Articles de revues : « 3D Panel Method »

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Kang, Jihye Deborah, et Sungmin Kim. « Development of a 3D printing method for the textile hybrid structure ». International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 34, n^o 2 (19 octobre 2021) : 262–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-09-2020-0134.

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PurposeThe development of a 3D printing method for the textile hybrid structure that can both be a solution to the conventional drawbacks of 3D printing method and a step forward to a garment making industry.Design/methodology/approachA novel 3D printing method using the textile hybrid structure was developed to generate 3D object without support structures.Findings3D printing of curved panels without support structure was possible by using fabric tension and residual stress.Practical implicationsGarment panels can be 3D printed without support structures by utilizing the idea of textile hybrid structure. Garment panels are expected to be modelled and printed easily using the Garment Panel Printer (GPP) software developed in this study.Social implications3D printing method developed in the study is expected to reduce the time and material previously needed for support structures.Originality/valueComprehensive preparatory experiments were made to determine the design parameters. Various experiments were designed to test the feasibility and validity of proposed method.

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Septiyana, Angga, Ardian Rizaldi, Kurnia Hidayat et Yusuf Giri Wijaya. « COMPARATIVE STUDY OF WING LIFT DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS USING NUMERICAL METHOD ». Jurnal Teknologi Dirgantara 18, n^o 2 (27 décembre 2020) : 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.30536/j.jtd.2020.v18.a3349.

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This research focuses on calculating the force distribution on the wings of the LSU 05-NG aircraft by several numerical methods. Analysis of the force distribution on the wing is important because the wing has a very important role in producing sufficient lift for the aircraft. The numerical methods used to calculate the lift force distribution on the wings are Computational Flow Dynamics (CFD), Lifting Line Theory, Vortex Lattice Method and 3D Panel Method. The numerical methods used will be compared with each other to determine the accuracy and time required to calculate wing lift distribution. Because CFDs produce more accurate estimates, CFD is used as the main comparison for the other three numerical methods. Based on calculations performed, 3D Panel Method has an accuracy that is close to CFD with a shorter time. 3D Panel Method requires 400 while CFD 1210 seconds with results that are not much different. While LLT and VLM have poor accuracy, however, shorter time is needed. Therefore to analyze the distribution of lift force on the wing it is enough to use the 3D Panel Method due to accurate results and shorter computing time.

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Kim, Siyun, Sung Jig Kim et Chunho Chang. « Seismic Performance Evaluation of RC Columns Retrofitted by 3D Textile Reinforced Mortars ». Materials 15, n^o 2 (13 janvier 2022) : 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15020592.

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The paper investigates the seismic performance of rectangular RC columns retrofitted by a newly developed 3D Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM) panel. The 3D-TRM used in this study consists of two components: self-leveling mortar and 3D textiles. Firstly, the flexural capacity of the 3D-TRM panel was investigated through the four-point flexural test. Secondly, a total of five specimens were constructed and experimentally investigated through static cyclic loading tests with constant axial load. One specimen was a non-seismically designed column without any retrofit, while the others were strengthened with either the 3D-TRM panel or conventional Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) sheets. Experimental results in terms of hysteretic behavior, ductility ratio, and energy dissipation are investigated and compared with the cases of specimens with conventional retrofitting methods and without any retrofit. The maximum lateral force, ductility, stiffness degradation, and energy dissipation of RC columns with 3D-TRM panels were significantly improved compared with the conventional RC column. Therefore, it is concluded that the proposed retrofitting method can improve the seismic performance of non-conforming RC columns.

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Kouh, Jen-shiang, et Jyh-bin Suen. « A 3D potential-based and desingularized high order panel method ». Ocean Engineering 28, n^o 11 (novembre 2001) : 1499–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-8018(00)00069-x.

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Bao, Yi Dong, Yang Sang et Hou Min Wang. « Accurate Prediction Approach of 3D Trimming Line for Auto Panel Part ». Key Engineering Materials 535-536 (janvier 2013) : 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.535-536.235.

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It is difficult to obtain 3D trimming line using traditional prediction methods for auto panel parts. An initial geometrical development method with element layer is proposed based on one step inverse analysis theory for this problem. The flange mesh can be unfold onto the die surface layer by layer according to nodal adjacent element relation, then the above development mesh is smoothed by mesh smoothing method with sliding constraint surface in order to delete overlap and distorted mesh, the 3D initial mesh can be obtained for one step inverse analysis method. The accurate 3D trimming line of auto panel part can be achieved by plasticity iteration of one step inverse analysis. A typical real part of 3D trimming line prediction is selected to prove this method, the comparison results between the simulated and experimental values show that this method has enough precision and can handle complex parts, satisfies the engineering practical demands.

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Zhao, Chengbi, et Ming Ma. « A Hybrid 2.5-Dimensional High-Speed Strip Theory Method and Its Application to Apply Pressure Loads to 3-Dimensional Full Ship Finite Element Models ». Journal of Ship Production and Design 32, n^o 04 (1 novembre 2016) : 216–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jspd.2016.32.4.216.

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As the three-dimensional (3D) finite element model (FEM) has become the de facto standard for ship structural design, interest in accurately transferring seakeeping loads to panel-based structural models has increased dramatically in recent years. In today's design practices, panel-based hydrodynamic analyses are often used for mapping seakeeping loads to 3D FEM structural models. However, 3D panel-based hydrodynamic analyses are computationally expensive. For monohull ships, methods based on strip theories have been successfully used in the industry for many years. They are computationally efficient, and provide good predictions for motions and hull girder loads. However, many strip theory methods provide only hull girder sectional forces and moments, such as vertical bending moment and vertical shear force, which are difficult to apply to 3D finite element structural models. Previously, the authors have proposed a hybrid strip theory method to transfer 2D strip theory-based seakeeping loads to 3D FEM. In the hybrid approach, the velocity potentials of strip sections are first calculated based on the ordinary 2D strip theories. The velocity potentials of a finite element panel are obtained from the interpolation of the velocity potentials of the strip sections. The panel pressures are then computed based on Bernoulli's equation. Integration of the pressure over the FEM wetted panels yields the hydrodynamic forces and moments. The equations of motion are then formulated based on the FEM. The method not only produces excellent ship motion results, but also results in a perfectly balanced structural model. In this article, the hybrid approach is extended to the 2.5D high-speed strip theory. The simple Rankine source function is used to compute velocity potentials. The original linearized free surface condition, where the forward speed term is not ignored, is used to formulate boundary integral equations. A model based on the Series-64 hull form was used for validating the proposed hybrid method. The motion response amplitude operators are in good agreement with VERES's 2.5D strip theory and with experimental results. Finally, an example is provided for transferring seakeeping loads obtained by the 2.5D hybrid strip theory to a 3D FEM.

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Zainuddin, K., Z. Majid, M. F. M. Ariff, K. M. Idris et N. Darwin. « 3D MODELLING METHOD OF HIGH ABOVE GROUND ROCK ART PAINTING USING MULTISPECTRAL CAMERA ». International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-2/W1-2022 (25 février 2022) : 537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-2-w1-2022-537-2022.

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Abstract. This paper presents a developed methodology of 3D modelling of rock art painting located at high above shelter floor based on close-range photogrammetric technique. Instead of using elevated devices to reach inaccessible paintings due to high elevation, the developed method proposed a simple technique. The camera was mounted on an expandable pole to acquire the panel with normal and tilted camera settings. Due to inaccessibility to place the control point marker on the panel surface, the distribution of photo control was positioned below the panel. Based on the configuration, the image of the panel was acquired using the low-spatial resolution multispectral camera in a two elevated strips position that imitates the aerial photogrammetry flight line. The camera was set parallely to the painting panel on both strips, with additional tilted geometry included at the upper strip of the camera block. The acquired multispectral images were then processed using commercial SfM photogrammetry software to generate a 3D point cloud. The accuracy of constructed point cloud was then analysed by comparing it with the point cloud generated using a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS). The result has shown that the multispectral 3D point cloud has a small deviation against the TLS point cloud. The mean deviation was -0.43mm, indicating a slight downscaled on the multispectral point cloud.

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Zyl, L. H. van. « 2D and 3D low frequency aerodynamics ». Aeronautical Journal 112, n^o 1136 (octobre 2008) : 609–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000002578.

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Abstract Unsteady aerodynamic loads on aircraft configurations are used for aeroelastic or flight dynamic analyses. The sources for deriving these loads include strip theory aerodynamics and three-dimensional panel methods. In some applications the behaviour of the unsteady air loads as the frequency approaches zero is important, and it is well known that the behaviour of strip theory aerodynamics employing the exact circulation function differs qualitatively from that of the three-dimensional panel methods such as the subsonic doublet lattice method (DLM). Theoretical results from an earlier study of the low frequency behaviour of the DLM are used here to show the relationship between the DLM and strip theory and the relationship is verified by a numerical example.

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Cho, Jinsoo, et Younhyuck Chang. « Supersonic flutter analysis of wings using an unsteady 3D panel method ». Computers & ; Fluids 30, n^o 2 (février 2001) : 237–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-7930(00)00010-4.

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Pester, Matthias, et Sergej Rjasanow. « A Parallel Preconditioned Iterative Realization of the Panel Method in 3D ». Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 3, n^o 1 (janvier 1996) : 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1506(199601/02)3:1<65 ::aid-nla73>3.0.co;2-e.

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Fokin, D., et S. Wagner. « A Field-Panel Method For Subsonic And Transonic 3D Wing Calculation ». ZAMM - Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics / Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik 81, S3 (2001) : 453–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zamm.20010811506.

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MALESZA, Jaroslaw, Czeslaw MIEDZIALOWSKI et Leonas USTINOVICHIUS. « Tests on full-scale and static analysis models of the wood-framed building stucture horizontaly loaded ». JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 23, n^o 6 (22 juin 2017) : 814–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2017.1319411.

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This paper focuses on development of the high energy saving timber building and ecological technology protecting environment in civil engineering. Wood framed with sheathing, large panel structures became more popular building constructions in Poland last decade. Experimental tests and numerical analysis of panels and complete wood framed building have been taken into account. Typical two-story residential building was selected for test. Test of three dimensional (3D) whole building was conducted on the base of experimental investigations results of large panel similar to those used in building structure. Also adequate tests of materials and connections were accompanying of the whole structure investigations. Obtained results were adopted in numerical models elaborated for wall and floor panels and in 3D model of whole building. Load -displacements characteristics were acquired from tests and numerical models. The displacements computed from 3D numerical model were 10–20% higher than from experiment. Experimentally ob-tained lower displacements than those from analytical analysis are resulted from higher stiffness of wall system due to diaphragms interconnections, their common interaction and three-dimensional character of building structure. Presented research analyzed method of computation of internal forces in building as well in the range of engineering methods in the form of rigid beam scheme up to the advanced methods using 3D spatial model adopting FEM.

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Kaganovskiy, Leon. « Adaptive Panel Representation for 3D Vortex Ring Motion and Instability ». Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2007 (2007) : 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/68953.

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A hierarchical panel method for representing vortex sheet surface motion in 3D flow is presented. Unlike previously employed filament methods, each panel is a leaf of the tree, so it can be subdivided locally, which allows an efficient adaptive point insertion. In addition, we developed curvature-based insertion criteria which allow to localize point insertion to the most complicated curved regions of the sheet. The particles representing the sheet are advected by a regularized Biot-Savart integral with Rosenhead-Moore kernel. The particle velocities are evaluated by an adaptive treecode algorithm based on Taylor expansions in Cartesian coordinates due to Lindsay and Krasny (2001). The method allows to consider much later stages of a vortex ring instability, which may shed light on this complicated flow phase directly leading to the turbulent flow.

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LIU, Z., C. LIU et S. WU. « 3D Error Diffusion Method Based on Edge Detection for Flat Panel Display ». IEICE Transactions on Electronics E89-C, n^o 10 (1 octobre 2006) : 1485–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ietele/e89-c.10.1485.

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Hu, Hong. « Development of a shock-fitting field-panel method for 3D transonic flows ». Computational Mechanics 15, n^o 4 (1 janvier 1995) : 364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004660050026.

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Hu, Hong. « Development of a shock-fitting field-panel method for 3D transonic flows ». Computational Mechanics 15, n^o 4 (janvier 1995) : 364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00372274.

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Zhang, Weihong, Dan Wang et Jungang Yang. « A parametric mapping method for curve shape optimization on 3D panel structures ». International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 84, n^o 4 (4 mai 2010) : 485–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.2919.

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Cha, Minsu, Chang-Won Kim, Taehee Lee, Baek-Joong Kim, Hunhee Cho, Taehoon Kim et Hyunsu Lim. « An Optimal Layout Model of Curved Panels for Using 3D Printing ». Sustainability 14, n^o 21 (26 octobre 2022) : 13896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142113896.

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Recently, the application of 3D printing in the production of curved panels has increased due to the irregular shape of free-form buildings. In general, 3D printing based on additive manufacturing (AM) methods requires various supports that cause a waste of printing materials and an increase in production time. In this study, we proposed a method for printing a pair of panels that can hold each other through the minimal support connected between each panel. However, this printing method causes an additional non-productivity factor called the non-printing path for the nozzle to move between the pair of panels. Therefore, we also developed an optimal layout model that can minimize non-printing paths and used the genetic algorithm (GA) for its calculation. As a result of applying the optimization model proposed in this study through the case study, the non-printing path was reduced by 18.54% compared with that from the existing method, and the non-printing time was reduced by 34.41 h. The total production time, including non-printing time and printing time, was reduced by 3.89%, and the productivity was improved by 4.04%. The model proposed in this study is expected to minimize unproductive factors that occur in the process of manufacturing curved panels and reduce the energy consumption.

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Mahathir, Said. « EFEKTIFITAS MAHSRABIYA SEBAGAI PEMBATAS VISUAL (HIJAB)GENDER : SEBUAH EKSPERIMEN MODEL 3D ». LANGKAU BETANG : JURNAL ARSITEKTUR 6, n^o 1 (29 juin 2019) : 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/lantang.v6i1.32724.

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Dalam studi yang dilakukan sebelumnya, Mashrabiya (kisi-kisi kayu) dianggap mampu memisahkan zona gender (santriwan-santriwati) pada sebuah perpustakaan pesantren di Kota Langsa, Aceh.Karena penelitian tersebut terbatas pada ekperimen skalatis (1:10) maka hasil yang didapatkan berpotensi bias jika diaplikasikan pada skala sebenarnya (1:1).Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan penelitian lanjutan untuk meminimalisir bias dan membuktikan keefektifan Mashrabiya sebagai panel segregasi pada skala manusia. Penggunaan metode eksperimen yang sama seperti pada penelitiansebelumnya terhadap objek skala 1:1 ini akan membutuhkan banyak biaya dan tenaga dalam membangun ruang uji dan pola Mashrabiya-nya. Maka dari itu, penggunakan model 3D merupakan preliminary eksperimen dan analisis yang bertujuan untuk mendapatkan data serta memperkecil jumlah variabel bebas seperti, jumlah lubang, ukuran lubang, luasan baluster, dan, ketebalan panel Mashrabiyassebagai data teknis utama untuk melubangi panel secara manual (handmade) pada penelitian berikutnya.Untuk mempermudah kontrol variabel dan mendapatkan data kuantitif yang presisi dari setiap transformasi modelnya maka eksperimen ini menggunakan perangkat lunak Rhinoceros dengan plug-in Grasshopper untuk membuat algoritma panel Mashrabiya.Hasilnya, dari 20 model 3D Mashrabiyayang disimulasikan hanya empat panel memenuhi syarat (Perforation Ratio) PR, (hole area) HA dan (baluster area) BA sehingga efektif bekerja sebagai pemabatas visual zona gender dan juga sangat adaptif terhadap akses keluar masuk cahaya dan udara. Dari sisi konstruksi pun panel–panel mahsrabiya yang terpilih ini masih sangat mungkin diproduksi secara manual (handmade).Kata-kata Kunci: Hijab (Pembatas Visual), Mashrabiya (kisi-kisi kayu), Eksperimen model3D, Algoritma.EFFCTIVENESS OF MASHRABIYA AS A VISUAL INTERFERENCE (HIJAB) BETWEEN GENDERS: A 3D MODEL EKSPERIMENTIn previous research, Mashrabiya (wooden lattice) have been concluded for being able to separate gender zone (male and female student) in a library of an Islamic boarding school (Pesantren) in Kota Langsa, Aceh. Since the experiment was limited on a scale model (1:10), the obtained result potentially lead to some biases if it is applied on a human scale model (1:1). Therefore, further research to minimize the biases and prove the effectiveness of Mashrabiya as gender segregator panel is needed. Applying the same experimental method as in the previous research on human scale model will cost a significant amount of experiment materials and labors in order to build a sample room and the patterns of Mashrabiya. Therefore, 3 dimensional (3D) model eksperimental method and analysis is a solution aimed at obtaining data, separating and minimizing the number of independent variable such as, number of holes, size of holes, width of baluster area, and thickness of the panel; those technical data will be used in hollowing out the panel (manually) in the next research. To ease the control of variables and to obtain a precise quantitative data in every transformed 3D model, then this experiment utilizes Rhinoceros software with Grasshopper plug-in to produce the algorithm of Mashrabiya panels.The result conclude that from 20 of 3D models of Mashrabiya panels only four panels that qualified in term of (Perforation Ratio) PR, (hole area) HA and (baluster area) BA so then will work effectively as a visual interference panel between gender zones as well as very adaptive on natural lighting and air flow accessibility. In term of the Mashrabiya production, these chosen panels are still can be produced manually (handmade).Keywords: Hijab (Visual Interference), Mashrabiya (wooden lattice), 3D model eksperiment, Algorithm.REFERENCESisher. Jeffrey D., dkk. 1984. Environmental Psychology, 2nd Edition, New York. CBS Collage Publishing.Kenzari, Bechir and Yasser Elsheshtawy. 2003. The ambiguous veil: on transparency, mashrabiy’yas and architecture, Journal of Architectural EducationFathy, H. 1986. Natural Energies and Vernacular Architecture, Mashrabiya(pp. 46-49). Chicago, USA: The University of Chicago Press.Mahathir, Sayed dan Yulianto P. Prihatmaji. 2008. Efektifitas Material Perlubangan “Mashrabiya” Sebagai Hijab Gender Pada Desain Perpustakaan Pesantren, DIMENSI Journal of Architecture and Build Environment, Vol. 36, No. 2.Samuel, W. 2011. Performance and Permeability: An Investigation of the Mashrabiya for use within the Gibson Desert in Australia (pp. 42-57). Master Thesis, School of Architecture and Design of Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand.Sherif. A, Sabry, H., Rakha, T. 2012. External perforated Solar Screens for daylighting in residential desert buildings: Identification of minimum perforation percentages. Journal of Solar Energy, 86(12), 1929-1940.https://www.archdaily.com/510226/light-matters-Mashrabiyas-translating-tradition-into-dynamic-facades, 19 Mei 2019

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Yao, Jian-xi, et Zao-jian Zou. « Calculation of ship squat in restricted waterways by using a 3D panel method ». Journal of Hydrodynamics 22, S1 (octobre 2010) : 472–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1001-6058(09)60241-9.

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Park, Myung-Soo, Hye-Jin Kim, Kyoung-Ah Chin, Kil-Tae Kim, Joon-Ha Park et Kyoung-Moon Lim. « P-74 : View-Map Redesign Method for Optical Error Compensation By 3D Panel ». SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 46, n^o 1 (juin 2015) : 1421–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sdtp.10143.

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Park, Min Jae, Jaehoon Bae et Young K. Ju. « Structural Behavior of a Composite Curtain Wall Fabricated by the Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing Method ». Polymers 14, n^o 7 (31 mars 2022) : 1431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14071431.

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In this era of the fourth industrial revolution, the integration of big data and 3D printing technology with the construction industry has maximized productivity. Currently, there is an active effort to research the optimal cladding structure through 3D printing technology to reduce production costs. This paper proposes a new type of 3D print curtain wall, using a high-strength ABS-M30 polymer panel, which is stronger than the standard acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer, as an internally reinforced structure. This structure is fabricated via fused deposition modeling, a 3D printing method, to reduce the weight of the general cement panel. In addition, the shape of the polymer board was designed; three shapes were considered—O, W, and X types—which aided in further reducing the weight of the cladding. After comparing the center deformation of the structure through a lateral load test and finite element method analysis, the optimal model was selected. The measured data of the two methods at a design wind speed of 100% showed a difference of approximately 10%; however, at 150% of the design wind speed, the difference between the two sets of data increased to 27%.

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Godden, Amy R., Rachel L. O’Connell, Peter A. Barry, Katherine C. D. Krupa, Lisa M. Wolf, Kabir Mohammed, Anna M. Kirby et Jennifer E. Rusby. « 3-Dimensional objective aesthetic evaluation to replace panel assessment after breast-conserving treatment ». Breast Cancer 27, n^o 6 (19 juin 2020) : 1126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12282-020-01117-9.

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Abstract Background Two-thirds of patients with early breast cancer undergo breast-conserving treatment (BCT). Aesthetic outcome is important and has long term implications for psychosocial wellbeing. The aesthetic goal of BCT is symmetry for which there is no gold-standard measure. Panel scoring is the most widely adopted assessment but has well-described limitations. This paper describes a model to objectively report aesthetic outcome using measures derived from 3-dimensional surface images (3D-SI). Method Objective measures and panel assessment were undertaken independently for 3D-SI of women who underwent BCT 1–5 years previously. Univariate analysis was used to test for association between measures and panel score. A forward stepwise multiple linear regression model was fitted to identify 3D measurements that jointly predicted the mean panel score. The fitted model coefficients were used to predict mean panel scores for an independent validation set then compared to the mean observed panel score. Results Very good intra-panel reliability was observed for the training and validation sets (wκ = 0.87, wκ = 0.84). Six 3D-measures were used in the multivariate model. There was a good correlation between the predicted and mean observed panel score in the training (n = 190) and validation (n = 100) sets (r = 0.68, r = 0.65). The 3D model tended to predict scores towards the median. The model was calibrated which improved the distribution of predicted scores. Conclusion A six-variable objective aesthetic outcome model for BCT has been described and validated. This can predict and could replace panel assessment, facilitating the independent and unbiased evaluation of aesthetic outcome to communicate and compare results, benchmark practice, and raise standards.

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Jiang, Jiasong, Chunxiao Liao et Luoqing Zhou. « Development and anti-bending behavior of a ‘π’ shape 3D woven composite ». Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 31, n^o 5 (mars 2012) : 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684412437268.

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Hollow woven composites are widely used as matrix in aeronautics and vehicles. This paper develops a new ‘π’ shape of 3D woven hollow composite to optimize its bending property. The new structure composite is woven with overlapping warp integral panel enhancing method. In order to weave it out, a new structure of heald has been innovated. Three specimens with different thickness of panels are manufactured by this method. The anti-bending performances of the composites are carried out by four-point bending tests. The experimental results show that with an increase of the number of the composites layers, the Young's modulus and failure loads of the composites are increased significantly.

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Men, Yan Zhong, Yong Xin Guo et Jun Shuai. « Application Study on Reverse Design Method in Tobacco Heights Department of Tractor Panel ». Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (juin 2012) : 3265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.3265.

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Reverse design of the flue-cured tobacco Heights Department of tractor panel has been designed, using reverse engineering software, 3D laser scanning equipment and electron microscopy equipment, after the collected data such as pre-processing and surface reconstruction process, to get a tractor panel of tobacco Heights Department. The initial structural model, and associated structural re-design, research results show that the rapid establishment of a new product manufacturing system to improve new product quality and development efficiency has important practical significance.

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Teng, L., X. D. Zheng et Zh H. Jin. « Performance Optimization and Verification of a New Type of Solar Panel for Microsatellites ». International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2019 (27 février 2019) : 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2846491.

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In this paper, a new method of replacing the conventional honeycomb aluminum panel with 3D metal printing on the microsatellite is presented. The multiobjective optimization method is used to optimize the temperature difference, compression strength, shear strength, and weight of the new type of solar panel structure. The relationships between the structural parameters and optimization targets are established, and the influence of five factors on thermal and structural properties is analyzed. Finally, a group of better structural parameters of the panel is obtained. The relative deviations between simulation analysis and model are 27.45%, 6.12%, 1.365%, and 3.27%, respectively. The optimization results show that the regression model can be used to predict thermal and structural properties of the panel, and the establishment of the model is effective. The analysis results show that the performances can be improved by 91.62%, 46.94%, 17.91%, and 10.28%, respectively. The optimized results are used for 3D metal printing, and the new type of solar panel is obtained. It is proved that the method can effectively improve the thermal and structural properties of the panel and can effectively shorten the development and manufacture cycle of the panel and also reduce the cost. It has high engineering application value.

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Perić, Mato, Karlo Seleš, Zdenko Tonković et Martina Lovrenić-Jugović. « Numerical simulation of welding distortions in large structures with a simplified engineering approach ». Open Physics 17, n^o 1 (31 décembre 2019) : 719–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phys-2019-0076.

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AbstractThis paper presents an efficient thermo-elastoplastic method for the prediction of welding-induced distortions in a large panel structure. It is based on a shell/3D modeling technique which was proposed and experimentally validated in the authors’ previous study. Two numerical examples are analyzed to evaluate the accuracy and efficiency of the present method. In the first example, the recommendations for the estimation of the minimum 3D zone size in the shell/3D model reported in the authors’ previous work are verified, in comparison with the full 3D model, on a T-joint model consisting of plates with different thicknesses. It is shown that the shell/3D modeling technique provides a significant reduction in the computational time needed for the simulation of the welding process and thus enables efficient thermo-elastoplastic analyses on large structures. In the second example, the proposed model is validated on a large panel structure by corresponding the experimental data and inherent strain solutions from the literature.

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Li, Yi Chao, Yi Sheng Zhang et De Qun Li. « Shrinkage Analysis of Injection-Compression Molding for Transparent Plastic Panel by 3D Simulation ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (décembre 2010) : 1029–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.1029.

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Injection molding which is adopted to fabricate transparent plastic panel has merits such as high efficiency and low cost, and is being used widely. However, at the end of injection molding process, product may be affected by uneven shrinkage and as a result, bring defects such as warp to the final part. This can greatly damage its mechanical and optical quality. Injection-compression molding(ICM) can significantly minimize these defects. In the present paper, 3D model and coupled calculation method of flow, temperature and pressure are used to simulate the process of ICM for an irregular geometric transparent plastic panel. This method can not only reconstruct 3D flow front, temperature and pressure field of ICM process in a much more realistic way, but also more fully demonstrate the length of 3D fiber flow line(FFL) and the variation of shrinkage rate and its homogenize process. Due to such improved algorithm, great improvement has been made to accurately calculate the shrinkage rate in depth of the panel and predict its warp data, in comparison to the traditional temperature-volume contraction index method, which has important practical value to guide and design the technological process of ICM.

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Zhang, Peng, Teng Zhang et Xin Wang. « Hydrodynamic Analysis and Motions of Ship with Forward Speed via a Three-Dimensional Time-Domain Panel Method ». Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, n^o 1 (15 janvier 2021) : 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9010087.

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A new three-dimensional (3D) time-domain panel method is developed to solve the ship hydrodynamic problem and motions. For an advancing ship with a constant forward speed in regular waves, the ship’s hull can be discretized and processed into a number of quadrilateral panels. Based on Green’s theorem, an analytical expression for Froude–Krylov (F–K) forces evaluation on the quadrilateral panels is derived without accuracy loss. Within the linear potential theory, the transient free surface Green function (TFSGF) is applied to solve the boundary value problem. To improve the efficiency and numerical stability of TFSGF evaluation, a precise integration method with variable parameters setting for extended identity matrix is developed to compute the TFSGF in the computation domain. Then, radiation and diffraction forces can be evaluated by means of the impulse response function method. The Wigley I hull form is taken as a study case, and the computed hydrodynamic coefficients, wave exciting forces, and motions by the present method are compared with previous literature experimental data and prior published results. It manifests that the three-dimensional time-domain panel method proposed in this paper has good accuracy.

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Kabir, Mohammad Zaman, Parisa Shadan et Hossein Kabir. « A numerical and experimental study on the dynamical behavior of 3D-Panel Wall on Piloti RC Frame ». International Journal of Structural Integrity 9, n^o 4 (13 août 2018) : 475–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-09-2017-0053.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the dynamical behavior of a combined three-story building with a 3D panel wall system including a soft story irregularity at the very first floor by doing a shaking table test. The upper two stories of the model were made out of the 3D panel system, while the first story was constructed only with moment-resisting RC frames. Design/methodology/approach Besides the experimental program, the numerical finite element method was implemented for the verification of the experimental results. In the experimental study, the building responses including the floors’ accelerations and drifts were considered, and the seismically vulnerable zones were reported and compared with that provided by the implemented FEM-based program. Findings After the shaking table test, the major cracks appeared at the end of each column and beam-column connections. Some negligible cracks were also visible around the beam-panel connections. However, no crack was seen in the upper stories. The lateral deformation of the studied building was investigated under the applied ELC25 and NGH135 earthquakes. Under the both aforementioned ground motion records, the first story drift was larger than two upper stories, since the moment-resisting frame was a soft story. The hysteretic relation between the shear and displacement for each story was studied. Under the applied ELC25 earthquake, the system remains linear and the stiffness of each story is obtainable as well. Originality/value This is the first time when the dynamical behavior of a combined system is studied and tested experimentally and numerically for data validation. Regarding the response of the assumed combined structure, the 3D panel system has a remarkable rigidity with respect to the conventional RC frames, also 3D panels have less weight than the moment-resisting frames.

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Nelson, Bryan, et Jen-Shiang Kouh. « The Aerodynamic Analysis of a Rotating Wind Turbine by Viscous-Coupled 3D Panel Method ». Applied Sciences 7, n^o 6 (26 mai 2017) : 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app7060551.

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Štorch, Vít, et Jiří Nožička. « CONTRA-ROTATING PROPELLER AERODYNAMICS SOLVED BY A 3D PANEL METHOD WITH COUPLED BOUNDARY LAYER ». Acta Polytechnica 57, n^o 5 (31 octobre 2017) : 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2017.57.0355.

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The aerodynamics of contra-rotating propellers is a complex three-dimensional problem of an unsteady flow, which is often approached by assuming numerous simplifications. Presented computational model combines a 3D panel method with a force-free vortex wake and a two-dimensional two-equation boundary layer model in an attempt to capture all the main contributing elements of the flow physics. An emphasis is placed on the interaction of the viscous boundary layer region with the inviscid region and the development of a portable method of their coupling. The kinematics of a force-free vortex wake is supplemented with a vortex aging due to a diffusion. Extra attention is paid to the process of the blade passing through the wake of another blade. To demonstrate the ability of the numerical model, several test cases are presented, illustrating the reaction of the system to various operational conditions.

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Chen, Chen-Wei, et Ning Peng. « Prediction and analysis of 3D hydrofoil and propeller under potential flow using panel method ». MATEC Web of Conferences 77 (2016) : 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20167701013.

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Hassanzadeh, Sanaz, Hossein Hasani et Mohammad Zarrebini. « Compression load-carrying capacity of 3D-integrated weft-knitted spacer composites ». Journal of Sandwich Structures & ; Materials 21, n^o 4 (3 juillet 2017) : 1379–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099636217716575.

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Recent developments in composite manufacturing have been resulted in formation of newly-known 3D integrated weft-knitted fabrics which can be used as the composites’ reinforcing materials. In this paper, the compression-resistivity of 3D composite panels reinforced with these newly designed 3D textile-preforms from E-glass fibers has been studied. Following this research, the composites mechanical functionality under flatwise and edgewise compression loadings was evaluated. Using VIP method, three groups of glass/epoxy composite with different core thicknesses and structural geometries were prepared. It was concluded that the compressive strength of the flat-wisely loaded samples would significantly decrease by increasing the thickness. Moreover, changing the composites’ geometrical shape leads to some changes in failure mode; in this regard, the produced single-decker U-shaped panels only suffer from the pure buckling failure, while the double-decker U-shaped panel failed due to a combination of facing bending stress, core shear stress, and buckling failure. Thickness changes are not as effective as structural geometry changes on the panels’ compress-resistivity under edgewise compression. As compared with the conventional 3D woven sandwich composites, it was approved that mechanical functionality of the produced 3D integrated weft-knitted spacer panels is completely improved so that they can be considered as good alternatives especially in building constructions.

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Liang, Shuang, Rong-Hua Li et George Baciu. « Cognitive Garment Panel Design Based on BSG Representation and Matching ». International Journal of Software Science and Computational Intelligence 4, n^o 1 (janvier 2012) : 84–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jssci.2012010104.

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Previously, the fashion industry and apparel manufacturing have been applying intelligent CAD technologies with sketching interfaces to operate garment panel shapes in digital form. The authors propose a novel bi-segment graph (BSG) representation and matching approach to facilitate the searching of panel shapes for sketch-based cognitive garment design and recommendation. First in the front-tier, they provide a sketching interface for designers to input and edit the clothing panels. A panel shape is then decomposed into a sequence of connected segments and represented by the proposed BSG model to encode its intrinsic features. A new matching metric based on minimal spanning tree is also proposed to compute the similarity between two BSG models. The simulation of the resulting garment design is also visualized and returned to the user in 3D. Experiment results show the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method.

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Wang, Yao Kun, Zhi Qiang Wan et Shan Liu. « An Analysis Method of Static Aeroelastic Response with Nonlinear Aerodynamic Data on 3D Bodysurface Panel Element ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 444-445 (octobre 2013) : 764–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.444-445.764.

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A static aeroelastic responses analysis method based on mapping external nonlinear aerodynamic forces onto 3D body surface panel elements is proposed. The external nonlinear aerodynamic force data can be obtained by Euler solver, Navier-Stokes solver and wind tunnel tests. In this paper, the method is applied to obtain static aeroelastic responses of a flexible aircraft, and the emphasis is placed on the change of aerodynamic coefficient, aerodynamic pressure distribution and flight load. The results are compared with static aeroelastic responses calculated by high-order panel method. It is concluded that the method presented in this study is feasible, credible and efficient, and can provide an assessment of static aeroelastic response characteristics for the detailed stage of aircraft design.

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Wang, Na, Mingfei Chen, Yantao Zhang, Shuangxia Shi, Guoyong Jin et Zhigang Liu. « Analysis of the Vibro-Acoustic Behavior of a Stiffened Double Panel-Cavity System ». Shock and Vibration 2022 (11 juillet 2022) : 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6369832.

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An analytical solution for the vibro-acoustic behavior analysis of a stiffened double panel-cavity coupled system is presented. Unlike existing methods, this method is flexible with parameter analysis and can simulate the elastic boundary conditions of a stiffened double panel structure. The displacements of the stiffened double panel structures and the sound pressure of two inner acoustic cavities are expressed by two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) improved Fourier series methods, respectively. Then, the unknown coefficients of the vibro-acoustic control equation are solved by the Rayleigh–Ritz method based on the virtual works principle applied to the coupled system. In numerical results, the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method are validated by several comparison examples. Finally, the influence of some parameters on the vibro-acoustic behavior of the coupled system is investigated. Numerical results show that the external acoustic excitation at a certain angle can stimulate more resonant responses of the panel-cavity coupled system. This work can predict quickly the vibro-acoustic behavior of the stiffened double panel-cavity coupled system with a small truncation number. Some new results can be used as reference data for future work.

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Qi, Min, Yi Hong Han, Xiao Qin Hou, Xiao Xi Zhang, Qiang Wang et Ke Li. « Real Time Modeling and Rendering of 3D Tree ». Advanced Materials Research 664 (février 2013) : 1072–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.664.1072.

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In recent years, the virtual-reality simulation technology has developed so fast which has been widely used in military and people’s daily lives, etc. As the essential element of the three-dimensional scene, modeling of trees becomes increasingly important. There are many methods for 3D modeling trees such as 3DMAX modeling, the bulletin board technology, the crossing panel and the LOD technology. However, these methods are not so effective either for the bad real-time performance caused by the large quantity of data or the unsatisfactory 3D effect. Therefore, this paper is aiming at proposing a 3D tree modeling method which was based on the combination of Fractal and Non-rectangular raster image technology.

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Zhan, Li Hua, Xiao Long Xu et Ming Hui Huang. « Influence of Element Types on Springback Prediction of Creep Age Forming of Aluminum Alloy Integral Panel ». Materials Science Forum 773-774 (novembre 2013) : 512–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.773-774.512.

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Creep Age Forming (CAF) is an effective forming technique combined forming and heat treatment, based on creep and age hardening characteristics of some aluminum alloys. It has been widely used to manufacture large integral panels with airfoil sections and complex curvatures of high strength aluminum alloy. The aim of this paper is to study the influence of element types on springback prediction of creep age forming of aluminum alloy integral panel. Firstly, the finite element models are built by 3D-solid elements and Shell elements separately. And then a set of creep aging constitutive equations of 7055 aluminum alloy are implemented into the commercial FE solver MSC.MARC through user defined subroutine. Finally, springback values predicted by 3D-solid elements model and Shell elements model respectively are compared under different height to width ratios. Some important conclusions were drawn. For the reinforcing panel with the height to width ratio is more than 5:1, shell elements should be used to get more accurate springback prediction result. If the height to width ratio is less than 5:1, solids elements should be used. Above conclusions provide theoretical basis for the study of CAF of the aluminum alloy integral panel by finite element simulation method.

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Citarella, Roberto G., G. Cricrì et E. Armentani. « Multiple Crack Propagation with Dual Boundary Element Method in Stiffened and Reinforced Full Scale Aeronautic Panels ». Key Engineering Materials 560 (juillet 2013) : 129–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.560.129.

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In this work, the performance of a new methodology, based on the Dual Boundary Element Method (DBEM) and applied to reinforced cracked aeronautic panels, is assessed. Such procedure is mainly based on two-dimensional stress analyses, whereas the three-dimensional modelling, always implemented in conjunction with the sub-modelling approach, is limited to those situations in which the so-called secondary bending effects cannot be neglected. The connection between the different layers (patches and main panel) is realised by rivets: a peculiar original arrangement of the rivet configuration in the two-dimensional DBEM model allows to take into account the real in-plane panel stiffness and the transversal rivet stiffness, even with a two dimensional approach. Different in plane loading configurations are considered, depending on the presence of a biaxial or uniaxial remote load. The nonlinear hole/rivet contact, is simulated by gap elements when needed. The most stressed skin holes are highlighted, and the effect of through the thickness cracks, initiated from the aforementioned holes, is analysed in terms of stress redistribution, SIF evaluation and crack propagation. The two-dimensional approximation for such kind of problems is generally not detrimental to the accuracy level, due the low thickness of involved panels, and is particularly efficient for studying varying reinforcement configurations, where reduced run times and a lean pre-processing phase are prerequisites.The accuracy of the proposed approach is assessed by comparison with Finite Element Method (FEM) results and experimental tests available in literature.This approach aims at providing a general purpose prediction tool useful to improve the understanding of the fatigue resistance of aeronautic panels.KEYWORDSDBEM, full scale aeronautic panel, 2D/3D crack growth, MSD, doubler-skin assembly, damage tolerance

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Kim, Jung-Hyun, et Yonghwan Kim. « Numerical computation of motions and structural loads for large containership using 3D Rankine panel method ». Journal of Marine Science and Application 16, n^o 4 (décembre 2017) : 417–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11804-017-1435-5.

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SONG, YOUN-JOON, CHUN-DAL PARK, YOUNG-HO HAHN et WAN-JIN CHUNG. « TRIMMING LINE DESIGN USING AN INCREMENTAL DEVELOPMENT METHOD AND A FINITE ELEMENT INVERSE METHOD ». International Journal of Modern Physics B 22, n^o 31n32 (30 décembre 2008) : 5623–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979208050917.

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In automobile panel manufacturing, the design of a feasible trimming line is crucial in obtaining an accurate edge profile after flanging. In this study, an effective method which combines the robust incremental development method and finite element inverse method is presented. The finite element inverse method is used to analyze the flanging process. In using the finite element inverse method, the main obstacle is the generation of the initial guess. An improved incremental development method is presented to handle badly-shaped element, various element sizes, and undercut parts. This method incrementally develops a 3D triangular mesh onto the drawing tool surface by layer-wise development and smoothing technique. The effectiveness of this method is verified by two numerical examples.

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Whale, J., C. J. Fisichella et M. S. Selig. « Correcting Inflow Measurements From Wind Turbines Using a Lifting-Surface Code ». Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 122, n^o 4 (1 septembre 2000) : 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1331287.

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In order to provide accurate blade element data for wind turbine design codes, measured three-dimensional (3D) field data must be corrected in terms of the (sectional) angle of attack. A 3D Lifting-Surface Inflow Correction Method (LSIM) has been developed with the aid of a vortex-panel code in order to calculate the relationship between measured local flow angle and angle of attack. The results show the advantages of using the 3D LSIM correction over 2D correction methods, particularly at the inboard sections of the blade where the local flow is affected by post-stall effects and the influence of the blade root. [S0199-6231(00)00604-3]

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Stan, Constantin, Miron Zapciu, Marius Paraschiv et Mihai Ungureanu. « 3D Parametric Modeling for Complex Parts Generation ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 371 (août 2013) : 504–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.371.504.

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The complex parts, like block engine or inside panel door, represent a real challenge for 3D modeling with modern parametric 3D CAD systems if we intend to reuse the modeling for future modifications. The complexity of the part generates a large number of parameters and parametrical dependencies that is difficult to manage and even difficult to change for modifying the part, often, for big changes, making it easier to remodeling the part from the beginning. In this paper is presented a new method of parametric and hierarchical 3D modeling that allows easy future modifications of the part. This paper also presents the implementation of this new method in Catia V5 and the validation for a number of CAD models.

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Panagiotou, Pericles, Thomas Dimopoulos, Stylianos Dimitriou et Kyros Yakinthos. « Quasi-3D Aerodynamic Analysis Method for Blended-Wing-Body UAV Configurations ». Aerospace 8, n^o 1 (6 janvier 2021) : 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8010013.

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The current study presents a low-fidelity, quasi-3D aerodynamic analysis method for Blended-Wing-Body (BWB) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) configurations. A tactical BWB UAV experimental prototype is used as a reference platform. The method utilizes 2D panel method analyses and theoretical aerodynamic calculations to rapidly compute lift and pitching moment coefficients. The philosophy and the underlying theoretical and semi-empirical equations of the proposed method are extensively described. Corrections related to control surfaces deflection and ground effect are also suggested, so that the BWB pitching stability and trimming calculations can be supported. The method is validated against low-fidelity 3D aerodynamic analysis methods and high-fidelity, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) results for various BWB configurations. The validation procedures show that the proposed method is considerably more accurate than existing low-fidelity ones, can provide predictions for both lift and pitching moment coefficients and requires far less computational resources and time when compared to CFD modeling. Hence, it can serve as a valuable aerodynamics and stability analysis tool for BWB UAV configurations.

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Liang, Xu, Yu Deng, Xue Jiang, Zeng Cao, Yongdu Ruan, Jianxing Leng, Titao Wang et Xing Zha. « Three-dimensional semi-analytical solutions for the transient response of functionally graded material cylindrical panels with various boundary conditions ». Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 39, n^o 4 (12 juin 2019) : 1002–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461348419855807.

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In this paper, a 3D semi-analytical method is proposed by introducing the Durbin’s Laplace transform, as well as its numerical inversion method, state space approach and differential quadrature method to analyse the transient behaviour of functionally graded material cylindrical panels. Moreover, to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed semi-analytical solution, four boundary conditions are used to undertake the analyses. Comparing the proposed approach with other theoretical methods from the literatures, we see better agreements in the natural frequencies. Besides, the semi-analytical solution acquires nearly the same transient response as those obtained by ANSYS. Convergence studies indicate that the proposed method has a quick convergence rate with growing sample point numbers along the length direction, so do layer numbers increase along the radial direction. The effects of thickness/outer radius ratio, length/outer radius ratio and functionally graded indexes are also studied. When carbon nanotube is added to functionally graded material cylindrical panel, the composite structures have been reinforced greatly. The proposed 3D semi-analytical method has high accuracy for the analysis of composite structures. This study can serve as a foundation for solving more complicated environments such as fluid–structure interaction of flexible pipe or thermal effect analysis of functionally graded material in aerospace field.

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Ertuna, Ilker, Yusuf Güngör, Fatma Karaoğlu, Nazlı Dindar, Uğur Can Topçu, Gökhan Çaliş et Doç Dr Ceren Göde. « Design and Production of Smart Wearable Textile Products Using Layered Manufacturing Technology with Photovoltaic Energy ». South Florida Journal of Development 2, n^o 2 (17 mai 2021) : 1636–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv2n2-040.

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Smart textiles are used in a wide range of areas, such as defense industry, security, medicine, health, aviation, space sciences, environment, energy, biotechnology, agriculture, food, cosmetics and fashion design. In this study, with the progress of technology in the area of the wearable smart textile industry, 3D manufacturing which has started to take place in the industry as a new manufacturing method or in other words layered manufacturing practices are discessed. For this purpose, a solar panel was placed in the 3D printed material obtained by FDM method, one of the layered manufacturing methods, and integrated into the textile material and to charge our electronic devices from photovoltaic energy was explained. It is aimed to produce, using the knowledge gained as a result of the study, smart textile products that facilitate human life with 3D printed materials obtained from filaments with conductive additive.

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Smardzewski, Jerzy, et Dorota Jasińska. « Mathematical models and experimental data for HDF based sandwich panels with dual corrugated lightweight core ». Holzforschung 71, n^o 3 (1 mars 2017) : 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2016-0146.

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Abstract Light layer honeycomb panels could replace traditional wood materials, if their stiffness and strength properties could be improved. The aim of this research was to design and determine elastic properties of sandwich panels (SPs) based on a dual corrugated HDF core. Stiffness matrix values of elements were determined by a numerical method. The 3D calculation results were compared with those of the homogeneous model. The calculation results were collated with those of experimental investigations. It was demonstrated that the linear elasticity modulus as well as the modulus of rupture of the SPs were comparable with mechanical properties of a particle board with identical thickness, while the SP has a 1/3 lower density. The panel core exhibited significant orthotropic properties. In the xy plane it could be characterized as an auxetic structure. The homogeneous model leads to results similar to those achieved from the 3D model and observed in experimental tests.

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Malik, Saeed Akram, Pan Guang et Liu Yanan. « Numerical Simulations for the Prediction of Wave Forces on Underwater Vehicle using 3D Panel Method Code ». Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 5, n^o 21 (20 mai 2013) : 5012–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.19026/rjaset.5.4389.

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NISHIMURA, Tomohiro, et Yoshimhumi Ogami. « A Numerical Analysis of an Underwater Robot in a Rapid Turn Using a 3D Panel Method ». Proceedings of Conference of Kansai Branch 2021.96 (2021) : 31111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekansai.2021.96.31111.

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