Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « AC. Relationship of LIS with other fields »

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to redefine information and other associated library and information science (LIS) concepts and to reformulate the mission of the library and information profession and the problem of LIS using these concepts. Design/methodology/approach – This study adopts a deductive approach to conceptualization, starting from one given, a priori concept. Findings – This paper develops a constellation of concepts which offer mutual clarification for each other. Having defined data by drawing on its existing denotations, it defines “information” as the combined product of data and meaning, and “document” as the combined product of information and media; it defines “knowledge” as one type of meaning and “work” as one type of information. It shows that the mission of the library and information profession is to ensure maximum discoverability and accessibility of information, and that LIS is structured into two fields correspondingly, each consisting of three tiers of knowledge: philosophical foundations, theories, and technologies. Practical implications – The redefinition of basic LIS concepts may have practical implications for LIS curriculum design and for the cultivation of professional identity among LIS students in the all-encompassing I-Schools. Originality/value – This study has formed a coherent conceptual framework for LIS and has clarified the hitherto rather confusing relationship between data, information, and knowledge, and the rather nebulous structure of LIS problems; it sheds some light on the source of conflicts between the subjective and objective conceptualization of information and questions the prevailing understanding of work as ideas or meanings.

A Review of: Powell, Ronald R. and Susan E. Boling. “Post-Master’s Educational Needs of Information Professionals.” Journal of Access Services 3.4 (2005): 29-43. Objective – To investigate post-master’s educational needs and interests of information professionals. Design – Survey research using print and electronic questionnaires. Setting – The geographic area surrounding Wayne State University in Michigan, United States of America. Subjects – Members of the library associations of Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, and Southwestern Ontario, Canada. Methods – Systematic random samples were derived from the membership lists of the library associations in Ohio, Indiana, and Southwestern Ontario. Paper questionnaires were mailed to those selected. Michigan Library Association’s official policy barred the release of its membership list to researchers. Consequently, announcements of the survey were placed in three successive issues of the Association’s electronic newsletter. Interested members were directed to a web site to complete an electronic version of the questionnaire. This option was also extended to members of the other three library associations. The overall research question was investigated through specific questions that sought to ascertain the overall level of interest in professional library and information studies (LIS) education, levels of interest in specific types of programs, factors that favoured or deterred enrolment in doctoral programs, as well as the fields of study that were preferred for combination with LIS in doctoral programs. With the exception of demographic type questions (e.g., place of residence and educational qualifications) and two questions that required open ended responses, the questionnaire design encompassed questions with Likert scale type responses. Analysis of the responses included descriptive statistics, the use of Pearson chi-square to determine statistically significant relationships, and, to a lesser extent, content analysis. Main Results – A total of 270 questionnaires (33%) were returned from three populations: Ohio, Indiana, and Ontario. A self-selected sample of 101 members (6%) of the Michigan Library Association responded. In general, almost 80% of the respondents admitted some importance to adding to their LIS qualification. However, only 41% felt that this was important or extremely important. From a choice of six educational offerings, namely, continuing education activities, non-degree master’s coursework, a second master’s degree, post-master’s certification, doctoral programs, and other, continuing education activities was the most valued, by 65.5% of the respondents. Participants were asked about their reasons, and the importance of these, for considering or deciding to enrol in an LIS doctoral program. The yearning to acquire knowledge was reported by 69.7% as the major reason, followed by 45.8% of the respondents who cited the wish to increase their income potential. In terms of major factors, prestige received the lowest rating, 21.1%. The time involved (73.8%), cost (66.3%), and distance from the program (63.2%) were cited as the major deterrents to enrolling in doctoral programs. When asked about the likelihood of pursuing a doctoral LIS program in combination with business administration, computer science, or without any combination, “not likely” was the most popular choice. Those who were very likely or likely to pursue a joint program totalled approximately 30% of the respondents, while 37% indicated an interest in undertaking a doctorate in LIS only. The most frequent reasons proffered by those who selected “not likely” or “definitely not” for any of the three doctoral offerings included lack of interest, mitigating factors (e.g. time, cost, age, and program location), unfavourable cost/benefit analysis, preference for another area of knowledge, and the view that Ph.D.s were only useful for university faculty. Given the option to name subject areas that they desired to see combined with LIS in a doctoral program, 23 of 101 respondents proposed education, while 19 opted for public administration. A question inviting any other comments on the issue of post-master’s education yielded a predominant desire for “non traditional instruction,” particularly online courses as well as classes held in convenient locations. In terms of relationships between geographic location and factors that influenced interest in enrolling in a doctoral program, the desire “to become a more effective manager,” and “other” were statistically significant. The analysis also revealed a strong positive relationship between willingness to pursue an LIS-only doctoral program and the availability of such a program in geographic proximity. Similarly, there was a strong relationship between willingness to pursue an LIS program in close vicinity and the importance that was given to further LIS education. Conclusion – Online instruction and geographic proximity are key determinants of information professionals’ interest in pursuing post-master’s education at the doctoral level. Continuing education activities, non-degree coursework, and certificate programs are preferred over doctoral LIS programs, despite the finding that the major reason for enrolling in doctoral LIS programs is to fulfill the desire for knowledge acquisition. Schools offering Library and Information Science studies need to explore options for providing distance-education doctoral LIS programs as a means of reversing the current shortage of LIS faculty.

Abstract Purpose Formal concept analysis (FCA) and concept lattice theory (CLT) are introduced for constructing a network of IDR topics and for evaluating their effectiveness for knowledge structure exploration. Design/methodology/approach We introduced the theory and applications of FCA and CLT, and then proposed a method for interdisciplinary knowledge discovery based on CLT. As an example of empirical analysis, interdisciplinary research (IDR) topics in Information & Library Science (LIS) and Medical Informatics, and in LIS and Geography-Physical, were utilized as empirical fields. Subsequently, we carried out a comparative analysis with two other IDR topic recognition methods. Findings The CLT approach is suitable for IDR topic identification and predictions. Research limitations IDR topic recognition based on the CLT is not sensitive to the interdisciplinarity of topic terms, since the data can only reflect whether there is a relationship between the discipline and the topic terms. Moreover, the CLT cannot clearly represent a large amounts of concepts. Practical implications A deeper understanding of the IDR topics was obtained as the structural and hierarchical relationships between them were identified, which can help to get more precise identification and prediction to IDR topics. Originality/value IDR topics identification based on CLT have performed well and this theory has several advantages for identifying and predicting IDR topics. First, in a concept lattice, there is a partial order relation between interconnected nodes, and consequently, a complete concept lattice can present hierarchical properties. Second, clustering analysis of IDR topics based on concept lattices can yield clusters that highlight the essential knowledge features and help display the semantic relationship between different IDR topics. Furthermore, the Hasse diagram automatically displays all the IDR topics associated with the different disciplines, thus forming clusters of specific concepts and visually retaining and presenting the associations of IDR topics through multiple inheritance relationships between the concepts.

Some oil fields produce from different reservoirs, which may be incompatible generating precipitates. These precipitates are often asphaltenes, which can be an emulsion stabilizing agent negatively affecting the oil treatment processes. In this work, the influence of oil incompatibility on the stabilization of water-in-oil emulsions was studied. Emulsions were evaluated from three different oils (A, B and C) and their mixtures (AB, AC, BC and ABC). The results showed that there is a relationship between separation kinetics of emulsions and asphaltene precipitation. The separation kinetics of the emulsions was faster for more compatible oils. We observed that oil A, which was the less stable regarding asphaltenes, and the ABC mixture, which was the most incompatible mixture, both presented the slowest kinetics of emulsion separation. On the other hand, mixture BC which had the highest compatibility among the other mixtures presented a faster kinetic of emulsion separation.

We extend the Microscopic Representation approach to the quantitative study of religious and folk stories: A story encrypting symbolically the creation is deconstructed into its simplest conceptual elements and their relationships. We single out a particular kind of relationship which we call "diagonal (or transitive) link": given two relations between the couples of elements AB and respectively BC, the "diagonal link" is the (composite) relation AC. We find that the diagonal links are strongly and systematically correlated with the events in the story that are considered crucial by the experts. We further compare the number of diagonal links in the symbolic creation story with a folk tale, which ostensibly narrates the same overt succession of events (but without pretensions of encrypting additional meanings). We find that the density of diagonal links per word in the folk story is lower by a factor of two. We speculate that, as in other fields, the simple transitive operations acting on elementary objects are at the core of the emergence and recognition of macroscopic meaning and novelty in complex systems.

Exploring management fields in terms of green policies is essential to create a footprint on today’s global corporate world; it is very important for all staff, employers, stakeholders, and other customers. This work attempts to study the relationship between the management of green human resources and the actions of organisational citizenship with the mediating role of affective commitment. The analysis relied on the emerging theory of abilitymotivation-opportunity (AMO) to use all the green human resource management (GHRM) attributes. Well renowned secondary school of Kathmandu Valley staff participated in the data collection. Three hundred and fifty fully-filled questionnaires were returned through a self-structured sampling tool. Staff having academic qualifications of at least graduate degrees were preferred for better understanding and effective data quality. A widely used PLS-SEM method was applied to analyse small sample-sized studies and ensures the normal distribution of data. The research highlights the GHRM method and its effect on the engagement of workers to their actions in the organisation. In addition, concerning GHRM and organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB), affective commitment (AC) has formed a mediating role. Only secondary schools are included in the study; the outcome is a fruitful review of the effects of GHRM implementation in the education sector. Numerous studies have reconnoitered various variables to link the GHRM with the organisational studies. The complementary partial mediation effect of AC to OCB is an attempt of showing novelty in the field of education sector in the study. The study suggests a globalised study regarding GHRM for future endeavours.

Faraday rotation spectroscopy (FRS) is generally used to detect the concentrations of various paramagnetic trace gases because of its high detection sensitivity, zero background noise and the ability to get rid of the interference of diamagnetic materials effectively. In most of FRS technologies, the used electromagnetic fields are produced by AC coils, thereby triggering off some problems such as high energy consumption and excessive heat generation. Thus the modeling and the simulation study of spatial magnetic field distribution based on the combined ring permanent magnets are carried out to establish an axially distributed homogeneous magnetic field and provide a permanent magnet-based homogeneous magnetic field along the optical axis for FRS measurement. In this simulation, the method of finite element mesh division is adopted based on basic electromagnetic relationship in Maxwell equations. By the simulation study of the magnetic field distribution of the actual Nd-Fe-B permanent magnet magnetic ring array, the physical model proves to be reliable. Basically, three methods of optimizing the permanent magnetic ring arrays. i.e. single ideal value optimization method, the multi-part single objective optimization method, and the gradient optimization method, are proposed. The single ideal value optimization method and the multiple ideal value optimization method are used to realize the optimization of magnets. However, by analyzing the two methods, it is clear that compared with the single ideal value optimization method, the multiple ideal value optimization method in which the whole region is divided into several small parts can achieve good uniformity of permanent magnet array. In this way, the third method, i.e. the gradient optimization method is used to realize the construction of a homogeneous magnetic field with a uniform central axis magnetic flux density distribution used for FRS. Finally, the standard magnetic field uniformity for measuring the quality of magnet field is suggested, and through the calculation and evaluation of the magnetic field uniformity, the optimization effects of different optimization methods are analyzed and compared with each other. And the final results about realizing a homogeneous magnetic field provide a reference for developing the FRS equipment based on permanent magnets.

Mapping Iron Age field systemsAn assessment of the applicability of aerial photographyThere is little doubt that agriculture constituted the fundamental activity in prehistoric Denmark following its introduction 6000 years ago. Traces of cultivation are, however, almost solely preserved in the form of ard marks on surfaces sealed beneath barrows or layers of aeolian sand. Only one period in prehistory shows coherent traces revealing how field systems were formed and how they fitted into the landscape. During the course of the Late Bronze Age (1000-500 BC), a system of cultivation was introduced over large parts of NW Europe in which the individual fields or plots were separated from one another by low earthen banks and terrace edges or lynchets. These field systems could extend over several hundred hectares.These cultivation systems appear primarily to have been in use between 500 BC and AD 200. Research into prehistoric field systems has a long tradition extending all the way back to the 1920s in England, The Netherlands and Denmark, whereas in NW Germany and on Gotland work took place during the 1970s, with the Baltic Countries being involved in the 1990s. Early research was directed in particular towards mapping the field systems which, at that time, lay untouched in agriculturally marginal areas such as heath and woodland.In Denmark, Gudmund Hatt was a pioneer in this field. During the course of several campaigns, especially during the 1930s, he recorded 120 occurrences of field systems, primarily on the heaths of Northern and Western Jutland. These were published in 1949 in his major work Oldtidsagre (i.e. Prehistoric Fields). His work was continued by Viggo Nielsen who recorded 200 field systems in the forests of Zealand and Bornholm, largely between 1953 and 1963. In the former Aarhus county, the record has subsequently been augmented by a systematic reconnaissance of the forests which took place between 1988 and 1992. Subsequently, this led to the extensive investigations of field systems at Alstrup Krat near Mariager. As early as the 1920s, English researchers were aware of the fact that both ploughed-down and preserved field systems were visible on aerial photographs. However, the method was first applied in Denmark, The Netherlands and NW Germany in the 1970s, leading to a several-fold increase in the number known localities. In Denmark, P.H. Sørensen recorded 447 field systems in the former Viborg and North Jutland counties alone. P. H. Sørensen has published a series of articles dealing with various aspects of aerial photography in relation to ancient field systems. For example, the colour and origin of the various soil marks, the shape and size of the plots, different types of field systems and the relationship with soil type. He has also published several surveys of individual field systems. A significant problem with P.H. Sørensen’s work relates to the very few published plans showing the field systems and to the fact that these are based exclusively on a single series of aerial photographs.The main aim of this article is to demonstrate the potential for mapping field systems on the basis of not one but several series of aerial photographs. This is done through the detailed survey and mapping of three individual field systems and access to a series of data sources with respect to the interpretation of information contained in the aerial photographs. These comprise an interpretation of the origin of soil marks of banks and lynchets and an evaluation of the degree to which this interpretation is influenced by subjectivity. It is beyond the scope of this investigation to locate the field systems within a settlement and landscape context.Sources and study areaIn order to explore the problems and questions outlined above, three field systems were chosen in the central part of Himmerland: Skørbæk Hede, Gundersted and Store Binderup (fig. 1). This selection took place on the basis of an examination and assessment of almost all recorded field systems in Himmerland evident on several series of aerial photographs. These three field systems chosen are among those best preserved and also the most cohesive. Furthermore, all three have been mapped previously: Skørbæk Hede by Hatt on the basis of field survey, and the two others by P.H. Sørensen on the basis of aerial photographs. This provides the opportunity to evaluate any possible subjectivity in the procedure employed. Hatt makes a distinction between field boundary banks and lynchets. This opens up the possibility of evaluating how the two forms of boundary appear on aerial photographs. At Gundersted Hatt cut two sections through boundary banks. These, together with sections from other of Hatt’s excavations and more recent examples from the investigations at Alsing Krat, form the basis for an investigation of how soil marks arise and develop over time. In this investigation, use has also been made of historical maps in order to reveal the influence of historical cultivation on the presence/absence of soil marks. The earliest maps are from c. 1780. The primary source remains, however, series of vertical aerial photographs. Access to the latter has become considerably easier in recent years. A large proportion is now accessible via various web portals, and recently an overview became available of the contents of private and public archives. For the purposes of this investigation, use has been made of scanned contact copies of aerial photograph series from 1954, 1961 and 1967. From digital archives, use has been made of aerial photographs from 1979 and 1981 and the orthophoto maps from 2007 and 2008, respectively.Digitalisation and rectification of aerial photographsPreviously, mapping on the basis of aerial photographs was a laborious process involving tracing paper and the transfer of features to topographic maps. The introduction of GIS has, however, eased the process considerably and has also made it easy to compare various map themes such as soil-type, land-use, and digital finds databases. Before mapping can commence, the aerial photograph must be scanned, rectified and geo-referenced. rectification was carried out using the programme Airphoto, while geo-referencing and drawing in of the features were done in MapInfo. An example is shown in figure 2.Soil marks – how do they originate?In order to understand how the boundary banks and lynchets between plots appear as soil marks on the aerial photographs, it is necessary to examine how these boundaries were built up and also the influences to which they have been exposed from their creation and up until the time when they are visible on aerial photographs. Figures 3 and 4 show sections through two boundary banks at Gundersted These were carried out by Hatt at the beginning of the 1930s, just prior to the area coming under cultivation again and 20-25 years before the first aerial photographs revealed pale traces of boundary banks. As the area had not been cultivated since the Iron Age, the stratigraphy is the result of natural soil-formation processes: a podsol has been formed, comprising a heath mor layer uppermost, beneath this a bleached sand layer and an iron pan, and at the base the old cultivation layer and the topsoil core of the boundary bank, consisting of brown and grey sand. Ploughing of the boundary banks will, initially, not result in significant soil marks as the three uppermost layers are of equal thickness along the whole length of the section. A pale soil mark will, however, appear when the boundary bank has been levelled out and the plough begins to turn up material from the light topsoil core. This soil transport can in some instances continue for more than 70 years, but the soil marks will as a consequence also become wide and fragmented. This account of the processes leading to the appearance of the pale soil marks is completely different from the only other theory proposed in this respect, i.e. that of P.H. Sørensen. He describes a development involving three phases, beginning with the ploughing up of the bleached sand horizon which generates a pale soil-colour trace. Later in the development there is a shift to a dark trace, when the material in the topsoil core becomes ploughed up. In the final phase, the trace shifts again to a pale colour, when the plough begins to bring up the subsoil. However, these two sections show neither a bleached sand horizon nor a darker topsoil core. Furthermore, no colour changes have been observed at any of the localities. The fact that the boundary banks are apparent as pale soil marks is not due to ploughing up of the bleached sand layer but of the topsoil bank core. Ploughing down of the other boundary form, the terrace edge or lynchet, as shown in figure 5, will similarly result in the formation of a pale soil-colour trace through material being brought up from the pale topsoil core. P.H. Sørensen was also fully aware of this situation, and it can be confirmed by comparing Hatt’s map of the Skørbæk Hede site, where a distinction is made between boundary banks and lynchets, with the soil marks apparent on the aerial photograph series Basic Cover 1954 (fig. 6).Dark vegetation marks and pale erosion marksAlmost all the soil marks that form a basis for the mapping of the three field systems appear pale in relation to the surroundings. There are, however, occasional exceptions to this rule in the form of dark marks in areas of heather heathland and newly-ploughed heath. On the aerial photograph of Skørbæk Hede from 1954, a few dark marks can be seen directly south of Trenddalen (fig. 6) which correspond with the results of Hatt’s survey. These lie in an area which was cultivated between 1937 and 1954. In 1961, the area was taken out of cultivation and became covered with small trees. A corresponding phenomenon can be observed to the west of the settlement where the heather heathland was cultivated between 1954 and 1961 (fig. 7). These marks probably arise from the vegetation as a consequence of better growing conditions over the topsoil cores of the boundary banks. The fact that lynchets and boundary banks offer different growing conditions has been documented at Alstrup Krat where it could be seen that in several places anemones grew on the lynchets. Differences in the vegetation on the field surfaces and the boundary banks have also been observed on aerial photographs showing the scheduled examples of field systems at Lundby Hede and Øster Lem Hede.The final type of soil-colour trace to be dealt with here comprises the very pale patches that occur on both sides of Trenddalen at Skørbæk Hede and on the western margins of the field system at Gundersted. These could possibly be interpreted as ploughed-up deposits of aeolian sand, but this is not the case. By comparison with the topography and through stereoscopic viewing of the aerial photographs it becomes clear that these features are located on steeply sloping terrain and that they are due to ploughing up of the sandy subsoil. They become both larger and more pronounced with time as more and more subsoil sand is progressively eroded out due to ploughing (figs. 6, 7, 8 and 9).The influence of historic cultivation on soil marksThe fact that Hatt could still see boundary banks and lynchets in the landscape during his investigations in the 1930s was of course due to these areas not having been ploughed since they were abandoned at some time during the Iron Age. The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters’ conceptual map from the end of the 18th century shows that 30% of Himmerland was covered by heath, 42% was cultivated, 21% lay as meadow and bog and only 4% was covered by woodland (fig. 1). By comparing the identified field systems with the heath areas on the maps, an idea can be gained of the duration of cultivation and how it has influenced the soil marks. Correspondingly, by comparing plans showing soil marks with the cultivated area shown on the conceptual map, it is possible to investigate whether cultivation, presumably continuous here since the 12th century, has erased traces of field systems dating from the Early Iron Age. Plates I-III show combined plans of soil marks from boundary banks, lynchets and recorded barrows at the three localities. The ordnance maps from the 1880s have been chosen as a background, showing contour lines, land use and wetland areas, and the cultivated areas have been added from the conceptual map. At both Gundersted and Skørbæk Hede, there are clearly no soil marks in the areas marked as cultivated on the conceptual map. Conversely, the immediately adjacent heath areas show many coherent traces. On this basis, it must be assumed that the field systems from the Early Iron Age also once extended into areas shown as cultivated on the conceptual map but that the long-term cultivation has apparently erased any trace of them. It should, however, be mentioned that Lis Helles Olesen’s investigations in NW Jutland only reveal a slight preponderance of field systems located on the old heath areas, so there may well be regional differences.The original total extent of the field systems is of course difficult to assess, but the field system at Store Binderup provides an idea of the order of magnitude. This field system is apparent as a well-defined topographic unit surrounded by wetland areas; the latter are shown on the conceptual map to be completely covered by heath. The field system extends over c. 75% of the cultivable area. In order to examine the influence of modern cultivation on the clarity of the soil marks, plans showing traces of the boundary banks have been compared with a series of historical maps. In general, the soil marks at all three localities appear most clear in areas which were cultivated latest. Former heath areas completely lacking in soil marks have probably never been cultivated. The last 50 years of cultivation with large agricultural machinery has had a dramatic effect on the soil marks. On figures 7, 8 and 9, clear evidence of ploughing out can be seen, whereby the soil marks in several places increase from 5 to 9 m in width. The negative effect of long-term cultivation on soil marks documented here only applies to pale soil marks on sandy soils. A number of field systems are apparent as dark soil marks, the visibility of which does not appear to be affected to the same extent by long-term cultivation. These make up only 3% of those recorded by P.H. Sørensen, and no sections through boundary banks are available from any of these field systems.Comparison of maps produced by field survey and from aerial photographsEvery map expresses an interpretation of what has been observed. This also applies of course to both Hatt’s mapping of the field systems on the ground in the 1930s and the subsequent mapping conducted on the basis of aerial photographs. Quality and credibility are, however, increased considerably, if the features observed can be confirmed by several sources or several researchers, reducing the subjective aspect to a minimum.On figures 10 and 11, the author’s plan of Skørbæk Hede based on aerial photographs is compared with the results of Hatt’s field survey. There is no doubt whatsoever that the aerial photographs are better able to show the overall extent of the field system. Conversely, the resulting plan is less detailed than Hatt’s map. In a few cases, however, sub-divisions of the fields are seen on the aerial photographs which Hatt did not record in his survey (figs. 8-9). In order to investigate subjectivity in the interpretation of the aerial photographs, a comparison has been made between the author’s and P.H. Sørensen’s plans of the field systems at Gundersted and Store Binderup (figs. 12, 13 and 14). Good agreement can be seen in the interpretation of the soil marks apparent on the aerial photographs of both localities. This suggests that the subjective aspect of the interpretational process is not a major problem.Evaluation of the method’s range with respect to studies of the agrarian landscapeAerial photographs encompass a great research potential relative to studies of the arable landscape during the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. They are the only source available with respect to mapping the morphology and extent of the field systems, with the exception of the few remains tangible which still exist in woodland and on heaths. Field systems are particularly important in a cultural-historical context because they constitute the sole example from prehistory of the appearance of a total integrated cultivation system and how it was adapted to the landscape.The information contained on the aerial photographs, particularly in the form of pale soil marks resulting from the exposure or ploughing-up of the topsoil core of the boundary banks and lynchets, is a credible source relative to the mapping of the morphology and extent of field systems. Comparison between the maps and plans produced by several researchers mapping does not give cause to perceive the interpretation of the information as the aerial photographs as being particularly subjective. On the contrary, very good agreement can be seen between these interpretations.In a mapping exercise, use should be made of a number of different series of vertical aerial photographs as this provides the most detailed picture of the morphology of the field systems.A very significant source of error has been identified which must be taken into account when mapping the extent of the field systems, i.e. cultivation during historical times. In areas that were cultivated prior to the enclosure movement, i.e. in the very great majority of cases presumably since the 12th century, it cannot be expected to find pale soil marks. Long-term cultivation and the consequent mixing of the upper soil layers have erased most traces of boundary banks and lynchets. Renewed cultivation within the last 100-150 years appears, conversely, only seems to have had a marginal effect on the occurrence of soil marks. As mentioned above there can, however, be marked regional differences on the influence of historical cultivation on the clarity and degree of preservation of the soil marks. This is an aspect it will be interesting to study in more detail in the future.Michael VinterMoesgård Museum

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore to which extent data mining research would be associated with the library and information science (LIS) discipline. This study aims to identify data mining related subject terms and topics in representative LIS scholarly publications.Design/methodology/approachA large set of bibliographic records over 38,000 was collected from a scholarly database representing the fields of LIS and the data mining, respectively. A multitude of text mining techniques were applied to investigate prevailing subject terms and research topics, such as influential term analysis and Dirichlet multinomial regression topic modeling.FindingsThe findings of this study revealed the relationship between the LIS and data mining research domains. Various data mining method terms were observed in recent LIS publications, such as machine learning, artificial intelligence and neural networks. The topic modeling result identified prevailing data mining related research topics in LIS, such as machine learning, deep learning, big data and among others. In addition, this study investigated the trends of popular topics in LIS over time in the recent decade.Originality/valueThis investigation is one of a few studies that empirically investigated the relationships between the LIS and data mining research domains. Multiple text mining techniques were employed to delineate to which extent the two research domains would be associated with each other based on both at the term-level and topic-level analysis. Methodologically, the study identified influential terms in each domain using multiple feature selection indices. In addition, Dirichlet multinomial regression was applied to explore LIS topics in relation to data mining.

Artificial Chemistries (AC) represent systems consisting of "species" representing atoms or molecules, that interact according to transformative rules resembling chemical reactions. AC's main field of application is biochemical systems, where it has been extensively applied in relation to the representation of autopoietic systems and the emergence of life. Due to their generative power, AC's have been applied in other areas such as cognitive and social science as well as for artistic creation. Following this idea, we developed a practice-oriented research group over 6 months with students from the Technical University in Dusseldorf, under the direction of the first author and supported by the second author’s research group, whose aim is exploring the bi-directional relationship between the theory of AC and the creation of generative systems in the fields of art and design. Our research project follows the notion of Abraham A. Moles, that every analytical tool can be used as a tool for creation and vice versa. Our current research program is divided into three sub-areas that are interconnected: 1) Investigating the potential of artistic methods to help to deepen the understanding and the intuitive grasp of the structure and the properties of ACs. The central method we are exploring is the method of sonification. 2) Exploring the potential of the concepts of AC as tools to create generative systems in the fields of art and design. Of special interest is the application of concepts in AC to create generative sound systems that are based on man-machine-interactions. 3) Exploring the potential of the concepts in AC as analytic tools to analyze basic structures of the creative design process. We propose that by translating our observations of a creative process into the language of AC both at conceptual and operational levels, we might be able to develop a process of effective formalization towards an artificial intuition.

Desarrolla un estado del arte sobre el análisis de las investigaciones y reflexiones teóricas que se han desarrollado en la ética de la información (EI) y sus influencias en la evolución teórica de la ética en Bibliotecología y Ciencias de la Información (BCI). Para ello, se revisaron las principales fuentes bibliográficas sobre estas dos categorías (EI y ética en BCI), bajo el método cualitativo, el análisis descriptivo y documental de los estudios contemporáneos. Asimismo, se analizó las principales teorías/paradigmas desarrolladas por los más destacados autores del tema, como es el caso de Luciano Floridi. A modo de conclusión, se determinó que la EI tiene una estrecha relación en el desarrollo de la ética en BCI debido a que la primera otorga los fundamentos filosóficos, los conceptos como infosfera y agentes morales/informacionales forman parte de la construcción de los valores éticos y, además, es el espacio donde se presentan los dilemas éticos que determinan al profesional bibliotecológico. Se recomienda incentivar la investigación sobre este tema, ya que existe una preocupante escasez literaria.

Pretende discutir teorías y analizar conceptos, pues asume que es también importante realizar este tipo de metodologías de investigación interpretativas dentro de la Bibliotecología y las Ciencias de la Información. De manera particular, la investigación emplea el modelo de la Ética de la información de Luciano Floridi como marco teórico especializado en los problemas relacionados a la información desde una dimensión moral, que permite evaluar y revisar el propio concepto de información, junto a otros aspectos de la problemática informacional, pero siempre desde una perspectiva integradora. De ese modo, esta investigación consiste en una interpretación de la novela 1984 de George Orwell desde los conceptos de la Ética de la información de Floridi, entendida como una macroética, en la cual replantea las tres dimensiones de la información, como recurso-producto-objetivo, y propone su unificación e interacción en la Infosfera, pero además, reconoce que cualquier acción que afecte negativamente a la Infosfera en su conjunto puede incrementar el nivel de entropía. La tesis sostiene, a modo de resultado general, la importancia de la libertad individual como una condición indispensable para la creación y transmisión de información confiable y veraz que contribuya al conocimiento de la realidad, y considera la idea de que la presencia de individuos libres y bien informados fortalece un sistema democrático y enriquece la Infosfera. La idea básica es que el ciudadano debería defender la democracia, porque este tipo de gobierno pretende salvaguardar sus derechos fundamentales, como son el derecho a la vida, a la libertad, a la seguridad, a la privacidad, a la libertad de opinión y de expresión, al libre acceso a la información, etc., y este tipo de reconocimiento y defensa de derechos, difícilmente, ocurriría en gobiernos autoritarios.

This research studies the knowledge organization systems (KOS) related to theories to build thesaurus, taxonomies, ontologies and classification systems in the literature field of Information Science. It uses the methodology of literature review and a research on the same field databases in order to investigate the bibliographic production about the theme, from 1998 up to July 2009. A bibliographic research about knowledge organization and representation is carried out, specifically related to the development of thesaurus, taxonomies, ontologies and classification systems. It identifies the same theoretical way to build KOS through the classification theory, concept theory, the relationship between the concepts and the foundation of Linguistics and Terminology. Extrinsic and intrinsic characteristics were analysed from the representative sample of the bibliographic production about KOS. The extrinsic analysis is relative to form aspects, including the publication year, authors, title, publication and keywords. The intrinsic analysis relates to content aspects through the subject analysis of the documents following the theoretical foundations. The last chapter verifies that the thesaurus and classification systems are the most quoted in the literature about KOS, being a theoretical reference to the development of these systems based on the international standards and rules. It highlights the importance of consolidating common standards to build different types of KOS in the field of Information Science and shows the need of gathering the multidisciplinary interests linked by the same goals and also getting better practices in the knowledge organization and representation.

Binghamton University Libraries has had a challenging decade, facing both a declining number of staff and a stagnant budget, which has made replacing the lost staff difficult. One of the larger issues that has arisen is finding internal candidates to fill management positions in the Libraries as employees retire. This project set out to answer two questions: • Why are current employees not willing to move into leadership positions • What steps can be taken by the B.U. Libraries to overcome reluctance to serve in these positions? In order to answer these questions, a review of literature in job satisfaction, and leadership and organizational change was completed. The Binghamton University Library staff was surveyed, and the results were analyzed with descriptive, thematic and cross-tabular analysis. What was discovered is that there is an interest in leadership in the Binghamton University Libraries, but much of the opportunity and focus is given to newer staff; and many staff were not even aware such opportunities were available to them.

In digital "archeology" it is typically not enough to read bit streams from original media like floppy disks just into a file. Those bitstreams have a logical structure which might not be easily accessible if no information on the underlying block structure and filesystem is available (implemented for the system where the bit stream is read on). This thesis looks into recovered bit streams of Burroughs Technologies Operating System (BTOS) or its successor the Convergent Technologies Operating System (CTOS) filesystems. It discusses the basics of computer forensics and filesystems required to write a tool to recover single files from the bit stream on an abstract level. Additionally an implementation is programmed which interprete the bit streams and save them to single files.

In the context of knowledge management (KM) in the field of digital libraries (DL), communities of practice (CoPs) is one of the unexplored areas of interests for research, as compared with those in the fields of business and management, education, engineering and medical sciences. Greater importance is being placed on those communities on their ability to share knowledge, facilitate knowledge transfer and most importantly in providing the proper context for learning to take place. Thus, this research sought to: (1) find out the defining characteristics of CoPs in the field of DL, (2) examine on how CoPs‘ contribute to the development of a learning culture and (3) determine the success and hindering factors in the development of such learning culture. This study was grounded on an interpretivist philosophical view. Hence, the methodological approach of this study was qualitative in nature in which experiential or context-based data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Research sampling was limited to professionals who are actively involved in DL communities. These include DL designers, system developers, system administrators, librarians, academicians in DL educational programmes, graduate students and scholars having common interests in DL and its enabling technologies. The gathered data were analyzed based on Peterson et al.‘s five steps thematic analysis. The findings of the study revealed that DL CoPs take a variety of forms, has no definite structure and their creation is always dependent on the purposes for which they are established. Furthermore, results indicated that there is a strong culture of learning among DL professionals which is characterized by the four distinct cultures of practices – knowledge sharing culture, culture of collaboration, knowledge transfer culture and the culture of innovation. However, there are also critical success factors in creating a culture of learning as follows: human behaviour, organizational and technological factors. In contrast, the hindering factors or barriers include: attitude towards knowledge sharing, culture-related barriers or challenges, language limitation, and time.

The adaptation to the European Higher Education Area led to the adoption of a curricular program based on the acquisition of competences by students. The Equality Act and other subsequent regulations have emphasized the need for the university to train its students in competencies that respect diversity, gender equality and non-discrimination. The contents taught in the Degree in Information and Documentation, as well as the professional profile of graduates, make especially necessary to promote sensitivity to gender inequalities as they will perform tasks of processing and representing the contents of information and intermediation in the informational processes of those who seek and use information. For that reason is the justification and interest in conducting this research. We have analyzed mentions of diversity attention (functional, ethnic-racial, sexual, etc.), gender equality and the inclusion in teaching programs of the subjects taught in the Degree in Information and Documentation in the Spanish universities. The sample studied consists of 471 teaching guides which have been downloaded in pdf from the websites of the 11 public universities that teach the degree and they correspond to the 2018-2019 academic year. For the analysis of the documents, the qualitative analysis program "Atlas.ti" has been used. The 471 programs have been introduced in both programs as primary documents, grouped into families according to course, grade and university. It has been determined the percentage of subjects in which mention is made of these contents or competences to be acquired by the students, the type of subjects, the course in which they are and the subject in question. We have also been able to determine if the mention is made by relating the competences to be acquired by the students, in the contents of the subject or in the bibliography. The results have also been grouped according to the subjects and the type of subject. To that end, a set of categories has been established (inertia subjects, legal inertia, colonization, natural evolutionary and evolutionary by commitment) in terms of attention to diversity and the integration of the gender perspective. To conclude, the most of the teaching programs ignore training in gender competencies and inclusion to future information professionals. In general, the little presence of the gender perspective in the teaching projects of the Spanish universities is observed after carrying out the analysis of all the teaching guides of each university.

Citation indexes are important authority resources for measuring the contribution of scientists and scientific publications to literature. Many studies in information retrieval are based on research aiming to develop retrieval algorithms. These studies tend to receive citations from different fields because of the interdisciplinary nature of information retrieval. Therefore, it is important to analyze the so-called “citation classics” retrospectively to find out their impact on other fields. Yet, it is not easy to do this using citation indexes, especially for relatively old papers, as traditional citation analysis tends not to reveal the full impact of a work on other studies at its time and periods that follow. In order to see the big picture it is important to study the contribution of these studies on other disciplines as well. In this study the impact of Maron and Kuhns’ citation classic on “probabilistic retrieval” published in 1960 has been visualized using pennant diagrams that were developed on the basis of relevance theory, information retrieval and bibliometrics. We hypothesized that “The interdisciplinary relations that are unobservable with traditional citation analysis can be revealed using the pennant diagrams method”. In order to test the hypothesis works that cited Maron and Kuhns’ study between the years of 1960 and 2015 have been downloaded with their references (a total of 4,176 unique works) and graphics have been prepared by the macros written in MS Excel. Of 4,176 works, 90 were selected using convenience sampling techniques to create static and interactive pennant diagrams for further analysis. Another important output of this study is the relevance rankings. As an alternative to the relevance rankings based on the similarity of references already used in citation indexes, relevance rankings have been created using the pennant diagrams that took into account not only items that cited the core (seed) paper but also citations to the items that cited the core paper. Relevance rankings based on the similarity of references and that of pennant diagrams have been compared. Findings support the hypothesis in that pennant diagrams provide information as to which papers that the core paper on probabilistic model influenced or got influenced from, directly or indirectly. Relevance ranking based on pennant diagrams revealed the impact of the core paper on information retrieval field as well as on other disciplines. Furthermore, it identified the relations between these somewhat disconnected fields, between authors, works, and journals that cannot be readily identified using traditional citation analysis. Relevance rankings using pennant diagrams seem to have been more successful than the relevance rankings based on references similarity. This study is the first such study in Turkey that uses pennant diagrams for relevance rankings. The data used in graphs and relevance rankings are available through citation indexes (the frequencies of total citations and co-citations). Thus, alternative relevance rankings based on pennant diagrams can be offered to users. Pennant diagrams can help researchers track the relevant literature more easily as well as identify how a core work influences other works in a specific field or in other fields.

The paper focuses on a test the value of information in the design and implementation of educational policies of the primary sector in Uruguay. This component is analyzed considering the information as a strategic component of the Ideological State Apparatus-IEA from here, and therefore carries the dominant ideology. With this instrument of domination, states apply their ideology to ensure the replication of the existing socio-economic order, putting this way, including the working class to the system of capitalist exploitation. Emphasizing the place it should occupy the Librarian in the design of these policies, and therefore in the reproduction of such order, it demystifies the principle of "neutrality" of the information sought from andalusia stablishment menial sectors. The job calls for the political class and must assume the information professionals in this case Librarian, to contribute, from the legacies of Marx, Engels and their followers to build critical subjects, able to articulate new forms of social organization.

There is a risk of alternating current (AC) corrosion on pipelines that are buried in proximity to overhead AC power transmission lines due to induced AC caused by magnetic fields around the power transmission lines. Grounding of the line pipes is generally applied for the mitigation of induced AC. In the present paper, studies were conducted to predict the induced AC level through the measurement of magnetic flux density using magnetic field sensors. The relationship between magnetic flux density and induced AC level was then obtained through theoretical studies. In addition, as a result of field tests conducted on an existing pipeline buried in proximity to power transmission lines, induced AC level could be predicted through the measurement of magnetic flux density using magnetic field sensors above the pipeline route. Magnetic flux density can be measured regardless of the number and location of power transmission lines as well as other metallic structures, and therefore it is expected that the AC prediction method using magnetic field sensors can be applied on the pipelines buried in proximity to multiple power transmission lines and/or to other metallic structures with complicated configuration.