Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « 1523-1601 »

Tratados de teoría gramatical, con raras excepciones, se ocupan de la naturaleza del signo y de su dimensión semasiológica. Pero en la creencia que aspectos fundamentales de la lingüística sólo son susceptibles de entenderse históricamente dentro del ámbito más amplio de la semiótica, me he propuesto emprender la tarea de indagar temas semasiológicos que han desempeñado un papel importante en el desarrollo de la gramática universal o “general”. Esta cuestión es pertinente para el estudio de algunos aspectos de la semiótica y de la lingüística en España, dado que Francisco Sánchez de las Brozas (1523-1601), catedrático de Humanidades en la Universidad de Salamanca, contribuyó de manera significativa a establecer los parámetros de la gramática universal o “general”, con las ideas sobre los signos heredadas de la tradición gramatical.

With Lisbon, the European Parliament formally acquired an equal standing to that of the Council of the EU in the making of policies in the AFSJ (area of freedom, security and justice). However, the growing political salience of policy issues at stake and bottom-up politicisation in the AFSJ has had the unintended effect of undermining the European Parliament’s internal unity even under consultation procedures. To show how this played out in practice during Europe’s migration and refugee crisis, this article analyses the European Parliament’s role, preferences, and bargaining position in the making of two Refugee Relocation Decisions (Council Decisions 2015/1523 and 2015/1601) under consultation procedure. To do so, this article exploits Putnam’s two-level framework (level I and II politics throughout the policy-making process) to explore early agenda-setting attempts and groups’ positions on issues of refugee relocation and burden-sharing, as they were formally stated in their position papers and expressed at the LIBE Committee and at plenary. This article shows that the high domestic salience and politicization of the issues at stake left MEPs torn between competing principals at home and within their European Parliament political groups and had the effect of weakening overall unity on the issue of refugee relocation.

Summary With the transition from the so-called ‘Golden Ages’ to the age of Enlightenment, Spain lost its political and cultural hegemony to its northern neighbour, France. In the field of the language studies, this change is evident especially in the area of lexicography: the Diccionario de la Real Academia Española (1726–1739) was soon modeled after the Dictionnaire de l’Académie Française (1694). In grammaticography, things seem to have been different, at least if one listens to those few historians of linguistics who payed attention to 18th-century Spanish linguistics. The overall judgements range from ‘a total lack of good grammar’ to a ‘complete disregard of modern [i.e., French] theories’. However, a closer look at the grammatical production of the time does not confirm any of these assessments. Apart from Latin grammars in the tradition of Nebrija and bilingual Spanish-French grammars clearly influenced by contemporary French theories, there are a tradition of monolingual grammaticography, which are totally up-to-date on contemporary European grammatical discussions, focussed, as they were, on the teachings of Port-Royal. The Gramática de la lengua castellana of the Spanish Royal Academy follows along the same lines by developing even more the logical approach to grammatical description. Before starting to write down the final version of their grammar, the Academicians even went as far as to study dozens of grammars of other languages, old and new, Western as well as non-Western, in order to get a more general linguistic framework and to follow more closely the theories of the scholar who, in the eyes of the grammarians of Port-Royal, was the starting point of ‘modern’ linguistics, the Spaniard Francisco Sanchez de las Brozas (1523–1600/1601).

Un des plus illustres penseurs de l’Espagne du XVIe siècle, Francisco Sánchez de las Brozas (1523-1600) n’a pourtant pas fait l’objet de travaux qui englobent la totalité de sa production et resituent sa pensée dans l’histoire des idées de son époque. Professeur de grec et de rhétorique à l’université de Salamanque, il publie sur des sujets aussi variés que la grammaire, l’astronomie, la poésie ou la dialectique. Nous nous proposons de comprendre son oeuvre comme étant structurée par deux questions fondamentales. D’une part, Sanctius repense les trois arts du trivium pour donner une importance nouvelle à la dialectique et en faire un véritable art de penser. D’autre part, il développe diverses interrogations liées au concept de méthode pour apprendre, raisonner, transmettre les disciplines ; en somme, pour diriger l’esprit. Sánchez de las Brozas se donne et revendique une série de critères qui rendent possible la rigueur de la pensée : il pense la méthode. La méthode est celle qu’il applique lui-même à ses démonstrations pour leur donner légitimité, validité et acuité. Mais elle est aussi ce concept qui exprime une volonté de pouvoir organiser les disciplines et rationnaliser. Nous nous proposons donc de l’envisager à la fois comme un enseignant, un penseur, un humaniste mais aussi comme un intellectuel impliqué dans la diffusion de ses idées. En comprenant Sanctius parmi les penseurs de la méthode du XVIe siècle, nous inscrivons notre travail dans un courant de l’histoire des idées qui entend démontrer l’importance de l’humanisme philosophique du XVIe siècle dans la construction de paradigmes fondamentaux de la pensée du XVIIe siècle
One of the most famous and acclaimed thinker of sixteenth-century Spain, Francisco Sánchez de las Brozas, Sanctius (1523-1600), has never been properly studied in a research work that would embrace his complete production and understand it in the History of ideas of his time. A teacher of rhetoric and Greek at the university of Salamanca, he published in a great variety of fields such as grammar, astronomy, poetry or logic. We offer to understand his works as structured by two main axes. First of all, Sanctius produces an important reflection on the three arts of the trivium in which he gives a specific emphasis on logic and turns it into a true art of thinking. Also, he develops several reflections around the concept of method to learn, reason and transmit the disciplines. To do so, he uses several intellectual criteria to ensure the accuracy of thinking: he is a thinker of method. Method is what he himself applies in all his demonstrations to give them legitimacy, validity and accuracy. But it is also a concept that expresses a will to organize and rationalize the disciplines. We thus aim at contemplating him at the same time as the teacher, the thinker, the humanist and the intellectual engaged in making his ideas be heard. By understanding Sanctius as a thinker of method, we follow a path set in History of ideas that aims at highlighting the importance of sixteenth-century philosophical humanism in the construction of fundamental paradigms of seventeenth-century thought

First of all, the thesis provides a general analysis of EU Council Decisions no. 2015/1523 and no. 2015/1601, which were accepted with the goals of solving the migration crisis, establoshing relocation quotas and tackling asylum seekers, who were apparently motivated by the provision of international protection of such persons from the Hellenic Republic and the Italian Republic. Furthermore, the paper defines the basic concepts related to the issue, especially asylum, asylum seeker, relocation, relocation order, Dublin system and the like. From the point of view of the material discussed, the paper outlines the basic contours of the Lisbon Treaty, the causal link between the adoption of the Lisbon Treaty and the legal binding effect of relocation quotas for EU Member States. Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), which newly introduces shared competences in the areas of asylum, migration, external border control and police and judicial cooperation in criminal and civil mattersis also part of the analysis. Following the above interpretation, the paper examines the action against the Czech Republic brought by the European Commission on 22 December 2017 for alleged breach of the Czech Republic‘s relocation obligations and the proceedings. In addition, the action brought by the Republic of Hungary, the Slovak Republic and the Republic of Poland (intervening) is requesting a ruling from the Court of Justice of the EU to set the decision of the EU Council of 22 September 2015 under No. 2015/1601, which is laying down mandatory migration quotas for member states aside