Bibliographies thématiques / 2D Images - 3D Models

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « 2D Images - 3D Models »

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Publié le 13 juillet 2024

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "2D Images - 3D Models"

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Yang, Guangjie, Aidi Gong, Pei Nie, Lei Yan, Wenjie Miao, Yujun Zhao, Jie Wu, Jingjing Cui, Yan Jia et Zhenguang Wang. « Contrast-Enhanced CT Texture Analysis for Distinguishing Fat-Poor Renal Angiomyolipoma From Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma ». Molecular Imaging 18 (1 janvier 2019) : 153601211988316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536012119883161.

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Objective: To evaluate the value of 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) computed tomography texture analysis (CTTA) models in distinguishing fat-poor angiomyolipoma (fpAML) from chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (chRCC). Methods: We retrospectively enrolled 32 fpAMLs and 24 chRCCs. Texture features were extracted from 2D and 3D regions of interest in triphasic CT images. The 2D and 3D CTTA models were constructed with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator algorithm and texture scores were calculated. The diagnostic performance of the 2D and 3D CTTA models was evaluated with respect to calibration, discrimination, and clinical usefulness. Results: Of the 177 and 183 texture features extracted from 2D and 3D regions of interest, respectively, 5 2D features and 8 3D features were selected to build 2D and 3D CTTA models. The 2D CTTA model (area under the curve [AUC], 0.811; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.695-0.927) and the 3D CTTA model (AUC, 0.915; 95% CI, 0.838-0.993) showed good discrimination and calibration ( P > .05). There was no significant difference in AUC between the 2 models ( P = .093). Decision curve analysis showed the 3D model outperformed the 2D model in terms of clinical usefulness. Conclusions: The CTTA models based on contrast-enhanced CT images had a high value in differentiating fpAML from chRCC.
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Iyoho, Anthony E., Jonathan M. Young, Vladislav Volman, David A. Shelley, Laurel J. Ng et Henry Wang. « 3D Tibia Reconstruction Using 2D Computed Tomography Images ». Military Medicine 184, Supplement_1 (1 mars 2019) : 621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usy379.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE Skeletal stress fracture of the lower limbs remains a significant problem for the military. The objective of this study was to develop a subject-specific 3D reconstruction of the tibia using only a few CT images for the prediction of peak stresses and locations. METHODS Full bilateral tibial CT scans were recorded for 63 healthy college male participants. A 3D finite element (FE) model of the tibia for each subject was generated from standard CT cross-section data (i.e., 4%, 14%, 38%, and 66% of the tibial length) via a transformation matrix. The final reconstructed FE models were used to calculate peak stress and location on the tibia due to a simulated walking load (3,700 N), and compared to the raw models. RESULTS The density-weighted, spatially-normalized errors between the raw and reconstructed CT models were small. The mean percent difference between the raw and reconstructed models for peak stress (0.62%) and location (−0.88%) was negligible. CONCLUSIONS Subject-specific tibia models can provide even great insights into the mechanisms of stress fracture injury, which are common in military and athletic settings. Rapid development of 3D tibia models allows for the future work of determining peak stress-related injury correlates to stress fracture outcomes.
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Osadchy, Margarita, David Jacobs, Ravi Ramamoorthi et David Tucker. « Using specularities in comparing 3D models and 2D images ». Computer Vision and Image Understanding 111, no 3 (septembre 2008) : 275–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cviu.2007.12.004.

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Avesta, Arman, Sajid Hossain, MingDe Lin, Mariam Aboian, Harlan M. Krumholz et Sanjay Aneja. « Comparing 3D, 2.5D, and 2D Approaches to Brain Image Auto-Segmentation ». Bioengineering 10, no 2 (1 février 2023) : 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10020181.

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Deep-learning methods for auto-segmenting brain images either segment one slice of the image (2D), five consecutive slices of the image (2.5D), or an entire volume of the image (3D). Whether one approach is superior for auto-segmenting brain images is not known. We compared these three approaches (3D, 2.5D, and 2D) across three auto-segmentation models (capsule networks, UNets, and nnUNets) to segment brain structures. We used 3430 brain MRIs, acquired in a multi-institutional study, to train and test our models. We used the following performance metrics: segmentation accuracy, performance with limited training data, required computational memory, and computational speed during training and deployment. The 3D, 2.5D, and 2D approaches respectively gave the highest to lowest Dice scores across all models. 3D models maintained higher Dice scores when the training set size was decreased from 3199 MRIs down to 60 MRIs. 3D models converged 20% to 40% faster during training and were 30% to 50% faster during deployment. However, 3D models require 20 times more computational memory compared to 2.5D or 2D models. This study showed that 3D models are more accurate, maintain better performance with limited training data, and are faster to train and deploy. However, 3D models require more computational memory compared to 2.5D or 2D models.
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Petre, Raluca-Diana, et Titus Zaharia. « 3D Model-Based Semantic Categorization of Still Image 2D Objects ». International Journal of Multimedia Data Engineering and Management 2, no 4 (octobre 2011) : 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jmdem.2011100102.

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Automatic classification and interpretation of objects present in 2D images is a key issue for various computer vision applications. In particular, when considering image/video, indexing, and retrieval applications, automatically labeling in a semantically pertinent manner/huge multimedia databases still remains a challenge. This paper examines the issue of still image object categorization. The objective is to associate semantic labels to the 2D objects present in natural images. The principle of the proposed approach consists of exploiting categorized 3D model repositories to identify unknown 2D objects, based on 2D/3D matching techniques. The authors use 2D/3D shape indexing methods, where 3D models are described through a set of 2D views. Experimental results, carried out on both MPEG-7 and Princeton 3D models databases, show recognition rates of up to 89.2%.
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Li, Yu, Shaohua Li et Bo Zhang. « Constructing of 3D Fluvial Reservoir Model Based on 2D Training Images ». Applied Sciences 13, no 13 (25 juin 2023) : 7497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13137497.

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Training images are important input parameters for multipoint geostatistical modeling, and training images that can portray 3D spatial correlations are required to construct 3D models. The 3D training images are usually obtained by unconditional simulation using algorithms such as object-based algorithms, and in some cases, it is difficult to obtain the 3D training images directly, so a series of modeling methods based on 2D training images for constructing 3D models has been formed. In this paper, a new modeling method is proposed by synthesizing the advantages of the previous methods. Taking the fluvial reservoir modeling of the P oilfield in the Bohai area as an example, a comparative study based on 2D and 3D training images was carried out. By comparing the variance function, horizontal and vertical connectivity in x-, y-, and z-directions, and style similarity, the study shows that based on several mutually perpendicular 2D training images, the modeling method proposed in this paper can achieve an effect similar to that based on 3D training images directly. In the case that it is difficult to obtain 3D training images, the modeling method proposed in this paper has suitable application prospects.
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Zhong, Chunyan, Yanli Guo, Haiyun Huang, Liwen Tan, Yi Wu et Wenting Wang. « Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Coronary Arteries and Its Application in Localization of Coronary Artery Segments Corresponding to Myocardial Segments Identified by Transthoracic Echocardiography ». Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2013 (2013) : 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/783939.

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Objectives.To establish 3D models of coronary arteries (CA) and study their application in localization of CA segments identified by Transthoracic Echocardiography (TTE).Methods.Sectional images of the heart collected from the first CVH dataset and contrast CT data were used to establish 3D models of the CA. Virtual dissection was performed on the 3D models to simulate the conventional sections of TTE. Then, we used 2D ultrasound, speckle tracking imaging (STI), and 2D ultrasound plus 3D CA models to diagnose 170 patients and compare the results to coronary angiography (CAG).Results.3D models of CA distinctly displayed both 3D structure and 2D sections of CA. This simulated TTE imaging in any plane and showed the CA segments that corresponded to 17 myocardial segments identified by TTE. The localization accuracy showed a significant difference between 2D ultrasound and 2D ultrasound plus 3D CA model in the severe stenosis group (P<0.05) and in the mild-to-moderate stenosis group (P<0.05).Conclusions.These innovative modeling techniques help clinicians identify the CA segments that correspond to myocardial segments typically shown in TTE sectional images, thereby increasing the accuracy of the TTE-based diagnosis of CHD.
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Choi, Chang-Hyuk, Hee-Chan Kim, Daewon Kang et Jun-Young Kim. « Comparative study of glenoid version and inclination using two-dimensional images from computed tomography and three-dimensional reconstructed bone models ». Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow 23, no 3 (1 septembre 2020) : 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5397/cise.2020.00220.

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Background: This study was performed to compare glenoid version and inclination measured using two-dimensional (2D) images from computed tomography (CT) scans or three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed bone models.Methods: Thirty patients who had undergone conventional CT scans were included. Two orthopedic surgeons measured glenoid version and inclination three times on 2D images from CT scans (2D measurement), and two other orthopedic surgeons performed the same measurements using 3D reconstructed bone models (3D measurement). The 3D-reconstructed bone models were acquired and measured with Mimics and 3-Matics (Materialise).Results: Mean glenoid version and inclination in 2D measurements were –1.705º and 9.08º, respectively, while those in 3D measurements were 2.635º and 7.23º. The intra-observer reliability in 2D measurements was 0.605 and 0.698, respectively, while that in 3D measurements was 0.883 and 0.892. The inter-observer reliability in 2D measurements was 0.456 and 0.374, respectively, while those in 3D measurements was 0.853 and 0.845.Conclusions: The difference between 2D and 3D measurements is not due to differences in image data but to the use of different tools. However, more consistent results were obtained in 3D measurement. Therefore, 3D measurement can be a good alternative for measuring glenoid version and inclination.
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Falah .K, Rasha, et Rafeef Mohammed .H. « Convert 2D shapes in to 3D images ». Journal of Al-Qadisiyah for computer science and mathematics 9, no 2 (20 août 2017) : 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29304/jqcm.2017.9.2.146.

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There are several complex programs that using for convert 2D images to 3D models with difficult techniques. In this paper ,it will be introduce a useful technique and using simple Possibilities and language for converting 2D to 3D images. The technique would be used; a three-dimensional projection using three images for the same shape and display three dimensional image from different side and to implement the particular work, visual programming with 3Dtruevision engine would be used, where its given acceptable result with shorting time. And it could be used in the field of engineering drawing.
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Sezer, Sümeyye, Vitoria Piai, Roy P. C. Kessels et Mark ter Laan. « Information Recall in Pre-Operative Consultation for Glioma Surgery Using Actual Size Three-Dimensional Models ». Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no 11 (13 novembre 2020) : 3660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113660.

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Three-dimensional (3D) technologies are being used for patient education. For glioma, a personalized 3D model can show the patient specific tumor and eloquent areas. We aim to compare the amount of information that is understood and can be recalled after a pre-operative consult using a 3D model (physically printed or in Augmented Reality (AR)) versus two-dimensional (2D) MR images. In this explorative study, healthy individuals were eligible to participate. Sixty-one participants were enrolled and assigned to either the 2D (MRI/fMRI), 3D (physical 3D model) or AR groups. After undergoing a mock pre-operative consultation for low-grade glioma surgery, participants completed two assessments (one week apart) testing information recall using a standardized questionnaire. The 3D group obtained the highest recall scores on both assessments (Cohen’s d = 1.76 and Cohen’s d = 0.94, respectively, compared to 2D), followed by AR and 2D, respectively. Thus, real-size 3D models appear to improve information recall as compared to MR images in a pre-operative consultation for glioma cases. Future clinical studies should measure the efficacy of using real-size 3D models in actual neurosurgery patients.
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Thèses sur le sujet "2D Images - 3D Models"

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Zhang, Yan. « Feature-based automatic registration of images with 2D and 3D models ». Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2006. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/21603/.

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Automatic image registration is the technique to align images in different coordinate systems to the same coordinate system which has found wide industrial applications for control automation and quality inspection. Focusing on the industrial applications where product models are available and transformations between models and images are global, this thesis presents the research works on two registration problems based on different features and different transformation models. The first image registration problem is a 2D/2D one with a 2D similarity transformation and based on geometric primitives selected from models and extracted from images. Featured-based methods using geometric primitives like point, line segment and circle have been widely studied. This thesis proposes a number of novel registration methods based on elliptic features, which include a point matching algorithm based on local search method for ellipse correspondence search and rough pose estimation, a numerical approach to refine the estimation result by using the non-overlapping area ratio (NAR) of corresponding ellipses and an elliptic are matching algorithm based on integral of squared distances (JSD) between points on corresponding arcs. The major advantage of JSD is that its optimal solution can be obtained analytically, which makes it applicable to efficient elliptic arc correspondence search. The second image registration problem is a 3D/2D one with an orthographic projection transformation and based on silhouette features. A novel algorithm has been developed and presented in this thesis based on a 3D triangular-mesh model, which can be applied to approximate a de facto NURBS model, and images in which silhouette features can be extracted. The algorithm consists of a rough pose estimation process with shape comparison methods and a pose refinement process with 3D/2D iterative closest point (ICP) method. The computer simulation results show that the algorithm can perform very effective and efficient 3D/2D registration.
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Stebbing, Richard. « Model-based segmentation methods for analysis of 2D and 3D ultrasound images and sequences ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f0e855ca-5ed9-4e40-994c-9b470d5594bf.

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This thesis describes extensions to 2D and 3D model-based segmentation algorithms for the analysis of ultrasound images and sequences. Starting from a common 2D+t "track-to-last" algorithm, it is shown that the typical method of searching for boundary candidates perpendicular to the model contour is unnecessary if, for each boundary candidate, its corresponding position on the model contour is optimised jointly with the model contour geometry. With this observation, two 2D+t segmentation algorithms, which accurately recover boundary displacements and are capable of segmenting arbitrarily long sequences, are formulated and validated. Generalising to 3D, subdivision surfaces are shown to be natural choices for continuous model surfaces, and the algorithms necessary for joint optimisation of the correspondences and model surface geometry are described. Three applications of 3D model-based segmentation for ultrasound image analysis are subsequently presented and assessed: skull segmentation for fetal brain image analysis; face segmentation for shape analysis, and single-frame left ventricle (LV) segmentation from echocardiography images for volume measurement. A framework to perform model-based segmentation of multiple 3D sequences - while jointly optimising an underlying linear basis shape model - is subsequently presented for the challenging application of right ventricle (RV) segmentation from 3D+t echocardiography sequences. Finally, an algorithm to automatically select boundary candidates independent of a model surface estimate is described and presented for the task of LV segmentation. Although motivated by challenges in ultrasound image analysis, the conceptual contributions of this thesis are general and applicable to model-based segmentation problems in many domains. Moreover, the components are modular, enabling straightforward construction of application-specific formulations for new clinical problems as they arise in the future.
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López, Picazo Mirella. « 3D subject-specific shape and density modeling of the lumbar spine from 2D DXA images for osteoporosis assessment ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666513.

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Osteoporosis is the most common bone disease, with a significant morbidity and mortality caused by the increase of bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) is the gold standard technique for osteoporosis and fracture risk evaluation at the spine. However, the standard analysis of DXA images only provides 2D measurements and does not differentiate between bone compartments; neither specifically assess bone density in the vertebral body, which is where most of the osteoporotic fractures occur. Quantitative Computed Tomography (QCT) is an alternative technique that overcomes limitations of DXA-based diagnosis. However, due to the high cost and radiation dose, QCT is not used for osteoporosis management. In this thesis, a method providing a 3D subject-specific shape and density estimation of the lumbar spine from a single anteroposterior DXA image is proposed. The method is based on a 3D statistical shape and density model built from a training set of QCT scans. The 3D subject-specific shape and density estimation is obtained by registering and fitting the statistical model onto the DXA image. Cortical and trabecular bone compartments are segmented using a model-based algorithm. 3D measurements are performed at different vertebral regions and bone compartments. The accuracy of the proposed methods is evaluated by comparing DXA-derived to QCT-derived 3D measurements. Two case-control studies are also performed: a retrospective study evaluating the ability of DXA-derived 3D measurements at lumbar spine to discriminate between osteoporosis-related vertebral fractures and control groups; and a study evaluating the association between DXA-derived 3D measurements at lumbar spine and osteoporosis-related hip fractures. In both studies, stronger associations are found between osteoporosis-related fractures and DXA-derived 3D measurements compared to standard 2D measurements. The technology developed within this thesis offers an insightful 3D analysis of the lumbar spine, which could potentially improve osteoporosis and fracture risk assessment in patients who had a standard DXA scan of the lumbar spine without any additional examination.
La osteoporosis es la enfermedad ósea más común, con una morbilidad y mortalidad significativas causadas por el aumento de la fragilidad ósea y la susceptibilidad a las fracturas. La absorciometría de rayos X de energía dual (DXA, por sus siglas en inglés) es la técnica de referencia para la evaluación de la osteoporosis y del riesgo de fracturas en la columna vertebral. Sin embargo, el análisis estándar de las imágenes DXA solo proporciona mediciones 2D y no diferencia entre los compartimentos óseos; tampoco evalúa la densidad ósea en el cuerpo vertebral, que es donde se producen la mayoría de las fracturas osteoporóticas. La tomografía computarizada cuantitativa (QCT, por sus siglas en inglés) es una técnica alternativa que supera las limitaciones del diagnóstico basado en DXA. Sin embargo, debido al alto costo y la dosis de radiación, la QCT no se usa para el diagnóstico de la osteoporosis. En esta tesis, se propone un método que proporciona una estimación personalizada de la forma 3D y la densidad de la columna vertebral en la zona lumbar a partir de una única imagen DXA anteroposterior. El método se basa en un modelo estadístico 3D de forma y densidad creado a partir de un conjunto de entrenamiento de exploraciones QCT. La estimación 3D personalizada de forma y densidad se obtiene al registrar y ajustar el modelo estadístico con la imagen DXA. Se segmentan los compartimentos óseos corticales y trabeculares utilizando un algoritmo basado en modelos. Se realizan mediciones 3D en diferentes regiones vertebrales y compartimentos óseos. La precisión de los métodos propuestos se evalúa comparando las mediciones 3D derivadas de DXA con las derivadas de QCT. También se realizan dos estudios de casos y controles: un estudio retrospectivo que evalúa la capacidad de las mediciones 3D derivadas de DXA en la columna lumbar para discriminar entre sujetos con fracturas vertebrales relacionadas con la osteoporosis y sujetos control; y un estudio que evalúa la asociación entre las mediciones 3D derivadas de DXA en la columna lumbar y las fracturas de cadera relacionadas con la osteoporosis. En ambos estudios, se encuentran asociaciones más fuertes entre las fracturas relacionadas con la osteoporosis y las mediciones 3D derivadas de DXA en comparación con las mediciones estándar 2D. La tecnología desarrollada dentro de esta tesis ofrece un análisis en 3D de la columna lumbar, que podría mejorar la evaluación de la osteoporosis y el riesgo de fractura en pacientes que se sometieron a una exploración DXA estándar de la columna lumbar sin ningún examen adicional.
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Wasswa, William. « 3D approximation of scapula bone shape from 2D X-ray images using landmark-constrained statistical shape model fitting ». Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23777.

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Two-dimensional X-ray imaging is the dominant imaging modality in low-resource countries despite the existence of three-dimensional (3D) imaging modalities. This is because fewer hospitals in low-resource countries can afford the 3D imaging systems as their acquisition and operation costs are higher. However, 3D images are desirable in a range of clinical applications, for example surgical planning. The aim of this research was to develop a tool for 3D approximation of scapula bone from 2D X-ray images using landmark-constrained statistical shape model fitting. First, X-ray stereophotogrammetry was used to reconstruct the 3D coordinates of points located on 2D X-ray images of the scapula, acquired from two perspectives. A suitable calibration frame was used to map the image coordinates to their corresponding 3D realworld coordinates. The 3D point localization yielded average errors of (0.14, 0.07, 0.04) mm in the X, Y and Z coordinates respectively, and an absolute reconstruction error of 0.19 mm. The second phase assessed the reproducibility of the scapula landmarks reported by Ohl et al. (2010) and Borotikar et al. (2015). Only three (the inferior angle, acromion and the coracoid process) of the eight reproducible landmarks considered were selected as these were identifiable from the two different perspectives required for X-ray stereophotogrammetry in this project. For the last phase, an approximation of a scapula was produced with the aid of a statistical shape model (SSM) built from a training dataset of 84 CT scapulae. This involved constraining an SSM to the 3D reconstructed coordinates of the selected reproducible landmarks from 2D X-ray images. Comparison of the approximate model with a CT-derived ground truth 3D segmented volume resulted in surface-to-surface average distances of 4.28 mm and 3.20 mm, using three and sixteen landmarks respectively. Hence, increasing the number of landmarks produces a posterior model that makes better predictions of patientspecific reconstructions. An average Euclidean distance of 1.35 mm was obtained between the three selected landmarks on the approximation and the corresponding landmarks on the CT image. Conversely, a Euclidean distance of 5.99 mm was obtained between the three selected landmarks on the original SSM and corresponding landmarks on the CT image. The Euclidean distances confirm that a posterior model moves closer to the CT image, hence it reduces the search space for a more exact patient-specific 3D reconstruction by other fitting algorithms.
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Karlsson, Edlund Patrick. « Methods and models for 2D and 3D image analysis in microscopy, in particular for the study of muscle cells ». Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9201.

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Hua, Xiaoben, et Yuxia Yang. « A Fusion Model For Enhancement of Range Images ». Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-2203.

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In this thesis, we would like to present a new way to enhance the “depth map” image which is called as the fusion of depth images. The goal of our thesis is to try to enhance the “depth images” through a fusion of different classification methods. For that, we will use three similar but different methodologies, the Graph-Cut, Super-Pixel and Principal Component Analysis algorithms to solve the enhancement and output of our result. After that, we will compare the effect of the enhancement of our result with the original depth images. This result indicates the effectiveness of our methodology.
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Ben, Abdallah Hamdi. « Inspection d'assemblages aéronautiques par vision 2D/3D en exploitant la maquette numérique et la pose estimée en temps réel Three-dimensional point cloud analysis for automatic inspection of complex aeronautical mechanical assemblies Automatic inspection of aeronautical mechanical assemblies by matching the 3D CAD model and real 2D images ». Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EMAC0001.

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Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le contexte du développement d'outils numériques innovants au service de ce qui est communément désigné par Usine du Futur. Nos travaux de recherche ont été menés dans le cadre du laboratoire de recherche commun "Inspection 4.0" entre IMT Mines Albi/ICA et la Sté DIOTA spécialisée dans le développement d'outils numériques pour l'Industrie 4.0. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés au développement de systèmes exploitant des images 2D ou des nuages de points 3D pour l'inspection automatique d'assemblages mécaniques aéronautiques complexes (typiquement un moteur d'avion). Nous disposons du modèle CAO de l'assemblage (aussi désigné par maquette numérique) et il s'agit de vérifier que l'assemblage a été correctement assemblé, i.e que tous les éléments constituant l'assemblage sont présents, dans la bonne position et à la bonne place. La maquette numérique sert de référence. Nous avons développé deux scénarios d'inspection qui exploitent les moyens d'inspection développés par DIOTA : (1) un scénario basé sur une tablette équipée d'une caméra, portée par un opérateur pour un contrôle interactif temps-réel, (2) un scénario basé sur un robot équipé de capteurs (deux caméras et un scanner 3D) pour un contrôle totalement automatique. Dans les deux scénarios, une caméra dite de localisation fournit en temps-réel la pose entre le modèle CAO et les capteurs mis en œuvre (ce qui permet de relier directement la maquette numérique 3D avec les images 2D ou les nuages de points 3D analysés). Nous avons d'abord développé des méthodes d'inspection 2D, basées uniquement sur l'analyse d'images 2D puis, pour certains types d'inspection qui ne pouvaient pas être réalisés à partir d'images 2D (typiquement nécessitant la mesure de distances 3D), nous avons développé des méthodes d'inspection 3D basées sur l'analyse de nuages de points 3D. Pour l'inspection 3D de câbles électriques présents au sein de l'assemblage, nous avons proposé une méthode originale de segmentation 3D des câbles. Nous avons aussi traité la problématique de choix automatique de point de vue qui permet de positionner le capteur d'inspection dans une position d'observation optimale. Les méthodes développées ont été validées sur de nombreux cas industriels. Certains des algorithmes d’inspection développés durant cette thèse ont été intégrés dans le logiciel DIOTA Inspect© et sont utilisés quotidiennement chez les clients de DIOTA pour réaliser des inspections sur site industriel
This thesis makes part of a research aimed towards innovative digital tools for the service of what is commonly referred to as Factory of the Future. Our work was conducted in the scope of the joint research laboratory "Inspection 4.0" founded by IMT Mines Albi/ICA and the company DIOTA specialized in the development of numerical tools for Industry 4.0. In the thesis, we were interested in the development of systems exploiting 2D images or (and) 3D point clouds for the automatic inspection of complex aeronautical mechanical assemblies (typically an aircraft engine). The CAD (Computer Aided Design) model of the assembly is at our disposal and our task is to verify that the assembly has been correctly assembled, i.e. that all the elements constituting the assembly are present in the right position and at the right place. The CAD model serves as a reference. We have developed two inspection scenarios that exploit the inspection systems designed and implemented by DIOTA: (1) a scenario based on a tablet equipped with a camera, carried by a human operator for real-time interactive control, (2) a scenario based on a robot equipped with sensors (two cameras and a 3D scanner) for fully automatic control. In both scenarios, a so-called localisation camera provides in real-time the pose between the CAD model and the sensors (which allows to directly link the 3D digital model with the 2D images or the 3D point clouds analysed). We first developed 2D inspection methods, based solely on the analysis of 2D images. Then, for certain types of inspection that could not be performed by using 2D images only (typically requiring the measurement of 3D distances), we developed 3D inspection methods based on the analysis of 3D point clouds. For the 3D inspection of electrical cables, we proposed an original method for segmenting a cable within a point cloud. We have also tackled the problem of automatic selection of best view point, which allows the inspection sensor to be placed in an optimal observation position. The developed methods have been validated on many industrial cases. Some of the inspection algorithms developed during this thesis have been integrated into the DIOTA Inspect© software and are used daily by DIOTA's customers to perform inspections on industrial sites
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Truong, Michael Vi Nguyen. « 2D-3D registration of cardiac images ». Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2014. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/2d3d-registration-of-cardiac-images(afef93e6-228c-4bc7-aab0-94f1e1ecf006).html.

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This thesis describes two novel catheter-based 2D-3D cardiac image registration algorithms for overlaying preoperative 3D MR or CT data onto intraoperative fluoroscopy, and fusing electroanatomical data onto clinical images. The work is intended for use in cardiac catheterisation procedures. To fulfil this objective, the algorithms must be accurate, robust and minimally disruptive to the clinical workflow. The first algorithm relies on the catheterisation of vessels of the heart and registers by minimising a vessel-radius-weighted distance between the catheters and corresponding vessel centrelines. A novelty here is a global-fit search strategy that considers all vessel branches during registration, adding robustness and avoiding manual branch selection. Another contribution to knowledge is an analysis of catheter configurations for registration. Results show that accuracy is highly dependent on the catheter configuration, and that using a coronary vessel (CV) with the aorta (Ao) was most accurate, yielding mean 3D target registration errors (TRE) between 0.55 and 7.0 mm with phantom data. Using two large-diameter vessels was least accurate, with TRE between 10 and 43 mm, and should be avoided. When applied to clinical data, registrations with the CV/Ao configuration resulted an estimated mean 2D-TRE of 5.9 mm, on average. The second 2D-3D registration algorithm extends the novelty of exploring catheter configurations by registering using catheters looped inside chambers of the heart. In phantom experiments, two-view registration yielded an average accuracy of 4.0 mm 3D-TRE (7.8-mm capture range). Using a single view, average reprojection distance was 2.7 mm (6.0-mm capture range). Application of the algorithm to a clinical dataset resulted in an estimated average 2D-TRE of 10 mm. Single view registrations are ideal when biplane X-ray acquisition is undesirable and for correcting bulk patient motion. In current practice, registration is performed manually. The algorithms in this thesis can register with comparable accuracy to manual registration, but are automated and can therefore fit better with the clinical workflow.
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Jones, Jonathan-Lee. « 2D and 3D segmentation of medical images ». Thesis, Swansea University, 2015. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42504.

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Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of the morbidity and mortality in the western world today. Many different imaging modalities are in place today to diagnose and investigate cardiovascular diseases. Each of these, however, has strengths and weaknesses. There are different forms of noise and artifacts in each image modality that combine to make the field of medical image analysis both important and challenging. The aim of this thesis is develop a reliable method for segmentation of vessel structures in medical imaging, combining the expert knowledge of the user in such a way as to maintain efficiency whilst overcoming the inherent noise and artifacts present in the images. We present results from 2D segmentation techniques using different methodologies, before developing 3D techniques for segmenting vessel shape from a series of images. The main drive of the work involves the investigation of medical images obtained using catheter based techniques, namely Intra Vascular Ultrasound (IVUS) and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). We will present a robust segmentation paradigm, combining both edge and region information to segment the media-adventitia, and lumenal borders in those modalities respectively. By using a semi-interactive method that utilizes "soft" constraints, allowing imprecise user input which provides a balance between using the user's expert knowledge and efficiency. In the later part of the work, we develop automatic methods for segmenting the walls of lymph vessels. These methods are employed on sequential images in order to obtain data to reconstruct the vessel walls in the region of the lymph valves. We investigated methods to segment the vessel walls both individually and simultaneously, and compared the results both quantitatively and qualitatively in order obtain the most appropriate for the 3D reconstruction of the vessel wall. Lastly, we adapt the semi-interactive method used on vessels earlier into 3D to help segment out the lymph valve. This involved the user interactive method to provide guidance to help segment the boundary of the lymph vessel, then we apply a minimal surface segmentation methodology to provide segmentation of the valve.
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Liu, Jianxin. « A porosity-based model for coupled thermal-hydraulic-mechanical processes ». University of Western Australia. Centre for Petroleum, Fuels and Energy, 2010. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2010.0113.

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[Truncated abstract] Rocks, as the host to natural chains of coupled thermal, hydraulic and mechanical processes, are heterogeneous at a variety of length scales, and in their mechanical properties, as well as in the hydraulic and thermal transport properties. Rock heterogeneity affects the ultimate hydro-carbon recovery or geothermal energy production. This heterogeneity has been considered one important and difficult problem that needs to be taken into account for its effect on the coupled processes. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the effect of rock heterogeneity on multi-physical processes. A fully coupled finite element model, hereinafter referred to as a porosity-based model (PBM) was developed to characterise the thermal-hydraulic-mechanical (THM) coupling processes. The development of the PBM consists of a two-staged workflow. First, based on poromechanics, porosity, one of the inherent rock properties, was derived as a variant function of the thermal, hydraulic and mechanical effects. Then, empirical relations or experimental results, correlating porosity with the mechanical, hydraulic and thermal properties, were incorporated as the coupling effects. In the PBM, the bulk volume of the model is assumed to be changeable. The rate of the volumetric strain was derived as the difference of two parts: the first part is the change in volume per unit of volume and per unit of time (this part was traditionally considered the rate of volumetric strain); and the second is the product of the first part and the volumetric strain. The second part makes the PBM a significant advancement of the models reported in the literature. ... impact of the rock heterogeneity on the hydro-mechanical responses because of the requirement of large memory and long central processing unit (CPU) time for the 3D applications. In the 2D PBM applications, as the thermal boundary condition applied to the rock samples containing some fractures, the pore pressure is generated by the thermal gradient. Some pore pressure islands can be generated as the statistical model and the digital image model are applied to characterise the initial porosity distribution. However, by using the homogeneous model, this phenomenon cannot be produced. In the 3D PBM applications, the existing fractures become the preferential paths for the fluid flowing inside the numerical model. The numerical results show that the PBM is sufficiently reliable to account for the rock mineral distribution in the hydro-mechanical coupling processes. The applications of the statistical method and the digital image processing technique make it possible to visualise the rock heterogeneity effect on the pore pressure distribution and the heat dissipation inside the rock model. Monitoring the fluid flux demonstrates the impact of the rock heterogeneity on the fluid product, which concerns petroleum engineering. The overall fluid flux (OFF) is mostly overestimated when the rock and fluid properties are assumed to be homogeneous. The 3D PBM application is an example. As the rock is heterogeneous, the OFF by the digital core is almost the same as that by the homogeneous model (this is due to that some fractures running through the digital core become the preferential path for the fluid flow), and around 1.5 times of that by the statistical model.
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Livres sur le sujet "2D Images - 3D Models"

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Jones, Alun Gwyn. Recovering 3D shape from 2D images. Manchester : University of Manchester, 1995.

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Bairstow, John E. N. Design modelling : Visualising ideas in 2D and 3D. London : Hodder & Stoughton, 1999.

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Wiedemann, Julius. Digital beauties : 2D & 3D computer generated digital models, virtual idols and characters. Köln : Taschen, 2002.

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Süveg, Ildikó. Reconstruction of 3D building models from aerial images and maps. Delft : Netherlands Geodetic Commission, 2003.

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Edexcel, dir. Art and Design.GNVQ Intermediate.Unit 1:2D and 3D Visual Language.Student Preparatory Work (Pre-seen Images). January 2003. London : Edexcel, 2001.

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Song, Weidong. Yao gan ying xiang ji he jiu zheng yu san wei chong jian = : Geometric correction and 3D reconstruction for remote sensing images. 8e éd. Beijing Shi : Ce hui chu ban she, 2011.

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Cappellini, Vito, dir. Electronic Imaging & ; the Visual Arts. EVA 2013 Florence. Florence : Firenze University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-372-4.

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Important Information Technology topics are presented: multimedia systems, data-bases, protection of data, access to the content. Particular reference is reserved to digital images (2D, 3D) regarding Cultural Institutions (Museums, Libraries, Palace – Monuments, Archaeological Sites). The main parts of the Conference Proceedings regard: Strategic Issues, EC Projects and Related Networks & Initiatives, International Forum on “Culture & Technology”, 2D – 3D Technologies & Applications, Virtual Galleries – Museums and Related Initiatives, Access to the Culture Information. Three Workshops are related to: International Cooperation, Innovation and Enterprise, Creative Industries and Cultural Tourism.
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Cappellini, Vito, dir. Electronic Imaging & ; the Visual Arts. EVA 2015 Florence. Florence : Firenze University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-759-3.

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Information Technologies of interest for Culture Heritage are presented: multimedia systems, data-bases, data protection, access to digital content, Virtual Galleries. Particular reference is reserved to digital images (Electronic Imaging & the Visual Arts), regarding Cultural Institutions (Museums, Libraries, Palace – Monuments, Archaeological Sites). The International Conference includes the following Sessions: Strategic Issues; New Technologies & Applications; New 2D-3D Technical Developments & Applications; Virtual Galleries – Museums and Related Initiatives; Access to the Culture Information. Two Workshops regard: International Cooperation; Innovation and Enterprise.
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Cappellini, Vito, dir. Electronic Imaging & ; the Visual Arts. EVA 2014 Florence. Florence : Firenze University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-573-5.

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Information Technologies of interest for Culture Heritage are presented: multimedia systems, data-bases, data protection, access to digital content, Virtual Galleries. Particular reference is reserved to digital images (Electronic Imaging & the Visual Arts), regarding Cultural Institutions (Museums, Libraries, Palace - Monuments, Archaeological Sites). The International Conference includes the following Sessions: Strategic Issues; EC Projects and Related Networks & Initiatives; 2D - 3D Technologies and Applications; Virtual Galleries - Museums and Related Initiatives; Access to the Culture Information. Three Workshops regard: International Cooperation; Innovation and Enterprise; e.Culture Cloud.
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Nechaev, Vladimir, Andrey Shuba, Stanislav Gridnev et Vitaliy Topolov. Dimensional effects in phase transitions and physical properties of ferroics. ru : INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1898400.

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The monograph presents mathematical methods and a set of mathematical models describing, within the framework of phenomenological theory, phase transitions in 0D-. 1D-, 2D-, 3D-dimensional ferroelectrics, ferroelastics, ferromagnets and their static and dynamic physical properties near the phase transition point. The influence of the parameters characterizing the ferroic sample and its interaction with the environment on the features of the phase transition, phase transition temperature shift, heat capacity, generalized susceptibilities is analyzed. Mathematical models of multilayer thin-film structures and composite materials, where one of the components is a ferroic nanoparticle, are considered. In general, modern ideas about dimensional effects in ferroelectrics, ferroelastics, ferromagnets and mechanisms of purposeful influence on their properties are sufficiently fully covered. It is intended for researchers, students and postgraduates of physical specialties of universities interested in fundamental problems of formation of physical properties of low-dimensional materials. Research engineers, developers of new materials can use the presented material as a scientific and methodological basis to support the development of optimal solutions for their creation.
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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "2D Images - 3D Models"

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Sándor, Viktória, Mathias Bank, Kristina Schinegger et Stefan Rutzinger. « Collapsing Complexities : Encoding Multidimensional Architecture Models into Images ». Dans Computational Design and Robotic Fabrication, 371–81. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8637-6_32.

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AbstractThe paper details a 3D to 2D encoding method, which can store complex digital 3D models of architecture within a single image. The proposed encoding works in combination with a point cloud notation and a sequential slicing operation where each slice of points is stored as a single row of pixels in the UV space of a 1024 × 1024 image. The performance of the notation system is compared between a StyleGan2 and existing image editing methods and evaluated through the production of new 3D models of houses with material attributes. The uncovered findings maintain the relatively high level of detail stored through the encoding while allowing for innovative ways of form-finding—producing new and unseen 3d models of architectural houses.
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Xie, Xianghua, Si Yong Yeo, Majid Mirmehdi, Igor Sazonov et Perumal Nithiarasu. « Image Gradient Based Level Set Methods in 2D and 3D ». Dans Deformation Models, 101–20. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5446-1_4.

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Ohkubo, Ryo, Ryo Kurazume et Katsushi Ikeuchi. « Simultaneous Registration of 2D Images onto 3D Models for Texture Mapping ». Dans Digitally Archiving Cultural Objects, 237–78. Boston, MA : Springer US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-75807_13.

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Zhang, Hang, et Ye Huang. « Machine Learning Aided 2D-3D Architectural Form Finding at High Resolution ». Dans Proceedings of the 2020 DigitalFUTURES, 159–68. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4400-6_15.

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AbstractIn the past few years, more architects and engineers start thinking about the application of machine learning algorithms in the architectural design field such as building facades generation or floor plans generation, etc. However, due to the relatively slow development of 3D machine learning algorithms, 3D architecture form exploration through machine learning is still a difficult issue for architects. As a result, most of these applications are confined to the level of 2D. Based on the state-of-the-art 2D image generation algorithm, also the method of spatial sequence rules, this article proposes a brand-new strategy of encoding, decoding, and form generation between 2D drawings and 3D models, which we name 2D-3D Form Encoding WorkFlow. This method could provide some innovative design possibilities that generate the latent 3D forms between several different architectural styles. Benefited from the 2D network advantages and the image amplification network nested outside the benchmark network, we have significantly expanded the resolution of training results when compared with the existing form-finding algorithm and related achievements in recent years.
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Brumana, R. « How to Measure Quality Models ? Digitization into Informative Models Re-use ». Dans 3D Research Challenges in Cultural Heritage III, 77–102. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35593-6_5.

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Abstract3D models from passive muted subjects, often used in the books and in preservation design reports as powerful images dense of contents, have nowadays the opportunity to become 'live gears’ leveraging knowledge, interpretation, and management into preservation objectives till to better-informed fruition. To this aim, we need to build up reliable and re-usable 3D Quality models. How to shift from a 3D model toward a 3D quality model?This contribution intends to focus on the parameters defining a 3D Quality model catching the heritage complexity with its components in a holistic methodological and practical vision. A radar chart has been used to manage all the parameters. First of all, Geometry describes a quality model: parameters for data acquisition, on-site surveying, and model processing to obtain 2D-3D Geometry quality are defined. The concept of scale associated with measurable parameters defining the Grade of Accuracy is proposed and applied to the surveying and to the 3D models. 3D models can be considered tools to decode the complexity of cultural heritage made by the different transformations across the centuries, anthropic-natural hazards, climate change threats and events (such as earthquakes, fires, wars). Thus, Geometry is not enough to describe such complexity; it represents the first step. Materials and Construction technologies analysis is the second pillar qualifying a quality model. The connection with the indirect data source (i.e., historical reports and archives documents), is the third pillar to be reconnected to the Geometry and Material analysis in the quality definition. HBIM represents a multidisciplinary environment to convey the information related to geometry and models. Furtherly, several parameters are identified to describe the quality of informative models, as in the case of Object Libraries and Building archeology progressively feeding such models. BIM Level of Developments (phases) and Level of Geometry (contents, not scale!) have been adapted to the HBIM, introducing digitization, surveying, and HBIM modeling into the preservation process. Finally, a quality model is defined by the capability to be re-used circulating Information and Models among the end-users as in the case of informed VR/AR through CDE and XR platforms.
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Xu, Chenfeng, Shijia Yang, Tomer Galanti, Bichen Wu, Xiangyu Yue, Bohan Zhai, Wei Zhan, Peter Vajda, Kurt Keutzer et Masayoshi Tomizuka. « Image2Point : 3D Point-Cloud Understanding with 2D Image Pretrained Models ». Dans Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 638–56. Cham : Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19836-6_36.

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Tilborghs, Sofie, Tom Dresselears, Piet Claus, Jan Bogaert et Frederik Maes. « 3D Left Ventricular Segmentation from 2D Cardiac MR Images Using Spatial Context ». Dans Statistical Atlases and Computational Models of the Heart. Multi-Sequence CMR Segmentation, CRT-EPiggy and LV Full Quantification Challenges, 90–99. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39074-7_10.

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Votsis, George, Nicolas Tsapatsoulis, Kostas Karpouzis et Stefanos Kollias. « A Simplified Representation of 3D Human Faces adapted from 2D Images ». Dans Noblesse Workshop on Non-Linear Model Based Image Analysis, 39–45. London : Springer London, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1597-7_7.

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Vani, K. S., Rupesh Sapkota, Sparsh Shrestha et Srujan B. « Creating a 3D Model from 2D Images Using Convolution Neural Network ». Dans Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 661–67. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8443-5_56.

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Ming, Geng, Bo Zhou, Xiaohua Luo, Ren Ling et Mingxiang Zhou. « Rail Surface Defect Detection Method Based on Deep Learning Method with 3D Range Image ». Dans Advances in Frontier Research on Engineering Structures, 45–59. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8657-4_5.

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AbstractIn the methods of using images for detecting surface defects of rails, the interaction such as light, stains, and water stains will cause false alarms. This paper proposals a method to detect surface defects of rails using 3D range line scan cameras combined with deep learning. By using the 3D range camera to acquire the information and 2D image information, and optimizing The original internet neural network structure, combined with the channel attention mechanism, a twin unet & 3D+ neural network model is proposed. First, the required database was established by using the 3D range camera, and then the comparison experts provided that the neural network proposed in this paper can effectually eliminate false alarms caused by light, Stains and water stains compared with other neural networks, and effectually promoted the rail surface. The correct rate of default detection.
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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "2D Images - 3D Models"

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Li, Liang, Hanzi Wang, Tat-Jun Chin, David Suter et Shusheng Zhang. « Retrieving 3D CAD models using 2D images with optimized weights ». Dans 2010 3rd International Congress on Image and Signal Processing (CISP). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cisp.2010.5646952.

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Abreu de Souza, Mauren, Andriy Guilherme Krefer, Gustavo Benvenutti Borba, Tania Mezzadri Centeno et Humberto Remigio Gamba. « Combining 3D models with 2D infrared images for medical applications ». Dans 2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2015.7318876.

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Umarani, S. M., et P. Archana. « Computational Analysis of Respiratory Tract with 2D and 3D Models ». Dans 2018 Fourth International Conference on Biosignals, Images and Instrumentation (ICBSII). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbsii.2018.8524688.

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Yueh-Ling Lin et Mao-Jiun J. Wang. « Constructing 3D human model from 2D images ». Dans EM2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icieem.2010.5645897.

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Zhang, Dingwen, Junwei Han, Yang Yang et Dong Huang. « Learning Category-Specific 3D Shape Models from Weakly Labeled 2D Images ». Dans 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2017.382.

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Hodge, Adam C., et Hanif M. Ladak. « 3D Prostate Boundary Segmentation From Ultrasound Images Using 2D Active Shape Models ». Dans Conference Proceedings. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2006.260668.

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Hodge, Adam C., et Hanif M. Ladak. « 3D Prostate Boundary Segmentation From Ultrasound Images Using 2D Active Shape Models ». Dans Conference Proceedings. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2006.4397911.

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Tutar, Ismail B., Sayan D. Pathak et Yongmin Kim. « 3D prostate shape modeling from sparsely acquired 2D images using deformable models ». Dans Medical Imaging 2004, sous la direction de Robert L. Galloway, Jr. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.536809.

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Roy, Anirban, Sujeong Kim, Min Yin, Eric Yeh, Takuma Nakabayashi, Matt Campbell, Ian Keough et Yoshito Tsuji. « A learning-based framework for generating 3D building models from 2D images ». Dans 2022 IEEE Workshop on Design Automation for CPS and IoT (DESTION). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/destion56136.2022.00014.

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Albus, John E. « Applications of an efficient algorithm for locating 3D models in 2D images ». Dans Aerospace/Defense Sensing and Controls, sous la direction de Firooz A. Sadjadi. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.323859.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "2D Images - 3D Models"

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Basri, Ronen, et Daphna Weinshall. Distance Metric between 3D Models and 2D Images for Recognition and Classification. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, juillet 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada260069.

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Arroyo, Marcos, Riccardo Rorato, Marco Previtali et Matteo Ciantia. 2D Image-based calibration of rolling resistance in 3D discrete element models of sand. University of Dundee, décembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001229.

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Contact rolling resistance is the most widely used method to incorporate particle shape effects in the discrete element method (DEM). The main reason for this is that such approach allows for using spherical particles hence offering substantial computational benefits compared to non-spherical DEM models. This paper shows how rolling resistance parameters for 3D DEM models can be easily calibrated with 2D sand grain images.
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Habib, Ayman, Darcy M. Bullock, Yi-Chun Lin et Raja Manish. Road Ditch Line Mapping with Mobile LiDAR. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317354.

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Maintenance of roadside ditches is important to avoid localized flooding and premature failure of pavements. Scheduling effective preventative maintenance requires mapping of the ditch profile to identify areas requiring excavation of long-term sediment accumulation. High-resolution, high-quality point clouds collected by mobile LiDAR mapping systems (MLMS) provide an opportunity for effective monitoring of roadside ditches and performing hydrological analyses. This study evaluated the applicability of mobile LiDAR for mapping roadside ditches for slope and drainage analyses. The performance of alternative MLMS units was performed. These MLMS included an unmanned ground vehicle, an unmanned aerial vehicle, a portable backpack system along with its vehicle-mounted version, a medium-grade wheel-based system, and a high-grade wheel-based system. Point cloud from all the MLMS units were in agreement in the vertical direction within the ±3 cm range for solid surfaces, such as paved roads, and ±7 cm range for surfaces with vegetation. The portable backpack system that could be carried by a surveyor or mounted on a vehicle and was the most flexible MLMS. The report concludes that due to flexibility and cost effectiveness of the portable backpack system, it is the preferred platform for mapping roadside ditches, followed by the medium-grade wheel-based system. Furthermore, a framework for ditch line characterization is proposed and tested using datasets acquired by the medium-grade wheel-based and vehicle-mounted portable systems over a state highway. An existing ground filtering approach is modified to handle variations in point density of mobile LiDAR data. Hydrological analyses, including flow direction and flow accumulation, are applied to extract the drainage network from the digital terrain model (DTM). Cross-sectional/longitudinal profiles of the ditch are automatically extracted from LiDAR data and visualized in 3D point clouds and 2D images. The slope derived from the LiDAR data was found to be very close to highway cross slope design standards of 2% on driving lanes, 4% on shoulders, as well as 6-by-1 slope for ditch lines. Potential flooded regions are identified by detecting areas with no LiDAR return and a recall score of 54% and 92% was achieved by the medium-grade wheel-based and vehicle-mounted portable systems, respectively. Furthermore, a framework for ditch line characterization is proposed and tested using datasets acquired by the medium-grade wheel-based and vehicle-mounted portable systems over a state highway. An existing ground filtering approach is modified to handle variations in point density of mobile LiDAR data. Hydrological analyses, including flow direction and flow accumulation, are applied to extract the drainage network from the digital terrain model (DTM). Cross-sectional/longitudinal profiles of the ditch are automatically extracted from LiDAR data, and visualized in 3D point clouds and 2D images. The slope derived from the LiDAR data was found to be very close to highway cross slope design standards of 2% on driving lanes, 4% on shoulder, as well as 6-by-1 slope for ditch lines. Potential flooded regions are identified by detecting areas with no LiDAR return and a recall score of 54% and 92% was achieved by the medium-grade wheel-based and vehicle-mounted portable systems, respectively.
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DE CUBBER, Ine, et Jos VAN ORSHOVEN. Unstandardized terminology complicates the communication about 2D and 3D spatial data models. Cogeo@oeaw-giscience, septembre 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5242/iamg.2011.0273.

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Toutin, Th, R. Chénier et Y. Carbonneau. 3D Models for High Resolution Images : Examples with Quickbird, IKONOS, and EROS. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/219879.

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Blundell, S., et Philip Devine. Creation, transformation, and orientation adjustment of a building façade model for feature segmentation : transforming 3D building point cloud models into 2D georeferenced feature overlays. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), janvier 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/35115.

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Paul, D., E. A. de Kemp et M. R. St-Onge. Canada in 3D (C3D) the next generation view of the geology of Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331348.

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The Canada in 3D (C3D) National Geological Surveys Committee (NGSC) project web portal (https://canada3d.geosciences.ca/) is reported on in this video. A less than ten-minute video summarizes the vision, key purpose and goals of C3D with the portal development and highlights some use cases for mineral exploration with regional scale 2D and 3D maps and models. The portal represents the Phase -1 stage of development with a north of 60o bedrock compilation, query capability and numerous supporting internet links to GEM, TGI program and C3D publications, and the initial renderings of 3D models from a variety of projects. Please visit the web portal for more details. The C3D portal is an ongoing project of the NGSC-C3D project, hosted by the Open Geoscience program of the Geological Survey of Canada. It will be periodically updated, with new geoscience information and enhanced as new web services technology evolves.
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Witzig, Andreas, Camilo Tello, Franziska Schranz, Johannes Bruderer et Matthias Haase. Quantifying energy-saving measures in office buildings by simulation in 2D cross sections. Department of the Built Environment, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau541623658.

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A methodology is presented to analyse the thermal behaviour of buildings with the goal to quantify energy saving measures. The solid structure of the building is modelled with finite elements to fully account for its ability to store energy and to accurately predict heat loss through thermal bridges. Air flow in the rooms is approximated by a lumped element model with three dynamical nodes per room. The dynamic model also contains the control algorithm for the HVAC system and predicts the net primary energy consumption for heating and cooling of the building for any time period. The new simulation scheme has the advantage to avoid U-values and thermal bridge coefficients and instead use well-known physical material parameters. It has the potential to use 2D and 3D geometries with appropriate automatic processing from BIM models. Simulations are validated by comparison to IDA ICE and temperature measurement. This work aims to discuss novel approaches to disseminating building simulation more widely.
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Midak, Liliia Ya, Ivan V. Kravets, Olga V. Kuzyshyn, Khrystyna V. Berladyniuk, Khrystyna V. Buzhdyhan, Liliia V. Baziuk et Aleksandr D. Uchitel. Augmented reality in process of studying astronomic concepts in primary school. [б. в.], novembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4411.

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The objective of the research is development a mobile application (on the Android platform) designed for visualization of the Solar System with the AR technology and the alphabet study, applying the astronomic definitions, which can be used by the teacher and the students for an effective training for studying the subjects of the astronomic cycle in primary school. Augmented Reality cards with the images of the Solar System planets and other celestial bodies were developed, as well as the “Space alphabet” was created. In the developed alphabet every letter of the alphabet becomes a certain celestial body or a different astronomic definition. Augmented Reality gives the opportunity to visualize images of the Solar System as much as possible, in other words to convert 2D images into 3D, as well as “make them alive”. Applying this tool of ICT while studying new data gives the ability to develop and improve the pupils’ spatial thinking, “to see” the invisible and to understand the perceived information in a deeper way, which will be beneficial for its better memorizing and development of computer skills. Studying the alphabet in the offered mobile app will definitely help nail the achieved knowledge and get interesting information about celestial bodies that are invisible and superior for kids; to make a journey into the space, prepare a project on “The Space Mysteries” subject; to stimulate the development of curiosity, cognitive motivation and learning activity; the development of imagination, creative initiative, including speaking out.
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Mojidra, Rushil, et Keri Ryan. Influence of Vertical Ground Motion on Bridges Isolated with Spherical Sliding Bearings. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, décembre 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/rynq3624.

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The motivation for this project developed from testing of a full scale building isolated with triple friction pendulum bearings on the E-defense shake table in Japan. The test demonstrated experimentally that the vertical component of ground motion can amplify both the base shear and the story acceleration in the isolated building. Vertical shaking introduced high-frequency variation in the axial force of the bearings, and, consequently, a high-frequency component in the bearing lateral force, which excited higher structural modes in the building. Since vertical bridges are flexible in the vertical direction because of long spans, similar effects may be observed in bridges. The objectives of this study are to develop a physical understanding of the amplification of responses and develop a simplified method to predict amplification of base shear in three-dimensional (3D) shaking relative to two-dimensional (2D) shaking, for bridges isolated with spherical sliding bearings. A series of ground motions with a wide range of vertical shaking intensity were applied to 3D models of bridges isolated with triple pendulum bearings (TPBs), both excluding the vertical component (2D motion) and including the vertical component (3D motion). This enabled the comparison of the bridge response under 2D and 3D shaking such that the direct effect of vertical shaking could be investigated. The selected ground motions were fit to target spectra in the horizontal and vertical directions, and divided into three groups based on vertical peak ground acceleration (PGAV). Multi-span concrete box girder bridges were selected for this study, as they are a prominent bridge type in California, and are suitable for seismic isolation. Models were developed for a 3-span, 45-ft wide, multi-column Base Model bridge; various superstructure and isolation-system parameter variations were implemented to evaluate the effect of these variations on the amplification of base shear. Response histories were compared for a representative motion from each ground-motion group under 2D and 3D shaking. Modal and spectral analyses were conducted to understand dynamic properties and behavior of the bridge under vertical motion. Based on simplified theory, a method to estimate the amplification of base shear due to vertical shaking was developed. The accuracy of the simplified method was assessed through a base shear normalized error metric, and different amplification factors were considered. Response history analysis showed significant amplification of base shear under 3D motion implying that exclusion of vertical component could lead to under estimation of demand shear forces on bridge piers. Deck acceleration spectral response at different locations revealed that a transverse-vertical modal coupling response was present in the Base Model bridge, which led to amplification of deck accelerations in addition to base shear due to excitation of the superstructure transverse mode. The simplified method predicted that in addition to the peak vertical ground acceleration base shear amplification depended on the isolation-system period (radius of curvature) and friction coefficient. The error in the simplified method was approximately constant across the range of isolation-system parameters. Variations in the bridge superstructure or substructure modeling parameters had only a minor effect on the base shear since the deck acts as a single mass sliding on isolators; therefore, the simplified method can be applied to a range of bridge models. The simplified method includes an amplification factor that indirectly represents the dynamic amplification of vertical acceleration from the ground to the isolation system. An amplification factor of 1.0 was found to be sufficiently conservative to estimate the base shear due to 3D shaking. The lack of apparent dynamic amplification could mean that the peak vertical acceleration is out-of-phase with the base shear. The simplified method is more likely to be unconservative for high-intensity vertical ground motions due to the complexities associated with uplift and pounding. Further investigation is recommended to determine the threshold shaking intensity limit for the simplified method.
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