Articles de revues sur le sujet « Aborto spontaneo »

Sebbene la letteratura sulla moralità dell'aborto sia abbastanza ampia il dibattito si riferisce quasi sempre all'aborto provocato. Poco si discute invece sulla rilevanza morale dell'aborto spontaneo, cioè dell'interrompersi della gravidanza indipendentemente dalla volontà della donna o dal fatto che ella sappia di essere gravida. Gli autori presentano dapprima una breve sintesi di ordine scientifico sull'aborto ripetuto spontaneo, considerando la sua incidenza le cause e il trattamento. In particolare essi presentano l'esperienza nella Divisione di Ginecologia disfunzionale dell'Università Cattolica di Roma nella quale alcuni di essi lavorano. Successivamente essi discutono ampiamente il significato morale dell'aborto spontaneo esaminandolo alla luce delle due principali e contrapposte posizioni circa l'aborto volontario. Per gli autori non è accettabile identificare tutti gli eventi naturali con i precetti morali così che l'esistenza di una patologia in natura (e tale è l'aborto spontaneo) non significa che si sia obbligati a indurla. In altri termini il richiamo alla natura come fondamento della legge morale naturale non deriva dalla osservazione dei fenomeni che si presentano in natura ma dal concetto di natura umana. Considerando il rispetto dovuto alla vita umana sin dal concepimento gli autori concludono che si è moralmente obbligati a cercare di prevenire l'aborto spontaneo come pure a ricercare nuove modalità per rilevare il più presto possibile il concepimento sin dal momento in cui si verifica. Ogni elusione di queste responsabilità potrebbe identificare una negligenza moralmente rilevante nel determinarsi dell'aborto "spontaneo".

In sette anni, dal 1987 al 1994, l’incidenza annuale dell’abortività legalmente indotta è diminuita in Italia da n. 191.469 IVG a n. 136.481 (-28,7%). L’indice per mille nati-vivi è passato nello stesso periodo dal 347 del 1987 al 234 del 1994, con un decremento pari al -32,5%. Il tasso di abortività provocata per mille donne (dai 15 ai 49 anni) è passato dal 13,3 del 1987 al 9,5 del 1994, con un calo del -28,6%. Un tenue aumento percentuale è stato osservato nelle classi di età da 15 a 19 e da 30 a 34 anni. I dati statistici regionali presentano notevoli differenze nella frequenza delle IVG. Il confronto con i dati della cosiddetta “abortività spontanea” conduce ad evidenziare che varie regioni con basso indice di “abortività indotta” presentano più elevati tassi di “aborto spontaneo”. Tale frequente correlazione statistica induce l’Autore a supporre che con ogni probabilità una certa percentuale di “aborti spontanei” in realtà sia costituita da “aborti volontari”, codificati per “cause indeterminate”. La “speranza di vita” nel secondo mese di vita prenatale non è analoga per tutte le regioni. Aggregando i dati dell’abortività indotta legale, quelli dell’abortività “spontanea”, e gli indici di mortalità perinatale (entro la prima settimana dalla nascita), si evidenziano differenze notevoli fra le distinte regioni. Nel Veneto la probabilità per il feto di sopravvivere ha un valore dell’80%, in altre regioni, quali Emilia-Romagna, Piemonte, Liguria, Umbria e Toscana, la “speranza di sopravvivenza” (di giungere alla seconda settimana del primo anno di vita) è limitata al 65%, poiché circa il 35% degli “esseri umani” che hanno superato le otto settimane dal concepimento viene soppresso con l’aborto volontario, codificato come IVG, oppure è eliminato come “aborto spontaneo” o si presenta come nato-morto o, ancora, muore entro la prima settimana dalla nascita. Naturalmente tale probabilità non tiene conto degli embrioni e dei feti eliminati subito dopo il concepimento o nelle prime otto settimane di vita fetale. Il raffronto con i diversi indici demografici, quali la mortalità generale, la speranza media di vita, la mortalità infantile, ritenuti generalmente favorevoli per l’Italia, conferma che per molte regioni l’abortività rimane invece problema sociale grave, meritevole certamente di più adeguata attenzione non solo nell’ambito della medicina preventiva, ma anche della coscienza civile.

Introduzione: La sindrome di Edwards, altrimenti nota come Trisomia 18, è una malattia genetica che può essere caratterizzata da molteplici anomalie congenite multiorgano e spesso è considerata una malattia “incompatibile con la vita”, con un’alta percentuale di gravidanze terminate con aborto (spontaneo o indotto) o il rifiuto alla nascita di possibili trattamenti, anche se alcuni bambini con questa condizione vivono per diversi anni. Obiettivo: Lo scopo di questo lavoro è di discutere l’approccio di etica clinica alla Trisomia 18 attraverso il caso di Angelica – giunta all’attenzione dei curanti nella Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS in Roma nel 2017 – una bambina affetta da tale patologia che, al momento attuale, ha raggiunto l’età di 4 anni e 10 mesi. Risultati: Dal momento della diagnosi (prenatale) al follow-up attuale è stato messo in atto un approccio eticoclinico, di cui vengono illustrate le valutazioni interdisciplinari che nel tempo sono state effettuate relativamente alla proporzionalità delle possibili opzioni di trattamento, anche di tipo invasivo/intensivo. Conclusioni: La Trisomia 18 non può più essere considerata una malattia “incompatibile con la vita” ed è importante una valutazione interdisciplinare, sia prenatale sia postnatale, che vada a identificare step by step i possibili trattamenti clinicamente ed eticamente appropriati e proporzionati. Tali trattamenti, anche quando invasivi/intensivi, non si configurano necessariamente come over-treatment, ma come la messa in atto di cure palliative finalizzate a migliorare la qualità di vita di questi bambini ed a facilitare la loro gestione domiciliare.

AbstractPresso il Reparto di Neurochirugia Pediatrica dell'Istituto G. Gaslini di Genova sono seguiti circa 500 bambini con difetti di chiusura del tubo neurale di cui 9 pazienti sono nati da gravidanza gemellare: 2 gravidanze erano trigemellari (1 triplacentare, tricoriale e triamniotica e 1 biplacentare, bicoriale); le altre 7 sono state riferite come bicoriali, biplacentari in 4 casi, monocoriale e mono placentare in 1 caso monocoriale monoplacentare e monamniotica in un altro e nell'ultimo caso non si hanno informazioni. Il dato importante da sottolineare è che in questi pazienti, un solo gemello è affetto, cioè esiste discordanza fenotipica tra i gemelli. In un solo caso l'altro gemello presentava malformazioni: ano imperforato ed anomalia dello sbocco uretrale. Si pensa che una separazione tardiva dei due zigoti sia accompagnata da un maggior rischio di sviluppo di malformazioni, non necessariamente espresse in entrambi. Un'ineguale divisione del-l'embrione potrebbe essere responsabile di una più alta suscettibilità ad influenze distruttive di uno dei gemelli, risultandone uno sviluppo asincrono con differenti effetti teratogeni. Questi pazienti presentano difetti di chiusura del tubo neurale a vari livelli: 3 cefaloceli occipitali, 5 mielomeningoceli, (1 lombare, 2 lombosacrali, 2 sacrali) e 1 li-pomeningocele lombosacrale. Per quanto riguarda la storia della gravidanza si è verificato un aborto spontaneo di un gemello al 3° mese e in un altro caso la gemella è nata morta. In tre gravidanze è stata riferita l'assunzione di farmaci durante il 1° trimestre ed infezione da toxoplasma nel 11° trimestre in un caso. In una sola famiglia è stata riportata incidenza di malformazioni non precisate in collaterali ed in una anamnesi veniva rifeirito un parente affatto da tumore gastrico prima di 35 anni. Dei 9 gemelli affetti, 3 femmine e 6 maschi, in sei casi sono dello stesso sesso e l'altro gemello risulta essere sano, nonostante l'ipotesi che i gemelli dello stesso sesso siano più facilmente monozigoti e quindi con maggior rischio che la stessa malformazione sia presente in entrambi.

Objetivo: o estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar as internações por aborto espontâneo no município de Fortaleza, Ceará, no período de 2010 a 2014. Metodologia: estudo descritivo exploratório, com dados obtidos por meio do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde. Resultados: os dados mostram que foram registradas 14.203 internações por abortamentos espontâneos, sendo 2010 o ano de maior incidência. Observou-se ainda que a maioria dos atendimentos concentrou-se no sistema público de saúde e a maior parte deles em caráter de urgência. Conclusões: os dados permitem afirmar a urgência do acesso da população à educação sexual nas escolas.Descritores: Aborto espontâneo, Saúde Reprodutiva, Epidemiologia.HOSPITALIZATION FROM MISCARRIAGES:A PORTRAIT OF ITS OCCURRENCE IN FORTALEZA.Objective: The study aimed to characterize hospitalizations from miscarriage in Fortaleza , Ceará, in the period 2010-2014. Methodology : A descriptive exploratory study , with data obtained from the Department of Health System Information . results: the data shows that 14,203 admissions were recorded from miscarriages, and 2010 being the year of highest incidence . It was also observed that most of the visits focused in the public health system and most of them on an urgent basis . Conclusions: The data allows us to state the urgency of sex education in schools for the population.Descriptors: Abortion Spontaneous, Reproductive health, Epidemiology.HOSPITALIZACIÓN POR ABORTO ESPONTÁNEO : UN RETRATO DE SU APARICIÓN EN FORTALEZA.Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar las hospitalizaciones por aborto involuntario en Fortaleza , Ceará , en el período 2010-2014.Metodología: Un estudio exploratorio descriptivo, con datos obtenidos del Departamento de Información del Sistema de Salud . resultados : los datos muestran que 14,203 admisiones fueron registrados por abortos espontáneos , y 2010 , el año de mayor incidencia. También se observó que la mayoría de las visitas se centraron en el sistema de salud pública y la mayoría de ellos con carácter de urgencia . Conclusiones: Los datos permiten afirmar la urgencia de acceso de la población a la educación sexual en las escuelas.Descriptores: Aborto Espontáneo, Salud Reproductiva, Epidemiología.

El parto pretérmino es un problema de salud a nivel mundial. En la medicina perinatal continúa siendo una de las complicaciones más frecuentes, de ahí que la mayor parte de las muertes neonatales ocurren en nacidos prematuros. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la relación entre el aborto previo como factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de parto pretérmino en gestantes ingresadas en al área de emergencias y hospitalización del Hospital Básico Jipijapa. Este trabajo se desarrolló como una investigación cualicuantitativa, retrospectiva, descriptiva y transversal. Las características sociodemográficas de las pacientes con antecedentes de abortos previos y parto pretérmino mostraron que las menores de 18 años, casadas, residentes en zonas urbanas y con nivel de instrucción secundaria fueron la mayoría. Se determinó que el aborto previo predominante fue espontáneo, de dos o tres. La edad gestacional del aborto fue menor a 12 semanas, el tiempo entre la ocurrencia del aborto y el embarazo que culminó en un parto pretérmino fue de 6 meses y la complicación del aborto más presentada fue el aborto séptico. La edad gestacional y el peso al nacer de los pretérminos que tuvieron antecedentes maternos de aborto previo, en su mayoría fue mayor a 32 semanas y con un peso superior a los 2 500 gramos. Palabras clave: Aborto previo, factor de riesgo, parto pretérmino. Abstract Preterm birth is a global health problem. In perinatal medicine, it continues to be one of the most frequent complications, hence the majority of neonatal deaths occur in premature births. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between previous abortion as a risk factor for the development of preterm birth in pregnant women admitted to the emergency area and hospitalization of the Jipijapa Basic Hospital. This work was developed as a qualitative-quantitative, retrospective, descriptive and cross-sectional investigation. The sociodemographic characteristics of the patients with a history of previous abortions and preterm delivery showed that those under 18 years of age, married, living in urban areas and with a secondary education level were the majority. It was determined that the predominant previous abortion was spontaneous, of two or three. The gestational age of the abortion was less than 12 weeks, the time between the occurrence of the abortion and the pregnancy that culminated in preterm delivery was 6 months, and the most common complication of the abortion was septic abortion. The gestational age and birth weight of the preterm who had a maternal history of previous abortion, were mostly greater than 32 weeks and with a weight greater than 2 500 grams. Keywords: Previous abortion, risk factor, preterm delivery.

Este estudo tem como objetivo expor as vivências e percepções de mulheres na experiência do abortamento espontâneo atendidas em uma maternidade pública de referência do nordeste brasileiro. Estudo descritivo-exploratório de natureza qualitativa, realizado em uma maternidade pública de Imperatriz - MA, nordeste do Brasil. A coleta, com 17 mulheres pós-abortamento espontâneo, ocorreu entre março e outubro de 2018. Os dados foram analisados pela Análise de Conteúdo. Das falas emergiram quatro categorias: A experiência do abortamento; Sentimentos envolvidos e a concretização da perda; Violência Obstétrica e suas múltiplas faces; Religiosidade e resiliência. Mulheres em situação de abortamento espontâneo enfrentaram dor física e psicológica, medo, tristeza e vivenciaram casos de violência obstétrica durante atendimento hospitalar. Ao seu favor, estas mulheres utilizaram a religião como estratégia para compreender e superar a experiência vivenciada. A mulher com perda gestacional necessita de acompanhamento pós-alta para orientação sobre seus direitos reprodutivos.Descritores: Abortamento, Saúde Reprodutiva, Humanização, Enfermagem. Experiences and perceptions of women undergoing spontaneous abortion in a public maternity hospitalAbstract: This study aims to expose the experiences and perceptions of women in the experience of spontaneous abortion attended in a public maternity of reference in northeastern Brazil. Descriptive-exploratory study of qualitative nature, carried out in a public maternity of Imperatriz - MA, northeastern Brazil. The collection, with 17 women after spontaneous abortion, occurred between March and October 2018. The data were analyzed by Content Analysis. Four categories emerged from the statements: The experience of abortion; Feelings involved and the realization of loss; Obstetric violence and its multiple faces; Religiosity and resilience. Women in situations of spontaneous abortion faced physical and psychological pain, fear, sadness and experienced cases of obstetric violence during hospital care. In their favor, these women used religion as a strategy to understand and overcome the experience experienced. Women with gestational loss need post-discharge follow-up for guidance on their reproductive rights.Descriptors: Abortion, Reproductive Health, Humanization, Nursing. Experiencias y percepciones de mujeres sometidas a aborto espontáneo en una maternidad públicaResumen: Este estudio tiene como objetivo exponer las experiencias y percepciones de las mujeres en la experiencia del aborto espontáneo al que asistieron una maternidad pública de referencia en el noreste de Brasil. Estudio descriptivo-exploratorio de naturaleza cualitativa, realizado en una maternidad pública de Imperatriz - MA, noreste de Brasil. La colección, con 17 mujeres después de un aborto espontáneo, se produjo entre marzo y octubre de 2018. Los datos fueron analizados por Content Analysis. De las declaraciones surgieron cuatro categorías: La experiencia del aborto; Sentimientos involucrados y la realización de la pérdida; Violencia obstétrica y sus múltiples rostros; Religiosidad y resiliencia. Las mujeres en situaciones de aborto espontáneo enfrentaron dolor físico y psicológico, miedo, tristeza y experimentaron casos de violencia obstétrica durante la atención hospitalaria. A su favor, estas mujeres utilizaron la religión como estrategia para entender y superar la experiencia experimentada. Las mujeres con pérdida gestacional necesitan seguimiento posterior a la descarga para obtener orientación sobre sus derechos reproductivos.Descriptores: Aborto, Salud Reproductiva, Humanización, Enfermería.

Spontaneous abortion is an impeding factor for the success rates of human assistant reproductive technology (ART). Causes of spontaneous abortion include not only the pregnant mothers’ health conditions and lifestyle habits, but also the fetal development potential. Evidences had shown that fetal chromosome aneuploidy is associated with fetal spontaneous abortion, however, it is still not definite that whether other genome variants, like copy number variations (CNVs) or loss of heterozygosity (LOHs) is associated with the spontaneous abortion. To assess the relationship between the fetal genome variants and abortion during ART, a chromosomal microarray data including chromosomal information of 184 spontaneous aborted fetuses, 147 adult female patients and 78 adult male patients during ART were collected. We firstly analyzed the relationship of fetal aneuploidy with maternal ages and then compared the numbers and lengths of CNVs (< 4Mbp) and LOHs among adults and aborted fetuses. In addition to the already known association between chromosomal aneuploidy and maternal ages, from the chromosomal microarray data we found that the numbers and the accumulated lengths of short CNVs and LOHs in the aborted fetuses were significantly larger or longer than those in adults. Our findings indicated that the increased numbers and accumulated lengths of CNVs or LOHs might be associated with the spontaneous abortion during ART.

Background: Unsafe abortions is causing about 8% of maternal deaths in India. So, it’s important to use contraception not only for spacing but also to prevent unintended pregnancies. It is well known that fertility is resumed in the immediate cycle following an abortion. Post abortal contraception is very important in preventing pregnancies in the immediate post-abortal period. This study was intended to know the acceptance of post-abortal contraception in women coming for medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) or following spontaneous abortion in tertiary care centre. Thus, it is vital to know the choices made by them, to know the method accepted so that it will be helpful in bringing awareness in those who do not opt for post-abortal contraception. Aims and objectives were to study the acceptance rate of post-abortal contraception. Also, to study the method of contraception accepted.Methods: It was a retrospective cohort study from 2018 to 2020 done in Vani Vilas hospital, BMCRI, a tertiary hospital. A total of 2273 patients were enrolled in the study. Data was collected from both 1st trimester and 2nd trimester abortion patients (spontaneous/induced) from the Comprehensive abortion care register. The acceptance and method of contraception accepted was studied. Inclusion criteria were-women coming to tertiary centre for abortion (spontaneous/induced) to Vani Vilas hospital. Exclusion criteria were-Molar pregnancy and Ectopic pregnancy. Demography, educational status, details of spontaneous or induced abortions, parity and gestational age at abortion, the acceptance and methods of contraception accepted were studied.Results: A total of 2273 patients were included in the study of which 738 were MTP and 1535 were cases of spontaneous abortion. 912 (40.12%) were primigravidae and 1361 (59.87%) were multigravida. Various methods of contraceptives were accepted by 1973 (86.80%) patients, whereas 300 (13.19%) did not opt for any method of contraception. Of 1973 patients,176 (7.7%) underwent sterilization.Conclusions: The acceptance rate of post-abortion contraceptive methods was good. Acceptance of COCs and LARC was almost similar in this study. Immediate acceptance of contraception in the post-abortal period is very crucial in reducing unintended pregnancies and abortions hence family planning services after abortion need to be strengthened.

Aborsi adalah pengguguran seorang janin baik dilakukan sendiri ataupun orang lain oleh seorang perempuan atau seorang ibu. Dalam dunia kedokteran aborsi dibagi menjadi dua macam aborsi, yaitu aborsi spontan dan aborsi buatan (sengaja dan medis). Pandangan Syariat Islam secara umum mengharamkan praktik aborsi. Hal itu tidak diperbolehkan karena beberapa sebab, yaitu Syariat Islam datang dalam rangka menjaga Adhdharuriyyaat al-khams, aborsi sangat bertentangan sekali dengan tujuan utama pernikahan dan tindakan aborsi merupakan sikap buruk sangka terhadap Allah SWT. Tindakan aborsi merupakan sikap buruk sangka terhadap Allah. Seseorang akan menjumpai banyak diantara manusia yang melakukan aborsi karena didorong rasa takut akan ketidakmampuan untuk mengemban beban kehidupan, biaya pendidikan dan segala hal yang berkaitan dengan konseling dan pengurusan anak. Ini semua merupakan sikap buruk sangka terhadap Allah. Padahal Allah telah berfirman: “Dan tidak ada suatu binatang melata pun di bumi melainkan Allah-lah yang member rezekinya” Maka, Syariat Islam memandang bahwa hukum aborsi adalah haram kecuali beberapa kasus tertentu. Dalam kalangan Ulama terdapat perbedaan pendapat tentang praktik aborsi tersebut, dan mereka memiliki dalil-dalil yang sama kuat, yaitu sebagai berikut:1)Dalil-dalil yang melarang dilakukannya aborsi sebelum Islam datang, pada masa jahilliyah, kaum Arab mempunyai tradisi mengubur hidup-hidup bayi yang baru dilahirkan. Allah SWT berfirman :“Dan apabila bayi-bayi perempuan yang dikubur hidup-hidup ditanya, karena dosa Apakah Dia dibunuh”. (At Takwir 8-9)Islam membawa ajaran yang menentang dan mengutuk tradisi jahiliyyah ini. Allah SWT berfirman : إِنَّ رَبَّكَ يَبْسُطُ الرِّزْقَ لِمَنْ يَشَاءُ وَيَقْدِرُ ۚ إِنَّهُ كَانَ بِعِبَادِهِ خَبِيرًا بَصِيرًا“Sesungguhnya Tuhanmu melapangkan rezeki kepada siapa yang Dia kehendaki dan menyempitkannya; sesungguhnya Dia Maha Mengetahui lagi Maha Melihat akan hamba-hamba-Nya.” (QS. Al-Isra:30) Kata Kunci : Hukum Aborsi, Perspektif Islam

Purpose: About 10-15% of all pregnancies terminate as spontaneous miscarriages. In the first trimester, ≈50% of spontaneous miscarriages are the result of chromosomal aberrations, mostly chromosomal aneuploidies. Cytogenetic analyses are used to confirm aneuploidy in failed pregnancies. Culture failure or poor-quality chromosomes are often problems in those cases. In such situations, methods that are independent of tissue culture are used, and we employed multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). We determined if MLPA is an appropriate and compatible method compared with classical cytogenetic analyses on fetal tissues. Methods: All fetal samples received from spontaneous abortions were cultured, karyotyped (if possible) and genomic DNA extracted. MLPA analyses were undertaken using subtelomeric probe kits. Additionally, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was used to confirm aneuploidy detected by MLPA in cases of failed culture growth. Results: MLPA analyses confirmed an unbalanced chromosome abnormality identified by cytogenetic analyses in all cases in which tissue culture was successful, and provided data in cases of failed culture growth. Several common numeric chromosome aberrations were detected, as well as rare trisomies and other unbalanced chromosome rearrangements. Conclusions: MLPA analyses can provide information about the karyotype of a DNA sample if cytogenetic analyses are not possible because of a lack of viable cells or if only a small amount of genomic DNA is available. Th

Background: Recurrent miscarriages are common complications in pregnancy. Neopterin is one of the immunologic biomarkers of several diseases related to activation of the cellular immune system. RSA is associated with immune system related abnormalities.Objectives: We aimed to investigate the effectiveness of neopterin levels in the early diagnosis of RSA.Methods: Eighty RSA patients and forty-three healthy controls were included in the study. The neopterin concentrations were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. For the statistical analysis, Mann-Whitney U test and Pearson correlation test were used the; p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Serum mean neopterin levels were 16.47±0.095 nmol/L in RSA group and 6.14±0.041 nmol/L in control group, respectively. Compared to the control group, a statistically significant increase (p=0.0183) in the serum neopterin levels of the patients was observed. There was a negative correlation between serum neopterin level and age in both the control (R=0.0774, p=0.6236) and RSA groups (R=0.1415, p=0.2089). However, this correlation was not statistically significant (p>0.05).Conclusions: With overstimulation of interferon-γ (INF-γ) during pregnancy, the production of neopterin increases by monocytes/macrophages. The measurement of neopterin levels in the serum contributes to the early diagnosis of pregnancy losses.

Background LIN28B plays an important role in early embryonic development, but its role in villous trophoblast implantation and differentiation remains unknown. This study aims to verify the role of LIN28B in trophoblastic villous tissue and cells from women with URSA (unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion) and artificial termination of pregnancy (negative control, NC). Methods The LIN28B gene and its protein expression level were detected with real-time quantitative PCR, Western immunoblotting analysis, and immunocytochemistry. The gene was also overexpressed in chorionic villous cell lines (HTR-8/SVneo and BeWo) to examine its effect on trophoblast function. Results The expression of LIN28B mRNA and protein of URSA villi was lower than that in the NC group. At the cellular level, overexpression of LIN28B enhanced cellular migration, and invasion, and inhibited apoptosis. LIN28B may inhibit apoptosis by promoting Akt phosphorylation and by inhibiting Bad phosphorylation and Bcl-2 expression. In addition, LIN28B inhibited cell fusion and reduced cellular syncytia. Conclusions LIN28B can inhibit cell invasion and migration in vitro and promote apoptosis and fusion. The low expression of LIN28B in URSA villous trophoblast cells may be one of the causes of abortion. The role of LIN28B in villous trophoblasts needs further study. Lay summary Propagation of offspring is of great significance to the continuation of the human race. However, continuous pregnancy is more difficult for some women, especially women who have multiple miscarriages. One important contributor is the cessation of development caused by genetic factors of the embryo, but there are still many unknown reasons. We investigated the LIN28B gene which is a possible pathogenic factor in the placenta. We collected 25 cases of abortion in the experimental group (unexplained recurrent abortion group) and 25 in the control group (artificial termination of pregnancy group): on average at 7–8 weeks of pregnancy. We tested the function of lin28b in these samples and verified its function in cell lines. LIN28B plays an important role in maintaining early pregnancy by promoting the invasion of villous cells, inhibiting apoptosis and fusion, and the reduction of LIN28B expression may lead to the occurrence of early miscarriage.

We evaluated EEG changes and pain relief in migraineurs with glyceryl trinitrate (GTN)-induced attacks treated with intravenous sodium valproate (iSVP). EEG frequency analysis was performed in 45 migraineurs without aura and in 19 controls at baseline, at the time of maximum GTN-induced headache, and 30 min after 300 mg iSVP. Nineteen migraineurs presented early specific headache (migraine identical to spontaneous attacks; MSp) and 26 presented early nonspecific headache (MnSp). During attacks in MSp there was an increase of theta [16.6% (14.8-19.3) to 19.4% (17.4-22.1), P = 0.02] and delta activity [3.6% (3.1-4.4) to 5.4% (3.9-6.5), P = 0.009], whereas there was no decrease in alpha [41.4% (36.2-45.1) to 39.7% (34.7-44.8)] or beta activity [37.6% (34.7-40.3) to 35.1% (33.5-38.8)]. iSVP reduced migraine from severe/moderate to mild/no pain in 17 (90%) MSp patients, and was associated with reversion of the slow rhythmic activity to baseline levels [theta 16.9% (14.6-18.9); delta 3.2% (3-4.1)]. There was no change in EEG frequency activity after administration of GTN or iSVP in controls and in MnSp. iSVP is well tolerated and effective in treating GTN-induced migraine in migraineurs without aura, and appears to restore the disturbances of cortical electrogenesis associated with these attacks.

Background: Interleukin 6 and Inetrleukin 8 are secreted by macrophage and have been shown to exert deleterious effects on pregnancy, inhibiting fetal growth and development. Possible immunologic causes of spontaneous miscarriages have been extensively researched. The change in the cytokines balance synthesis in favor of those synthesized by macrophage cells with an increase of interleukin 6 and interleukin8 secretion is considered essential for maintaining a normal pregnancy. Aim: To determine the level of cytokines (interleukin6 and interleukin8 ) in pregnant and aborted women to assess the role of cytokines (IL 6 and IL8 ) as a factor to predict the outcome of pregnancy and To compare between serum interleukin 6 and 8 in women with spontaneous abortion and pregnant women. Method: This across sectional study tested using Five ml of venus blood were collected from patients with abortion and healthy pregnant and non-pregnant control in plain container. All samples were centrifugated at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes and seperated sera were collected in sterile tubes. Serum was treated according to uniform standards and stored at – 20 refrigerators until analysed. Serum IL 6 and IL8 were determined by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) .All samples were run according to manufacturer instructions (Human IL, Bio legend, USA) with linearity range 0.94- 60.0 pg/ml. Results: There is a highly significant increase of control of pregnant women (P<0.01) in concentration of IL6 (6.8 ±5.1)pg/ml in compare to aborted women in different trimesters of pregnancy. Whereas healthy control non pregnant women show highly significant decrease in concentration (1.6 ±0.65)pg/ml compared to abortion patients. The results of this study showed there was a highly significant increased (P<0.01) concentration of IL-8 (26.5 ±13.1) pg/ml in serum of aborted women in trimesters of pregnancy,compared with control group of non-pregnant women which were(6.9 ±0.93) while control group of pregnant women show slightly significance increased(P<0.01) concentration (31.1 ±14.1)pg/ml compared with aborted women. Conclusion: The serum level of interleukin 6 and 8 was significantly higher in pregnant women as compared to aborted women .The serum level of interleukin6 and 8 in aborted women was significantly higher as compared to non-pregnant women. The results indicated there is no clarify association between cytokines (IL6 and IL8) and abortion.

Objective: The evaluation of quantitative fluorescence PCR (QF-PCR) and single nucleotide polymorphism array (SNP array) analysis for the identification of chromosomal abnormalities in products of conception (POC). Materials and methods: A total of 1,094 POC samples were processed at Gennet in the years 2018–2020. Chromosomal aneuploidies were tested by QF-PCR using a Omnibor set (STR markers 13, 18, 21, X a Y), SAB-I set (STR markers 2, 7, 15, 16, 22), SAB-II set (from November 2019, STR markers 4, 6, 14) followed by SNP array analysis (Illumina) on samples with a negative QF-PCR result. All POC samples were tested for maternal contamination. Results: After exclusion of maternal contamination (32% samples) the total number of 742 POC samples were tested by QF-PCR. Chromosomal aneuploidies were found in 273 POC samples (36.8%). Then, 469 QF-PCR negative POC samples were tested by SNP array analysis. Normal female/ male profi le was confirmed in 402 samples (85.7%) and chromosomal aneuploidies and chromosomal aberrations (deletion/ duplication > 10 Mb) in 51 samples (10.9%). Microdeletion/ microduplication was found in 16 POC samples (3.4%), two were classified as pathogenic variants and 14 as variants of unknown significance. In a group of women > 35 years of age, statistically significant increase of the chromosomal abnormalities was confirmed. No statistically significant difference between the in vitro fertilization group and the group of spontaneous conception was found. Conclusion: The application of the molecular work-up based on the stepwise use of QF-PCR and SNP array clarifies the cause of the abortion in 43% POC samples. The overall detection rate in the I. trimester was 50.4%. Key words: aborted fetus – QF-PCR – SNP-array – chromosomal aberration – aneuploidy

RESUMO Objetivo: discutir, a partir da análise reflexiva, acerca da assistência ofertada a mulher em situação de abortamento. Método: estudo qualitativo, do tipo análise reflexiva, originado na iniciação científica do curso de graduação em enfermagem, mediante das seguintes etapas: busca nas bases de dados, leitura do material selecionado, movimento da práxis analítica da temática, e formulação do material escrito. Resultados: as mulheres que realizam o aborto são submetidas ao desrespeito frente a sua escolha, culpabilizadas pela família, profissionais de saúde e sociedade, discriminadas e marginalizadas, e carecem de apoio de ordem física, emocional e psicológica. Conclusão: o cuidado deve ser focalizado na mulher, de forma integral, e articular para a qualidade e humanização da assistência. Devendo, o respeito as suas escolhas, sem o julgamento em que muitos profissionais executam, e desrespeitando as mulheres em situação de abortamento. Descritores: Abortamento Inseguro; Aborto espontâneo; Aborto Criminoso; Atendimento Emergencial; Humanização da Assistência; Enfermagem Obstétrica.ABSTRACT Objective: to discuss, based on the reflexive analysis, the assistance offered to women in situation of abortion. Method: qualitative study, of the reflexive analysis type, originated in the scientific initiation of the undergraduate nursing course, through the following steps: searching the databases, reading the selected material, moving the analytical praxis of the subject, and formulating written material. Results: women who undergo abortion are subjected to disrespect before their choice, blamed by the family, health professionals and society, discriminated and marginalized, and lack physical, emotional and psychological support. Conclusion: care should be focused on the woman, in an integral way, and articulate for the quality and humanization of care. They should respect their choices, without the judgment that many professionals carry out, and disrespect women in situation of abortion. Descpritors: Unsafe Abortion; Abortion Spontaneous; Abortion Criminal; Emergency Care; Humanization of Care; Obstetric Nursing.RESUMEN Objetivo: discutir la asistencia ofrecida a mujer en situación de aborto a partir de un análisis reflexivo. Método: estudio cualitativo, del tipo análisis reflexivo, a partir de la iniciación científica del curso de graduación en enfermería, mediante las siguientes etapas: búsqueda en las bases de datos, lectura del material seleccionado, movimiento de la praxis, analítica de la temática y formulación del material escrito. Resultados: las mujeres que realizaron el aborto son sometidas sin respeto frente a su elección, culpabilizadas por la familia, profesionales sanitarios y sociedad, discriminadas y marginadas, careciendo apoyo de orden físico, emocional y psicológico. Conclusión: el cuidado debe enfocarse en la mujer, de forma integral, y articularlo para la calidad y humanización de la asistencia. El respeto a sus elecciones debe verificarse sin juzgamientos realizados por muchos profesionales ni falta de respeto a las mujeres en situación de aborto. Descritores: Aborto Inseguro; Aborto Espontâneo; Aborto Criminal; Atención de Emergencia; Humanización de la Atención; Obstetricia.

Abortion is abortion, the release of the results of conception or fertilization prematurely. Unintentional fetal loss usually occurs in young pregnancies (one to three months). Sometimes a woman's pregnancy can die on its own without an act or intentional act. This is often referred to as "miscarriage" or spontaneous abortion. This often happens to motherswho are still pregnant, due to an unintentional and desirable result or because of an illness.If abortion due to rape is made an exception as a medical reason, then the criteria used as an exception must be absolutely clear and firm, so that it is not misused by irresponsible persons, consequently abortion is rife. Regarding the threat of criminal sanctions for perpetrators of provocatus abortion, in the criminal law (KUHP) it is formulated that there is a criminal threat for those who make an abortion. The Criminal Code does not care about the background or reasons for the abortion.Keywords : abortion, medical reason, criminal law

<p><strong>Pendahuluan: </strong>Aborsi adalah pengguguran kandungan sebelum usia janin mencapai 22 minggu. Aborsi dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu dialakukan secara buatan atau spontan. Oposisi dari tindakan aborsi berpendapat janin dianggap sebagai manusia, membunuh manusia yang tidak bersalah merupakan tindakan moral yang salah. Secara keseluruhan, 35 aborsi terjadi setiap tahun per 1.000 perempuan berusia 15-44 tahun di seluruh dunia. Dalam menjaga kualitas dan etika tenaga medis, seorang dokter dipandu dalam suatu pedoman norma etik profesi dokter yang disebut Kode Etik Kedokteran Indonesia (KODEKI). Pada penelitian tahun 2016 dikatakan perbedaan pengetahuan etika kedokteran tentang aborsi berpengaruh pada sikap yang diambil dokter untuk melakukan aborsi. Di 2020 ini peneliti mencoba meneliti kembali apakah perbedaan pengetahuan KODEKI tentang aborsi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap sikap yang diambil oleh dokter muda melakukan tindakan aborsi.</p><p><strong>Metode: </strong>Penelitian ini bersifat observasional analitik dengan pendekatan <em>cross sectional</em>. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa Program Studi Kedokteran Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sebelas Maret. Uji prasyarat menggunakan uji validitas, uji reliabilitas dan uji normalitas. Bila data terdistribusi normal maka akan digunakan uji korelasi person, sedangkan bila data tidak terdistribusi normal maka digunakan uji spearman.</p><p><strong>Hasil: </strong>Pada uji normalitas, didapatkan p= 0,101 untuk kelompok skor pengetahuan Kode etika kedokteran tentang aborsi dan p= 0,616 untuk skor sikap mahasiswa kedokteran terhadap aborsi. Pada uji korelasi <em>Pearson</em>, didapatkan nilai p= 0,002 yang menunjukkan bahwa hubungan Pengetahuan Kode Etika Kedokteran Tentang Aborsi dengan Sikap Mahasiswa Kedokteran Terhadap Aborsi bermakna karena p&lt;0,05. Nilai korelasi <em>Pearson </em>sebesar 0,339 menunjukkan bahwa korelasi negatif dengan kekuatan korelasi yang sedang.</p><p><strong>Kesimpulan: </strong>Hubungan pengetahuan kode etika kedokteran tentang aborsi dengan sikap mahasiswa kedokteran terhadap aborsi bermakna secara statistik.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Kata Kunci: </strong><strong>Aborsi, Pengetahuan KODEKI, Sikap</strong><strong></strong></p><p class="AbstractNormal"> </p><p class="Abstract"><em>ABSTRACT</em></p><p class="AbstractNormal"><strong><em>Introduction: </em></strong><em>Abortion is an abortion before the fetus reaches 22 weeks of age. Abortion is divided into two, namely done artificially or spontaneously. Opposition to the act of abortion argues that the fetus is considered a human being, killing an innocent human being is a moral wrong act. In all, 35 abortions occur annually per 1,000 women aged 15-44 worldwide. In maintaining the quality and ethics of medical personnel, a doctor is guided by a professional ethical norm guideline called the Indonesian Medical Code of Ethics (KODEKI). In a 2016 study, it was stated that differences in medical ethics knowledge about abortion had an effect on the attitudes taken by doctors to perform abortions. In 2020, the researchers tried to re-examine whether the differences in KODEKI's knowledge about abortion had a significant effect on the attitudes taken by young doctors in carrying out abortion.</em></p><p class="AbstractNormal"><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong><em> This research is an analytic observational study with a cross sectional approach. The subjects in this study were students of the Medical Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University. The prerequisite test used the validity test, reliability test and normality test. If the data is normally distributed, the person correlation test will be used, whereas if the data is not normally distributed, the Spearman test is used.</em></p><p class="AbstractNormal"><strong><em>Results:</em></strong><em> In the normality test, it was found that p = 0.101 for the group of knowledge scores on the code of medical ethics about abortion and p = 0.616 for scores on the attitudes of medical students towards abortion. In the Pearson correlation test, the p value was obtained = 0.002, which indicates that the relationship between Knowledge of the Code of Medical Ethics on Abortion and the Attitudes of Medical Students to Abortion is significant because p &lt;0.05. The Pearson correlation value of 0.339 indicates that the correlation is negative with moderate correlation strength.</em></p><p class="AbstractNormal"><strong><em>Conclusions:</em></strong><em> The relationship between knowledge of medical ethics code about abortion and attitudes of medical students towards abortion is statistically significant.</em></p><p class="AbstractNormal"><em> </em></p><p class="AbstractNormal"><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> </em><em>abortion, KODEKI knowledge, attitude</em></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 2.2pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Pendahuluan: </span></strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: IN;" lang="IN">Aborsi adalah penggu</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;" lang="EN-ID">gu</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: IN;" lang="IN">ran kandungan sebelum usia janin mencapai 22 minggu. Aborsi dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu dialakukan secara buatan atau spontan. Oposisi dari tindakan aborsi berpendapat janin dianggap sebagai manusia, membunuh manusia yang tidak bersalah merupakan tindakan moral yang salah</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;" lang="EN-ID">. </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: IN;" lang="IN">Secara keseluruhan, 35 aborsi terjadi setiap tahun per 1.000 perempuan berusia 15-44</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;" lang="EN-ID"> tahun</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: IN;" lang="IN"> di seluruh dunia</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;" lang="EN-ID">. </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: IN;" lang="IN">Dalam menjaga kualitas dan etika tenaga medis, seorang dokter dipandu dalam suatu pedoman norma etik profesi dokter yang disebut Kode Etik Kedokteran Indonesia (KODEKI).</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;" lang="EN-ID"> P</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: IN;" lang="IN">ada penelitian tahun 2016 dikatakan perbedaan pengetahuan etika kedokteran tentang aborsi berpengaruh pada sikap yang diambil dokter untuk melakukan aborsi</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;" lang="EN-ID">. </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: IN;" lang="IN">Di 2020 ini peneliti mencoba meneliti kembali apakah perbedaan pengetahuan KODEKI tentang aborsi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap sikap yang diambil oleh dokter muda melakukan tindakan aborsi</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;" lang="EN-ID">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 2.2pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Metode: </span></strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;" lang="EN-ID">Penelitian ini bersifat observasional analitik dengan pendekatan <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cross sectional</em>. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa Program Studi Kedokteran Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sebelas Maret. Uji prasyarat menggunakan uji validitas, uji reliabilitas dan uji normalitas. Bila data terdistribusi normal maka akan digunakan uji korelasi person, sedangkan bila data tidak terdistribusi normal maka digunakan uji spearman.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 2.2pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Hasil: </span></strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;" lang="EN-ID">Pada uji normalitas, didapatkan p= 0,101 untuk kelompok skor pengetahuan Kode etika kedokteran tentang aborsi dan p= 0,616 untuk skor sikap mahasiswa kedokteran terhadap aborsi. Pada uji korelasi <em>Pearson</em>, didapatkan nilai p= 0,002 yang menunjukkan bahwa hubungan Pengetahuan Kode Etika Kedokteran Tentang Aborsi dengan Sikap Mahasiswa Kedokteran Terhadap Aborsi bermakna karena p&lt;0,05. Nilai korelasi <em style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pearson </em>sebesar 0,339 menunjukkan bahwa korelasi negatif dengan kekuatan korelasi yang sedang.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 2.2pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Kesimpulan: </span></strong><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;" lang="EN-ID">Hubungan pengetahuan kode etika kedokteran tentang aborsi dengan sikap mahasiswa kedokteran terhadap aborsi bermakna secara statistik.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 2.2pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 39.4pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 4.15pt; margin-right: 2.2pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Kata Kunci: </span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;" lang="EN-ID">Aborsi, Pengetahuan KODEKI, Sikap</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></strong></p><p class="AbstractNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm;"> </p><p class="Abstract" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><em><span lang="IN">ABSTRACT</span></em></p><p class="AbstractNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 0cm;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language: #0021;" lang="id">Introduction: </span></em></strong><em><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;" lang="EN-ID">Abortion is an abortion before the fetus reaches 22 weeks of age. Abortion is divided into two, namely done artificially or spontaneously. Opposition to the act of abortion argues that the fetus is considered a human being, killing an innocent human being is a moral wrong act. In all, 35 abortions occur annually per 1,000 women aged 15-44 worldwide. In maintaining the quality and ethics of medical personnel, a doctor is guided by a professional ethical norm guideline called the Indonesian Medical Code of Ethics (KODEKI). In a 2016 study, it was stated that differences in medical ethics knowledge about abortion had an effect on the attitudes taken by doctors to perform abortions. In 2020, the researchers tried to re-examine whether the differences in KODEKI's knowledge about abortion had a significant effect on the attitudes taken by young doctors in carrying out abortion.</span></em></p><p class="AbstractNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 0cm;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;" lang="EN-ID">Methods:</span></em></strong><em><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;" lang="EN-ID"> This research is an analytic observational study with a cross sectional approach. The subjects in this study were students of the Medical Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University. The prerequisite test used the validity test, reliability test and normality test. If the data is normally distributed, the person correlation test will be used, whereas if the data is not normally distributed, the Spearman test is used.</span></em></p><p class="AbstractNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 0cm;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;" lang="EN-ID">Results:</span></em></strong><em><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;" lang="EN-ID"> In the normality test, it was found that p = 0.101 for the group of knowledge scores on the code of medical ethics about abortion and p = 0.616 for scores on the attitudes of medical students towards abortion. In the Pearson correlation test, the p value was obtained = 0.002, which indicates that the relationship between Knowledge of the Code of Medical Ethics on Abortion and the Attitudes of Medical Students to Abortion is significant because p &lt;0.05. The Pearson correlation value of 0.339 indicates that the correlation is negative with moderate correlation strength.</span></em></p><p class="AbstractNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 0cm;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;" lang="EN-ID">Conclusions:</span></em></strong><em><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;" lang="EN-ID"> The relationship between knowledge of medical ethics code about abortion and attitudes of medical students towards abortion is statistically significant.</span></em></p><p class="AbstractNormal" style="margin-right: -.05pt;"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;" lang="EN-ID"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></em></p><p class="AbstractNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 0cm;"><a name="_Toc500770920"></a><a name="_Toc500770503"></a><a name="_Toc500765498"></a><a name="_Toc500765038"></a><a name="_Toc500763906"></a><a name="_Toc500763792"></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc500763906;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc500765038;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc500765498;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc500770503;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc500770920;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><em><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;" lang="EN-ID">Keywords:</span></em></strong></span></span></span></span></span><em><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;" lang="EN-ID">abortion, KODEKI knowledge, attitude</span></em></p>

The article briefly describes the innervation of the human cerebral circulation by nerve fibers containing neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP), and calcitonin gent-related peptide (CGRP). The neuropeptides in human cerebral arteries were characterized by radioimmunoassay in combination with HPLC. These neuropeptides mediate contraction (NPY) and dilatation (VIP, SP, CGRP). In conjunction with spontaneous attacks of migraine or cluster headache, release of CGRP is seen. With the associated symptoms of nasal congestion and rhinorrhea, VIP is released. Successful treatment may abort the peptide release in parallel with disappearance of headache.

Grisel syndrome, also known as nasopharyntic torticollis is a combination of a torticollis and nasopharingitis, describes first time in 1830 by bell and taken over by grisel in 19305which descibed two observations in two children complicated renopharyngitis since this syndrome bears his name.characterized clinically by sudden probing and radiographically by an enucleation of the atlas innon traumatic dislocation- rotating position . physiopathologically is caused by the inflammatory contracture of the prevertebral muscles whose origin could be a spontaneous or post opérative infection of the NTE area.This acute febrile torticollis is a rare affection mainly affects the child with an estimated age range between 8 months to 12 years, few cases are reported by literature concerning adults.Diagnosis should be realized early in order to avoid neurological restoration which cannot be carried out with certainty that other diagnoses of febril torticollis are eliminatedThe treatment is simple, the prognosis is often favorable with an adequate and early attitude directed towards the causal agent while restoring the spinal stabilit.

Con el presente trabajo se pretende incorporar al estudio del aborto en México la perspectiva generacional y la distinción según el tipo de unión, dos dimensiones que no han sido consideradas en los estudios publicados hasta la fecha. Los datos utilizados corresponden a los de la Encuesta Nacional de la Dinámica Demográfica levantada en 1997. Entre los resultados obtenidos destaca el relativo a la reducción que experimentó el aborto entre las jóvenes (menores de 30 años) de las generaciones nacidas a fines de los años cuarenta y aquellas que lo hicieron veinte años después, a fines de los sesenta. La distinción por tipo de unión nos permite atribuir esta disminución a las mujeres casadas, que casi exclusivamente eran quienes lo practicaban, y evaluar su impacto reductivo sobre la fecundidad en 1.2 nacimientos evitados en las generaciones mayores y 0.5 en las más jóvenes. Las mujeres en uniones libres no superan los 0.6 nacimientos evitados en ninguna de las dos generaciones. Al aplicar el factor de separación propuesto, estas diferencias se traducen en relaciones de un aborto espontáneo por casi seis inducidos entre las casadas de más edad y solamente uno de cada dos entre las más jóvenes. Finalmente la distribución según el método anticonceptivo utilizado nos indica que las jóvenes en unión libre están más eficazmente protegidas que las casadas. AbstractThis paper intends to incorporate the study of abortion in Mexico to the generational perspective, and to differences according to types of union. These two dimensions have not been considered by available studies. The data correspond to the 1997 Mexican Demographic Dynamics Survey. One of the most salient findings of this survey refers to the decline of abortions registered among young women (under 30 years of age) of generations born late in the 1940s, and those born twenty years later, during the late 1960s. Differences according to type of union indicate, in turn, that this decline corresponds to married women, who were almost the only ones that practiced abortions, and to estimate abortion’s impact on fertility decline in 1.2 averted births among older generations, and 0.5 for younger generations. The number of averted births among women in free partnership is not over 0.6 in either generation. These differences produce relations of 1 spontaneous abortion out of 6 induced abortions among older married women, and only one out of two among younger women when the proposed differentiation factor is used. Finally, the distribution according to contraceptive method use indicates that young women in free partnership are more effectively protected than married women.

The cerebral circulation is invested by a rich network of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and noradrenaline containing sympathetic nerve fibers in arteries, arterioles and veins. However, the nerve supply of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) containing fibers is sparse. While noradrenaline and NPY cause vasoconstriction, VIP, SP and CGRP are potent vasodilators. Stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion in cat and man elicits release of SP and CGRP. Subjects with spontaneous attacks of migraine show release of CGRP in parallel with headache. Cluster headache patients have release of CGRP and VIP during bouts. Treatment with sumatriptan aborts headache in migraine and cluster headache as well as the concomitant peptide release.

The regulatory protein phospholamban exerts a physiological inhibitory effect on the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ pump that is relieved with phosphorylation. We have studied the subcellular properties of intracellular Ca2+([Ca2+]i) transients in ventricular myocytes isolated from wild-type (WT) and phospholamban-deficient (PLB-KO) mice. In PLB-KO myocytes, steady-state twitch [Ca2+]itransients revealed an accelerated relaxation and the occurrence of highly localized failures of Ca2+release. The acceleration of SR Ca2+ uptake caused an increase in SR Ca2+ load with the frequent occurrence of spontaneous [Ca2+]iwaves and Ca2+ sparks. [Ca2+]iwaves in PLB-KO cells showed a marked decrease in spatial width and more frequently appeared to abort. Local Ca2+ release events (Ca2+ sparks) were larger and more variable in amplitude and [Ca2+]ideclined faster in PLB-KO myocytes. Increased local buffering and reduction in the refractoriness of SR Ca2+ release caused by the increased SR pump rate led to an overall enhancement of local [Ca2+]igradients and inhomogeneities in the [Ca2+]idistribution during spontaneous Ca2+ release, [Ca2+]iwaves, and excitation-contraction coupling.

When breeding females compete for limited resources, the intensity of this reproductive conflict can determine whether the fitness benefits of current reproductive effort exceed the potential costs to survival and future fertility. In group-living species, reproductive competition can occur through post-natal competition among the offspring of co-breeding females. Spontaneous abortion could be a response to such competition, allowing females to curtail reproductive expenditure on offspring that are unlikely to survive and to conserve resources for future breeding opportunities. We tested this hypothesis using long-term data on banded mongooses, Mungos mungo , in which multiple females within a group give birth synchronously to a communal litter that is cared for by other group members. As predicted, abortions were more likely during dry periods when food is scarce, and in breeding attempts with more intense reproductive competition. Within breeding events, younger, lighter females carrying smaller fetuses were more likely to abort, particularly those that were also of lower rank. Our results suggest that abortion may be a means by which disadvantaged females conserve resources for future breeding attempts in more benign conditions, and highlight that female reproductive competition may be resolved long before the production of offspring.

La meta-analisi è una nuova disciplina che si propone di valutare criticamente i risultati di studi effettuati, particolarmente nel campo dei trials clinici. Gli autori di questo lavoro avanzano l'ipotesi che una meta-analisi modificata dei dati scientifici relativi alla tecnica della GIFT possa essere utile per dedurre alcune indicazioni etiche relative alla tecnica stessa. Questa analisi dei risultati della GIFT mostra che le nascite che si determinano con questa tecnica sono in numero inferiore rispetto alle gravidanze cliniche che iniziano, indicando come nel corso delle gravidanze stesse si determina una perdita fetale la quale non può essere giustilìcata dalla considerazione che molti fanno che "anche nelle gravidanze che iniziano naturalmente esiste la stessa percentuale di aborti spontanei". Per di più nella GlFT la stessa tecnica utilizzata gioca un ruolo determinante nel determinarsi di queste perdite fetali. Anche se la meta-analisi da sola non è sufficiente per fornire una interpretazione dei dati antropologici, secondo gli autori questi risultati della GIFT, relativamente alla salvaguardia dell'embrione umano, devono essere attentamente considerati ai fini della valutazione etica.

David Raynor aborde une pluralité de thèmes chez Berkeley, qui se rapportent soit à la signification ambiguë de l'immatérialisme par rapport à la philosophie spontanée des gens ordinaires, soit au dosage savant de réalisme et d'idéalisme dans une philosophie qui élabore une critique radicale de la doctrine de l'idée-représentation. Il est intéressant de noter que Raynor ne s'en laisse pas raconter par certains interprètes classiques de la pensée berkeleyenne et qu'il sait tirer avantageusement parti d'une confrontation de Berkeley avec des rationalistes tels Male-branche ou Leibniz, mais tout aussi bien d'une mise en perspective à l'intérieur du courant empiriste à partir des réflexions de Hume et de Maupertuis.

Rhythmic oscillating complex (ROC) is a highly organized gastrointestinal motility pattern recently described in fasted avian species. ROCs show several high-speed aborad-propagated contractions that progressively change into others of orad direction. In addition, chickens show migrating motor complexes (MMC) in both fed and fasting states. Recently, motilin was isolated and characterized from chicken small intestine. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to learn whether chicken motilin might be involved in either ROC or MMC induction. Electromyographic recordings were obtained from different areas of the gastrointestinal tract of chickens while motilin was infused. The response to chicken motilin was dose dependent in both fed and fasted animals; a bolus of 4 x 10(-11) mol/kg (n = 5) did not modify the intestinal motor pattern, whereas 4 x 10(-10) and 4 x 10(-9) mol/kg (n = 5 each) induced a complete ROC pattern of 5.2 +/- 0.6 and 10.8 +/- 0.9 min, respectively. ROCs induced by chicken motilin presented exactly the same pattern as that described during a spontaneous ROC. Furthermore, motilin concentration in plasma, measured by radioimmunoassay, increased during a spontaneous ROC. This study suggests that chicken motilin triggers an ROC in chickens. The fact that plasma motilin levels increased during spontaneous ROC strongly suggests that motilin is involved in the induction of the ROC pattern. Motilin seems to play a different role in avian and mammalian species, because a phase III of the MMC was never induced by motilin infusion.

Ce texte aborde une nouvelle forme de protestation politique : le Mouvement des camps pour la paix en Grande-Bretagne. Cette expérience nouvelle fait partie du Mouvement pour le désarmement nucléaire en Grande-Bretagne, lequel englobe, à son tour, la Campagne pour le désarmement nucléaire (CDN). Au début, les femmes campaient de manière plutôt spontanée à proximité de la base aérienne de la commune de Greenham, en signe de protestation contre l’installation des missiles de croisière à ce même endroit. Ce geste théâtral provoqua la création de quelque quatorze camps autour des autres bases militaires américaines en Grande-Bretagne. Le texte se propose de faire ressortir les caractéristiques fondamentales de ces camps de la paix, leur action de protestation contre les armes nucléaires et leurs accomplissements.

The aim of the present study is to examine the effects of gentamicin sulphate on spontaneous, oxytocin and PGF_2α induced in vitro contractions of myometrium isolated from pregnant cows. Myometrial strips were obtained from healthy pregnant cows and suspended in a covered organ bath filled with Krebs’ solution at 37°C (pH 7.4) continuously bubbled with 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide: isometric contractions were recorded using an isometric force displacement transducer. After the stabilization of spontaneous contractile activity during a 90-minute equilibration period, contractions were recorded for 20 minutes (control). Gentamicin sulphate was then added to the tissue bath cumulatively and the responses were recorded every 20-minutes for each consecutive dose of gentamicin. In agonist-induced contractions, oxytocin or PGF_2α was added to the tissue bath at the end of the equilibration period and the same protocol was followed to investigate the effects gentamicin on these agonist-induced contractions. Gentamicin decreased the frequency and inhibited the amplitude of the spontaneous contractions in a dose dependent manner (p &lt; 0.05). The mean frequency and amplitude of oxytocin-induced contractions was significantly inhibited by the application of gentamicin (p &lt; 0.05). Gentamicin also inhibited the contractions induced by PGF_2α in a dose dependent manner (p &lt; 0.05). This study showed gentamicin inhibited, depending on the dosage, oxytocin and PGF_2α induced contractions of myometrium isolated from pregnant cows. Upon clinically examining the findings obtained by the study, gentamicin can be used as an antibacterial in septic abort and chorioamniotis in order to prevent premature birth, abortion and early uterus contractions. Further studies are necessary to test whether the same effect will take place in vivo and to examine the effects of longterm use of gentamicin on offsprings.

Hypnic headache syndrome is a rare, sleep-related, benign headache disorder. We report 19 new cases (84% females) with follow-up data. The mean age at headache onset was 60.5 ± 9 years (range 40–73 years). Headache awakened the patients from the night's sleep at a consistent time, usually between 1.00 and 3.00 a.m. (63%); three patients (16%) reported that identical headaches could occur also during daytime naps. Headache frequency was high, occurring more than 4 nights/week in 68% of the patients. Headache resolution occurred within 2 h in 68% of patients. Neurologic examination, laboratory studies, and brain imaging were unrevealing at the time of diagnosis. Headache severity largely remains unchanged or attenuates over time, but frequency may vary in either direction. Only one patient had spontaneous relief from headache. Four patients (24%) achieved permanent suppression of headache with medication, and two were able to abort individual headache attacks. Caffeine in a tablet or beverage was helpful in four patients. Lithium carbonate therapy caused side effects requiring cessation of treatment in four patients.

It is a distinguishing human feature which separates man from the animal: just as use of contraception is found only in human society, abortion is also exclusive to it. It is the reason that human reproduction is not a bare biological process. Instead, biological process constitutes a fragmentary (though essential) part in the gamut of human reproductive system. The objectives of the study are to find out the incidences of fetal death and abortion and their associated bio-cultural factors. Objectives of the present study are to explore the incidence fetal death and abortion and to find out the associated causes of the incidence fetal death and abortion among the Baiga tribe of Chhattisgarh. Structured interview schedule and non-participant observation were used for collection and cross validation of data. The results were analyzed using the 16.0 SPSS package. 21.77% respondents, whose wives were pregnant in the past, had abortion. From the point of view of reproductive health, this figure is quite on a higher side and shows how serious is the situation regarding abortion in the Baiga tribe. Such a high rate of abortion is a pointer to stagnation in the population of the Baiga of Chhattisgarh. At least it can be said a major factor in its nonproliferation.75 abortion cases which actually come to 94.9% were the cases of miscarriage or what is called spontaneous abortion. The cases of induced or deliberate abortions were 4, which comes to 5.1%. On the basis of these facts, the possibilities mount up that malnutrition, anemia and morbidity among the Baiga women, are on an ascending scale. The gravity or seriousness of the prevailing condition makes the conjecture well- founded that the benefits of reproductive health facilities are perhaps not reaching the inmates directly and adequately.out of the group brought under study, one third respondents i.e. - 23.97%, whose wives had conception had delivered stillborn babies, such large number of stillbirths draws one attention to the seriousness of reproductive health problem in the Baiga. This also accounts for stagnation in their population growth. Keywords: Incidence; Fetal; Mortality; Abortion; Miscarriage; The baiga.