Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « 1855-1961 »

An account is given of the discovery of the hitherto unknown larvae of Scythris albostriata Hannemann, 1961, and S. pascuella (Zeller, 1855) in Croatia feeding on the leaves of Petrorhagia saxifraga (L.) Link, a previously unknown foodplant of any species of Scythris. Descriptions and photographs of the larvae are provided, together with images of the adults and male genitalia.

Muitas das espécies de insetos associadas ao plantios de eucalipto são consideradas pragas, enquanto outras ainda não apresentam uma relação definida com estas florestas. Amostragens quinzenais da entomofauna, realizadas com armadilhas luminosas, no período de agosto/90 a julho/91, revelaram a existência de 263 espécies de Lepidoptera associadas aos plantios de eucalipto da região de Açailândia (Maranhão). Destas, sete são consideradas pragas primarias: Eupseudosoma aberransSchaus, 1905 e Eupseudosoma involutaSepp, 1852 (Arctiidae), "Thyirrteina leucoceraeaRindge, 1961, Glenaspp., e Oxydia veuliaCramer, 1779 (Geometridae); Nystalea nyseusCramer, 1775 (Notodontidae); Sarsina violascensHerrich-Schaeffer, 1856 (Lymantriidae) e seis pragas sencundárias: Automeris illustrisWalker, 1855 Automenis sp., Hyperchiria incisaWalker, 1855 e Hyfesiasp. (Satumiidae), Cosmosoma augeLinné, 1767 (Amatidae) e idalus affinis(Arctiidae).

Myristicaceae Brown (1810: 399), the pantropical ‘nutmeg family’, comprise 21 genera and 520 species (Christenhusz & Byng 2016). The family thrives in the dense evergreen forests of the Western Ghats and is represented by three genera, viz. Gymnacranthera (Candolle 1855: 31) Warburg (1896: 94), Knema Loureiro (1790: 604) and Myristica Gronovius (1755: 141) (Nayar et al. 2014). Knema, one of the major genera of Myristicaceae with 93 species, is distributed in Indomalaya (Mabberley 2018). In India, the genus is represented by eight species, of which the endemic Knema attenuata (Wallich in Hooker & Thomson, 1855: 157) Warburg (1896: 590) is the only species in the Western Ghats (Sinclair 1961, Nayar et al. 2014, Banik & Bora 2016).

Of the 33 caprinid rudist taxa reported from Albian strata in North America, only eighteen can be recognized unequivocally because many of the earlier named species were based on incomplete, altered, and poorly described specimens that do not meet rigorous criteria of modern rudist taxonomy. New data on five older taxa, “Caprina” crassifibra Roemer, 1849; “Caprina” guadalupe Roemer, 1849; “Caprina” occidentalis Conrad, 1855; “Caprina” planata Conrad, 1855, and “Icthyosarcolites” anguis Roemer, 1888, show that these species cannot be compared to current rudist taxa nor identified with certainty and therefore they should not be used in biostratigraphic, paleoecologic, or biogeographic studies. Four other taxa are poorly known and should not be used until the types or new material can be studied. Six taxa are considered here to be junior synonyms. New material collected from Upper Albian strata in West Texas, the type area of Conrad's taxa, can be identified as Kimbleia albrittoni Perkins, 1961; Kimbleia capacis Coogan, 1973; Texicaprina vivari Palmer, 1928; and Mexicaprina cornuta Coogan, 1973. The ranges of these four taxa define three zones within Upper Albian carbonates in central and west Texas.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine Übersicht zur Psychidenfauna Albaniens gegeben und die entsprechende Literatur ausgewertet. Die ersten Nachweise stammen aus den frühen Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts. Bereits 1931 wurde eine zusammenfassende faunistische Arbeit veröffentlicht. Die Albanienexpedition des Deutschen Entomologischen Institutes in Eberswalde im Jahre 1961 erbrachte weitere Nachweise. Ab 2006 war der Verfasser mehrmals zu Psychidenstudien in Albanien. Gegenwärtig liegen Nachweise von Psychiden für insgesamt 77 Fundorte aus 24 Provinzen vor. Bis zum Jahre 1931 und durch die Albanienexpedition 1961 waren insgesamt 16 Arten bekannt geworden. Der Verfasser konnte im Beobachtungszeitraum fünf weitere Psychidenarten im Land entdecken. Neben der Erstbeschreibung von Epichnopterix hellenidensis sind dies Pseudobankesia sp., Luffia lapidella (Goeze, 1783), Stichobasis helicinoides (Heylaerts, 1879) und Oiketicoides lutea (Staudinger, 1871). Bis zum heutigen Zeitpunkt sind somit 21 Psychidenarten nachgewiesen worden. Taleporia politella (Ochsenheimer, 1816) und Acanthopsyche zelleri (Mann, 1855) müssen aus zoogeographischen Gesichtspunkten heraus als Faunenbestandteil gestrichen werden, weitere Taxa werden diskutiert. Die bisherigen Literaturangaben für Albanien von Proutia betulina (Zeller, 1839), Psyche casta (Pallas, 1767) und Sterrhopterix fusca (Haworth, 1809) müssen revidiert werden, da sie von Fundorten stammen, die jetzt zu den Nachbarländern Kosovo und Mazedonien gehören. Ergänzend wird bei allen albanischen Arten eine Übersicht zur ihrer Verbreitung in den Nachbarländern gegeben.StichwörterAlbania, faunistic review, Psychidae, Lepidoptera

Spilomelinae specimens collected by the first author during the past 15 years, as well as those housed in the Hayk Mirzayans Insect Museum (HMIM), were studied. Udea rajabii sp. n. is newly described. Arnia nervosalis nervosalis Guenée, 1849 is considered as a senior synonym of A. nervosalis hyrcanalis Amsel, 1961 syn. n., and Mecyna subsequalis subsequalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1855) is regarded as a senior synonym of M. subsequalis lutulentalis (Lederer, 1858) syn. n. The genus Maruca Walker, 1859 and seven species, namely Maruca vitrata (Fabricius, 1787), Dolicharthria stigmosalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1848), Duponchelia caidalis Oberthür, 1888, Mecyna lutealis (Duponchel, 1833), Metasia gigantalis Staudinger, 1871, M. rosealis Ragonot, 1895, and Udea accolalis (Zeller, 1867) are newly reported from Iran. The hitherto unknown female of Palpita persicalis (Amsel, 1951) is described and illustrated for the first time. Moreover, diagnostic characters in most of the species compared with the similar regional species, as well as intraspecific variations of each species are presented and discussed, if present. Additional data on distribution of the Spilomelinae species of Iran are also provided.

Details are provided on 124 land snail species and varieties from New Zealand, and a further 14 species putatively from New Zealand, all of which were described by European and North American taxonomists between 1830 and 1934, based on specimens collected between 1824 and 1924. Primary type material of 95 of these taxa was located in Northern Hemisphere museums during the present study. Lectotypes are designated for: Helix chimmoi Pfeiffer, 1857, Helix glabriuscula Reeve, 1852, Helix (Paryphanta) gilliesi Smith, 1880, Nanina ? celinde Gray, 1850, Zonites chiron Gray, 1850 and Zonites coma Gray, 1843. Neotypes are designated for Helix conella Pfeiffer, 1861 and Helix tau Pfeiffer, 1861. Primary type material of the following taxa is figured herein for the first time: Bulimus? (Laoma) leimonias Gray, 1850, Cyclophorus cytora Gray, 1850, Cyclostoma (Cyclophorus?) lignarium Pfeiffer, 1857, Helix chimmoi Pfeiffer, 1857, Helix egesta Gray, 1850, Helix fatua Pfeiffer, 1857, Helix greenwoodi Gray, 1850, Helix guttula Pfeiffer, 1853, Helix kermandeci Pfeiffer, 1857, Helix portia Gray, 1850, Helix sciadium Pfeiffer, 1857, Helix venulata Pfeiffer, 1857, Helix (Paryphanta) gilliesi Smith, 1880, Hydrocena (Omphalotropis) vestita Pfeiffer, 1855, Nanina ? celinde Gray, 1850, Nanina erigone Gray, 1850, Nanina mariae Gray, 1843, Patula modicella var. vicinalis Mousson, 1873, Realia egea Gray, 1850, Vitrina kermadecensis Smith, 1873 and Zonites chiron Gray, 1850. New taxonomic combinations introduced herein include: Allodiscus nematophora (Reeve, 1854), Cavellia biconcava (Reeve, 1852), Charopa chimmoi (Pfeiffer, 1857), Coneuplecta regularis (Reeve, 1854), Delos jeffreysiana (Reeve, 1852), Fectola tau (Pfeiffer, 1861), Fectola varicosa (Reeve, 1852), Flammulina crebriflammea (Reeve, 1852), Lyrotropis vestita (Pfeiffer, 1855), ?Neophenacohelix ziczac (Gould, 1846), Parabalea peregrina (Gould, 1847), Phacussa hypopolea (Reeve, 1852), Phenacharopa novoseelandica (Küster, 1852), Phrixgnathus glabriusculus (Reeve, 1852), Phrixgnathus poecilostictus (Reeve, 1852), Thalassohelix obnubila (Reeve, 1852), Tornatellinops novoseelandica (Küster, 1852) and Wainuia urnula (Reeve, 1854). Helix collyrula Reeve, 1852 and Nanina tullia Gray, 1850 are treated as junior synonyms of Phenacohelix (Neophenacohelix) giveni Cumber 1961 nomen protectum and Helix (Huttonella) pseudoleioda Suter, 1890 nomen protectum, respectively. A brief account is given of the history of research on the New Zealand land snail fauna from 1824 to 1917.

Genus Adialytus is represented in Europe by four species, only two of which are recorded in the fauna of Ukraine: Adialytus ambiguus (Haliday, 1834) and Adialytus salicaphis (Fitch, 1855). Data on the distribution of these species, their trophic specialization, and habitat associations are provided on the basis of material from the collection of I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (SIZK) and previous publications. A. ambiguus is a broad oligophagous, however, parasitizing mostly species of the genus Sipha on Poaceae. In Ukraine, A. ambiguus is found in the Forest-Steppe zone (Kyiv, Cherkasy, Kirovohrad, Poltava regions), in the Zone of broad-leaved forests of Ukraine (Ternopil region). Adialytus salicaphis is registered for now only in the Zone of mixed forests of Ukraine (Kyiv region). This species is a narrow oligophagous and develops on aphids of the genus Chaitophorus on Salix and Populus. Its potential areal might include also Forest-Steppe zone (more probably on the Left Bank of Dnieper River) and plains of big rivers in the Steppe zone of Ukraine. The potential role of these species as biocontrol agents is discussed: A. ambiguus could be recommended for consideration as a new candidate for biocontrol of Sipha spp. and probably Rhopalosiphum spp, on cereal crops in Ukraine, while A. salicaphis is not a species of practical importance in the country now. We consider quite probable finding in Ukraine another well-distributed European species A. thelaxis (Starý, 1961), which is a parasitoid of aphids of the genus Thelaxes on oaks.

Abstract. Historical written records associated with tax relief at ten estates located in south-eastern Moravia (Czech Republic) are used for the study of hydrometeorological extremes and their impacts during the period 1751–1900 AD. At the time, the taxation system in Moravia allowed farmers to request tax relief if their crop yields had been negatively affected by hydrological and meteorological extremes. The documentation involved contains information about the type of extreme event and the date of its occurrence, while the impact on crops may often be derived. A total of 175 extreme events resulting in some kind of damage are documented for 1751–1900, with the highest concentration between 1811 and 1860 (74.9% of all events analysed). The nature of events leading to damage (of a possible 272 types) include hailstorm (25.7%), torrential rain (21.7%), flood (21.0%), followed by thunderstorm, flash flood, late frost and windstorm. The four most outstanding events, affecting the highest number of settlements, were thunderstorms with hailstorms (25 June 1825, 20 May 1847 and 29 June 1890) and flooding of the River Morava (mid-June 1847). Hydrometeorological extremes in the 1816–1855 period are compared with those occurring during the recent 1961–2000 period. The results obtained are inevitably influenced by uncertainties related to taxation records, such as their temporal and spatial incompleteness, the limits of the period of outside agricultural work (i.e. mainly May–August) and the purpose for which they were originally collected (primarily tax alleviation, i.e. information about hydrometeorological extremes was of secondary importance). Taxation records constitute an important source of data for historical climatology and historical hydrology and have a great potential for use in many European countries.

Abstract. Historical written records associated with tax relief at ten estates located in south-eastern Moravia (Czech Republic) are used for the study of hydrometeorological extremes and their impacts during the period AD 1751–1900. At the time, the taxation system in Moravia allowed farmers to request tax relief if their crop yields had been negatively affected by hydrological and meteorological extremes. The documentation involved contains information about the type of extreme event and the date of its occurrence, while the impact on crops may often be derived. A total of 175 extreme events resulting in some kind of damage is documented for 1751–1900, with the highest concentration between 1811 and 1860 (74.9% of all events analysed). The nature of events leading to damage (of a possible 272 types) include hailstorm (25.7%), torrential rain (21.7%), and flood (21.0%), followed by thunderstorm, flash flood, late frost and windstorm. The four most outstanding events, affecting the highest number of settlements, were thunderstorms with hailstorms (25 June 1825, 20 May 1847 and 29 June 1890) and flooding of the River Morava (mid-June 1847). Hydrometeorological extremes in the 1816–1855 period are compared with those occurring during the recent 1961–2000 period. The results obtained are inevitably influenced by uncertainties related to taxation records, such as their temporal and spatial incompleteness, the limits of the period of outside agricultural work (i.e. mainly May–August) and the purpose for which they were originally collected (primarily tax alleviation, i.e. information about hydrometeorological extremes was of secondary importance). Taxation records constitute an important source of data for historical climatology and historical hydrology and have a great potential for use in many European countries.

Defence date: 16 November 2007
Examining Board: Prof. Diogo Ramada Curto, European University Institute (EUI) ; Prof. Raffaele Romanelli, (European University Institute/Università La Sapienza) ; Prof. António Costa Pinto, (Universidade de Lisboa) ; Prof. Luís Reis Torgal, (Universidade de Coimbra)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
no abstract available

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The problem explored in this study concerns authenticity, and can be formulated as the question: 'How does one become oneself? In order to answer this query, related issues must be addressed, for example: the nature of consciousness/ self-awareness; the individual's relationship to society; the meaning of existence, and so forth. The reply's of three thinkers, Kierkegaard, Sartre and Jung, will be discussed in this investigation. They have been selected for several reasons: Each of their respective theories addresses issues that are generally pertinent in contemporary society, such as: the alienation and dissociation of individuals from each other and themselves through mass-mindedness and the impersonal nature of state and religious institutions; the anxiety that many experience due to, firstly, a lack of confidence in the abovementioned institutions and, secondly, a loss of trust in existing (political, religious, moral, social) life-strategies, because these often fail to give a convincing sense of meaning and purpose to life. Each of the three thinkers places the 'self at the center of their philosophy, and addresses many similar themes which share between them a family resemblance that admits of comparison. The theories are presented in an order that · allows for a dialectical approach to the problem of self: Kierkegaard's fundamentally Christian theory is presented as thesis, and Sartre's atheistic position as anti-thesis. Jung's theory of the psyche is presented as synthesis, because it is antimetaphysical, but nevertheless claims to prove empirically that a convincing religious/ spiritual experience is the key ingredient for authenticity. The outcome of the enquiry will show that the three thinkers point from different directions towards the same basic conceptualization of the 'self: The self is both a project and a goal or, to put it differently, a journey and a destination, the goal/destination being the synthesis of the various disparate and conflicting elements that influence or make up the personality. The study as a whole echoes the three individual approaches in describing the condition of modem man as a malady or sickness, which is the lack of authenticity, of which the symptoms are falsehood, anxiety, alienation, crippled relationships, lack of responsibility and adaptibility, and perhaps, on a larger scale, issues such as social/ political injustice and conflict. The cure for this malady is an enhancement of consciousness/ awareness that is known as 'the self. The self is seen as a 'becoming' and a choice, a dynamic synthesis, something which is not given and cannot be taken for granted, but must be actively striven for. The study outlines and explores the nature and value of such a project towards the self.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie beskou die probleem van outentisiteit, wat as die vraag, 'Hoe word ek myself?', gestel kan word. Om hierdie vraag te beantwoord, moet verdere kwessies, soos byvoorbeeld die aard van (self)bewussyn, die verhouding waarin die indivudu tot die samelewing staan, en die betekenis van 'bestaan' ( eksistensie ), ook aangespreek word. Die voorstelle van drie denkers, Kierkegaard, Sartre and Jung, word bespreek in hierdie tesis. Die drie is vir verskeie redes uitgesoek: Elkeen van hulle spreek pertinente kwessies rondom die modeme samelewing aan, byvoorbeeld: individue se vervreemding en verwydering van hulself en ander weens die massa-mentaliteit en onpersoonlike aard van staats- en godsdienstige instellings; die angs en spanning wat baie ervaar as gevolg van 'n gebrek aan vertroue in bogenoemde instellings, asook 'n gebrekkige geloof in bestaande (politiese, godsdienstige, more le, so si ale) lewensstrategiee wat nie meer daarin slaag om sin of rede aan die lewe te gee nie. Elkeen van die drie denkers plaas die 'self sentraal tot hulle filosofie, en spreek temas aan wat onderling familie-ooreenkomste vertoon, en daarom onderlinge vergelyking toelaat. Die teoriee word aangebied in 'n volgorde wat 'n dialekti~se aanslag tot die probleem moontlik maak: Kierkegaard se Christelike teorie word as tese aangebied, en Sartre se ateistiese posisie as anti-tese. Jung se teorie van die psige word as sintese voorgehou, want, alhoewel dit geen metafisiese aansprake maak nie, beskou dit 'n oortuigende religieuse/ geestelike ervaring as die hoofbestandeel vir outentisiteit. Die gevolgtrekking van die ondersoek sal wys dat die drie denkers vanuit verskillende rigtings na dieselfde konsepsie van die 'self wys: Die self is sowel 'n projek as 'n doel, of, anders gestel, 'n reis en 'n bestemming. Die doel/ bestemming is 'n sintese van die verskillende, onderling botsend~ elemente waaruit die self bestaan en waardeur dit beinvloed word. Die studie in geheel volg die voorbeeld van die drie denkers deur die modeme mens se 'toestand' as 'n soort siekte te beskryf. Die simptome van hierdie siekte, of gebrek aan outentisiteit, is valsheid, angs, vervreemding, gebrekkige verhoudings, die afwesigheid van persoonlike verantwoordelikheid en aanpasbaarheid, en ook miskien kwessies soos sosiale en politiese onreg en konflik. Die remedie vir so 'n siekte is die 'self: 'n verheldering en intensifisering van bewussyn, wat gesien kan word as 'n 'wording' en 'n keuse, 'n dinamiese sintese, iets wat nie as voor-die-hand-liggend beskou kan word nie, maar wat aktief nagestreef moet word. Hierdie studie ondersoek die aard en waarde van so 'n projek gerig op die self

Defence date: 30 May 2014
Examining Board: Professor Dr. Sebastian Conrad (EUI/Free University, Berlin) Professor Dr. Jorge Flores (EUI) Professor Dr. Andreas Eckert (Humboldt University, Berlin) Dr. Philip Havik (Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Lisbon).
First made available online 20 January 2022
This Ph.D. thesis examines the colonial efforts aimed at increasing and physically improving the native population in Portuguese Angola from the late nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century. It argues that, throughout this period, these / thus far under-researched / efforts were diverse and inextricably linked to the pervasive idea of a demographic crisis: due to alarming reports on epidemic and endemic diseases, high infant mortality rates and mounting emigration flows, many colonialists feared that the native population was declining, and that this endangered both the economic development of the colony and the legitimacy of Portuguese colonial rule. While critically assessing this depopulation discourse and the role played in it by scarce but widely used demographic knowledge, my analysis focuses on the ideas, policies and practices that were conceived and implemented by colonial administrators, doctors, missionaries and scientists in order to 'stem the tide'. I pay particular attention to the colonial response to sleeping sickness from the late nineteenth century onwards and the establishment of a broader system of African healthcare after the First World War. I also look at colonial attempts to resettle the rural population into model villages, to reduce long-distance labour migration and to curtail emigration to neighbouring colonies. This study reveals that the impact of population politics in Angola often remained more modest than planned, insofar as their implementation was severely hampered by the 'weakness' of the colonial state and by the attitudes and actions of many Africans themselves. These last did often not approve of Portuguese goals and methods and sought to evade medical and administrative control. Moreover, this dissertation consistently argues that both the discourse of population decline and the particular policies conceived and implemented were not unique to Angola. They were embedded in and shaped by broader contemporary debates and practices that transcended colonial and imperial boundaries.