ». PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 1993. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=9396@1.
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FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.AEste trabalho propõe e analisa uma versão de um protocolo híbrido de acesso aleatório com notificação, desenvolvido para redes VSAT ( Very Small Aperture Terminal) onde se busca uma combinação do baixo tempo de resposta de protocolos do tipo RA-TDMA (Random Access-Time Division Multiple Access) . No protocolo aqui estudado as transmissões são feitas em uma primeira tentativa através de um esquema RA-TDMA e no caso de ocorrência de colisão, os pacotes envolvidos são retransmitidos através de um esquema DA-TDMA. As notificações de transmissões são feitas pelas estações VSAT, através de um canal de sinalização, onde é atribuído a cada uma delas um segmento de tempo, aqui referido como slot de tempo, de posição fixa dentro de cada quadro. O desempenho do protocolo é analisado utilizando a técnica de Análise no Ponto de Equilíbrio (EPA), sendo considerados como medida de desempenho os parâmetros retardo médio de mensagem, vazão e taxa de rejeição de pacotes. São consideradas mensagens de um pacote e mensagens de tamanho variável. Comparações com outros protocolos contendo buffer ou não, também analisados utilizando a técnica EPA, são realizadas. Resultados de simulação encontrados na literatura de dois outros protocolos são também apresentados.
A version of a random access with notification, multiple access protocol developed for VSAT networks is considered. This hybrid protocol combines the low response delay of RA- TDMA contention protocols with the efficiency and stability of DA-TDMA type protocols. In the considered protocol a message generated by a VSAT station is transmitted, in a first attempt, using a RA-TDMA type of scheme. If a collision occurs in this first transmission of the message the collided packets are retransmitted through a Demand Assignment (DA)-TDMA type of access. When a remote station transmits its message in a RA-TDMA contention mode it notifies the central hub using a separate TDMA channel in which a fixed position time slot is reserved to each station within a frame. The performance of the protocol is evaluated in terms of throughput, expected delay and packet rejection rate by means of the so called Equiilibrium Point Analysis (EPA). Single and multi-packet messages, with a random number of packets, are considered in the performance analysis. Comparisons with other hybrid protocols, which were also evaluated in the literature by means of the EPA technique or through simulation results, are presented.
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Piccolo, Cynthia Marie. « The characterization of the judge in English Medieval and Tudor drama ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq35283.pdf.
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Taratoot, Cole Donovan. « Administrative Law Judge Decision Making in a Political Environment, 1991 - 2007 ». Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/political_science_diss/5.
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Unelected bureaucrats make a broad range of important policy decisions raising concerns of accountability in a democratic society. Many classics in the literature highlight the need to understand agency decisions at stages prior to the final vote by agency appointees, but few studies of the bureaucracy do so. To this point, scholars have treated the issue of shirking as one where laziness and inefficiency are the driving forces. However, it is more realistic to expect that shirking comes in the form of ideological resistance by administrators. I develop a theory that the independence afforded to the bureaucracy is functionally comparable to that of the judiciary, allowing for the insertion of individual attitudinal preferences by bureaucrats. Drawing from the attitudinal model of judicial research, I look at whether attitudes affect the decision making of administrative law judges at the National Labor Relations Board, the influence administrative law judge decisions have on reviewing bodies, and whether attitudinal decision making can be controlled by external political and legal actors. Results demonstrate that Democratic judges are more likely than Republican judges to rule for labor in unfair labor practice cases, administrative law judge decisions provide the basis for subsequent decisions of reviewing bodies, and that few political and legal controls exist over this set of bureaucrats. This research provides evidence that lower level bureaucrats make decisions based on their own political preferences and that these preferences have far ranging consequences for policy and law.
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Neudorf, Lorne. « Judicial independence : the judge as a third party to the dispute ». Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32268.
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In this thesis, the author sets out a conceptual framework for judicial independence. From the starting point of adjudication as the basic function of the judiciary, the author embarks on an historical inquiry to shed light on the judicial determination of disputes. This inquiry reveals an ancient tradition of adjudicative impartiality stretching back to ancient Egypt. This tradition of impartiality is the unifying theme in Hobbes' theory of law. In the state of nature, each person possesses complete liberty. In order to enter into a peaceful society, persons must give up the right to decide their own disputes. Since persons can no longer act as their own judges, a third party must resolve legal conflict. Given this understanding, the author proposes the perception of impartiality as the fundamental rationale of judicial independence. Judicial independence creates the necessary space between judges and potential sources of undue influence to preserve the status of the judge as an impartial third party to the dispute. Finally, the author critiques the doctrine of judicial independence in Canadian law from the perspective of this conceptual framework.Dans cette thèse, l'auteur établit un cadre conceptuel pour l'indépendance judiciaire. Du point de départ de la resolution des disputes comme la fonction de base du système judiciaire, l'auteur se lance dans une enquête historique afin d'illuminer le processus de la détermination juridique des disputes. Cette enquête révèle une ancienne tradition d'impartialité judiciarie qui remonte à l'Égypte antique. Cette tradition de l'impartialité est le thème unificateur dans la théorie du droit de Hobbes. Dans l'état de la nature, chaque personne possède une liberté totale. Afin de creer une société pacifique, les personnes doivent renoncer au droit de juger leurs propres disputes. Du fait que les personnes ne puissent plus agir comme leur propres juges, il faut une tierce partie pour résoudre les conflits. L'auteur propose que c'est la necessité que cet "autre" soit perçu comme impartiel par les parties au dispute qui est le fondement de l'indépendance judiciaire. L'indépendance de la justice crée une espace entre les juges et les sources d'influence afin de préserver le statut du juge comme une tierce partie au dispute. Enfin, l'auteur critique la doctrine de l'indépendance judiciaire dans le droit canadien dans la perspective de ce cadre conceptuel.
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Ibraheem, Khaled Assad. « How consumers judge brands endorsed by corporations : a process-based explanation ». Thesis, Brunel University, 2012. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7642.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Corporations follow different strategies to leverage their existing brands. One of these is brand extension, which is the extension of an existing brand to a new product category. In this strategy, corporations have two alternatives, one of which is the family brand extension. Here, the new product is introduced under the corporate name along with the extension’s category name (e.g. Sony mobile, Nestlé mineral water, and Gillette shampoo). The second alternative is the brand endorsement. In this alternative, the extension is given a new name. Moreover, the corporation’s name is presented as the endorser in the extension brand structure and communications (e.g. Scandic by Hiliton, Courtyard by Marriott). However, the focus will be on the extension brand name, rather than the corporate name. The endorser’s main role is to provide credibility and substance to the endorsed brand, while maintaining the endorsed brand’s freedom to establish its unique associations and personality. It is well-known that, in the family brand extension, the perceived fit between the parent brand and the extension product category moderates consumers’ judgement of the extension (i.e. the new product which is introduced under the parent name). However, widely-diversified corporations (e.g. Nestlé, Unilever) often endorse their products to leverage their corporate credibility. The proliferation of using a corporate name to endorse products in the case of corporations with diversified product portfolios puts the importance of the fit on the corporate endorser, and the endorsed product brand under scrutiny. Specifically, it raises the following questions: to what extent is the perceived fit between the corporate brand endorser and the endorsed brand really important in an endorsement context? What is the relative importance of fit and endorser credibility in an endorsement context, and why? In the current research, it is proposed that both corporate credibility and fit affect consumers’ judgement in an endorsement context. However, the endorser credibility is more important. It is also proposed that corporate credibility is more important than fit because it is more diagnostic, which makes the endorser credibility more recallable for the consumer. The current research results have shown that, when consumers can easily recall information related to the endorser credibility and the fit between the endorser and the endorsed brand, both endorser credibility and fit has an effect on the endorsed brand. However, endorser credibility has a stronger effect on the endorsed brand judgement than fit. Moreover, the results have shown that fit moderates the effect of corporate credibility only when the endorser credibility is high. When consumers have difficulty recalling information, fit does not moderate the effect of the endorser credibility on the endorsed brand. The current research findings have been obtained by conducting two experiments. In Experiment One, corporate credibility and perceived fit were manipulated in an endorsement context. Consumer judgement of the endorsed brand was measured by the perceived quality and purchase intention. Experiment Two was conducted to study the impact of the information accessibility on the effect of the endorser credibility and fit on the endorsed brand judgement. Endorser credibility, fit and information accessibility were manipulated in an endorsement context. Perceived quality and purchase intention of the endorsed brand were also used to measure the consumers’ judgement of the endorsed brand.
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Marin, Soudabeh. « Truth and judgement : Ostad Elahi, Iranian judge and philosopher (1895- 1974) ». Thesis, University of Exeter, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439876.
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Nedelcheva, Antoniya. « Le droit au juge dans l'Union européenne ». Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Le constat selon lequel le droit au juge au profit des personnes physiques et morales est un élément de l’État de droit, et donc de l’Union de droit, constitue le point de départ de l’étude du droit au juge dans l’Union européenne. Sur le plan de l’effectivité de la protection juridictionnelle des droits que les particuliers tirent de l’ordre juridique de l’Union, on ne peut que constater que celle-ci est profondément conditionnée par les voies de droit ouvertes aux individus dans les ordres juridiques nationaux.L’examen du droit au juge devant les juridictions nationales démontre que l’ordre juridique de l’Union a réussi à leur imposer les prémisses d’un véritable droit processuel de l’Union. Concernant la capacité des juridictions de l’Union à assurer le droit au juge des particuliers, il est permis de soutenir que les limitations originaires de ce dernier ont, en partie, été comblées par l’entrée en vigueur du Traité de Lisbonne, qui a réduit le déficit juridictionnel dans le cadre de l’Union par la mise en place d’une juridictionnalisation accrue, une meilleure accessibilité à certaines voies de recours et l’inscription de garanties complémentaires, notamment en ce qui concerne le respect du droit à un procès équitable. Le postulat selon lequel l’Union européenne dispose d’un système complet et effectif de protection des droits des particuliers, s’il n’est pas exempt de critiques, tend néanmoins à se confirmer.Telle est l’ambition de cette recherche qui s’ordonne selon une structure bipartite : la protection juridictionnelle devant les juridictions nationales ; la protection juridictionnelle devant les juridictions de l’Union européenneThe finding that the right to an effective judicial protection for the benefit of natural and legal persons is an element of the rule of law, and thus the Union of law, is the starting point of the study to the effective judicial protection in the European Union. In terms of effectiveness of the judicial protection of rights, which individuals derive from the legal order of the Union, it has been established that this latter is deeply conditioned by the remedies offered to individuals in the national legal systems. The review of judicial protection before the national courts demonstrates that the legal order of the European Union has managed to impose national courts the beginnings of a real procedural law of the Union. Concerning the ability of the European Union courts to ensure the right to an effective judicial protection of individuals, it is permitted to argue that the original limitations to the judicial protection have, in part, been addressed by the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, which reduced the judicial deficit through the Union by the extension of the jurisdiction of the courts, the improvement of the accessibility to certain remedies before the courts of the Union and the inclusion of additional safeguards, especially concerning the right to a fair trial. The assumption that the European Union has a complete and effective system of judicial protection of individual rights, which is not always free from criticisms, nevertheless, tends to confirm. This is the ambition of this research, which is organized in a bipartite structure: the judicial protection before the national courts ; the judicial protection before the courts of the European Union
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Brown, Trevor Junior. « Time division multiple access/code division multiple access for the optical local access network ». Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243716.
Texte intégral
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Kottahachchi, Buddhika. « ACCESS : Access Controls for Cooperatively Enabled Smart Spaces ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/32101.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2005.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 75-79).
Traditionally, access control mechanisms have been static in nature, requiring explicit intervention in order to change their behavior. However, since security requirements can be expected to change frequently and rapidly in ubiquitous computing environments, access control mechanisms that can react to the context in which they are applied are desirable. With this in mind, we have created ACCESS (Access Controls for Cooperatively Enabled Smart Spaces); a framework for enabling dynamic, role-based and context-aware access control mechanisms in ubiquitous computing applications.
by Buddhika Kottahachchi.
M.Eng.