Thèses : « 3 photon »

1

Sunter, Kristen Ann. « Optical Modeling of Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors ». Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13106421.

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Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) can detect single photons or low levels of infrared light in applications that require high speed and low timing jitter, such as integrated circuit analysis. Most applications also require a high device detection efficiency (DDE), but the DDE of SNSPDs is limited by many factors. A good optical design with an integrated optical cavity and dielectric layers can increase the absorptance of 1550-nm light in the active area to over 90%. Therefore, optical modeling using the transfer matrix method was used to guide the design and fabrication of high-efficiency detectors with a measured DDE of over 70%. In addition, finite element analysis was used to simulate the effect of adding different types of optical antennas to SNSPD designs to increase their active area without compromising their speed, and the fabrication of antennas integrated with nanowires achieved sub-10 nm gaps between features. Thin films of niobium nitride, the starting material of the SNSPDs, were investigated using several techniques for thin film characterization, including x-ray diffraction, Auger electron spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Optical setups based on reflectometry and transmittometry were built to determine the film thickness more accurately than deposition time for optical modeling and to provide feedback on the deposition conditions. The optical setups are able to provide reproducible and precise thickness measurements to within 0.1 nm.
Engineering and Applied Sciences

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Romijn, Elisabeth Inge. « Development of 3-D Quantitative Analysis of Multi-Photon Microscopy Images ». Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for fysikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18425.

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Motivation: Cartilage is a robust but flexible connective tissue found in most joints of the body. The collagen fibres present in the extracellular matrix of cartilage contribute to its tensile strength and stiffness. The purpose of this study is to develop and implement methods to determine the orientation and anisotropy of collagen fibres in 3-D images gen- erated with multi-photon microscopy. The motivation behind developing these techniques is to improve the foundation for further studies on understanding the characteristics of the cartilage matrix. This in turn would give a better foundation for developing artificial matrices and mechanical models, as well as improve diagnostics.Material and methods: The two methods developed in this study are based on analysing the frequency domain. One is an expansion of a previous developed method by Chaudhuri et al. [1]. This method is based on evaluating the average intensity at different directions in the frequency domain. The direction with the least average intensity is equivalent to the direction of the fibres. The other method is based on thresholding the frequency domain according to intensity followed by fitting an ellipsoid to the remaining data set. The direction of the collagen fibres is equivalent to the direction of the shortest axis of the ellipsoid. These methods are called the sector and ellipsoid method, respectively. To determine how robust these methods are a series of tests were developed. The focus of these tests was to determine if the methods are rotational invariant and if the results are influences by different preprocessing techniques. These preprocessing techniques are: median filtering, deconvolution and skeletonization of the original image containing the collagen fibres. It is also important to determine the sensitivity of the ellipsoid method according to the chosen threshold value. In addition data generated fibres and frequency domains were made to determine the accuracy of the methods.Results and conclusion: The sector method was not very robust. For most cases there is not one specific direction that has the least average intensity in the frequency domain. Instead there is a quite large minimum area. The ellipsoid method shows promising results. It managed to find the correct direction both for the data generated data sets, but also for the real images. It seems like no preprocessing nor frequency filtering, except for thresholding, is needed to still find the correct direction and its anisotropy. The only remark is that the automatically chosen threshold value was to low for one of the samples. This can probably be improved by making a slight change in the process for choosing a threshold value.

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Sun, Chengwei. « First measurement of the reaction helium-3(photon,proton -proton)neutron ». W&M ScholarWorks, 1990. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623791.

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Differential cross sections for the {dollar}\sp3{dollar}He({dollar}\gamma{dollar},pp)n reaction were measured with a bremsstrahlung beam for kinematics selected in the quasi-free two-nucleon region with neutron recoil q{dollar}\sb{lcub}\rm n{rcub}\approx{dollar} 0. Five photon energy points were taken between 200 and 440 MeV. The two proton detectors were positioned in such a way that the angle of one proton, in the CM of the pp pair, relative to the photon direction is 75{dollar}\sp\circ{dollar}. The data confirm the predicted quenching of the cross section. In the photon energy region from 310 to 440 MeV the data are in agreement with a theoretical prediction based on a diagrammatic description of the process. at lower energies (200 to 310 MeV) the data are about 40% to 70% higher than the predictions. However the shape of the proton momentum spectrum is reproduced when three body mechanisms are included.

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Telliez, Cécile. « Advanced optical microscopy for spatially and temporally precise deep brain interrogation ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS041.

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Dans le domaine des neurosciences, l'avènement des outils optogénétiques sensibles à la lumière a ouvert de nouvelles opportunités pour contrôler précisément l'activité neuronale et étudier le fonctionnement cérébral optiquement. En optique, cela a motivé le développement de diverses stratégies d'illumination et de collecte de la lumière pour imager l'activité neuronale et la manipuler avec une précision spatiotemporelle élevée. En particulier, les approches de mise en forme de la lumière, telles que l'holographie générée par ordinateur combinée à la focalisation temporelle, ont permis de cibler des neurones individuels ou des groupes de neurones avec une grande précision temporelle et une précision spatiale proche de la cellule unique, dans des espaces volumétriques de centaines de microns. Cette précision est cruciale pour obtenir des informations critiques sur le code neuronal et établir des connexions entre l'activité neuronale, le comportement et la perception à une échelle fine. Malgré ces avancées, des défis persistent pour permettre des investigations cérébrales complexes, notamment en ce qui concerne le contrôle de vastes populations de cellules avec une précision spatiotemporelle élevée en profondeur. Pendant ma thèse, j'ai particulièrement concentré mes efforts sur ces défis et développé de nouvelles stratégies optiques de mise en forme de la lumière visant à (i) étendre le nombre de neurones excitables, (ii) améliorer la résolution temporelle et (iii) augmenter la profondeur de pénétration de l'investigation optogénétique multi-photonique ciblée et basée sur la modulation de phase de la lumière.Initialement, j'ai concentré mes efforts sur le développement d'un système optique ultra-rapide à deux photons (2P) (FLiT), où un modulateur spatial de lumière et un miroir galvanométrique sont couplés pour permettre la commutation à un taux de kHz de motifs d'illumination précis spatialement sur l'échantillon. Cela sert deux objectifs principaux. Premièrement, cela permet d'ajuster optiquement le temps d'excitation relatif de cellules distinctes avec une résolution temporelle d'environ un ordre de grandeur supérieur par rapport aux méthodes précédentes. Deuxièmement, FLiT permet de cibler un ensemble donné de cellules en réduisant le budget de puissance d'excitation d'un facteur 4-5, tout en minimisant l'élévation thermique induite par la lumière. Pour pousser cette approche encore plus loin, j'ai ensuite modifié la conception optique originale en incluant une unité de de-scan (deFLiT), ce qui a permis d'élargir le nombre d'hologrammes utilisables et d'augmenter encore davantage le gain de puissance et la précision temporelle du FLiT conventionnel.Dans la deuxième phase de la thèse, je me suis concentré sur un système holographique à trois photons (3P) pour mener des expériences d'optogénétique plus profondément à l'intérieur du cerveau. J'ai conçu et construit le système, puis je l'ai validé en photo-activant diverses opsines et en induisant leur activation à haute fréquence dans les neurones ciblés sous un régime d'excitation à 3P que j'ai également vérifié. Par rapport aux systèmes holographiques à deux photons précédents, cette approche permettra d'étendre les investigations entièrement optiques à des régions plus profondes du cerveau.Ces nouvelles stratégies seront importantes pour étudier les circuits neuronaux avec une stimulation optogénétique rapide et précise à travers de vastes ensembles neuronaux en profondeur
In the field of neuroscience, the advent of light-sensitive optogenetic tools has opened new opportunities for precisely controlling neuronal activity and study brain functioning optically. In optics, this has motivated the development of various light-delivery and collection strategies to functionally image and manipulate neural activity with high spatiotemporal precision. Particularly, light-shaping approaches, such as Computer-Generated Holography combined with Temporal Focusing, have enabled temporally precise targeting of individual neurons or clusters with near single-cell accuracy within volumetric spaces of hundreds of microns. This precision is crucial to get critical insights into the neural code and establishing connections between neural activity with behavior and perception at fine scale. Despite these advancements, challenges persist in enabling complex brain investigations, especially when it comes to control vast populations of cells with high spatiotemporal precision in depth. During my thesis, I particularly focused on those challenges and developed new light-shaping optical strategies aiming at (i) expanding the number of excitable neurons, (ii) improving temporal resolution and (iii) increasing the penetration depth of cell-targeted multiphoton optogenetic investigation based on phase-modulation light-targeting.Initially, I concentrated on developing an ultra-fast two-photon (2P) optical system (FLiT), where a multiplexing LC-SLM and a galvanometric mirror are coupled to allow kHz-rate switching of spatially precise illumination patterns on the sample. This serves two primary purposes. Firstly, it enables to optically tune the relative spiking time of distinct cells with a temporal resolution of about one order of magnitude higher compared to previous methods. Secondly, FLiT allows targeting a given ensemble of cells by reducing the excitation power budget by a 4-5 factor, while minimizing light-induced thermal rise. To push forward this approach, I further modified the original optical design by including a de-scan unit (deFLiT) which enabled to enlarge the number of usable holograms and increase even further the power gain and temporal precision of conventional FLiT .In the second phase of the thesis, I focused on a three-photon (3P) holographic system to conduct optogenetics experiments deeper inside the brain. I designed and built the system and I then validated it by photo-activating various opsins and driving high-rate firing in targeted neurons under a verified 3PE regime. Compared to previous holographic 2P-photon systems, this approach will enable the extension of all-optical investigations to deeper brain regions.These new strategies will be important for studying neuronal circuits with rapid and precise optogenetic stimulation across large neuronal ensembles in depth

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Yilmaz, Ercan. « Characteristic X-ray, Photoelectron And Compton-scattered Photon Escape From A Hpge Detector ». Phd thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/1210061/index.pdf.

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Escape of photoelectrons, Compton-scattered photons and Ge X-rays from a HPGe detector was studied as a function of energy in the range 8-52 keV. A variable-energy source producing Cu, Rb, Mo, Ag, Ba, and Tb X-rays was used. All three mechanisms for energy loss were observed in the same experiment for Ba and Tb, while only X-ray and photoelectron escapes were evident in the spectra for Ag, Mo, Rb, and Cu. Spectral features and possible mechanisms for partial energy deposition were investigated. A Monte Carlo program was used to simulate the relevant interactions and to estimate the escape probabilities.

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Damon, Vianney. « Filtrage programmable et mémoire quantique dans Er 3+ YSO ». Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00877060.

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Les ions de terres rares en matrice cristalline, refroidis à très basse température, offrent des propriétés remarquables pour le traitement analogique du signal sur porteuse optique. L'élargissement inhomogène du spectre d'absorption peut en effet atteindre plusieurs centaines de gigahertz alors que la largeur homogène des raies d'absorption des ions individuels ne dépasse pas quelques kilohertz. Par pompage optique il est alors possible de modifier à volonté le profil du spectre d'absorption. On dispose ainsi d'un filtre programmable présentant à la fois une très grande bande passante, donnée par la largeur inhomogène, et une excellente résolution, fixée par la largeur homogène. Une raie d'absorption étroite correspond à un état de superposition quantique de longue durée de vie. C'est sous cet angle, celui des transitoires cohérents, et spécifiquement celui des échos de photons que nous abordons les propriétés du filtre programmable. Dans la première partie de la thèse, le filtre est programmé comme un élément dispersif. Il permet d'atteindre des taux de dispersion inaccessibles aux dispositifs optiques conventionnels, tels que les fibres optiques. Nous l'utilisons comme un composant de lentille temporelle, en vue de produire des signaux de forme arbitraire. Par rapport à des dispositifs d'optique conventionnels, on gagne plusieurs ordres de grandeurs en termes de produit temps x bande passante. Après avoir exploité l'écho de photon dans un contexte de filtrage linéaire, nous tirons parti de ses propriétés de très forte non-linéarité dans la seconde partie de la thèse. Cette fois nous cherchons à capturer un signal lumineux de très faible intensité, à le convertir en état de superposition atomique, puis à le restituer dans son état lumineux initial. Cela suppose en particulier d'empêcher les effets d'émission spontanée ou stimulé qui nuisent à la fidélité de la restitution. Pour ce faire, nous proposons un nouveau protocole que nous avons appelé " Revival Of Silenced Echo " (ROSE)

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Aldousari, Hanan. « Study of 2-to-3 photon annihilation using hydrophilic material as hypoxic tumour phantom ». Thesis, University of Surrey, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.616952.

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The use of three gamma annihilation as a new PET molecular imaging modality which can predict tumour hypoxia was proposed by Kacperski and Spyrou in 2004. The positronium and its annihilation, could then serve as an oxygen-sensitive marker. The relative magnitude of three photon annihilation is increased in an oxygen deficient environment. The main questions addressed in this thesis are the potential use of the lanthanum bromide LaBr3: Ce (5%) scintillator detector for three-photon positron annihilation measurements. Also, the optimum source-to-detector distance that achieves good efficiency and sensitivity of the measurements. The other question is finding the best method to prepare in vitro three types of hypoxic samples (mineral water, defibrinated horse blood and semm). In addition, the suitability of the hydrophilic material is examined in terms of hydration behaviour, radiation and physical properties, for use as a phantom that represents the hypoxic tumour in the three-photon positron annihilation measurements. The main critical question is which the best method that could be used to measure the three-photon positron annihilation yields. Also, how does the 3y/2y ratio vary with different oxygen concentrations in different hydrophilic materials? Lanthanum bromide LaBr3: Ce (5%) scintillator detectors have good fast timing resolution, good stopping power and large light output. The LaBr3:Ce (5%) has very good scintillator characteristics, combining high effective Z and density, fast decay time, light emission wavelengths matching that of commonly available photon detectors and excellent energy resolution (~3% at 662 keY). However, it is highly hygroscopic in nature, making it difficult to produce, but its commercial availability has been gradually increasing in recent times. LaBr3: Ce (5%) has come to be accepted for the superior energy resolution it offers. Therefore, LaBr3: Ce (5%) detectors can be considered as the scintillators of choice for determining the yield of 2-and3-y positron annihilation. The characterisation of the detector used was can-ied out in terms of energy resolution and efficiency. The effect of amplifier parameters on the energy resolution was also studied. The 'geometrical solid angles subtended by the source-to-detector distances play an important role in the sensitivity and accuracy of the detector efficiency measurements. Therefore, the efficiency measurements were investigated at various distances to optimise the geometrical solid angle for the LaBr3: Ce (5%) detector for the three photon annihilation measurements. The experimental data were compared with the GATE simulated results obtained. The objective to study the factors that affect dissolved oxygen (DO) in three types of samples (mineral water, defibrinated horse blood and semm) was to investigate the 3y/2y ratio in hypoxic, nOlIDoxic and hyperoxic conditions of tissues for future application in oncology in the detection and quantification of tumour hypoxia. This was achieved by measuring the DO, pH and temperature before, during and after treating the samples with nitrogen, carbon dioxide and ascorbic acid (AnaeroGen). Two methods for the preparation of the in vitro hypoxic samples were investigated and evaluated. Carbon dioxide proved to be most effective for the reduction of DO in the samples. Blood tended to resist DO reduction since it decreased at a much slower rate than in water and semm. Together with the fact that the oxygen level in blood remained low after the end of exposure to the gases and ascorbic acid suggests that the solubility of oxygen in blood depends upon the concentration of haemoglobin as well as upon ligands such as CO2 • CO2 combines with haemoglobin affecting oxygen binding and fonns bicarbonate which further decreases the affinity of haemoglobin to oxygen Hydrophilic materials.

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Nunes, Luiz Antonio de Oliveira. « Espectroscopia de dois fotons do ion Gd+3 em estruturas perovskitas ». Universidade de São Paulo, 1988. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/54/54132/tde-10032008-113404/.

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Através da absorção de um e de dois fótons estudamos as diferentes transições do íon \'Gd POT.+3\' e GGG. Utilizando técnicas espectroscópicas com laser pulsado e laser contínuo, analisamos a influência do campo cristalino sobre o íon. Estes resultados estão em concordância com as previsões advindas da teoria de grupo. A partir da análise dos espectros de luminescência das amostras de GdAl\'O IND.3\', conseguimos detectar pequenos traços de impurezas nas mesmas. Não conseguimos detectar nenhuma anomalia nos espectros obtidos, de modo a não acreditarmos na existência de alguma interação Gadolínio - Galdoíno, acima da temperatura de transição de fase. Laser de corante contínuo de alta resolução, laser de corante pulsado foram construídos para a realização dos experimentos. Também desenvolvemos os equipamentos eletrônicos envolvidos.
The different transitions of \'Gd POT.3+\' ion in samples of GdAl\'O IND.3\' and GGG were studied by means of the absorption of one and two photons. The crystalline field influence an the ion was studied by using spectroscopic techniques with pulsed laser as well as continuous laser. These results are in agreement with the group theory prediction. From the luminescence spectrum of this sample little impurities aspects in the GdA1\'O IND.3\' sample were detected. No anomaly was detected in the spectra obtained so that we believed there is no \'Gd POT.3+\'-\'Gd POT.3+\' interaction above the phase transition temperature. High resolution continuous dye laser and pulsed die laser were built up to carry out the experiments. The electronic equipment used in the experiment was developed by us.

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Makgopa, Bessie Mmakgoto. « Simulation of the irradiation behaviour of the PBMR fuel in the SAFARI-1 reactor / B.M. Makgopa ». Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4030.

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Irradiation experiments for the pebble bed modular reactor PBMR fuel (coated fuel particles and pebble fuel) are planned at the South African First Atomic Reactor Installation (SAFARI-1). The experiments are conducted to investigate the behavior of the fuel under normal operating and accelerated/accident simulating conditions because the safe operation of the reactor relies on the integrity of the fuel for retention of radioactivity. For fuel irradiation experiments, the accurate knowledge and analysis of the neutron spectrum of the irradiation facility is required. In addition to knowledge of the neutron spectrum in the irradiation facility, power distributions and knowledge of nuclear heating values has to be acquired. The SAFARI-1 reactor boosts operating fluid temperatures of about 300 K. On the contrary, the PBMR can reach temperatures in up to about 1370 K under normal operating conditions. This calls for design of high temperature irradiation rigs for irradiation of the PBMR fuel in the SAFARI-1 reactor. The design of this instrument (rig) should be such that to create an isolated high temperature environment in the SAFARI-1 reactor, to achieve the requirements of the PBMR fuel irradiation program. The design of the irradiation rig is planned such that the rig should fit in the existing irradiation channels of the SAFARI-1 reactor, a time and cost saving from the licensing perspective. This study aims to establish the know-how of coated particle and pebble modeling in using the Monte Carlo N-Particle code (MCNP5). The study also aims to establish the know-how of rig design. In this study, the Necsa in-house code Overall System for the Calculation of Reactors (OSCAR-3), a software known as OScar 3-Mcnp INTerface (OSMINT) linking OSCAR-3 and MCNP5, also developed at Necsa, as well as MCNP5 code developed and maintained by the Los Alamos team, are used to calculate neutronic and power distribution parameters that are important for fuel irradiations and for rig design. This study presents results and data that can be used to make improvements in the design of the rig or to confirm if the required operational conditions can be met with the current preliminary rig design. Result of the neutronic analysis are presented for the SAFARI-1 core, core irradiation channel B6 (where the PBMR fuel irradiation rig is loaded for the purpose of this study), the rig structure and the pebble fuel are presented. Furthermore results of the power distribution and nuclear heating values in the reactor core, the irradiation channel B6, the rig structures and the pebble fuel is also presented. The loading of the PBMR fuel irradiation rig in core position B6 reduces the core reactivity due to the fact that the loading of the rig displaces the water moderator in channel B6 introducing vast amounts of helium. This impacts on the keff value because there will be less neutron thermalization and reproduction due to the decreased population of thermal neutrons. The rig is found to introduce a negative reactivity insertion of 46 pcm. The loading of this rig in the core leads to no significant perturbations on the core power distribution. The core hottest channel is still localized in core channel C6 both with RIG IN and RIG OUT cases. A power tilt is observed, with the south side of the core experiencing reduced assembly averaged fission power, with correspondingly small compensations from the assemblies on the north side of the core. The perturbations on the core assembly averaged fluxes are more pronounced in the eight assemblies surrounding B6. Core position B6 suffers an 18% neutron flux depression with the loading of the rig. The fluxes in core positions A5, A6, A7, B5, B7 and C7 are increased when the rig is loading. The largest increases are noted as 12% in A7, 9% in A6 and 6% in A5 and B7. All the eight core positions surrounding B6 experience reduced photon fluxes with the loading of the rig. Core position B6 shows a flux depression of up to 20%, with 10% reduction in core position A6. The remainder seven positions surrounding B6 shows flux depressions of no more than 5%. Further on, due to decreased moderation effects, the axial neutron flux in core position B6 is reduced by 20% when the rig is loaded. The energy dependent neutron flux in B6 decreases by 50% in the thermal energy range with corresponding increases of up to 50% in the resonance and fast energy regions. The axial and the energy dependent photon flux in core position B6 decreases by up to 20% when the rig is loaded. The magnitude of the neutron and photon fluxes is found to have a direct proportion on the neutron and photon heating values. While the amount of neutron heating in core position B6 increases by one order of magnitude, when the rig is loaded, the photon heating values increases by up to 60% in the region spanning ±10cm about the core centerline. The amount of photon heating in the rig structural materials dominates neutron heating, except in the helium regions of the rig, where neutron heating dominates photon heating. In the fuel region of the pebble, fission heating (3803W) largely dominates photon heating (119W).
Thesis (M.Sc. (Nuclear Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009

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Paulik, Julia [Verfasser]. « [123I]-3-Iodcytisin als möglicher Radiotracer für die Darstellung der nikotinergen Acetylcholinrezeptoren mittels Single-Photon-Emissions-Tomographie / Julia Paulik ». Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1077271263/34.

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LIBRANTZ, ANDRE F. H. « Estudo comparativo da emissoes do Nd(3+) nas configuracoes 4fsup(2)5d e 4fsup(3) induzidas pela excitacao multifotonica em cristais de YLF, GLF, LLF ». reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2000. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10830.

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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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Petersson, Johan. « Effect of body posture on regional ventilation and perfusion at normal and increased gravity / ». Stockholm, 2006. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2006/91-7140-920-3/.

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Andraud, Chantal. « Defauts d'empilement dans le materiau unidimensionnel cscdbr ::(3) : etude spectroscopique ». Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066140.

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L'etude des proprietes optiques de cscdbr::(3) a montre l'existence de centres br::(2)**(2-). L'excitation des echantillons par des rayonnements ionisants (rx, faisceau d'electrons) et des experiences d'absorption a deux photons ont permis d'associer les differentes bandes d'emission et d'absorption observees a des transitions appartenant a ces centres. L'existence de ces centres br::(2)**(2-) est attribuee a la presence de defauts d'empilement. L'effet d'une pression hydrostatique, le dopage par des ions pb**(2x) et le recuit des cristaux confirment l'hypothese

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Mitsuoka, Ronny Mikyo. « Aplicação de métodos de imagem molecular no estudo dos efeitos terapêuticos da galectina-3 em glioblastoma ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5155/tde-27102015-115630/.

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O glioma de grau IV (geralmente chamado de Glioblastoma Multiforme - GBM) é o tumor mais agressivo e maligno do sistema nervoso central. A elevada mortalidade e baixa expectativa de vida proporcionado por esta doença, tem direcionado os esforços de muitos pesquisadores no desenvolvimento de novas formas de diagnóstico precoce, assim como a busca por terapias inovadoras. A galectina-3, uma proteína ligante de glicanas, é expressa diferencialmente em tecido normal vs. neoplásico e possui um papel importante na adesão, diferenciação, imunomodulação, apoptose, ciclo celular, assim como processos de transformação e progressão neoplásica. Diversos estudos têm demonstrado que a interferência nas funções exercidas pela galectina-3 pode representar uma estratégia promissora no tratamento de vários tipos de tumores, incluindo o glioblastoma. De fato, tem se verificado que a administração da forma truncada de galectina-3 em modelos experimentais murinos, possui um efeito antitumoral significativo quando administrada em conjunto com quimioterápicos. No entanto, ainda não se encontra esclarecido se a interferência com as funções da galectina-3 endógena são exercidas diretamente no microambiente tumoral ou de maneira sistêmica. Dessa forma, neste trabalho buscou-se um entendimento mais profundo e completo sobre o papel anti-tumoral de galectina-3 nativa e truncada em associação com o quimioterápico temozolamida num modelo de glioblastoma humano. Adicionalmente, as ferramentas de PET-SPECT, assim como imagem molecular ótica por fluorescência ou bioluminescênca foram utilizadas para se avaliar a biodistribuição da galectinas-3 em camundongos Balb/c nude inoculados com tumor. Inicialmente demonstrou-se que, nas células U87 de glioblastoma humano, a galectina-3 nativa e não a galectina-3 truncada apresenta efeito antitumoral in vitro quando associada com temozolamida com valores de IC50 de 0.008 mM e 1.893 mM respectivamente. Os testes in vivo foram dessa forma prosseguidos com a galectina-3 nativa. Através da técnica de imagem ótica por bioluminescência, observou-se que o tratamento simultâneo de galectina-3 com temozolamida levou a uma redução do crescimento do tumor gerado pelas células U87-Luc2 (U87 transfectadas com o gene reporter da luciferase) em camundongos Balb/c nude. Esta redução foi observada mesmo após a parada do tratamento (período de acompanhamento). Curiosamente, no tratamento com apenas galectina-3 observou-se uma redução do crescimento tumoral das células U87-luc2 cujo efeito foi anulado após a suspensão do tratamento. Através de análises por PET-SPECT avaliou-se a biodistribuição da galectina-3 marcada com 99mTc (99mTc-HYNIC/Gal-3) em camundongos Balb/c nude previamente inoculados com a linhagem U87. Demonstrou-se que esta proteína migra principalmente para os rins e, em menores quantidades para o baço, não ligando todavia no tumor. Devido à meia-vida do 99mTc-HYNIC/Gal-3 não permitir estudos prolongados, a galectina-3 conjugada com VivoTag 680XL foi utilizada para se avaliar a biodistribuição por 48h, 96h e 14 dias em camundongos Balb/c nude inoculados com a linhagem de glioblastoma U87. Além de se confirmar o padrão de distribuição acima descrito, observou-se que a galectina-3 não liga no tumor independentemente do modelo tumoral utilizado. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo demonstram que galectina-3 possui um efeito antiproliferativo quando administrada em conjunto com temozolamida num modelo de glioblastoma humano (células U87). Surpreendentemente, foi possivel observar pela primeira vez que o efeito antiproliferativo de galectina-3 não se deve à sua atuação direta no tumor. Nossos dados sugerem que, quando administrada in vivo, a galectina-3 atua em locais distintos do microambiente tumoral como os rins e baço, afetando portanto de maneira indireta o crescimento tumoral
Grade IV glioma or glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive and malignant tumor of the central nervous system. The high mortality and low life expectancy provided by this disease have directed the efforts of many researchers to develop innovative therapeutic strategies and early diagnosis tools. Galectin-3 is a glycan-binding protein differentially expressed in normal and neoplastic tissue and has an important role in adhesion, differentiation, immune modulation, apoptosis, cell cycle, tumor transformation and neoplastic progression. Several studies have shown that interference with the functions performed by galectin-3 could represent a promising strategy in the treatment of several kinds of tumors, including glioblastoma. Indeed, it has been found that galectin-3 truncated form has a significant antitumor effect when associated with chemotherapy in murine experimental models. However, it\'s not clear yet whether the interference with galectin-3 endogenous functions is performed directly in the tumor microenvironment or systemically. Thus, this study aimed to understand the anti-tumor effect of truncated and native galectin-3 in combination with temozolomide chemotherapy in a human glioblastoma model. Additionally, PET, SPECT and bioluminescence tools were used to evaluate the biodistribution of galectin-3 in Balb / c nude mice inoculated with the U87 glioblastoma cell line. Here it was shown that in U87 cells, native galectin-3 and not the truncated form has anti-tumor effect in vitro when associated with temozolomide with IC50 values of 0.008 mM and 1.893 mM, respectively. Therefore the in vivo studies were pursued with native galectin-3. Using the optical bioluminescence technique, it was observed that the simultaneous treatment of galectin-3 with temozolomide led to a reduction of tumor growth generated by U87- Luc2 cells (U87 cells transfected with the luciferase reporter gene) in Balb / c nude. This reduction was observed even after stopping treatment (follow-up period). Interestingly, treatment of U87-Luc2 derived-tumor with only galectin-3 led to a reduction of tumor growth whose effect was abolished after discontinuation of treatment. The biodistribution of 99mTc labeled-galectin-3 (99mTc-HYNIC / Gal-3) was performed by molecular image tools (PET-SPECT scan) in mice BALB/c nude previously inoculated with the U87 line. It was shown that this protein migrates primarily to the kidneys and, in a smaller amount to the spleen, but doesn\'t bind the tumor. Because the half-life of 99m Tc-HYNIC / 3-Gal doesn\'t allow prolonged studies, galectin-3 conjugated with VivoTag 680XL was used to assess in vivo biodistribution at 48h, 96h and 14 days in Balb / c nude mice inoculated with the human glioblastoma cell line U87. Besides confirming the distribution pattern described above, it was found that galectin-3 doesn\'t bind to the tumor, regardless the tumor model. This study shows that galectin-3 has an antiproliferative effect when associated with temozolomide in the human glioblastoma model U87. Surprisingly, it was observed, that the in vivo antiproliferative effect of galectin-3 is not due to its direct binding to tumor cells. Our data suggest that when administered in vivo, galectin-3 acts in distinct locations of the tumor microenvironment such as the kidneys and spleen, thus indirectly affecting tumor growth

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Waidyawansa, D. Buddhini P. « A 3% Measurement of the Beam Normal Single Spin Asymmetry in Forward Angle Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering using the Q_weak Setup ». Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1375705139.

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Harlé, Thibault. « Sources fibrées de paires de photons : caractérisation et influence de la non-uniformité ». Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLO009/document.

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Les sources de paires de photons constituent un bloc de base pour les technologies de traitement et transmission de l'information quantique. Une source consistant en une fibre microstructurée à coeur liquide permet à la fois une réduction du bruit de diffusion Raman, une adaptation simple et efficace aux réseaux de télécommunication quantique, et l'ajustement de ses propriétés d'émission par ingénierie de la microstructure et choix du liquide non linéaire. Ces recherches se concentrent sur l'étude de l'émission de paires de photons d'une telle source, et du mélange à quatre ondes à leur origine. Nous soulignons le manque d'une description quantitative correcte des phénomènes non linéaires à l'origine des paires dans les modèles existants, et en proposons un se basant sur le champ D pour y parvenir. Nous mettons expérimentalement en évidence l'inconsistance avec la forme de spectre usuellement attendue les sources de paires de photons. Pour l'expliquer, nous développons un modèle rendant compte de la non-uniformité du guide, soit la variation de ses propriétés de propagation sur sa longueur. Par une approche analytique initiale simple de cette caractéristique, nous exposons l'étalement du spectre et la diminution du taux maximum d'émission de paires. Une description numérique par morceaux apporte une description plus proche de la réalité et met en lumière la très forte sensibilité du spectre à la non-uniformité. Un autre effet de cette dernière se traduit par la différenciation du spectre selon le sens de propagation de la lumière dans le guide. Lors de l'intrication en polarisation des paires dans un dispositif de type boucle Sagnac, cette non-réciprocité dégrade la visibilité des paires. Pour compenser cet effet, nous proposons une solution simple de symétrisation du profil des fibres à leur fabrication, appuyée par de premiers résultats encourageants. Cette étude ouvre la voie à la prise en compte des non-uniformités inhérentes aux guides réels, impactant fortement leur émission de paires de photons
Photon-pair sources are a basic block for implementation of quantum information and telecommunication. A microstructured fibered source with liquid core induce a Raman scattering noise reduction, and at the same time allows a simple and lossless coupling to telecom network, with an engineering of its emission properties through the structure and liquid choices. This work focus on four-wave mixing leading to photon pairs emission in such a source. As existing models lack a correct emph{quantitative} description of nonlinear phenomena for pairs emission, we propose here one based on the D field to do so. We show a mismatch between the spectrum form usually expected and the experimental one. To explain this, we develop a model describing the effects of guide nonuniformity, meaning variation of its propagation properties along itself. Through an initial and simple analytical approach, we demonstrate the spectrum spreading and the diminution of the maximum of emission pairs rate. With a piece-wise numerical description for real guides, we highlight the very strong sensitivity of the emission spectrum towards nonuniformity. Another effect arising from this feature is the spectrum differentiation depending on the propagation direction within the guide. Upon pairs polarization entanglement by inserting the guide into a Sagnac loop interferometer, such nonreciprocity induces a deterioration of pairs visibility. In order to counteract this effect, we propose, based on first encouraging results, a simple solution involving a symmetrization of fibers profile during their manufacture. This study paves the way for taking into account inherent nonuniformity of real waveguides, which strongly impacts their photon pair emission

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Marhatta, Ramesh. « Circular Polarization Spectroscopy : Disorientation Cross-Section in the ¹³³Cs 6p² P_3/2 Level by Using Two-Photon Two-Color Nano-Second Pulsed Laser ». Miami University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1185434201.

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Louchet, Anne. « Manipulation optique d'une cohérence de spin nucléaire dans l'ion thulium en matrice cristalline ». Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00345345.

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La plupart des protocoles de stockage quantique de l'information reposent sur l'enregistrement d'un signal lumineux dans une superposition d'états de longue durée de vie. L'élément clé pour réaliser un tel enregistrement est un système atomique à 3 niveaux en Lambda, où deux sous-niveaux fondamentaux sont couplés optiquement à un même niveau supérieur. L'excitation optique est alors stockée dans une superposition des deux sous-niveaux fondamentaux. Les cristaux dopés aux ions de terre rare sont des candidats prometteurs pour ces applications, car ils présentent des durées de vie des cohérences optiques et hyperfines particulièrement longues. Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude de l'ion thulium, un ion de terre rare non-Kramers, comme alternative aux ions Pr et Eu qui ont longtemps été considérés comme étant les seuls candidats possibles pour la réalisation d'une mémoire quantique. Grâce à son spin nucléaire 1/2, le thulium présente une structure de sous-niveaux Zeeman nucléaires particulièrement simple, dont l'espacement peut être aisément contrôlé à l'aide d'un champ magnétique externe. De plus, la longueur d'onde d'absorption du thulium à 793 nm est accessible aux lasers à semi-conducteurs qui peuvent être facilement stabilisés en dessous du kHz. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons construit un système à 3 niveaux en Lambda dans le Tm:YAG. Nous avons également mis en oeuvre des processus cohérents permettant de manipuler optiquement un état de superposition de spin nucléaire, comme les échos Raman et le STIRAP. L'ensemble des résultats obtenus montrent que le thulium est un bon candidat pour la démonstration de certains protocoles de mémoire quantique.

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Nguyen, Dao. « Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Novel Hydrophilic Fluorene-Based Derivatives for Bioimaging Applications ». Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2842.

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In this work, hydrophilic fluorene-based derivatives that contain ethylene oxide substituents, have been synthesized and characterized for potential use as new fluorophores for bioimaging applications and for fluorescence sensing of heavy metals. Symmetrical and unsymmetrical fluorene derivatives based on structural types of acceptor-pi-acceptor, acceptor-pi-donor, and donor-pi-donor were characterized by TGA, UV-vis absorption, fluorescence emission, lifetime, anisotropy, and two-photon absorption (2PA) cross section. They were found to possess high thermal stability, high photostability, high fluorescence quantum yields, and generally large two-photon absorption cross sections, making them quite suitable for new probes in single-photon absorption and two-photon absorption fluorescence microscopy imaging. Novel hydrophilic fluorene derivatives were synthesized from fluorene in multiple steps employing the metal-catalyzed Heck coupling reaction, the Stille reaction, the Sonogashira reaction, the Ullmann condensation reaction, and "click" chemistry. To increase the hydrophilicity of the new compounds, ethylene oxide substituents were utilized for to impart water solubility. An alternative alkylation methodology using ethyleneoxy tosylates was introduced for the synthesis of ethylene oxide-containing fluorene derivatives. Several of these hydrophilic derivatives were incubated into various cell lines as new probes for both conventional and two-photon absorption fluorescence bioimaging. These compounds were biocompatible, exhibiting low cytotoxicity as determined by cell viability studies, and displayed colocalization for selected cellular organelles. In addition, hydrophilic bis(1,2,3-triazolyl)fluorene derivatives were found to exhibit sensitive fluorescence responses in the presence of certain heavy metal, and were selective for sensing zinc and mercury over other a number of other metal ions relevant to living cells or other biological environments. The UV-vis absorption and fluorescence emission spectra of the complexes exhibited a blue-shifted absorption and emission for selective metal chelation upon binding to zinc and mercury(II) ions, resulting in an approximately two-fold enhanced fluorescence response. Fluorescence titration studies revealed that the complexes of 1:2 and 1:3 ligand to metal formed with binding constant values of 108 and 1014 for zinc and mercury ions, respectively. Finally, preliminary experiments were performed to explore the possibility of employing select hydrophilic fluorene-based derivatives in the synthesis of hydrophilic fluorescent gold nanoparticles. Although results are very preliminary, the aim is to use such materials for other biomedical applications, such as surface enhanced scattering resonance and noninvasive photothermal therapy to diagnose and to treat cancers. Thus, this research had led to the discovery of alternative methodologies for synthesis of hydrophilic fluorene derivatives by alkylation with alkyl tosylates and synthesis of hydrophilic fluorescent molecule capped gold nanoparticles. Furthermore, several novel hydrophilic fluorene-based derivatives were synthesized and characterized for their linear and nonlinear photophysical properties, and are now available for further examination of their bioimaging and sensing applications.
Ph.D.
Department of Chemistry
Sciences
Chemistry PhD

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Parpaleix, Alexandre. « Imagerie biphotonique de la Po2 intracérébrale : une mesure de l’activité neuronale ». Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05T072/document.

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L’imagerie fonctionnelle cérébrale détecte les changements hémodynamiques induits par un stimulus pour déterminer les zones d’activation neuronale. Plus particulièrement, l’imagerie BOLD en IRMf détecte les changements d’oxygénation du sang grâce aux propriétés paramagnétiques de la déoxyhémoglobine. L’oxygène n’est donc pas uniquement un substrat énergétique pour le tissu neuronal, il joue également un rôle majeur dans l’imagerie noninvasive du cerveau humain. Au cours de ma thèse, j’ai tout d’abord participé à la mise au point d’une nouvelle technique non-invasive d’imagerie de l’oxygène dans le cerveau d’animaux anesthésiés. Couplant un nouveau senseur phosphorescent de l’oxygène (Finikova et al., 2008) et la microscopie biphotonique, cette approche permet à la fois de cartographier l’oxygène en 3D avec une résolution spatiale et temporelle jusqu’alors inégalée, mais aussi de suivre simultanément l’oxygène et le flux sanguin dans les capillaires cérébraux au repos ou lors d’une activation neuronale (Lecoq et al., 2011). Tirant profit des nouvelles possibilités de cette technique, nous avons alors démontré: • la présence d’un shunt artério-veineux uniquement basé sur la diffusion de l’oxygène. Ce résultat, obtenu chez le rat dans la couche la plus superficielle du bulbe olfactif: la couche du nerf (ONL), confirme que l’oxygène ne diffuse pas uniquement à partir des capillaires et démontre que les artérioles contribuent significativement à l’oxygénation du tissu cérébral. Il démontre également qu’il n’est pas possible de déterminer ni la Po2 capillaire ni la Po2 tissulaire à partir de la Po2 veineuse. • l’existence de transitoires de Po2 associés à chaque globule rouge dans le compartiment capillaire, appelés EATs (erythrocyte-associated transients) (Hellums, 1977; Cabrales and Intaglietta, 2007). En bref, de part leur diamètre supérieur à celui de la lumière d’un capillaire, les globules rouges passent un à un dans la lumière des capillaires, laissant entre eux un espace de plasma. Cependant, la faible solubilité de l’oxygène dans le plasma crée une barrière à la diffusion, ce qui se traduit par une inhomogénéité de la Po2 capillaire: celle-ci est élevée au bord du globule rouge et décroit avec la distance pour atteindre un minimum à mi-distance entre deux globule rouges. Poursuivant l’étude des EATs (Parpaleix et al., 2013), nous avons observé les points suivants: • La Po2 tissulaire dans l’environnement immédiat d’un capillaire peut être déterminée à partir de la Po2 vasculaire à mi-distance entre deux érythrocytes. Ce résultat est intéressant en ce qu’il permettra d’effectuer des mesures non invasives de Po2 tissulaire, utile notamment chez l’animal éveillé. • L’amplitude des EATs est si large (35 mmHg en moyenne) que la Po2 capillaire moyenne ne reflète en rien la saturation en oxygène de l’hémoglobine. • Une empreinte filtrée des EATs vasculaires est détectable dans le tissu (_5 mmHg d’amplitude). • Au cours d’une stimulation neuronale, une diminution de la Po2 capillaire moyenne peut être détectée avant l’hyperémie fonctionnelle, un résultat jusqu’à présent controversé dans le domaine de l’imagerie BOLD en IRMf, mais important en ce que ce dip pourrait être un rapporteur très résolutif de l’activation neuronale. Parmi les questions restant en suspens et pouvant être étudiées finement avec notre approche, j’en citerai une principale: quel est le poids des différents facteurs (métaboliques, présynaptiques ou post-synaptiques) et du flux sanguin dans l’établissement de la Po2 cérébrale au repos?
In humans, functional mapping of brain activity mainly relies on the increase of cerebral blood flow (CBF) triggered by neuronal activation. This neurovascular coupling provides energy substrates such as oxygen and glucose to the activated area. The steady state concentration of oxygen, as well as its dynamics upon neuronal activation, have been investigated with numerous methods, however, none of them provided highly resolute measurements in depth. During my PhD, we combined a phosphorescence quenching approach with two-photon microscopy to detect, in depth and with a micrometer spatial resolution scale, the emission of phosphorescence by PtP-C343, a new oxygen nano-sensor designed for two-photon excitation. We first characterized the technique and then reported two biological results, using the olfactory bulb (OB) glomerulus as a model to study oxygen concentration, at rest and upon odor stimulation. We found an arterio-venous shunt, purely based on diffusion, in the superficial nerve layer of the OB, confirming the role of arterioles in brain oxygenation. Simultaneous measurements of Po2 and blood flow allowed us to reveal the presence of erythrocyte-associated transients (EATs), i.e. Po2 fluctuations that are associated with individual erythrocytes. Pursuing the investigation of EAT characteristics, we found that in capillaries, Po2 at mid-distance between two erythrocytes is at equilibrium with, and thus reports Po2 in the nearby neuropil. Finally, we could observe that even in capillaries, a small oxygen initial dip can be detected prior to functional hyperemia, upon odor activation

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Maksymov, Ivan. « Modelling of photonic components based on ÷(3)nonlinear photonic crystals ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8474.

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En esta tesis se llevó a cabo un estudio de diversas propiedades de los cristales fotónicos 1D y 2D no lineales de tercer orden y de cómo se pueden aplicar dichas propiedades al desarrollo de dispositivos totalmente ópticos (por ejemplo, limitadores y conmutadores, compuertas lógicas, transistores ópticos, etc.). Se propuso una aproximación numérica para calcular las características básicas de los cristales fotónicos no lineales como, por ejemplo, el diagrama de bandas o la transmisión. La aproximación numérica presentada en la tesis tiene ciertas ventajas útiles para cualquiera que diseñe dispositivos ópticos basados en cristales fotónicos no lineales. El sofware desarrollado a base de esta aproximación numérica ha permitido diseñar y simular numéricamente un conmutador totalmente óptico cuyas prestaciones son superiores a las de dispositivos optoelectrónicos convencionales.
This dissertation represents a summary of a study of different properties of 1D and 2D third-order nonlinear photonic crystals. It is shown how these properties can be utilized to develop various all-optical devices (e.g. optical limiters and switches, logical gates, optical transistors, etc.) In the dissertation, a novel numerical approximation has been proposed for analyzing the basic characteristics of the nonlinear photonic crystals like dispersion characteristics or transmittance curves. This numerical approximation possesses some important advantages useful in designing all-optical devices based on nonlinear photonic crystals. The software based on its algorithm has allowed to design and simulate a high-production all-optical switching device.

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Pouya, Caroline. « Investigating naturally occurring 3-dimensional photonic crystals ». Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3744.

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This thesis describes my research into the highly tuned naturally occurring 3D photonic structures that are present on a selection of insects. The experimental and theoretical work presented in this thesis was performed in both the optical and microwave regimes. The work performed in the optical regime included both the geometric and optical characterisation of the native photonic structures present on the beetle Eupholus magni cus and the butter y Parides sesostris. The native photonic structures of these organisms were probed in order to determine their photonic responses and also to ascertain their geometries and structural classes. In cases where the geometry of a photonic crystal system has been determined, I have performed additional theoretical analysis of the structure to establish how it might be optimised for a particular optical function. The overall aim of the work performed in the optical regime is to further the understanding of the photonic structural designs present on a selection of beetles and butter ies, by both identifying and characterising their underlying structural geometries and consequent photonic responses. Eupholus magni cus is a species of weevil that produces its coloured appearance from photonic structures that are present on its outer wing casing, producing a striped coloured pattern. The photonic structures that I discovered were present on this weevil were found to be contrasting in structural order. I used a wide-ranging variety of experimental and theoretical techniques in order to perform an extensive electromagnetic and structural characterisation of these contrasting structures. The two contrasting photonic mechanisms employed by E. magni cus were found to produce a similar optical response in terms of angle-independent colour whilst re ecting di erent coloured hues. Parides sesostris is a species of butter y that uses a gyroid photonic crystal structure, contained within scales, to produce green coloured patches on the dorsal side of its wings. In addition to this, P. sesostris uses embellishments to its scale morphology in order to produce a highly tuned angle-independent optical response. The optical e ects brought about by these structural embellishments were investigated with optical experimental techniques and they were found to di usely scatter light and aid iridescence suppression. In addition to this, theoretical modelling was performed on a variety of gyroid geometries. The gyroid photonic structure found in the wing scales of P. sesostris was determined to be highly optimised to re ect the largest range of frequencies possible from this geometry, also aiding iridescence suppression. In addition to this, the arrangement of gyroid arrays within each scale was determined to produce the highest intensity possible by using the smallest possible number of unit cells. In addition to the optical characterisations of the organic naturally occurring photonic structures found on these organisms, I also synthetically replicated the three fundamental naturally occurring triply periodic bicontinuous cubic photonic crystal structures for experimental and theoretical electromagnetic characterisation in the microwave regime. The microwave regime was selected to perform the characterisation as a high-resolution fabrication method can be employed in order to produce millimetre-scale structures, suitable for probing in this wavelength regime. A high resolution fabrication method is an absolute requirement for accurately replicating the complex geometries of constant mean curvature structures and retaining a high level of detail. I have electromagnetically characterised these three structures with the aim of gaining a better understanding of their polarisation-dependent photonic stop-band responses. Speci cally, I have identi ed the origin of, and the dispersion of, photonic stop-bands produced by each unique structural geometry. I have principally focused on the characterisation of the electromagnetic responses of these structures, how they di er from each other and also why a linear polarisation dependence arises from these 3D photonic structures. In addition to this I have related the electromagnetic responses of these structures to analogous optical structures that naturally occur on the wings of the butter y P. sesostris and elytra of the weevil E. magni cus. With this I aimed to gain a better understanding of the origin of the optical e ects they provide the host biological system. This includes the characterisation of the gyroid photonic crystal structures, chosen to mimic that found in P. sesostris wing scales. The results from this were also subsequently used in the optical optimisation examination performed on the P. sesostris gyroid. Finally, I have investigated a dynamic aspect of the 3D gyroid photonic crystal, formed from a constant mean curvature surface. A compliant gyroid structure was fabricated for analysis in the microwave regime and a systematic compression force applied to it. I have measured the electromagnetic response of this compliant gyroid at each compression distance. Alongside this, I used theoretical modelling to electromagnetically characterise an analogous system under compression. In doing this I have identi ed the origin of the novel and complex photonic band-shifting behaviour produced by this 3D geometry.

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D'Hose, Nicole. « Étude expérimentale des mécanismes de photoproduction de pions et de photodésintégration sur l'hélium-3 dans la région de la résonance delta (1232) ». Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112406.

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Le but de ce travail est l'étude des mécanismes d'absorption d'un photon réel mettant en jeu un, deux ou trois nucléons dans le noyau ³He, dans la région de la résonance Δ (1232). La sélection de ces mécanismes est réalisée par le choix de la réaction : la photo-production de pions s'effectue préférentiellement sur un nucléon quasi-libre du noyau, alors que la photodésintégration sans émission de pions implique l'absorption par plusieurs nucléons corrélés. Ces expériences ont été réalisées à l'Accélérateur Linéaire de Saclay sur la ligne de faisceau de photons quasi- monochromatiques obtenus pur annihilation en vol de positrons. Les spectres de pions et de protons sont mesurés à l'aide de spectromètres magnétiques pour des angles d'émission compris entre 20° et 72° et pour des énergies de photons comprises entre 210 et 450 MeV. Pour chaque cinématique étudiée, la mesure des réactions H(γ,π )n et D(γ,p)n a permis la comparaison des sections efficaces sur l'hélium-3 à celles des réactions élémentaires. Nos résultats expérimentaux sont comparés à des calculs théoriques utilisant des fonctions d'onde réalistes de l'hélium-3. Les modèles effectués dans le cadre de l'approximation d'impulsion en traitant explicitement le mouvement de Fermi ne permettent pas de reproduire la photo-production cohérente de pions ³He(γ,π)³H. De même la photo-production quasi-libre de π⁺ et π⁻ reste surestimée par les prédictions théoriques existantes, qui ne prennent que partiellement en compte les interactions dans l'état final. Pour la photodésintégration sans émission de pions de l'hélium-3, les calculs incluent les corrélations à courte portée et les courants d'échange mésiques ainsi que les interactions dans l'état final. Ils reproduisent assez bien les spectres mesurés dans la région où l'absorption par une paire de nucléons est dominante mais sous-estiment les données dans la région d'impulsion maxi male. L'introduction d'effets à trois corps semble indispensable pour expliquer ce résultat expérimental
The goal of this work is the study in 3Jie of the rnechanisms involved in the absorption of photons in the (1232) resonance region. One, two, or three nucleons participate in this absorption depending upon the specific reaction induced : pion photo-production proceeds preferentially through absorption on a simple nucleon, whereas in photodisintegration without pion emission the photon is absorbed by few-nucleon subsystems. The experiments were performed at the Saclay Linear Accelerator with the quasi-mono-chromatic in flight positron annihilation photon beam. Pion and proton spectra were measured using magnetic spectrometers for several angles from 20° to 72°. Photon energies were in the 210 - 450 MeV range. For each kinematical setting a corresponding measurement of the reactions ll(ynl-)n and D(yp)n allowed the comparison of the helium-3 cross sections to these more elementary ones. Our experimental results are compared to theoretical calculations utilizing realistic He wave functions. Impulse approximation models which incorporate the nucleon fermi motion cannot reproduce the pion coherent photo-production 31le( yn+). The theoretical predictions of a charged pion quasi - free photo-production which take into account only partially the final state interactions overestimate the experimental cross sections. For 3ue photo-desintegration, without 1r production the calculations include short range correlations, mesonic exchange currents, and final state interactions. They agree reasonably well with the measured spectra in the region where absorption by a nucleon pair dominates, but they underestimate the cross section in the high momentum tip region. Inclusion of three body effects appears necessary in order to explain this experimental feature

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Buzbee, Michael Laurence. « 3-Dimensional Photonic Circuits for Quantum Information Processing ». University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1461970290.

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Hayward, Robert M. « A coarse mesh transport method for photons and electrons in 3-D ». Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/51928.

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A hybrid stochastic-deterministic method, COMET-PE, is developed for dose calculation in radiotherapy. Fast, accurate dose calculation is a key component of successful radiotherapy treatment. To calculate dose, COMET-PE solves the coupled Boltzmann Transport Equations for photons and electrons. The method uses a deterministic iteration to compose response functions that are pre-computed using Monte Carlo. Thus, COMET-PE takes advantage of Monte Carlo physics without incurring the computational costs typically required for statistical convergence. This work extends the method to 3-D problems with realistic source distributions. Additionally, the performance of the deterministic solver is improved, taking advantage of both shared-memory and distributed-memory parallelism to enhance efficiency. To verify the method’s accuracy, it is compared with the DOSXYZnrc (Monte Carlo) method using three different benchmark problems: a heterogeneous slab phantom, a water phantom, and a CT-based lung phantom. For the slab phantom, all errors are less than 1.5% of the maximum dose or less than 3% of local dose. For both the water phantom and the lung phantom, over 97% of voxels receiving greater than 10% of the maximum dose pass a 2% (relative error) / 2 mm (distance-to-agreement) test. Timing comparisons show that COMET-PE is roughly 10-30 times faster than DOSXYZnrc. Thus, the new method provides a fast, accurate alternative to Monte Carlo for dose calculation in radiotherapy treatment planning.

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26

Tang, Xiaofeng. « The fabrication of 3-D photonic band gap structures ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43305.

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Thesis (Elec. E.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1997.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 85-88).
by Xiaofeng Tang.
Elec.E.

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Lloyd, Christopher. « The Photo-initiated Bergamn Cyclisation of Z-hex-3-ene-1,5-diyne ». Thesis, University of Bristol, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.499954.

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Bettahar, Houari. « High accurate 3-D photo-robotic nano-positioning for hybrid integrated optics ». Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCD019/document.

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L'intégration hybride d'éléments photoniques individuels offre la promesse de fournir des performances très élevées, de proposer de nouvelles fonctionnalités et produits optiques mais aussi pour exploiter de nouveaux modes de propagation des faisceaux lumineux. Cette approche repose sur la capacité d'un positionnement multi Degré-De-Liberté (DDL) précis des éléments photoniques individuels. Ainsi, la mesure multi-DDL imprécise et le contrôle inexact des robots sont les principaux verrous à surmonter, notamment à l'échelle micrométrique Pour cela, une approche photo-robotique originale a été proposée, s'appuyant sur les mouvements d'un robot à plusieurs DDL associé à l'utilisation de l'interférométrie Fabry-Perot 1-D pour réaliser une mesure de pose multi-DOF. Cette approche intègre notamment la question de l'étalonnage des robots 6-DDL qui a été étudiée à travers l'étalonnage des paramètres géométriques extrinsèques et/ou intrinsèques. Afin de trouver la stratégie d'étalonnage appropriée pour une grande précision de positionnement et adaptée au contexte du micro-positionnement de composants optiques, une quantification et une analyse de durabilité des performances optiques et robotiques ont été étudiées. Des études expérimentales ont démontré qu'une précision de positionnement en rotation et en translation de 0.004° et 27.6 nm ont été obtenues respectivement.Cette approche photo-robotique a été notament appliquée pour réaliser le positionnement 6-DDL d'une lamelle optique par rapport à une fibre optique avec une grande précision ce qui conduit également à des performances optiques maximales. L'approche a également été appliquée pour contrôler les états de polarisation à la sortie d'un système optique hybride en réalisant des rotations très précises d'une lamelle d'onde optique spécifique autour de son axe optique. Les résultats expérimentaux démontrent notamment que la grande précision du positionnement permet un contrôle précis de l'état de polarisation optique
The hybrid integration of individual photonic elements appears as promising, because it may provide high performances, propose new optical functionalities and products and exploit new propagation modes of light beams. This approach requires an accurate multi Degree-Of-Freedom (DOF) positioning of the individual photonic elements. Hence, the inaccurate multi-DOF measurement and robots control are the main locks to overcome, notably at the micro-scale. For this sake, an original photo-robotic approach has been proposed, relying on multi-DOF robot motion associated with the use of 1-D Fabry-Perot interferometry measure to realize multi-DOF pose measure. This approach notably integrates the issue of 6-DOF robot calibration that has been studied through extrinsic and/or intrinsic geometric parameters calibration. In order to find the appropriate calibration strategy for high positioning accuracy and adapted to the context of micro-positioning of optical components, a quantification and durability analysis of optical and robotic performances have been investigated. Experimental investigations demonstrate that a rotational and translational positioning accuracy of 0.004° and 27.6 nm have been obtained respectively.This photo-robotic approach has especially been applied to achieve the 6-DOF positioning of an optical lamella relative to an optical fiber with high accuracy that also conduct to maximum optical performances. The approach has also been applied to control the optical polarization states at the output of an hybrid optical system through achieving high accurate rotations of a specific optical wave plate around the optical axis. The experimental results notably demonstrate that the high positioning accuracy enables to accurately control of the optical polarization state

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Grootoonk, Sylke. « Dual energy window correction for scattered photons in 3-D positron emission tomography ». Thesis, University of Surrey, 1995. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/844524/.

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In the past few years, the collection of positron emission tomography (PET) data without inter-plane shielding has become a widely accepted technique for significantly increasing the sensitivity of multi-ring scanners. However, the resultant increase in the registration of counts due to scattered events is undesirable for quantitative studies, since it reduces contrast and confounds the linear response of the scanner to activity concentration. This thesis describes the development, implementation and evaluation of a correction for scattered photons based on the simultaneous acquisition of emission data in two energy windows. Initial experiments were performed to characterize the distribution of of scattered photons in data collected with a commercial PET brain scanner operated without inter-plane shielding (septa). In this mode of acquisition, termed 3-D, coincidences between all rings of detectors are accepted. This is in contrast to the conventional 2-D acquisition mode, where data is acquired with a more restricted range of inter-ring combinations. The fraction of scattered photons under standard operating conditions was measured as 35 (+/-2) % for a line source in a 20 cm diameter water-filled cylinder, and the scatter response function found to be shift-variant. A 20% gain in counts from events that do not scatter in the object but in the detectors themselves was achieved by lowering the energy threshold as far as reasonably possible. The correction developed for scattered photons relies on parameters relating two energy windows which were selected to maximize counting statistics and minimize spatial variations. The ratio functions for the selected windows were found to be shift-invariant, and showed little variation with object size. The parameters were however found to be very susceptible to changes in detector efficiency, showing up to 10% variations over time. The correction was implemented with constant values taken for the ratio functions, and integrated into the routine reconstruction sequence with pre-processing steps taken to minimize noise propagation. When evaluated in a range of standard and customized test objects, the correction restored contrast in inactive areas to within 5% of the true value. Relative activity concentrations in different sized phantoms were restored to better than 6%. A means of calibrating the data corrected for scattering was implemented and quantification in a range of activity distributions was accurate to within 7%. The correction method was tested in a phantom which simulates the activity distribution in a human brain. Applying the method to human data confirmed the potential of using this method routinely for quantification in vivo. A limitation of the method for dynamic scanning was identified: high count rate pile-up effects introduce global spatial and spectral distortions which are enhanced in the dual energy window correction for scattering. However, in multi-time frame scanning of test phantoms, the correction consistently restored contrast and maintained linearity. The data acquisition, correction for scattering and reconstruction regimes that have been developed in this work have, thus far, allowed the routine collection of several hundred dynamic ligand studies in patients and normal volunteers, which have been analyzed as part of clinical research projects in a fully quantitative manner.

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Liu, Yanqing. « Thermal engineering in an epitaxial nanostructured germanium semiconductor ». Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAY082/document.

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Ce travail de thèse porte sur les propriétés de transport thermique liées aux phonons dans un nouveau matériau nanostructuré constituée de couches minces de Ge:Mn de type "electron crystal - phonon glass". Ce matériau est élaboré par épitaxie par jets moléculaire au CEA/INAC à Grenoble sur des substrats spécifiques « Germanium-on-insulator (GOI) ». Il consiste en une matrice de germanium possédant une qualité cristalline parfaite dans laquelle sont inclues une importante concentration de nano-inclusions de Ge3Mn5 de forme quasi-sphérique. Révélé par les caractérisations de TEM, les nano-inclusions ont une distribution de diamètre variant de 5 à 50 nm. Il est par ailleurs possible de jouer sur les paramètres de croissance afin de modifier la dispersion de taille des inclusions ainsi que leur concentration. Cette possibilité nous a donc permit d'étudier l'influence des nano-inclusions sur le transport de chaleur de façon exhaustive autour de la température ambiante.Pour ce faire, une expérience de mesure de conductivité thermique « 3 omega » dédiée à ces échantillons et extrêmement sensible, a été fabriquée à l'institut Néel. Cette expérience nous a permis de mesurer les variations de conductivité thermique induites par la modification de la distribution en taille des nano-inclusions de Ge:Mn dans des couches minces d'une centaine de nanomètre d'épaisseur avec une erreur réduite d'environ 12%. Il a été montré que le transport thermique dans ces couches minces pouvait être réduit d'un facteur 20 comparé au germanium massif puisque des valeurs de conductivité thermique de l'ordre de 3 W.m-1.K-1 ont été mesurées. Ces valeurs ont été confirmées par des expériences SThM au CETHIL de Lyon. Les valeurs obtenues sont mêmes en dessous de la limite d'alliage pour le SiGe, ce qui n'est pas explicable par les théories actuelles. Ces faibles conductivités thermiques ainsi que la grande mobilité des porteurs dans le germanium font de ces matériaux à base de GeMn de bons candidats pour la thermoélectricité. Des simulations numériques ont été utilisées afin de mieux comprendre cette diminution spectaculaire de la conductivité thermique et d'interpréter les données expérimentales
This PhD project is an exhaustive study on the characterization of the thermal properties of a new type semiconducting materials based on germanium. It is a germanium matrix containing nano-inclusions with the objective of creating a perfect "electron crystal - phonon glass" material. The materials are thin films of an epitaxial germanium matrix embedded with Ge:Mn nano-inclusions, grown on a Germanium-on-insulator (GOI) substrate in CEA/INAC in Grenoble. From TEM images of the thin films it has been demonstrated that both the matrix and inclusions are monocrystalline, and the nano-inclusions have generally a spherical form with a diameter distribution ranging from 5 to 50 nm. Depending on the growth parameters in molecular beam epitaxy, i.e. the Mn concentration and the annealing temperature, the geometries, mean diameters and diameter distributions of nano-inclusions in Ge:Mn can be varied. With these unique structural features, these Ge:Mn thin films are one of the most interesting models for the study of the influence of nano-inclusions on thermal transport in a crystalline matrix.The characterization of the thermal properties of the material have been done using two advanced techniques: the 3-omega method in Institut Néel, and the Scanning Thermal Microscopy (SThM) in CETHIL (Centre d'Energétique et de Thermique de Lyon) in Lyon. A highly sensitive differential 3-omega measurement setup has been developed in the work, which permits precise (error~12%) measurements of electrical conductive thin films having low thermal conductivities. Dramatically reduced thermal conductivities have been revealed for Ge:Mn thin films containing different Mn% and having different inclusion geometries at room temperature, compared to crystalline bulk Ge. A minimum value of 3.3 Wm-1K-1 was found for Ge:Mn thin film containing 10% Mn, beating the “alloy limit” of thermal conductivity set by SiGe alloys at room temperature (6-12 Wm-1K-1). The measurement results of SThM confirmed the low thermal conductivities for all Ge:Mn/GOI samples at room temperature. Numerical simulations using different models have been performed to try to interpret the experimental results and to understand the mechanisms of the influence of the nano-inclusions on the phonon transport in semiconductor materials

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Ridah, Abderraouf CARABATOS DIR THESE. « CONTRIBUTION A L'ETUDE DE L'INTERACTION PHONON MOU-PIC CENTRAL AU VOISINAGE DES TRANSITIONS DE PHASE DE KNBO#3 ET AGNBO#3 / ». [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1987. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/1987/Ridah.Abderraouf.SMZ8719.pdf.

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Dupuis, Anne-Claire. « V 2 O 3 (0001)/Au(111) and /W(110) ». Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/14834.

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Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Reaktivität von V2O3(0001) zu untersuchen. In dieser Arbeit wird sich zunächst mit dem epitaktischen Wachstum von V2O3-Filmen auf Au(111)und W(110) befaßt. Stöchiometrie und Geometrie der dünnen Filme wurden mit Röntgenphotoelektronenspektroscopie (XPS), Röntgenabsorptionsspektroskopie (NEXAFS) und Beugung niederenergetischer Elektronen (LEED) charakterisiert. Wir haben gezeigt, dass die Oberfläche zwei Terminierungen aufweist, die sich durch die An- bzw. Abwesenheit von zusätzlichen Sauerstoffatomen auf der Oberfläche unterscheiden. Diese Sauerstoffatome bilden Vanadylgruppen mit den Oberflächenvanadiumatomen, deren Streckschwingung mit Infrarotabsorptionsspektroskopie (IRAS) detektiert werden kann. Die elektronische Struktur des V2O3(0001) dünnen Filmes wurde mittels UV-Photoelektronenspektroskopie (UPS), XPS und NEXAFS untersucht. Wir haben bewiesen, dass die Bildung von Vanadylgruppen an der Oberfläche einen Metall-Isolator Übergang hervorruft. Für jede Oberflächenterminierung wurde ein elektronenenergieverlustspektrum (HREELS) gezeigt und mit einem Spektrum des isomorphischen Cr2O3 verglichen. Wasseradsorptionsexperimente zeigen, dass Wasser sowohl molekular als auch dissoziativ auf beiden Oberflächen adsorbiert. Die Dissoziationswahrscheinlichkeit hängt von der Terminierung und von der Bedeckung ab. Sie ist am höchsten bei großer Bedeckung auf der -V=O Oberfläche. CO2 Adsorption wurde mit UPS, XPS, HREELS und IRAS untersucht. CO2 physisorbiert auf der -V=O Oberfläche. Den IRA Spektren entnehmen wir, dass CO2 auf der -V Oberfläche als gewinkelte Spezies adsorbiert. Heizen dieser Spezies auf 200 K führt zu Karbonatbildung. Die Adsorption von CO verhält sich ähnlich wie die von CO2: nur kleine Menge adsorbieren auf der -V=O Oberfläche, während die -V Oberfläche viel reaktiver zu sein scheint. Winkelaufgelöste UPS Messungen deuten auf eine flache CO Adsorptionsgeometrie auf der -V=O Oberfläche hin. NEXAF- und IRA-Spektren zeigen dagegen, dass bereits bei 90 K sich CO2 auf der -V Oberfläche bildet.
In this work, we firstly showed that it is possible to grow thin V2O3(0001) films on Au(111) and W(110). The stoichiometry of the film has been characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS). We inferred with infrared absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) the existence of two possible terminations of the V2O3(0001) surface. These two terminations differ only by the presence or not of oxygen atoms on the top of the surface, forming vanadyl groups with the surface vanadium atoms. We studied with UV photoelectron spectroscopies (UPS), XPS and NEXAFS the electronic structure of our V2O3(0001) thin films. Our data evidence a metal to insulator transition induced by the formation of the vanadyl groups on the surface. We performed high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) measurements and presented a phonon spectrum for each termination. We compared our spectra with a spectrum of the isomorphic Cr2O3(0001). We studied the water adsorption properties of both surface terminations. We observed molecularly adsorbed water on both surface terminations for low exposures. For large exposures, water dissociates and OH-groups were detected. We performed CO2 adsorption experiments with UPS, XPS, HREELS and IRAS. The analyze of the IRAS results on the -V terminated surface leads us to the conclusion that CO2 adsorbs in a bent configuration. With UPS and XPS, we could evidence the formation of carbonates upon heating up to 200 K. On the -V=O surface, CO adsorbs molecularly and we concluded from the angle resolved UPS data that the CO molecule is strongly tilted on the surface. With NEXAFS and IRAS, we showed the formation of CO2 on the -V surface.

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Ftouni, Hossein. « Transport thermique dans des membranes très minces de SiN amorphe ». Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00995424.

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Afin de comprendre les mécanismes de transport de la chaleur dans des films très minces des matériaux amorphes, nous avons proposé et démontré expérimentalement une nouvelle technique de mesure des propriétés thermiques de membranes très minces. Cette technique consiste à coupler la méthode 3 oméga avec la géométrie Völklein (membrane suspendue allongée). L'échantillon d'intérêt est alors monté dans un pont de Wheatstone spécifique afin d'éliminer le signal électrique 1 oméga. Cette technique permet de mesurer avec une très haute sensibilité le signal thermique 3 oméga et donc les propriétés thermiques des membranes. Le nitrure de silicium étudié dans ce travail constitue un matériau amorphe typique. Nous avons été intéressés par l'étude du transport thermique dans un tel système de dimensions réduites en fonction de la température et du stress intrinsèque qui présente dans les films. Afin d'atteindre cet objectif, les membranes de nitrure de silicium de stress élevé et de faible niveau de stress ont été mesurées respectivement pour une épaisseur de 50 nm et 100 nm. Le comportement global de la conductivité thermique mesurée est une croissance quand la température augmente, une tendance généralement constaté pour un matériau amorphe. Le data de membrane de 50 nm présente une conductivité thermique inférieure à celle du 100 nm, ce qui est en accord avec l'effet des dimensions réduites. La chaleur spécifique mesurée s'écarte sensiblement de la loi en T3 de Debye. Cela est particulièrement important en dessous de 100 K où la chaleur spécifique est plus élevé que celle prévue par la modèle Debye. Ces résultats expérimentaux sont en excellent accord avec les prévisions d'un model théorique qui tient en compte de l'effet TLS (Two Level System) qui présente dans le matériaux amorphe. Il a été montré expérimentalement que le stress n'a pas d'effet sur la chaleur spécifique de nitrure de silicium. De plus, nous avons démontré que le stress n'affecte pas la dissipation dans nitrure de silicium, et la dissipation par dilution semble être la cause de la réduction de la dissipation. Par conséquent, le stress ne devrait pas affecter la conductivité thermique du nitrure de silicium, ce qui est cohérent avec les résultats expérimentaux. En terme d'application de la méthode 3 oméga-Völklein, nous avons démontré que la membrane de SiN peut être utilisée comme capteur thermique spécifique pour caractériser un autre matériau déposée sur la face arrière de la membrane. Nous avons testé ce modèle pour mesurer les propriétés thermiques d'un film de 200 nm de Bi2Te3. Les résultats obtenus sont en excellent accord avec la littérature. Comme le SiN est un matériau isolant, ce modèle est capable de mesurer des films très minces quelle que soit sa nature, isolant, semi conducteur ou métallique.

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Hui, Pui Chuen. « Optomechanics and nonlinear mechanics of suspended photonic crystal membranes ». Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13068536.

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The recent demonstration of strong interactions between optical force and mechanical motion of an optomechanical structure has led to the triumphant result of mechanical ground-state cooling, where the quantum nature of a macroscopic object is revealed. Another intriguing demonstration of quantum physics on a macroscopic level is the measurement of the Casimir force which is a manifestation of the zero- point energy. An interesting aspect of the Casimir effect is that the anharmonicity of the Casimir potential becomes significant when the separation of microscale objects is in the sub-100nm regime. This regime is readily accessible by many of the realized gradient-force-based optomechanical structures. Hence, a new avenue of probing the Casimir effect on-chip all-optically has become available. We propose an integrated optomechanical platform, consisting of a suspended photonic crystal membrane evanescently coupled with a silicon-on-insulator substrate, for (i) measuring the Casimir force gradient and (ii) counteracting the attractive force by exerting a resonantly enhanced repulsive optical gradient force. This thesis first presents the full characterization of the optomechanical properties of the system in vacuo. The interplay of the optical gradient force (optomechanical coupling strength \(g_{om}/2\pi=- 66GHz/nm\)) and the photothermal force manifested in the optical spring effect and dynamic backaction is elucidated. Static displacement by the repulsive force of 1nm/mW is also demonstrated. In the second part of the thesis, the nonlinear mechanical signatures upon a strong coherent drive are reported. By resonantly driving the photonic crystal membrane with a piezo-actuator and an optical gradient force, we observed mechanical frequency mixing, mechanical bistability and non-trivial interactions of the Brownian peak with the driving signal. Finally we present our recent progress in establishing electro- static control of individual photonic crystal membranes to reduce and calibrate the electrostatic artifact which plagues Casimir measurements. The results discussed in this thesis point towards an auspicious future of a complete realization of a Casimir optomechanical structure and novel applications with nonlinearity afforded by the Casimir force and the optical gradient force.
Engineering and Applied Sciences

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Zoubir, Arnaud. « TOWARDS DIRECT WRITING OF 3-D PHOTONIC CIRCUITS USING ULTRAFAST LASERS ». Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2004. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3907.

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The advent of ultrafast lasers has enabled micromachining schemes that cannot be achieved by other current techniques. Laser direct writing has emerged as one of the possible routes for fabrication of optical waveguides in transparent materials. In this thesis, the advantages and limitations of this technique are explored. Two extended-cavity ultrafast lasers were built and characterized as the laser sources for this study, with improved performance over existing systems. Waveguides are fabricated in oxide glass, chalcogenide glass, and polymers, these being the three major classes of materials for the telecommunication industry. Standard waveguide metrology is performed on the fabricated waveguides, including refractive index profiling and mode analysis. Furthermore, a finite-difference beam propagation method for wave propagation in 3D-waveguides is proposed. The photo-structural modifications underlying the changes in the material optical properties after exposure are investigated. The highly nonlinear processes of the light/matter interaction during the writing process are described using a free electron model. UV/visible absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy are used to assess the changes occurring at the atomic level. Finally, the impact of laser direct writing on nonlinear waveguide applications is discussed.
Ph.D.
Other
Optics and Photonics
Optics

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Khanduyeva, Natalya. « Conjugated Polymer Brushes (Poly(3-hexylthiophene) brushes) : new electro- and photo-active molecular architectures ». Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1232556562686-70575.

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The aim of the present work was to screen the main methods for the synthesis of conjugated polymers for their suitability in the preparation of conductive polymer brushes. The main focus was put on the grafting of intrinsically soluble substituted regioregular polyalkylthiophenes because of their excellent optoelectronic properties. The resulting polymer films were characterized and their optoelectrical properties studied. For the first time, a synthesis of conductive polymer brushes on solid substrates using “grafting-from” method was performed. The most important, from my opinion, finding of this work is that regioregular head-to-tail poly-3-alkylthiophenes – benchmark materials for organic electronics - can be now selectively grafted from appropriately-terminated surfaces to produce polymer brushes of otherwise soluble polymers - the architecture earlier accessible only in the case of non-conductive polymers. In particular, we developed a new method to grow P3ATs via Kumada Catalyst Transfer Polymerization (KCTP) of 2-bromo-5-chloromagnesio-3-alkylthiophene. Exposure of the initiator layers to monomer solutions leads to selective chain-growth polycondensation of the monomers from the surface, resulting into P3AT brushes in a very economical way. The grafting process was investigated in detail and the structure of the resulting composite films was elucidated using several methods. The obtained data suggests that the grafting process occurs not only at the poly(4-bromstyrene) (PS-Br)/polymerization solution interface, but also deeply inside the swollen PS-Br films, penetrable for the catalyst and for the monomer The grafting process was investigated in detail and the structure of the resulting composite film was elucidated using ellipsometry, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), and Conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM). The obtained data suggests that the grafting process occurs not only at the poly(4-bromostyrene), PS-Br/polymerization solution interface, but also deeply inside the swollen PS-Br film, which is penetrable for the catalyst and the monomer. The process results in an interpenetrated PS-Br/P3HT network, in which relatively short poly(3-hexylthiophene), P3HT grafts emanate from long, cross-linked PS-Br chains. A further method investigated during our work was to covalently graft regioirregular P3HT to substrates modified by macromolecular anchors using oxidative polymerization of 3HT with FeCl3. P3HT layers with variable thicknesses from 30 nm up to 200 nm were produced using two steps of polymerization reaction. The P3HT obtained by oxidative polymerization had always an irregular structure, which was a result of the starting monomer being asymmetric, which is undesired for electronic applications. The third method for the production of conductive polymer brushes was to graft regioregular poly(3,3''-dioctyl-[2,2';5',2'']terthiophene) (PDOTT) by electrochemical oxidative polycondensation of symmetrically substituted 3,3''-dioctyl-[2,2';5',2'']terthiophene (DOTT). A modification of the supporting ITO electrode by the self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of compounds having polymerizable head-groups with properly adjusted oxidative potentials was found to be essential to achieve a covalent attachment of PDOTT chains. The polymer films produced show solvatochromism and electrochromism, as well as the previous two methods. After polymerization, the next step towards building organic electronic devices is applying the methods obtained in nano- and microscale production. Block copolymers constitute an attractive option for such surface-engineering, due to their ability to form a variety of nanoscale ordered phase-separated structures. However, block copolymers containing conjugated blocks are less abundant compared to their non-conjugated counterparts. Additionally, their phase behaviour at surfaces is not always predictable. We demonstrated in this work, how surface structures of non-conductive block copolymers, such as P4VP-b-PS-I, can be converted into (semi)conductive P4VP-b-PS-graft-P3HT chains via a surface-initiated polymerization of P3HT (Kumada Catalyst Transfer Polymerization (KCTP) from reactive surface-grafted block copolymers. This proves that our method is applicable to develop structured brushes of conductive polymers. We believe that it can be further exploited for novel, stimuli-responsive materials, for the construction of sensors, or for building various opto-electronic devices. The methods developed here can in principle be adapted for the preparation of any conductive block copolymers and conductive polymers, including other interesting architectures of conductive polymers, such as block copolymers, cylindrical brushes, star-like polymers, etc. To this end, one needs to synthesize properly-designed and multi-functional Ni-initiators before performing the polycondensation.

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37

Hintz, Holger [Verfasser], et Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Chassé. « Photo-oxidation Kinetics of Poly-3-hexylthiophene Thin Films / Holger Hintz ; Betreuer : Thomas Chassé ». Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1162699760/34.

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38

Khanduyeva, Natalya. « Conjugated Polymer Brushes (Poly(3-hexylthiophene) brushes) : new electro- and photo-active molecular architectures ». Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2008. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A23635.

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The aim of the present work was to screen the main methods for the synthesis of conjugated polymers for their suitability in the preparation of conductive polymer brushes. The main focus was put on the grafting of intrinsically soluble substituted regioregular polyalkylthiophenes because of their excellent optoelectronic properties. The resulting polymer films were characterized and their optoelectrical properties studied. For the first time, a synthesis of conductive polymer brushes on solid substrates using “grafting-from” method was performed. The most important, from my opinion, finding of this work is that regioregular head-to-tail poly-3-alkylthiophenes – benchmark materials for organic electronics - can be now selectively grafted from appropriately-terminated surfaces to produce polymer brushes of otherwise soluble polymers - the architecture earlier accessible only in the case of non-conductive polymers. In particular, we developed a new method to grow P3ATs via Kumada Catalyst Transfer Polymerization (KCTP) of 2-bromo-5-chloromagnesio-3-alkylthiophene. Exposure of the initiator layers to monomer solutions leads to selective chain-growth polycondensation of the monomers from the surface, resulting into P3AT brushes in a very economical way. The grafting process was investigated in detail and the structure of the resulting composite films was elucidated using several methods. The obtained data suggests that the grafting process occurs not only at the poly(4-bromstyrene) (PS-Br)/polymerization solution interface, but also deeply inside the swollen PS-Br films, penetrable for the catalyst and for the monomer The grafting process was investigated in detail and the structure of the resulting composite film was elucidated using ellipsometry, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), and Conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM). The obtained data suggests that the grafting process occurs not only at the poly(4-bromostyrene), PS-Br/polymerization solution interface, but also deeply inside the swollen PS-Br film, which is penetrable for the catalyst and the monomer. The process results in an interpenetrated PS-Br/P3HT network, in which relatively short poly(3-hexylthiophene), P3HT grafts emanate from long, cross-linked PS-Br chains. A further method investigated during our work was to covalently graft regioirregular P3HT to substrates modified by macromolecular anchors using oxidative polymerization of 3HT with FeCl3. P3HT layers with variable thicknesses from 30 nm up to 200 nm were produced using two steps of polymerization reaction. The P3HT obtained by oxidative polymerization had always an irregular structure, which was a result of the starting monomer being asymmetric, which is undesired for electronic applications. The third method for the production of conductive polymer brushes was to graft regioregular poly(3,3''-dioctyl-[2,2';5',2'']terthiophene) (PDOTT) by electrochemical oxidative polycondensation of symmetrically substituted 3,3''-dioctyl-[2,2';5',2'']terthiophene (DOTT). A modification of the supporting ITO electrode by the self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of compounds having polymerizable head-groups with properly adjusted oxidative potentials was found to be essential to achieve a covalent attachment of PDOTT chains. The polymer films produced show solvatochromism and electrochromism, as well as the previous two methods. After polymerization, the next step towards building organic electronic devices is applying the methods obtained in nano- and microscale production. Block copolymers constitute an attractive option for such surface-engineering, due to their ability to form a variety of nanoscale ordered phase-separated structures. However, block copolymers containing conjugated blocks are less abundant compared to their non-conjugated counterparts. Additionally, their phase behaviour at surfaces is not always predictable. We demonstrated in this work, how surface structures of non-conductive block copolymers, such as P4VP-b-PS-I, can be converted into (semi)conductive P4VP-b-PS-graft-P3HT chains via a surface-initiated polymerization of P3HT (Kumada Catalyst Transfer Polymerization (KCTP) from reactive surface-grafted block copolymers. This proves that our method is applicable to develop structured brushes of conductive polymers. We believe that it can be further exploited for novel, stimuli-responsive materials, for the construction of sensors, or for building various opto-electronic devices. The methods developed here can in principle be adapted for the preparation of any conductive block copolymers and conductive polymers, including other interesting architectures of conductive polymers, such as block copolymers, cylindrical brushes, star-like polymers, etc. To this end, one needs to synthesize properly-designed and multi-functional Ni-initiators before performing the polycondensation.

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39

Bouhadida, Maha. « Étude d’effets optiques non linéaires d’ordres 2 et 3 dans des nanofibres optiques ». Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASP019.

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Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur l'étude d'effets optiques non linéaires d’ordres 2 et 3 dans des nanofibres optiques de silice qui sont des fibres optiques étirées jusqu'à atteindre des diamètres de l'ordre de la longueur d'onde.La première application étudiée est la réalisation de convertisseurs de longueur d’onde dans le visible en régime sub-nanoseconde, domaine peu couvert par les sources impulsionnelles actuelles. Le principe de ces convertisseurs repose sur la diffusion Raman stimulée dans le champ évanescent d’une nanofibre optique de silice baignée dans un liquide. En définissant et optimisant leur domaine de fonctionnement, nous avons atteint des efficacités de conversion externes de l'onde de pompe à 532 nm vers le premier ordre Stokes de l'éthanol à 630 nm proches de 60%. Les performances de nos convertisseurs sont très répétables et ouvrent la voie à une nouvelle famille de convertisseurs de longueur d'onde très compacts, efficaces, fiables et entièrement fibrés.La seconde application visée concerne l'étude d'une source de paires de photons corrélés émettant autour de 1,5 μm pour les télécommunications quantiques. Notre source est basée sur le mécanisme de fluorescence paramétrique à la surface d’une nanofibre optique de silice. Dans l'accord de phase modal étudié, l'onde de pompe est émise sur le mode TM01 à 775 nm et les paires de photons corrélés sont générées autour de 1,5 microm sur le mode fondamental HE11, avec l'avantage de pouvoir se recoupler avec un minimum de pertes dans un réseau fibré. Nos études ont principalement porté sur le choix de la fibre standard permettant d'optimiser l'efficacité du mécanisme, la conception de la nanofibre et de ses tapers ainsi que la mise en place d'expériences préliminaires pour l'excitation de modes d'ordre supérieur
In this PhD thesis we study 2nd and 3rd order optical non-linearities in optical nanofibers, which are obtained by stretching standard fibers until their diameter becomes of the order of magnitude of the wavelength. The first application is the realization of wavelength converters in the visible range in the sub-ns regime, range which is only minimally covered by pulsed sources. The principle of these converters is to use stimulated Raman scattering in the evanescent field immersed in a liquid. By defining and optimizing their operating range, we have reach external conversion efficiencies from the pump at 532 nm to the first Stokes order of ethanol at 630 nm near to 60%. The performances of our converters are very repeatable and open the way to a new family of very compact, reliable and all-fibered components.The second application is the study of a source of correlated photon pairs for quantum telecommunications. Our source is based of parametric fluorescence on the surface of a silica nanofiber. In the phase-matching we propose, the pump wave is emitted on the mode TM01 at 775 nm and the photon pairs are emitted around1.5 μm in the fundamental mode, enabling a recoupling with only a few losses in the optical network. Our study mainly concern the choice of the standard fiber enabling to optimize the efficiency of the mechanism, the conception of the nanofiber and its tapers as well as the implementation of preliminary experiments for the excitation of high ordrer modes

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Pooley, Kathryn Jessica. « Patterned Aqueous Growth of Single Crystalline Zinc Oxide for Photonic Applications ». Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17467362.

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Typically a top-down approach is used in the fabrication of functional nanodevices beginning with the bulk material and imposing a two or three-dimensional structure on the material through a combination of lithography and etching. Pre-patterning of a substrate, resulting in the selective growth of a material, has potential for forming three-dimensional device structures in ways that can be more efficient and which can avoid process complexity and process induced damage. In this thesis, the low temperature (90°C) aqueous growth of complex, single crystalline zinc oxide (ZnO) three-dimensional devices through pre-patterned micron and nanometer sized molds is presented. This work focuses on the quality of the single crystalline ZnO material, the constrained growth of ZnO through various sizes and shapes of molds, and the fabrication of several device structures including pillars, rings, and photonic crystals. Due to their single crystalline nature and crystallographically smooth sidewalls, photonic devices created using this growth method have the potential to outperform traditionally fabricated structures in a range of optoelectronic applications. In addition, metal-oxide interfaces are the critical components of many electrical and optical devices, and it is rare to find epitaxial metal-oxide structures. In this work, the first demonstration of low temperature, epitaxial growth of ZnO on single crystalline gold plates is presented. The quality and structure of the ZnO on the gold plates is investigated using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The epitaxial growth is confirmed using electron backscatter diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The metal-oxide interfaces fabricated have the potential to be used in a number of technologically important applications. Possible examples include creating high quality electrical contacts on high bandgap materials and improving light extraction from planar LED structures.
Engineering and Applied Sciences - Applied Physics

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GRISCOM, LAURENT. « Synthese et proprietes optiques des verres de chalco-halogenures : spectroscopie a 1,3 microns et addition de photons des ions nd 3 + et pr 3 + ». Rennes 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999REN10191.

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Des sources lumineuses sont, a ce jour activement recherchees a 1,3 m pour augmenter la capacite des reseaux de telecommunications par fibres optiques. Pour cela, des compositions de verres dopes aux terres rares et optimises du point de leurs proprietes optiques sont necessaires. Les verres de chalcogenures ayant des indices de refraction eleves et une transparence dans l'infrarouge qui s'etend au-dela de 10 m possedent les qualites necessaires pour operer a cette longueur d'onde. Les verres de chalco-halogenures, avec les elements ge-ga-s-csx ou x = c1, br, i ont ete synthetise au laboratoire. L'ajout d'un halogenure au verre de chalcogenure se traduit par une amelioration de la stabilite thermique et un elargissement du domaine de la transparence dans le visible sans changer les caracteristiques dans l'infrarouge. Ces verres possedent, par ailleurs, une bonne solubilite des ions de terre rare. Ils ont ete dopes par les ions nd 3 + et pr 3 +. Les proprietes physiques et optiques (temperatures caracteristiques, densite, indices de refraction, transmission uv et ir) de ces verres ont ete mesurees et comparees avec celles de verres de sulfure classiques. La theorie de judd-ofelt a ete employee pour la comprehension des mecanismes des transitions 4f-4f dans ces verres. Cependant, les verres de chalcogenures posent des problemes pour l'application de cette theorie du fait du bandgap qui occulte les bandes d'absorption de haute energie des ions de terre rare. Quelques methodes nouvelles ont ete testees pour appliquer la theorie de judd-ofelt dans les verres de chalcogenures. Les emissions des ions nd 3 + et pr 3 + ont ete etudiees dans les verres ga-ge-csx, en fonction de halogene x et en fonction de la concentration en ions de terre rare. Concernant la neodyme, les spectres d'emission ir du niveau 4f 3 / 2 et les emissions visibles de ( 4g 7 / 2, 2k 1 3 / 2, 4g 9 / 2) ont ete enregistres et les durees de vie mesurees. Les processus d'esa a partir de 4f 3 / 2 qui contribuent a reduire l'emission a 1,3 m de nd 3 + ont ete egalement enregistre. Concernant le praseodyme, les spectres d'emissions ainsi que les durees de vie des niveaux 1g 4 (transition a 1,3 m), 1d 2 et 3p j ont ete mesures une part important de ce travail a ete consacre a la mise en evidence et a la caracterisation des processus d'addition de photons vers les niveaux ( 4g 7 / 2, 2k 1 3 / 2, 4g 9 / 2) de nd 3 + et vers les niveaux 1d 2 et 3p j de pr 3 +.

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MORAES, JAIR R. de. « Estudo da preparação de microcristais de LiLa(WOsub(4))sub(2):TRsup(3+) para aplicações fotônicas ». reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2013. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10510.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:41:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
FAPESP:08/10721-9

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Araujo, Leandro Goulart de. « Photo-oxidative degradation of bisphenol A by H2O2/UV : process study and kinetic modelling ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3137/tde-17072018-111837/.

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Bisphenol A (BPA) is widely used in the production of plastics, epoxy resins and polycarbonates. It is a toxic, endocrine disruptor compound. Different studies have shown the presence of BPA in several environmental systems, classifying it as a worldwide persistent pollutant which may act synergistically with other pollutants. In this context, advanced oxidation processes (AOP) have received great attention due to their ability to degrade pollutants with such characteristics, through their transformation into less hazardous compounds or even their mineralization. Although there are investigations on the use of AOPs for BPA degradation, systematic studies on the effects of process variables, coupled with the statistical interpretation of the results are virtually non-existent. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, a rigorous kinetic model has not yet been proposed for the degradation of this pollutant by the H2O2/UV process. The objective of this work was to evaluate BPA degradation by the H2O2/UV process, investigating the effects of the initial H2O2 concentration and the specific rate of photons emission (EP,0) by means of a Doehlert experimental design, combined with the response surface methodology. The experiments were performed in a photochemical tubular reactor equipped with a 254-nm UV lamp, for [H2O2]0 and EP,0 in the ranges 1.6-9.6 mmol L-1 and 0.87 × 1018-3.6 × 1018 photons L-1 s-1, respectively. Total BPA degradation was achieved after 60 min of irradiation in all experiments. The best conditions were [H2O2]0 = 7.6 mmol L-1 and EP,0 = 3.6 × 1018 photons L-1 s-1, for which the best performance was obtained regarding the BPA degradation rate, BPA degradation after 15 min, and the second highest TOC removal after 180 min. However, in most experiments less than 75% TOC removal was observed, with 95% mineralization obtained only for the superior [H2O2]0 and EP,0. A mathematical model was developed, considering the reactor characteristics and the radiation field, based on the line source with parallel emission (LSPP) approach, in combination with the radiative transfer equation (RTE), mass balances, and a detailed kinetic model of the H2O2/UV process. The steady-state approximation was applied for all radical species. In the estimation of unknown kinetic constants, the non-linear least squares method was employed. The model was able to satisfactorily fit experimental BPA and H2O2 concentrations as a function of time. This work shows that the H2O2/UV process is a good alternative for BPA removal from aqueous streams, with total degradation of the target compound and adequate percent mineralization under optimal operating conditions. Such conditions may serve as first guidelines for pilot-plant and industrial processes operation. In addition, simulations using the proposed kinetic model may provide useful information for the design and scale-up of pre- or post-treatment of effluents containing this pollutant.
O bisfenol A (BPA) é amplamente utilizado na fabricação de plásticos, resinas epóxi e policarbonatos. Trata-se de um composto tóxico e um desregulador endócrino. Diferentes estudos evidenciam a presença do BPA em diversos compartimentos ambientais em todo planeta, identificando-o como um poluente persistente e resistente à degradação biológica, que apresenta efeitos sinergéticos com outros poluentes. Nesse contexto, os processos oxidativos avançados (POA) têm recebido atenção devido a sua capacidade em degradar poluentes com tais características, transformando-os em compostos menos perigosos ou até mesmo mineralizando-os totalmente. Apesar de haver trabalhos na literatura acerca da utilização de POA para degradação de BPA, estudos sistemáticos dos efeitos de variáveis de processo junto com a interpretação estatística dos resultados são virtualmente inexistentes. Além disso, até onde se sabe um modelo cinético rigoroso ainda não foi proposto para a degradação desse poluente por meio do processo H2O2/UV. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a degradação do BPA pelo processo H2O2/UV, investigando os efeitos da concentração inicial de H2O2 e da taxa específica de emissão de fótons (EP,0) por meio de um projeto experimental Doehlert, combinado com a análise de superfície de resposta. Os experimentos foram realizados em um reator tubular fotoquímico equipado com uma lâmpada UV de 254 nm, para [H2O2]0 e EP,0 entre 1,6-9,6 mmol L-1 e 0,87 × 1018 - 3,6 × 1018 fótons L-1 s-1, respectivamente. Todos os experimentos sob H2O2/UV resultaram em total degradação do BPA após 60 min de irradiação. Nesse caso, as melhores condições foram [H2O2]0 = 7,6 mmol L-1 e EP,0 = 3,6 × 1018 fótons L-1 s-1, para as quais se obteve o melhor desempenho quanto à taxa de degradação de BPA e à remoção após 15 min, e a segunda maior remoção de COT após 180 min. Entretanto, na maioria dos experimentos menos de 75% de remoção de COT foram observados, com 95% de mineralização obtida apenas para os maiores [H2O2]0 e EP,0. Elaborou-se um modelo matemático que considera as características do reator utilizado e o campo de radiação, baseado no modelo de fonte linear de emissão em planos paralelos (LSPP), combinado à equação de transferência radiativa (RTE), aos balanços materiais e a um modelo cinético detalhado do processo H2O2/UV. Foi empregada a aproximação de estado estacionário para todas as espécies radicalares. Na estimativa das constantes cinéticas desconhecidas, utilizou-se o método de mínimos quadrados não linear. Esse modelo foi capaz de ajustar satisfatoriamente as concentrações experimentais de BPA e de H2O2 em função do tempo. Este trabalho mostra que o processo H2O2/UV constitui uma alternativa conveniente para a degradação de BPA em matrizes aquosas, com total degradação do composto alvo e porcentagem de mineralização adequada nas condições ótimas de operação. Tais condições podem servir como diretrizes iniciais de processamento em escalas piloto e industrial. Por sua vez, simulações empregando o modelo matemático proposto permitem gerar informações úteis para projeto e aumento de escala de processos de pré- ou pós-tratamento de efluentes contendo esse poluente.

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Mankin, Max Nathan. « Advances in Crystal Growth and Assembly for Imparting Novel Photonic Properties to Semiconductor Nanowires ». Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:23845427.

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Semiconductor nanowires comprise a versatile materials platform with which to characterize the properties of nanomaterials. The vast range of structural and compositional diversity of nanowires has also enabled their use as low-footprint building blocks in a variety of applications including bioelectronics, photonics, and energy conversion. Synthetic control of nanowire size, morphology, and composition as well as assembly of nanowires into pre-determined positions and orientations are paramount to enabling the aforementioned fundamental and applied research. To this end, this thesis presents original research on four aspects of semiconductor nanowire synthesis and assembly, with emphasis on material characterization and how advances in synthesis and assembly can impart new photonic properties to nanowires. First, I demonstrate facet-selective epitaxial growth of compound semiconductors on silicon nanowires. Electron microscopy and growth studies suggest that facet-selective formation of an oxide prevents growth of the compound semiconductor on certain facets. Facet-selective epitaxy is general to several compound semiconductor materials and for micro-to-mesoscale wires. Optical characterization shows that facet-selective epitaxy integrates the photonic properties of compound semiconductors with silicon nanowires. Next, I discuss a crystal growth phenomenon unique to one-dimensional materials that combines Plateau-Rayleigh instability with nanowire shell growth to yield diameter-modulated nanowires. We demonstrate wide synthetic tunability over diameter-modulated nanowire morphologies and compositions. Growth studies suggest that surface energy reductions drive the formation of periodic shells, and that kinetic control of growth enables this tunability. Finally, we show that diameter-modulated nanowires display unique optical properties compared to uniform diameter nanowires. Third, I present an assembly technique that incorporates positioning and shaping to yield U-shaped nanowires with >90% yield and positioning accuracy within 10s of nanometers over a wafer scale. Shape-controlled assembly involves patterning shaped trenches and then shear transferring nanowires to the patterned substrate wafers, where the trenches define the positions and shapes of transferred nanowires. We assemble U-shaped nanowire directional optical couplers that function as nanoscale photonic circuit elements. Finally, I present optical studies of strained, U-shaped germanium nanowires. Light emission from single germanium nanowires is (i) localized to the strained portions of the nanowires, (ii) enhanced by factors >25 compared to unstrained segments of the nanowires, and (iii) can be monotonically tuned from ~1550 to 1900 nm by deterministically adjusting the radius of curvature and/or the diameter of the nanowires. These studies show that tuning assembly parameters to adjust strain in the nanowires yields changes to the nanowires’ electronic structure, and correspondingly, their optical properties. Facet-selective epitaxy, Plateau-Rayleigh crystal growth, and shaped nanowire assembly afford exciting opportunities for (i) characterizing unique crystal growth modes of nanomaterials, (ii) imparting novel morphological and crystallographic properties to nanowires, and (iii) studying relationships between these properties and the photonic attributes of nanostructures.
Chemistry and Chemical Biology

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Bahrs, Sabine. « Persistent photo induced effects in high-temperature superconducting RBa2Cu3O7-ddelta [RBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 delta] ». [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=978946693.

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46

Chen, Peixuan. « Thermal transport through SiGe superlattices ». Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-159170.

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Understanding thermal transport in nanoscale is important for developing nanostructured thermolelectric materials and for heat management in nanoelectronic devices. This dissertation is devoted to understand thermal transport through SiGe based superlattices. First, we systematically studied the cross-plane thermal conductivity of SiGe superlattices by varying the thickness of Si(Ge) spacers thickness. The observed additive character of thermal resistance of the SiGe nanodot/planar layers allows us to engineer the thermal conductivity by varying the interface distance down to ~1.5 nm. Si-Ge intermixing driven by Ge surface segregation is crucial for achieving highly diffusive phonon scattering at the interfaces. By comparing the thermal conductivity of nanodot Ge/Si superlattices with variable nanodot density and superlattices with only wetting layers, we find that the effect of nanodots is comparable with that produced by planar wetting layers. This is attributed to the shallow morphology and further flattening of SiGe nanodots during overgrowth with Si. Finally, the experiments show that the interface effect on phonon transport can be weakened and even eliminated by reducing the interface distance or by enhancing Si-Ge intermixing around the interfaces by post-growth annealing. The results presented in this dissertation are expected to be relevant to applications requiring optimization of thermal transport for heat management and for the development of thermoelectric materials and devices based on superlattice structures
Verständnis des thermischen Transport auf Nanoskala ist sowohl grundlegend für die Entwicklung nanostrukturierter Materialien, als auch für Temperaturkontrolle in nanoelektronischen Bauteilen. Diese Dissertation widmet sich der Erforschung des thermischen Transports durch SiGe basierenden Übergittern. Variationen, der Si(Ge) Schichtdicken, wurden zur systematischen Untersuchung der Normalkomponente zur Wachstumsrichtung der Wärmeleitfähigkeit, von SiGe Übergittern, genutzt. Die Beobachtung des additiven Charakters, des thermischen Widerstands, der SiGe Schichten, mit oder ohne Inselwachstum, ermöglicht die Erstellung von Strukturen mit bestimmter Wärmeleitfähigkeiten durch die Variation der Schichtdicken bis zu einer Minimaldistanz zweier Schichtübergänge von ~1.5nm. Die Ge Segregation führt zu einer Vermischung, von Si und Ge, welche eine essentielle Rolle zur diffusen Phononenstreuung spielt. Unsere Untersuchungen, von planaren Übergittern und Übergittern mit variabler Inseldichte, zeigen, dass Inseln und planare Schichten zu einer vergleichbaren Reduktion, der Wärmeleitfähigkeit, führen. Diese Beobachtung lässt sich, sowohl auf die flache Morphologie als auch die Abplattung der SiGe Inseln, aufgrund der Überwachsung mit Si, zurückführen. Die Experimente zeigen außerdem, dass sich der Barriereneffekt, der Schichtgrenzen, durch Reduktion der Schichtabstände und durch verstärkte Vermischung im Bereich der Schichtgrenzen, durch Erhitzung, eliminieren lässt. Die präsentierten Messungen sind sowohl, für die Entwicklung jener Bauteile, die eine Optimierung des thermischen Transports oder Temperaturmanagment erfordern, als auch von thermoelektrischen Matieralien und Bauteilen, basierend auf Übergittern, relevant

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47

Côté, Denis. « Etude spectroscopique de defauts et d'impuretes dans les semi-conducteurs 3-5 ». Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066169.

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Etude, par absorption ir a transformee de fourier et a la temperature de l'helium liquide, des impuretes vanadium et hydrogene. Mise en evidence du vanadium ionise dans inp par spectroscopie sous contrainte uniaxe. Observation dans gaas, inp et gap des modes localises de vibration attribues a des complexes hydrogene-defaut. Etude analytique du couplage vibronique d'un etat electronique triplet a un mode de vibration triplement degenere dans le domaine du couplage fort

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Rizzo, Vinícius Zacarias. « Estudo das propriedades ópticas e eletro-ópticas de filmes de carbono amorfo tipo diamante - DLC ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3140/tde-10012011-143459/.

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Neste trabalho foram estudadas as características elétricas e ópticas de filmes de carbono tipo diamante (DLC Diamond-Like Carbon) depositados em um sistema de sputtering RF magnetron reativo em substratos de silício e vidro. Foram depositadas amostras em condições de processo distintas em cada tipo de substrato, sendo duas condições de pressão (5 mTorr e 10 mTorr) e para cada uma, quatro condições de potência de RF (100 W, 150 W, 200 W e 250 W). Os filmes depositados foram submetidos às seguintes técnicas de caracterização: perfilometria, para obtenção da espessura dos filmes e com isso a taxa de deposição; elipsometria, para obtenção do índice de refração; obtenção de curvas I-V, para obtenção da resistividade elétrica e cálculo do ganho de foto corrente, e da curva C-V de alta frequência, para cálculo da constante dielétrica dos filmes; transmitância óptica, para o cálculo do gap óptico através do método de Tauc; fotoluminescência, para determinar a emissão característica deste gap e espectroscopia de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR), para se observar os tipos de ligações presentes no filme e calcular a relação entre hibridizações sp3 e sp2 entre átomos de carbono e hidrogênio no filme. As variações de algumas características dos filmes de DLC com os parâmetros de processo são apresentadas e comparadas. De acordo com as características dos filmes obtidos neste trabalho, com a variação dos parâmetros de processo, é possível sua aplicação como dielétrico de campo, por apresentarem baixa constante dielétrica, sendo o valor mais baixo obtido igual a 3,4; como material dielétrico de porta considerando os filmes com alta constante dielétrica, chegando a 6,7; como material para cobertura, devido à alta uniformidade (até 95%); e, o que foi mais explorado neste trabalho, para aplicações como sensores foto sensíveis, sendo que o maior ganho de foto corrente obtido foi 67 vezes. A possibilidade de produção de filmes de DLC com diferentes propriedades através da variação das condições de processo mostra sua versatilidade para uso em diferentes aplicações.
In this work it was studied electrical and optical characteristics of diamond-like carbon (DLC) films deposited in a reactive RF magnetron sputtering system on silicon and glass substrates. Samples were deposited at different process conditions in each type of substrate at two pressure conditions (5 mTorr and 10 mTorr) and four conditions of RF power (100 W, 150 W, 200 W and 250 W). The DLC films were characterized by the following techniques: high step meter analysis, to obtain the thickness of the films and thus the deposition rate; Ellipsometry to obtain the refractive index; electrical characterization by the I-V curve, to obtain the resistivity and calculate the photo current gain, and high-frequency C-V curve, to calculate the dielectric constant of the films; optical transmittance, to calculate the optical gap by the Tauc method; photoluminescence analysis, to determine the characteristic emission of this gap; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), to observe the different carbon-hydrogen bonds and calculate its sp3/sp2 hybridizations ratio. The way some characteristics of DLC films vary with the process parameters are presented and compared in this work. According to the characteristics of the DLC films obtained in this work, with the variation of the process parameters it is possible their application as low k dielectric insulators, because of its low dielectric constant, being the lowest obtained value 3.4; as dielectric gate material, reaching 6.7 in the films deposited in this work, as coating material due to its high uniformity (95%), and which was further explored in this work, for applications like photo-sensitive sensors, since it was obtained samples with photo current gain up to 65. The possibility of producing DLC films with different properties by varying process parameters shows its versatility for using in different applications.

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Heron, Jean-Savin. « Transport des phonons à l'échelle du nanomètre ». Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00461703.

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Pour comprendre les mécanismes du transport de la chaleur à l'échelle du nanomètre, nous avons fabriqué des dispositifs suspendus nanostructurés complexes et mesuré leur conductance thermique aux températures cryogéniques, notamment via la méthode 3 oméga. Nous avons pu ainsi démontrer la dépendance du transport des phonons aux dimensions et à la géométrie des nanostructures. Pour des nanofils de silicium d'une longueur comprise entre 8 et 10 µm, et d'une section de 200x100 nm^2, nous observons une déviation au régime diffusif de Casimir sous 5K, que nous pouvons expliquer en tenant compte de la rugosité en surface des nanofils. Quand la température décroit, la longueur d'onde des phonons augmente et des collisions balistiques en surface surviennent, impliquant une augmentation du libre parcours moyen des phonons, considéré comme constant jusque là. D'importants effets mésoscopiques sur le transport des phonons induits par la géométrie des nanofils ont pu être mesurés pour la première fois. La présence de zig-zag sur la longueur des fils bloquent le courant de phonons sur une large gamme de température, ayant pour conséquence une importante réduction de l'ordre de 40% de la conductance thermique en comparaison avec des nanofils droits. En parallèle, des expériences ont été menées sur des NEMS de silicium à basse température, et comparées avec des résultats antérieurs sur des MEMS de même géométrie. Le comportement mécanique des structures de silicium aux petites échelles est également abordé. A la fin de ce manuscrit, sont présentés les premiers prototypes de nano-calorimètres zepto-Joules (10^-21 J), qui vont permettre des caractérisations thermiques extrêmes d'objets uniques mésoscopiques.

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50

Heron, Jean-Savin. « Transport des phonons à l'échelle du nanomètre ». Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10183.

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Pour comprendre les mécanismes du transport de la chaleur à l'échelle du nanomètre, nous avons fabriqué des dispositifs suspendus nanostructurés complexes et mesuré leur conductance thermique aux températures cryogéniques, notamment via la méthode 3 oméga. Nous avons pu ainsi démontrer la dépendance du transport des phonons aux dimensions et à la géométrie des nanostructures. Pour des nanofils de silicium d'une longueur comprise entre 8 et 10 µm, et d'une section de 200x100 nm^2, nous observons une déviation au régime diffusif de Casimir sous 5K, que nous pouvons expliquer en tenant compte de la rugosité en surface des nanofils. Quand la température décroit, la longueur d'onde des phonons augmente et des collisions balistiques en surface surviennent, impliquant une augmentation du libre parcours moyen des phonons, considéré comme constant jusque là. D'importants effets mésoscopiques sur le transport des phonons induits par la géométrie des nanofils ont pu être mesurés pour la première fois. La présence de zig-zag sur la longueur des fils bloquent le courant de phonons sur une large gamme de température, ayant pour conséquence une importante réduction de l'ordre de 40% de la conductance thermique en comparaison avec des nanofils droits. En parallèle, des expériences ont été menées sur des NEMS de silicium à basse température, et comparées avec des résultats antérieurs sur des MEMS de même géométrie. Le comportement mécanique des structures de silicium aux petites échelles est également abordé. A la fin de ce manuscrit, sont présentés les premiers prototypes de nano-calorimètres zepto-Joules (10^-21 J), qui vont permettre des caractérisations thermiques extrêmes d'objets uniques mésoscopiques
To understand the mechanisms of the heat transport at small length scales, we are fabricating complex nano-devices and measuring the thermal conductance of suspended silicon nanowires at cryogenic temperatures, principally by the 3 omega method. We demonstrate the dependance of the phonon transport to the dimensions and the geometry of these nanostructures. For nanowires with a length between 8 and 10 µm, and a section of 200x100 nm^2, we observe a deviation of the diffusive regime of Casimir below 5K, which can be explained by taking account the roughness of the surface of the nanowires. When the temperature decreases, the wave length of the phonons increases and ballistic collisions at the surface occur, implying an increase of the mean free path of the phonons, considered before as constant. Important mesoscopic effects on the phonons transport induced by the geometry of the nanowires have been measured for the first time. The presence of zigzag on the length of the wires blocks the current of phonons on a wide range of temperature, with as consequence an important decrease in the order of 40 % of the thermal conductance in comparison with straight nanowires. Experiments in parrallel on silcon NEMS have been performed at low temperatures, and compared with MEMS of same geometries. The mechanical behavior of silcon nanostructures at low scale is also aborded. At the end, first prototypes of zeptoJoules nanocalorimeters (10^-21 J) are presented, which allow thermal characterization of single mesoscopic object

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