Literatura académica sobre el tema "X (site web)"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "X (site web)"
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O'Brien, Keith. "Web-site review". Collegian 4, n.º 2 (enero de 1997): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1322-7696(08)60222-x.
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Neely, Pat. "Australian amyloidosis web site". Medical Journal of Australia 175, n.º 8 (octubre de 2001): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143644.x.
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Rothman, Hal. "The Official Liberace Museum Web Site: The Atomic Testing Museum Web Site". Curator: The Museum Journal 49, n.º 1 (enero de 2006): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2151-6952.2006.tb00206.x.
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Tozer, Kirsten. "National Academy Press Web Site". Journal of Government Information 27, n.º 1 (enero de 2000): 82–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-0237(99)00146-x.
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O'Brien, Keith. "Web-site review: Rural Health". Collegian 5, n.º 2 (enero de 1998): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1322-7696(08)60284-x.
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Seidler, Peter y Thomas Müller. "Global Dimensions of Web Site Design". Design Management Journal (Former Series) 10, n.º 4 (10 de junio de 2010): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1948-7169.1999.tb00276.x.
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Bishop, Warren P., Robert A. Cannon, Peter Lee, Ron J. Bahar, Dinesh S. Pashankar, Francisco Sylvester, Michael Wilsey et al. "Introducing the New NASPGHAN Web Site". Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 33, n.º 5 (noviembre de 2001): 527–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1536-4801.2001.tb07529.x.
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Lavin, Mary Ann y Ben Fletcher. "NLINKS: Online Research and Web Site Development". International Journal of Nursing Terminologies and Classifications 14, s4 (octubre de 2003): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-618x.2003.040_6.x.
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Justice, Lorraine. "Predicting the success of your Web site". Design Management Journal (Former Series) 12, n.º 3 (10 de junio de 2010): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1948-7169.2001.tb00555.x.
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Smitka, Michael. "Review of the Bank of Japan Web Site". Asian Politics & Policy 2, n.º 2 (2 de abril de 2010): 295–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1943-0787.2010.01192.x.
Texto completoTesis sobre el tema "X (site web)"
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Silva, Roseane Romão da. "Web arte X Web design: conflitos e aproximações". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2010. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/18262.
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Previous issue date: 2010-05-20After the expansion and popularization of information technology and the Internet, there are projects that integrate computational aspects and aesthetic intentions. The difficult task of identifying them and categorize them as art and as web design is the subject of this research. The main purpose involves research and mapping of digital design. Then be presented criteria defining web art and web design. Are proposed, based on case studies a comparative analysis of projects web sites art sites and digital design. The theoretical research is based on various authors such as Lucia Santaella, Clement Mok, Claudia Giannetti, Vicente Gosciola, Diana Domingues, Fabio Oliveira Nunes, Gilbertto Prado and Lucia Leão
Após a expansão e a popularização das tecnologias da informação e da internet, observa-se projetos que integram aspectos computacionais e intenções estéticas. A difícil tarefa de identificá-los e categorizá-los como arte e como web design é o tema da presente pesquisa. O objetivo principal envolve a pesquisa e o mapeamento de design digital. Em seguida, serão apresentados critérios que definam web art e web design. Propõem-se, a partir dos estudos de caso uma análise comparativa entre projetos de sites de web art e sites de design digital. Como referencial teórico, a pesquisa se fundamenta em vários autores tais como Lúcia Santaella, Clement Mok, Cláudia Giannetti, Vicente Gosciola, Diana Domingues, Fábio Oliveira Nunes, Gilbertto Prado e Lúcia Leão
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Fraga, Netto Juliana Regina. "Rôle des signaux faibles dans la prise de forme des discours : étude du réseau social X (ex-Twitter)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UBFCH019.
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La présente recherche développe, à travers la plateforme numérique COCKTAIL, une analyse de la circulation des discours sur X (ex-Twitter) afin de détecter les tendances et les signaux faibles. La thèse s'appuie sur une méthode pluridisciplinaire, utilisant des algorithmes, pour construire un corpus de tweets. Le but des analyses quantitatives et qualitatives est de savoir comment les signaux faibles peuvent être identifiés dans la circulation des discours sur X. D’un point de vue théorique, le travail repose sur la question de la construction du sens et de savoir comment les signaux faibles émergent et se transforment au fil des interactions sur un dispositif socionumérique. Cette perspective interroge les concepts d'espace public, de communautés, de traces numériques et d'analyse de discours. La thèse se nourrit d'un ensemble de connaissances scientifiques nationales et internationales pour discuter le rôle des signaux faibles dans les interactions des utilisateurs sur X en FranceThis research develops, through the digital platform COCKTAIL, a data analysis of the circulation of speeches on X (formerly Twitter) in order to detect trends and weak signals. The thesis is based on a multidisciplinary method using algorithms to build a corpus of tweets. The aim of the quantitative and qualitative analyses is to find out how weak signals can be identified in the circulation of speeches on X. From a theoretical point of view, the work is based on the question of the construction of meaning and how weak signals emerge and are transformed over the course of interactions on a socio-digital device. This perspective questions the concepts of public space, communities, digital traces and discourse analysis. The thesis draws on a body of national and international scientific knowledge to discuss the role of weak signals in user interactions on X in France
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Wang, Long. "X-tracking the usage interest on web sites". Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5107/.
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The exponential expanding of the numbers of web sites and Internet users makes WWW the most important global information resource. From information publishing and electronic commerce to entertainment and social networking, the Web allows an inexpensive and efficient access to the services provided by individuals and institutions. The basic units for distributing these services are the web sites scattered throughout the world. However, the extreme fragility of web services and content, the high competence between similar services supplied by different sites, and the wide geographic distributions of the web users drive the urgent requirement from the web managers to track and understand the usage interest of their web customers. This thesis, "X-tracking the Usage Interest on Web Sites", aims to fulfill this requirement. "X" stands two meanings: one is that the usage interest differs from various web sites, and the other is that usage interest is depicted from multi aspects: internal and external, structural and conceptual, objective and subjective. "Tracking" shows that our concentration is on locating and measuring the differences and changes among usage patterns.
This thesis presents the methodologies on discovering usage interest on three kinds of web sites: the public information portal site, e-learning site that provides kinds of streaming lectures and social site that supplies the public discussions on IT issues. On different sites, we concentrate on different issues related with mining usage interest.
The educational information portal sites were the first implementation scenarios on discovering usage patterns and optimizing the organization of web services. In such cases, the usage patterns are modeled as frequent page sets, navigation paths, navigation structures or graphs. However, a necessary requirement is to rebuild the individual behaviors from usage history. We give a systematic study on how to rebuild individual behaviors. Besides, this thesis shows a new strategy on building content clusters based on pair browsing retrieved from usage logs. The difference between such clusters and the original web structure displays the distance between the destinations from usage side and the expectations from design side. Moreover, we study the problem on tracking the changes of usage patterns in their life cycles. The changes are described from internal side integrating conceptual and structure features, and from external side for the physical features; and described from local side measuring the difference between two time spans, and global side showing the change tendency along the life cycle. A platform, Web-Cares, is developed to discover the usage interest, to measure the difference between usage interest and site expectation and to track the changes of usage patterns.
E-learning site provides the teaching materials such as slides, recorded lecture videos and exercise sheets. We focus on discovering the learning interest on streaming lectures, such as real medias, mp4 and flash clips. Compared to the information portal site, the usage on streaming lectures encapsulates the variables such as viewing time and actions during learning processes. The learning interest is discovered in the form of answering 6 questions, which covers finding the relations between pieces of lectures and the preference among different forms of lectures. We prefer on detecting the changes of learning interest on the same course from different semesters. The differences on the content and structure between two courses leverage the changes on the learning interest. We give an algorithm on measuring the difference on learning interest integrated with similarity comparison between courses. A search engine, TASK-Moniminer, is created to help the teacher query the learning interest on their streaming lectures on tele-TASK site.
Social site acts as an online community attracting web users to discuss the common topics and share their interesting information. Compared to the public information portal site and e-learning web site, the rich interactions among users and web content bring the wider range of content quality, on the other hand, provide more possibilities to express and model usage interest. We propose a framework on finding and recommending high reputation articles in a social site. We observed that the reputation is classified into global and local categories; the quality of the articles having high reputation is related with the content features. Based on these observations, our framework is implemented firstly by finding the articles having global or local reputation, and secondly clustering articles based on their content relations, and then the articles are selected and recommended from each cluster based on their reputation ranks.Wegen des exponentiellen Ansteigens der Anzahl an Internet-Nutzern und Websites ist das WWW (World Wide Web) die wichtigste globale Informationsressource geworden. Das Web bietet verschiedene Dienste (z. B. Informationsveröffentlichung, Electronic Commerce, Entertainment oder Social Networking) zum kostengünstigen und effizienten erlaubten Zugriff an, die von Einzelpersonen und Institutionen zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Um solche Dienste anzubieten, werden weltweite, vereinzelte Websites als Basiseinheiten definiert. Aber die extreme Fragilität der Web-Services und -inhalte, die hohe Kompetenz zwischen ähnlichen Diensten für verschiedene Sites bzw. die breite geographische Verteilung der Web-Nutzer treiben einen dringenden Bedarf für Web-Manager und das Verfolgen und Verstehen der Nutzungsinteresse ihrer Web-Kunden. Die Arbeit zielt darauf ab, dass die Anforderung "X-tracking the Usage Interest on Web Sites" erfüllt wird. "X" hat zwei Bedeutungen. Die erste Bedeutung ist, dass das Nutzungsinteresse von verschiedenen Websites sich unterscheidet. Außerdem stellt die zweite Bedeutung dar, dass das Nutzungsinteresse durch verschiedene Aspekte (interne und externe, strukturelle und konzeptionelle) beschrieben wird. Tracking zeigt, dass die Änderungen zwischen Nutzungsmustern festgelegt und gemessen werden. Die Arbeit eine Methodologie dar, um das Nutzungsinteresse gekoppelt an drei Arten von Websites (Public Informationsportal-Website, E-Learning-Website und Social-Website) zu finden. Wir konzentrieren uns auf unterschiedliche Themen im Bezug auf verschieden Sites, die mit Usage-Interest-Mining eng verbunden werden. Education Informationsportal-Website ist das erste Implementierungsscenario für Web-Usage-Mining. Durch das Scenario können Nutzungsmuster gefunden und die Organisation von Web-Services optimiert werden. In solchen Fällen wird das Nutzungsmuster als häufige Pagemenge, Navigation-Wege, -Strukturen oder -Graphen modelliert. Eine notwendige Voraussetzung ist jedoch, dass man individuelle Verhaltensmuster aus dem Verlauf der Nutzung (Usage History) wieder aufbauen muss. Deshalb geben wir in dieser Arbeit eine systematische Studie zum Nachempfinden der individuellen Verhaltensweisen. Außerdem zeigt die Arbeit eine neue Strategie, dass auf Page-Paaren basierten Content-Clustering aus Nutzungssite aufgebaut werden. Der Unterschied zwischen solchen Clustern und der originalen Webstruktur ist der Abstand zwischen Zielen der Nutzungssite und Erwartungen der Designsite. Darüber hinaus erforschen wir Probleme beim Tracking der Änderungen von Nutzungsmustern in ihrem Lebenszyklus. Die Änderungen werden durch mehrere Aspekte beschrieben. Für internen Aspekt werden konzeptionelle Strukturen und Funktionen integriert. Der externe Aspekt beschreibt physische Eigenschaften. Für lokalen Aspekt wird die Differenz zwischen zwei Zeitspannen gemessen. Der globale Aspekt zeigt Tendenzen der Änderung entlang des Lebenszyklus. Eine Plattform "Web-Cares" wird entwickelt, die die Nutzungsinteressen findet, Unterschiede zwischen Nutzungsinteresse und Website messen bzw. die Änderungen von Nutzungsmustern verfolgen kann. E-Learning-Websites bieten Lernmaterialien wie z.B. Folien, erfaßte Video-Vorlesungen und Übungsblätter an. Wir konzentrieren uns auf die Erfoschung des Lerninteresses auf Streaming-Vorlesungen z.B. Real-Media, mp4 und Flash-Clips. Im Vergleich zum Informationsportal Website kapselt die Nutzung auf Streaming-Vorlesungen die Variablen wie Schauzeit und Schautätigkeiten während der Lernprozesse. Das Lerninteresse wird erfasst, wenn wir Antworten zu sechs Fragen gehandelt haben. Diese Fragen umfassen verschiedene Themen, wie Erforschung der Relation zwischen Teilen von Lehrveranstaltungen oder die Präferenz zwischen den verschiedenen Formen der Lehrveranstaltungen. Wir bevorzugen die Aufdeckung der Veränderungen des Lerninteresses anhand der gleichen Kurse aus verschiedenen Semestern. Der Differenz auf den Inhalt und die Struktur zwischen zwei Kurse beeinflusst die Änderungen auf das Lerninteresse. Ein Algorithmus misst die Differenz des Lerninteresses im Bezug auf einen Ähnlichkeitsvergleich zwischen den Kursen. Die Suchmaschine „Task-Moniminer“ wird entwickelt, dass die Lehrkräfte das Lerninteresse für ihre Streaming-Vorlesungen über das Videoportal tele-TASK abrufen können. Social Websites dienen als eine Online-Community, in den teilnehmenden Web-Benutzern die gemeinsamen Themen diskutieren und ihre interessanten Informationen miteinander teilen. Im Vergleich zur Public Informationsportal-Website und E-Learning Website bietet diese Art von Website reichhaltige Interaktionen zwischen Benutzern und Inhalten an, die die breitere Auswahl der inhaltlichen Qualität bringen. Allerdings bietet eine Social-Website mehr Möglichkeiten zur Modellierung des Nutzungsinteresses an. Wir schlagen ein Rahmensystem vor, die hohe Reputation für Artikel in eine Social-Website empfiehlt. Unsere Beobachtungen sind, dass die Reputation in globalen und lokalen Kategorien klassifiziert wird. Außerdem wird die Qualität von Artikeln mit hoher Reputation mit den Content-Funktionen in Zusammenhang stehen. Durch die folgenden Schritte wird das Rahmensystem im Bezug auf die Überwachungen implementiert. Der erste Schritt ist, dass man die Artikel mit globalen oder lokalen Reputation findet. Danach werden Artikel im Bezug auf ihre Content-Relationen in jeder Kategorie gesammelt. Zum Schluß werden die ausgewählten Artikel aus jedem basierend auf ihren Reputation-Ranking Cluster empfohlen.
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Song, Le. "Multimodal Interactional Practices in Live Streams on Twitter". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IPPAT019.
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En tant que forme émergente d'interaction médiatisée, la diffusion en direct (live streaming) est devenue une pratique en pleine expansion qui combine les caractéristiques techniques et interactionnelles de l'interaction vidéo-médiatisée et du chat multi-participants. Le live streaming à l'aide d'appareils mobiles sur plusieurs plateformes est donc une pratique dans laquelle les diffuseurs (streamers) et les spectateurs interagissent sous des formes hautement asymétriques: l'affichage vidéo du diffuseur et le texte écrit du spectateur. Cette thèse de doctorat s'intéresse au live streaming en tant que phénomène interactionnel d'un point de vue séquentiel. S'appuyant sur des données vidéo enregistrées d'activités advenant naturellement dans des live streams orientés vers la vie quotidienne sur Twitter (maintenant ‘X') et sur l'ethnométhodologie et l'analyse conversationnelle (EMCA) comme perspective théorique et méthodologique, la thèse explore comment l'utilisation de multiples ressources (par exemple, parlées, écrites et corporelles), ainsi que la manipulation des ‘affordances' des appareils permettent de produire les cadres de participation propres aux live streams et l'accomplissement de différentes actions conjointes de manière séquentielle. La dissertation se compose de quatre articles de recherche principaux, traitant quatre phénomènes interactionnels caractéristiques des live streams. Le premier analyse les séquences d'ouverture des live streams. Contrairement aux conversations téléphoniques et leur séquence ‘canonique' d'ouverture, les ouvertures de live streams apparaissent plus variables, avec de multiples cadres de participation stratifiés, bien qu'il y ait généralement une phase d'installation reconnaissable où l'activité de diffusion commence. La thèse identifie des préoccupations interactionnelles spécifiques aux ouvertures, à savoir l'attente d'un public adéquat, par les streamers, la manière dont ceux-ci gèrent les interactions avec le public à la fois dans son ensemble, et de manière individuelle dans le cadre d'une relation invité/hôte, et les préoccupations affichées par les participants concernant l'intelligibilité immédiate du stream. L'article II discute de la manière dont les diffuseurs et les spectateurs démontrent attention et engagement en formulant ce que les streams rendent remarquables. Il examine ainsi comment les streamers et les spectateurs produisent des des séquences initiées par des remarques (noticings), et comment l'affinité particulière des live streams avec cette pratique à la fois attentionnelle et interactionnelle peut conduire à une 'effervescence attentionnelle' caractéristique. L'article III inspecte l'activité de dégustation dans le live streaming, où la dégustation est accomplie comme un processus interactif et multimodal qui combine l'expérience sensorielle individuelle avec une dimension publique, et intersubjective. L'article IV enquête les séquences de clôture dans le live streaming. Nous montrons comment les participants s'y orientent vers l'organisation des clôtures caractéristique de la conversation ordinaire, mais d'une manière très sensible aux affordances des diffusions vidéo en direct. La thèse fournit donc une analyse systématique des propriétés interactionnelles les plus caractéristiques du live streamingAs an emerging form of mediated interaction, live streaming has become a rapidly growing practice that combines the technical and interactional features of video-mediated interaction and multi-party chat. Live streaming with mobile devices on multiple platforms has thus been a practice in which streamers and viewers interact in highly asymmetric forms—the streamer's video display and the viewer's written text. This doctoral dissertation focuses on live streams as interactional phenomena from a sequential perspective. Drawing on video-recorded data from ordinary users' naturally unfolding activities in daily life-oriented live streams on Twitter (now ‘X') and taking ethnomethodology and conversation analysis (EMCA) as its theoretical and methodological perspective, the thesis explores how the use of multiple (e.g., spoken, written and embodied) resources, as well as the manipulation of affordance of the devices in establishing the participation framework of live streaming interactions and achieving different joint actions stepwise. The dissertation consists of four main research articles, each focusing on a typical interactional phenomenon in live streaming. All of the articles have been published or are under review. Article I investigates the openings of live streaming. Unlike phone conversations with a canonical opening sequence, live stream openings appear more variable, with laminated participation frames, although there is usually a recognizable "installation" phase where the stream activity begins. We also identified interactional concerns in the opening, that is, the streamers' wait for an adequate audience, their collective and individual management of viewers within a guest/host relationship, and the concern of participants regarding the immediate intelligibility of the stream. Article II discusses how streamers and viewers manage attention and engagement through noticing-based actions. It looks at how streamers and viewers produce noticing sequences and noticing-based sequences, and how the orientation towards noticing may lead to a distinctive form of ‘noticing effervescence.' Article III inspects the activity of tasting in live streaming, re-examining tasting in this particular ecology as an interactive process that combines individual sensory experience with a public, witnessable, and intersubjective dimension. Article IV investigates the organization of closing sequences in live streaming. It shows that while participants can be seen to orient to the sequential organization of closings in ordinary conversation, they do so in a way that is particularly sensitive to the affordances of live video streams. The thesis thus provides a systematic analysis of the most characteristic interactional properties of live streaming
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Wang, Long [Verfasser]. "X-tracking the usage interest on web sites / von Long Wang". 2009. http://d-nb.info/1014240751/34.
Texto completoLibros sobre el tema "X (site web)"
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Lockwood, Tom. Whiz Bang Web site F/X. Indianapolis, IN: QUE, 1997.
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Stapelkamp, Torsten. Web X.0: Erfolgreiches Webdesign und professionelle Webkonzepte ; Gestaltungsstrategien, Styleguides und Layouts fu r stationa re und mobile medien. Berlin: Springer Berlin, 2010.
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Delidle, Marc. Mastering phpMyAdmin 3.3.x for effective MySQL management: A complete guide to getting started with phpMyAdmin 3.3 and mastering its features. Birmingham, U.K: Packt Pub., 2010.
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Steinberg, Gene. Upgrading & troubleshooting your Mac: Mac OS X edition. New York: Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 2001.
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Associates, DMNC4, ed. X-connections. Scottsdale, Ariz: DMNC4 Associates, 1996.
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Associates, DMNC4, ed. X-Connections: Internet reference guide. Scottsdale, Ariz: DMNC4 Associates, 1999.
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Daniel, Gray. Adobe pagemill f/x and design. Albany, NY: Coriolis Group Books, 1998.
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Daniel, Gray. Adobe PageMill 3 f/x and design. Albany, NY: Coriolis Group Books, 1998.
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Ulrich-Fuller, Laurie. Photoshop Web graphics f/x & design. Scottsdale, Ariz: Coriolis Group, 2002.
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Milburn, Ken. Flash 4 Web animation f/x & design. Scottsdale, AZ: Coriolis Group Books, 1999.
Buscar texto completoCapítulos de libros sobre el tema "X (site web)"
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Sherry, Phil. "Server-Side Language Environments". En Foundation Mac OS X Web Development, 223–52. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-5133-0_9.
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Maciel, Cristiano, José Luiz T. Nogueira y Ana Cristina Bicharra Garcia. "An X-Ray of the Brazilian e-Gov Web Sites". En Human-Computer Interaction - INTERACT 2005, 1138–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11555261_123.
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"Web Site Evaluation". En X Internet, 311–24. Auerbach Publications, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780849304194.axd.
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"Web Site Terms and Conditions". En X Internet, 353–64. Auerbach Publications, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780849304194.axh.
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"About the Web Site". En SD Card Projects Using the PIC Microcontroller, xxiii. Elsevier, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-85617-719-1.00004-x.
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"Heuristic Guidelines for Expert Critique of a Web Site". En X Internet, 325–35. Auerbach Publications, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780849304194.axe.
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Friedlein, Ashley. "INTRODUCTION TO SITE MEASUREMENT". En Maintaining and Evolving Successful Commercial Web Sites, 269–70. Elsevier, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-155860830-6/50037-x.
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"Appendix E: Heuristic Guidelines for Expert Critique of a Web Site". En X Internet, 347–58. Auerbach Publications, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780849304194-19.
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David, Matthew. "Building a Web Site using HTML5 Blocking Elements". En HTML5, 39–57. Elsevier, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-240-81328-8.00001-x.
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GARRAND, T. "Introduction to the Informational Multimedia and Web Site Case Studies". En Writing for Multimedia and the Web, 125–26. Elsevier, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-240-80822-2.50017-x.
Texto completoActas de conferencias sobre el tema "X (site web)"
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Santos, Ana, Jen Liu, Tamires Silva y Ricardo Souza. "Desenvolvimento de um Chatbot para Compartilhamento e Disseminação de Informações do Tempo". En X Workshop de Computação Aplicada à Gestão do Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/wcama.2019.6427.
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As condições climáticas causam grande impacto na vida das pessoas. As organizações públicas responsáveis pelo monitoramento e divulgação das informações do tempo e clima geralmente utilizam uma linguagem técnica que pode se tornar confusa e levar a um mal entendimento por parte de usuários não especializados. Este trabalho procura mitigar este problema a partir da aplicação de uma abordagem de gestão do conhecimento, denominada Ciclo KM, para desenvolvimento de uma solução que visa melhorar a comunicação e disseminação de informações do tempo para pessoas comuns. O resultado foi o desenvolvimento de um protótipo de chatbot integrável a diferentes canais de comunicação, como Web Site e rede social.
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Dipasquale, Letizia, Jacopo Ammendola, Edoardo Paolo Ferrari, Saverio Mecca, Lucia Montoni y Matteo Zambelli. "A collaborative Web App to foster a knowledge network on vernacular her-itage, craftspeople, and sustainability". En HERITAGE2022 International Conference on Vernacular Heritage: Culture, People and Sustainability. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/heritage2022.2022.14951.
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Vernacular architecture provides extraordinary technological and typological solutions, which are the result of a complex system of knowledge that has evolved through trial and error, in a deep connection to the environmental, social, economic and cultural contexts. The goal of the study presented here is to propose a tool able to organise vernacular knowledge, both tangible and intangible, by systematising principles, strategies, design models and solutions in order to be more easily shared, transmitted and employed in the design of new sustainable architecture. The tool, which is developed as part of the project "VerSus+ / Heritage for People" (Creative Europe Program), is a collaborative Web Application able to map solutions and models from vernacular architecture, and to associate and classify them with sustainable strategies. In addition to physical objects (cultural landscapes, urban, typological and technological solutions), the App will also map the people involved in the knowledge management of vernacular architecture: craftspeople and professionals in the field of vernacular architecture enhancement and conservation. This tool can catalogue solutions and knowledge from different branches of vernacular architecture, and make it available to a large audience, such as professionals, researchers, artisans and citizens, who can also directly contribute to the growth of the vernacular database by adding new information and solutions to the App. The idea is to have a user friendly and easy to consult App, able to suggest new solutions to contemporary design problems, based on the observation of similar past problems, so that sustainable models developed in the past can be adapted to design and construct a more appropriate architecture for the future. TRANSLATE with x English ArabicHebrewPolishBulgarianHindiPortugueseCatalanHmong DawRomanianChinese SimplifiedHungarianRussianChinese TraditionalIndonesianSlovakCzechItalianSlovenianDanishJapaneseSpanishDutchKlingonSwedishEnglishKoreanThaiEstonianLatvianTurkishFinnishLithuanianUkrainianFrenchMalayUrduGermanMalteseVietnameseGreekNorwegianWelshHaitian CreolePersian // TRANSLATE with COPY THE URL BELOW Back EMBED THE SNIPPET BELOW IN YOUR SITE Enable collaborative features and customize widget: Bing Webmaster Portal Back //
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Duport, Laurent J. "Georges Candilis (1913-1995) architecte pour le plus grand nombre". En LC2015 - Le Corbusier, 50 years later. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/lc2015.2015.664.
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Résumé: Né à Bakou en 1913 Georges Candilis est un architecte d’origine grecque qui étudie à l’Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique d’Athènes où il rencontre Le Corbusier en 1933 lors du 4e congrès des CIAM. Arrivé à Paris en 1945 il intègre l’Atelier de Le Corbusier où il travaille exclusivement sur les études et le chantier de l’Unité d’Habitation de Marseille. Après avoir été chargé de représenter Le Corbusier au 7e CIAM à Bergamo en 1949 Candilis va se rendre au Maroc où il va construire des nombreuses opérations en qualité de directeur de l’ATBAT Afrique et de membre du groupe GAMMA. Il va se révéler un des acteurs du Team X assurant le passage des CIAM au Team X dont il organisera 5 réunions entre 1960 et 1977. De retour en France en 1955 Candilis va s’associer avec les architectes Woods et Josic. L’équipe va remporter le concours Million et construire près de 4000 logements à Bagnols sur Cèze, Toulouse et en région parisienne. D’autres concours vont suivre en France et à l’étranger, l’équipe construira ainsi l’université libre de Berlin. Par la suite Candilis assure seul la mission d’architecte en chef de la station de Leucate Barcares (1962-1976) et entre 1970 et 1978 il est chargé de plusieurs projets au Moyen Orient. Parallèlement Candilis est impliqué dans la diffusion de l’architecture dès 1953 comme membre du comité de rédaction de revues et dans l’enseignement en qualité de professeur à partir de 1963. Il s’éteint à Paris le 10 mai 1995. Abstract: Born in Baku in 1913 Georges Candilis is an architect of Greek origin who studied at the Polytechnic School of Athens where he met Le Corbusier in 1933 at the 4th Congress of CIAM. Arrived in Paris in 1945 he joined the Atelier of Le Corbusier where he works exclusively on studies and the site of the Unité d’habitation in Marseilles. After being appointed to represent Le Corbusier at the 7th CIAM in Bergamo in 1949 Candilis will travel to Morocco where he will build many operations as Director of ATBAT Africa and a member of the GAMMA group. It will be one of the actors of Team X and ensure the transition from CIAM to Team X for which he will hold 5 meetings between 1960 and 1977. Back in France in 1955 Candilis will partner with architects Alexis Josic and Shadrach Woods. The team will win the Million competition and build nearly 4,000 housing units in Bagnols sur Cèze, Toulouse and around Paris. Other competitions will follow in France and abroad, the team will thus build the Free University in Berlin. Subsequently Candilis assumes alone the chief architect mission of Leucate Barcares station (1962-1976) and between 1970 and 1978 he was responsible for several projects in the Middle East. In parrallel Candilis is involved in the diffusion of architecture since 1953 as an editorial board member of reviews and in architectural education with a grade of Professor since 1963. He died in Paris on May 10, 1995. Mots-clés: CIAM, Team X, Enseignement, Habitat, Tige, Web. Keywords: CIAM, Team X, Education, Housing, Stem, Web. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.664
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Cavalcante, Ney Wagner F., Letícia Régis Di Maio, Simone Bacellar Leal Ferreira, José Luiz dos Anjos Rosa y Hélio da Silva Braga. "Interação de Usuários de Alto e Baixo Letramento: Um Estudo de Caso utilizando o Eyetracking". En X Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas de Informação. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbsi.2014.6116.
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A informatização abrange, cada vez mais, os serviços oferecidos aos cidadãos, isto torna imprescindível o desenvolvimento de páginas web acessíveis para todos, independente do grau de escolaridade. Considerando que uma significativa parcela da população brasileira está dentro do perfil de baixo letramento, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar as formas distintas de navegação entre os usuários de alto e baixo letramento. Os dados foram colhidos através de testes com usuários, por meio de rastreamento ocular. As experiências de interação foram realizadas a partir de duas tarefas iniciadas no motor de busca Google e concluídas em dois sites populares. Ao final, foram propostas algumas sugestões de melhorias de interface.
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Tsai, C. S. y P. Le. "A 4 X 4 Nonblocking Acoustooptic Waveguide Space Switch". En Photonic Switching. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/phs.1991.we7.
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Optical space switch arrays and matrices in waveguide format constitute vitally important components in wideband multichannel fiber optic communication systems.(1) Most of the existing optical waveguide space switch matrices utilize electrooptic (EO) effects in LiNbO3 and may be cataloged into two types, namely, those utilizing parallel channel waveguide (directional-coupler) switches(2) in one and those utilizing intersecting channel waveguide (TIR-, X- or digital) switches(3) in the other. However, all switch matrices referred to above are configured in stages (or tandem), and require a large number of basic cross-point switches as the size of the switch matrix or the number of input and output ports increase. As a result, the real estate of the substrate and the optical propagation losses and crosstalks as well as the complexity in both electrode layouts and electronic driver circuits greatly increase with the size of the switch matrix. Furthermore, both the optical insertion loss and the crosstalks may vary widely with the route the light takes.
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Cruz, Deisiane, Caio Rodrigues, João Maciel, Nilcilene Silva, Denmora Araujo, Otavio Chase y José Almeida. "Monitoring and Control System for Seed Germination Using Internet of Things". En X Workshop de Computação Aplicada à Gestão do Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/wcama.2019.6416.
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This article presents an architecture of a reduced-size greenhouse, so-called mini-greenhouse monitored via Internet of Things (IoT). For this purpose, a prototype has been built with support of a computational system installed in its interior. So, sensors are used for monitoring and control of the variables that most influence in the development of a vegetal species. This text gives a brief description of the germination factors related on the various possibilities of its use. The proposed system has a cloud-based storage and the effective contributions of the computer system are started from the web platform, transfer the set-points to the controllers, and upload data read from sensors to the same web page.
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De Sá, Carlos Augusto y Raimundo Santos Moura. "Estudo sobre Métricas para Definir Reputação do Autor de Comentários em Sites de Vendas de Produtos". En VII Brazilian Workshop on Social Network Analysis and Mining. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/brasnam.2018.3584.
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Conhecer a reputação do autor de textos opinativos é de suma importância para avaliação de comentários na Web. Este artigo apresenta um estudo sobre medidas usadas no processo de avaliação da reputação do autor em sites de vendas de produtos. Realizou-se dois experimentos com as redes neurais Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) e Radial Basis Function (RBF), sendo que a rede MLP obteve melhor desempenho. Comparou-se também a abordagem TOP(X) original, usada para inferir os melhores comentários, com um novo modelo que utiliza rede MLP na dimensão da reputação do autor. Considerando os comentários excelentes e bons, a nova abordagem apresentou resultados significativamente superiores.
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Ramaswamy, Shri, Shuiyuan Huang, Amit Goel, Aron Cooper, Doeung Choi, A. Bandyopadhyay y B. V. Ramarao. "The 3D Structure of Paper and its Relationship to Moisture Transport in Liquid and Vapor Forms". En The Science of Papermaking, editado por C. F. Baker. Fundamental Research Committee (FRC), Manchester, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/frc.2001.2.1289.
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The three dimensional structure of paper materials plays a critical role in the paper manufacturing process especially via its impact on the transport properties for fluids. Dewatering of the wet web, pressing and drying will benefit from knowledge of the relationships between the web structure and its transport coefficients. Among transport, moisture diffusion in paper is central to the understanding and optimal design of paper products for their performance in different environmental conditions. Our recent research of moisture sorption in paper has indicated that diffusion of water vapor through the pore space is an important mechanism for transport [1,2]. The effect of the three dimensional structure of the paper sheet on the diffusion of moisture is significant. The structure of the pore space within a paper sheet is imaged in serial sections using x-ray microtomography. The three dimensional structure is reconstructed from these sections using digital image processing techniques. The structure is then analyzed by measuring traditional descriptors for the pore space such as specific surface area and porosity. In addition, morphometric and quantitative stereological techniques are used to characterize the structure. Techniques of mathematical morphology [3] used include erosion, dilation, closing, opening and binarization with subsequent skeletonization. A sequence of microtomographs was imaged at approximately 2 μm intervals and the three-dimensional pore-fiber structure was reconstructed. The pore size distributions for both in-plane as well as transverse pores were measured. Significant differences in the in-plane (X-Y) and the transverse directions in pore characteristics are found and may help partly explain the different liquid and vapor transport properties in the in-plane and transverse directions. The results from the mathematical morphological study show that the pore space and the fiber space are bicontinuous. Some network measures of both these spaces are the network nodal density and bond co-ordination number distribution, both of which are determined. Significant transport properties for the pore space include the saturated water permeability and water vapor diffusivity. Due to the anisotropic nature of the structure, these are three-dimensional tensors in general.
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Jena, Hrudananda y B. Rambabu. "Effect of Sonochemical, Regenerative Sol Gel and Microwave Assisted Synthesis Techniques on the Formation of Dense Electrolytes and Porus Electrodes for All Perovskite IT-SOFCs". En ASME 2006 4th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2006-97262.
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The influence of preparation techniques on the microstructure, grain-size and consequently on the electrical transport properties of the ABO3 structured materials used as electrode and electrolytes in all perovskite IT-SOFC were investigated. Nano-crystalline powders of La1-xMxGa1-yNyO3±δ (M = Sr,; x = −0.10 to 0.15; N = Mg; y = −0.10 to 0.15) (LSGM) as electrolyte, porous La0.8Sr0.2Co0.8Fe0.2O3±δ (LSCF) or LaNi1-xFexO3±δ (x = 0–0.5) (LNF) as cathode, La0.8Sr0.2Cr0.7Mn0.3O3±δ (LSCM) as anode and LaCrO3 or substituted LaCrO 3 as interconnect were synthesized by various wet chemical methods. The wet chemical methods like metal-carboxylate gel decomposition, hydroxide co-precipitation, sonochemical and regenerative sol-gel process followed by microwave sintering of the powders have been used. Microwave sintering parameters were optimized by varying sintering time, and temperature to achieve higher density of LSGM pellets. The phase pure systems were obtained at sintering duration of 30 min at 1200 °C. The XRD, HR-TEM, and SEM measurements revealed the average grain size of these perovskites was ∼ 22 nm range. The electrical conductivities of the compositions were measured by ac (5Hz–13MHz) and dc techniques. The conductivity of the sintered pellets was found to be ∼0.01–0.21 S/cm at 550–1000°C range for electrolyte and 1.5–100 S/cm at 25–1000°C for electrodes respectively. The effect of sonochemical, and regenerative sol-gel methods in processing large quantities of nano-crystalline perovskites with multi-element substitutions at A- and B-sites to achieve physico-chemical compatibility for fabricating zero emission all perovskite IT-SOFCs are reported in this paper.
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Srinivasan, S. S., N. Kislov, Yu Emirov, D. Y. Goswami y E. K. Stefanakos. "Investigation of ZnFe2O4 Nanoparticles Prepared by High Energy Milling". En ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-11573.
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Nanoparticles of Zinc Ferrite (ZnFe2O4) prepared by both wet- and dry- high-energy ball milling (HEBM), have been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), surface area and pore size distribution (BET) and wavelength-dependent diffuse reflectance and scattering turned into absorption coefficient estimation using the Kubelka-Munk theory. It was found that after 72 hours of HEBM, the particle size was decreased from 220 nm for the initial material to 16.5 nm and 9.4 nm for the wet- and dry-milled samples, respectively. The optical absorption analysis revealed that the energy gap is increased (blue shift) by 0.45 eV for wet-milled and decreased (“anomalous” red shift) by 0.15 eV for dry-milled samples of ZnFe2O4 as the particle size decreased.
Informes sobre el tema "X (site web)"
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Nelson, Nathan y Charles F. Yocum. Structure, Function and Utilization of Plant Photosynthetic Reaction Centers. United States Department of Agriculture, septiembre de 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699846.bard.
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Light capturing and energy conversion by PSI is one of the most fundamental processes in nature. In the heart of these adaptations stand PSI, PSII and their light harvesting antenna complexes. The main goal of this grant proposal was to obtain by X-ray crystallography information on the structure of plant photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) supercomplexes. We achieved several milestones along this line but as yet, like several strong laboratories around the world, we have no crystal structure of plant PSII. We have redesigned the purification and crystallization procedures and recently solved the crystal structure of the PSI supercomplex at 3.3 Å resolution. Even though this advance in resolution appears to be relatively small, we obtained a significantly improved model of the supercomplex. The work was published in J. Biol. Chem. (Amunts et al., 2010). The improved electron density map yielded identification and tracing of the PsaK subunit. The location of an additional 10 ß-carotenes, as well as 5 chlorophylls and several loop regions that were previously uninterruptable have been modeled. This represents the most complete plant PSI structure obtained thus far, revealing the locations of and interactions among 17 protein subunits and 193 non-covalently bound photochemical cofactors. We have continued extensive experimental efforts to improve the structure of plant PSI and to obtain PSII preparation amenable to crystallization. Most of our efforts were devoted to obtain well-defined subcomplexes of plant PSII preparations that are amenable to crystallization. We studied the apparent paradox of the high sensitivity of oxygen evolution of isolated thylakoids while BBY particles exhibit remarkable resilience to the same treatment. The integrity of the photosystem II (PSII) extrinsic protein complement as well as calcium effects arise from the Ca2+ atom associated with the site of photosynthetic water oxidation were investigated. This work provides deeper insights into the interaction of PsbO with PSII. Sight-directed mutagenesis indicated the location of critical sites involved in the stability of the water oxidation reaction. When combined with previous results, the data lead to a more detailed model for PsbO binding in eukaryotic PSII.
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Zhang, Hongbin B., David J. Bonfil y Shahal Abbo. Genomics Tools for Legume Agronomic Gene Mapping and Cloning, and Genome Analysis: Chickpea as a Model. United States Department of Agriculture, marzo de 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586464.bard.
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The goals of this project were to develop essential genomic tools for modern chickpea genetics and genomics research, map the genes and quantitative traits of importance to chickpea production and generate DNA markers that are well-suited for enhanced chickpea germplasm analysis and breeding. To achieve these research goals, we proposed the following research objectives in this period of the project: 1) Develop an ordered BAC library with an average insert size of 150 - 200 kb (USA); 2) Develop 300 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers with an aid of the BAC library (USA); 3) Develop SSR marker tags for Ascochyta response, flowering date and grain weight (USA); 4) Develop a molecular genetic map consisting of at least 200 SSR markers (Israel and USA); 5) Map genes and QTLs most important to chickpea production in the U.S. and Israel: Ascochyta response, flowering and seed set date, grain weight, and grain yield under extreme dryland conditions (Israel); and 6) Determine the genetic correlation between the above four traits (Israel). Chickpea is the third most important pulse crop in the world and ranks the first in the Middle East. Chickpea seeds are a good source of plant protein (12.4-31.5%) and carbohydrates (52.4-70.9%). Although it has been demonstrated in other major crops that the modern genetics and genomics research is essential to enhance our capacity for crop genetic improvement and breeding, little work was pursued in these research areas for chickpea. It was absent in resources, tools and infrastructure that are essential for chickpea genomics and modern genetics research. For instance, there were no large-insert BAC and BIBAC libraries, no sufficient and user- friendly DNA markers, and no intraspecific genetic map. Grain sizes, flowering time and Ascochyta response are three main constraints to chickpea production in drylands. Combination of large seeds, early flowering time and Ascochyta blight resistance is desirable and of significance for further genetic improvement of chickpea. However, it was unknown how many genes and/or loci contribute to each of the traits and what correlations occur among them, making breeders difficult to combine these desirable traits. In this period of the project, we developed the resources, tools and infrastructure that are essential for chickpea genomics and modern genetics research. In particular, we constructed the proposed large-insert BAC library and an additional plant-transformation-competent BIBAC library from an Israeli advanced chickpea cultivar, Hadas. The BAC library contains 30,720 clones and has an average insert size of 151 kb, equivalent to 6.3 x chickpea haploid genomes. The BIBAC library contains 18,432 clones and has an average insert size of 135 kb, equivalent to 3.4 x chickpea haploid genomes. The combined libraries contain 49,152 clones, equivalent to 10.7 x chickpea haploid genomes. We identified all SSR loci-containing clones from the chickpea BAC library, generated sequences for 536 SSR loci from a part of the SSR-containing BACs and developed 310 new SSR markers. From the new SSR markers and selected existing SSR markers, we developed a SSR marker-based molecular genetic map of the chickpea genome. The BAC and BIBAC libraries, SSR markers and the molecular genetic map have provided essential resources and tools for modern genetic and genomic analyses of the chickpea genome. Using the SSR markers and genetic map, we mapped the genes and loci for flowering time and Ascochyta responses; one major QTL and a few minor QTLs have been identified for Ascochyta response and one major QTL has been identified for flowering time. The genetic correlations between flowering time, grain weight and Ascochyta response have been established. These results have provided essential tools and knowledge for effective manipulation and enhanced breeding of the traits in chickpea.
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Letcher, Theodore, Julie Parno, Zoe Courville, Lauren Farnsworth y Jason Olivier. A generalized photon-tracking approach to simulate spectral snow albedo and transmittance using X-ray microtomography and geometric optics. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), junio de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47122.
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A majority of snow radiative transfer models (RTMs) treat snow as a collection of idealized grains rather than an organized ice–air matrix. Here we present a generalized multi-layer photon-tracking RTM that simulates light reflectance and transmittance of snow based on X-ray micro- tomography images, treating snow as a coherent 3D structure rather than a collection of grains. The model uses a blended approach to expand ray-tracing techniques applied to sub-1 cm3 snow samples to snowpacks of arbitrary depths. While this framework has many potential applications, this study’s effort is focused on simulating reflectance and transmittance in the visible and near infrared (NIR) through thin snow- packs as this is relevant for surface energy balance and remote sensing applications. We demonstrate that this framework fits well within the context of previous work and capably reproduces many known optical properties of a snow surface, including the dependence of spectral reflectance on the snow specific surface area and incident zenith angle as well as the surface bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF). To evaluate the model, we compare it against reflectance data collected with a spectroradiometer at a field site in east-central Vermont. In this experiment, painted panels were inserted at various depths beneath the snow to emulate thin snow. The model compares remarkably well against the reflectance measured with a spectroradiometer, with an average RMSE of 0.03 in the 400–1600 nm range. Sensitivity simulations using this model indicate that snow transmittance is greatest in the visible wavelengths, limiting light penetration to the top 6 cm of the snowpack for fine-grain snow but increasing to 12 cm for coarse-grain snow. These results suggest that the 5% transmission depth in snow can vary by over 6 cm according to the snow type.
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Gantzer, Clark J., Shmuel Assouline y Stephen H. Anderson. Synchrotron CMT-measured soil physical properties influenced by soil compaction. United States Department of Agriculture, febrero de 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587242.bard.
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Methods to quantify soil conditions of pore connectivity, tortuosity, and pore size as altered by compaction were done. Air-dry soil cores were scanned at the GeoSoilEnviroCARS sector at the Advanced Photon Source for x-ray computed microtomography of the Argonne facility. Data was collected on the APS bending magnet Sector 13. Soil sample cores 5- by 5-mm were studied. Skeletonization algorithms in the 3DMA-Rock software of Lindquist et al. were used to extract pore structure. We have numerically investigated the spatial distribution for 6 geometrical characteristics of the pore structure of repacked Hamra soil from three-dimensional synchrotron computed microtomography (CMT) computed tomographic images. We analyzed images representing cores volumes 58.3 mm³ having average porosities of 0.44, 0.35, and 0.33. Cores were packed with < 2mm and < 0.5mm sieved soil. The core samples were imaged at 9.61-mm resolution. Spatial distributions for pore path length and coordination number, pore throat size and nodal pore volume obtained. The spatial distributions were computed using a three-dimensional medial axis analysis of the void space in the image. We used a newly developed aggressive throat computation to find throat and pore partitioning for needed for higher porosity media such as soil. Results show that the coordination number distribution measured from the medial axis were reasonably fit by an exponential relation P(C)=10⁻C/C0. Data for the characteristic area, were also reasonably well fit by the relation P(A)=10⁻ᴬ/ᴬ0. Results indicates that compression preferentially affects the largest pores, reducing them in size. When compaction reduced porosity from 44% to 33%, the average pore volume reduced by 30%, and the average pore-throat area reduced by 26%. Compaction increased the shortest paths interface tortuosity by about 2%. Soil structure alterations induced by compaction using quantitative morphology show that the resolution is sufficient to discriminate soil cores. This study shows that analysis of CMT can provide information to assist in assessment of soil management to ameliorate soil compaction.
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Zhang, Hongbin, Shahal Abbo, Weidong Chen, Amir Sherman, Dani Shtienberg y Frederick Muehlbauer. Integrative Physical and Genetic Mapping of the Chickpea Genome for Fine Mapping and Analysis of Agronomic Traits. United States Department of Agriculture, marzo de 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592122.bard.
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Chickpea is the third most important pulse crop in the world and ranks first in the Middle East; however, it has been subjected to only limited research in modern genomics. In the first period of this project (US-3034-98R) we constructed two large-insert BAC and BIBAC libraries, developed 325 SSR markers and mapped QTLs controlling ascochyta blight resistance (ABR) and days to first flower (DTF). Nevertheless, the utilities of these tools and results in gene discovery and marker-assisted breeding are limited due to the absence of an essential platform. The goals of this period of the project were to use the resources and tools developed in the first period of the project to develop a BAC/BIBAC physical map for chickpea and using it to identify BAC/BIBACcontigs containing agronomic genes of interest, with an emphasis on ABR and DTF, and develop DNA markers suitable for marker-assisted breeding. Toward these goals, we proposed: 1) Fingerprint ~50,000 (10x) BACs from the BAC and BIBAC libraries, assemble the clones into a genome-wide BAC/BIBAC physical map, and integrate the BAC/BIBAC map with the existing chickpea genetic maps (Zhang, USA); 2) fine-map ABR and DTFQTLs and enhance molecular tools for chickpea genetics and breeding (Shahal, Sherman and DaniShtienberg, Israel; Chen and Muehlbauer; USA); and 3) integrate the BAC/BIBAC map with the existing chickpea genetic maps (Sherman, Israel; Zhang and Chen, USA). For these objectives, a total of $460,000 was requested originally, but a total of $300,000 was awarded to the project. We first developed two new BAC and BIBAC libraries, Chickpea-CME and Chickpea- CHV. The chickpea-CMEBAC library contains 22,272 clones, with an average insert size of 130 kb and equivalent to 4.0 fold of the chickpea genome. The chickpea-CHVBIBAC library contains 38,400 clones, with an average insert size of 140 kb and equivalent to 7.5 fold of the chickpea genome. The two new libraries (11.5 x), along with the two BAC (Chickpea-CHI) and BIBAC (Chickpea-CBV) libraries (7.1 x) constructed in the first period of the project, provide libraries essential for chickpea genome physical mapping and many other genomics researches. Using these four libraries we then developed the proposed BAC/BIBAC physical map of chickpea. A total of 67,584 clones were fingerprinted, and 64,211 (~11.6 x) of the fingerprints validated and used in the physical map assembly. The physical map consists of 1,945 BAC/BIBACcontigs, with each containing an average of 39.2 clones and having an average physical length of 559 kb. The contigs collectively span ~1,088 Mb, being 1.49 fold of the 740- Mb chickpea genome. Third, we integrated the physical map with the two existing chickpea genetic maps using a total of 172 (124 + 48) SSR markers. Fourth, we identified tightly linked markers for ABR-QTL1, increased marker density at ABR-QTL2 and studied the genetic basis of resistance to pod abortion, a major problem in the east Mediterranean, caused by heat stress. Finally, we, using the integrated map, isolated the BAC/BIBACcontigs containing or closely linked to QTL4.1, QTL4.2 and QTL8 for ABR and QTL8 for DTF. The integrated BAC/BIBAC map resulted from the project will provide a powerful platform and tools essential for many aspects of advanced genomics and genetics research of this crop and related species. These includes, but are not limited to, targeted development of SNP, InDel and SSR markers, high-resolution mapping of the chickpea genome and its agronomic genes and QTLs, sequencing and decoding of all genes of the genome using the next-generation sequencing technology, and comparative genome analysis of chickpea versus other legumes. The DNA markers and BAC/BIBACcontigs containing or closely linked to ABR and DTF provide essential tools to develop SSR and SNP markers well-suited for marker-assisted breeding of the traits and clone their corresponding genes. The development of the tools and knowledge will thus promote enhanced and substantial genetic improvement of the crop and related legumes.
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Anderson, Gerald L. y Kalman Peleg. Precision Cropping by Remotely Sensed Prorotype Plots and Calibration in the Complex Domain. United States Department of Agriculture, diciembre de 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7585193.bard.
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This research report describes a methodology whereby multi-spectral and hyperspectral imagery from remote sensing, is used for deriving predicted field maps of selected plant growth attributes which are required for precision cropping. A major task in precision cropping is to establish areas of the field that differ from the rest of the field and share a common characteristic. Yield distribution f maps can be prepared by yield monitors, which are available for some harvester types. Other field attributes of interest in precision cropping, e.g. soil properties, leaf Nitrate, biomass etc. are obtained by manual sampling of the filed in a grid pattern. Maps of various field attributes are then prepared from these samples by the "Inverse Distance" interpolation method or by Kriging. An improved interpolation method was developed which is based on minimizing the overall curvature of the resulting map. Such maps are the ground truth reference, used for training the algorithm that generates the predicted field maps from remote sensing imagery. Both the reference and the predicted maps are stratified into "Prototype Plots", e.g. 15xl5 blocks of 2m pixels whereby the block size is 30x30m. This averaging reduces the datasets to manageable size and significantly improves the typically poor repeatability of remote sensing imaging systems. In the first two years of the project we used the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), for generating predicted yield maps of sugar beets and com. The NDVI was computed from image cubes of three spectral bands, generated by an optically filtered three camera video imaging system. A two dimensional FFT based regression model Y=f(X), was used wherein Y was the reference map and X=NDVI was the predictor. The FFT regression method applies the "Wavelet Based", "Pixel Block" and "Image Rotation" transforms to the reference and remote images, prior to the Fast - Fourier Transform (FFT) Regression method with the "Phase Lock" option. A complex domain based map Yfft is derived by least squares minimization between the amplitude matrices of X and Y, via the 2D FFT. For one time predictions, the phase matrix of Y is combined with the amplitude matrix ofYfft, whereby an improved predicted map Yplock is formed. Usually, the residuals of Y plock versus Y are about half of the values of Yfft versus Y. For long term predictions, the phase matrix of a "field mask" is combined with the amplitude matrices of the reference image Y and the predicted image Yfft. The field mask is a binary image of a pre-selected region of interest in X and Y. The resultant maps Ypref and Ypred aremodified versions of Y and Yfft respectively. The residuals of Ypred versus Ypref are even lower than the residuals of Yplock versus Y. The maps, Ypref and Ypred represent a close consensus of two independent imaging methods which "view" the same target. In the last two years of the project our remote sensing capability was expanded by addition of a CASI II airborne hyperspectral imaging system and an ASD hyperspectral radiometer. Unfortunately, the cross-noice and poor repeatability problem we had in multi-spectral imaging was exasperated in hyperspectral imaging. We have been able to overcome this problem by over-flying each field twice in rapid succession and developing the Repeatability Index (RI). The RI quantifies the repeatability of each spectral band in the hyperspectral image cube. Thereby, it is possible to select the bands of higher repeatability for inclusion in the prediction model while bands of low repeatability are excluded. Further segregation of high and low repeatability bands takes place in the prediction model algorithm, which is based on a combination of a "Genetic Algorithm" and Partial Least Squares", (PLS-GA). In summary, modus operandi was developed, for deriving important plant growth attribute maps (yield, leaf nitrate, biomass and sugar percent in beets), from remote sensing imagery, with sufficient accuracy for precision cropping applications. This achievement is remarkable, given the inherently high cross-noice between the reference and remote imagery as well as the highly non-repeatable nature of remote sensing systems. The above methodologies may be readily adopted by commercial companies, which specialize in proving remotely sensed data to farmers.
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Sherman, A., D. N. Kuhn, Y. Cohen, R. Ophir y R. Goenaga. Exploring the polyembryonic seed trait in mango as a basis for a biotechnology platform for fruit tree crops. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2021.8134176.bard.
Texto completoResumen
Mango is one of the most important fruit crops. However, the biology of this fruit tree is under studied. The lack of genetic and genomic resources has limited progress in mango research and breeding. Several research groups have recently started developing genomic tools for mango by creating transcriptome and genomic data. Sexual reproduction in plants is the main pathway for the creation of new genetic combinations. In modern agriculture, breeders exploit the genetic diversity generated through sexual reproduction to develop elite cultivars; however, these cultivars require genetic stabilization before they are suitable for mass propagation for uniform crop production. In heterozygous plants such as fruit trees, vegetative propagation (cloning) is the primary path for the propagation of genetically uniform plants. Another natural plant mechanism that can create genetically uniform plants (clones) is apomixes. Apomixis is defined as asexual reproduction through seeds that lead to the production of clonal progeny whose genotype is identical to that of the mother plant. In fruit crops like citrus and mango, sporophytic apomixes result in polyembryony, where seeds contain multiple embryos, one of which is sexually originated, and the others are clones of the mother tree. As part of this research, the reference genome of mango was established as a basic platform for mango breeding and research. It was used to map two important mango traits fruit size and polyembryony. The draft genome 'Tommy Atkins' sequence was generated using NRGene de-novo Magic on high molecular weight DNA of 'Tommy Atkins,' supplemented by 10X Genomics long read sequencing to improve the initial assembly. The final 'Tommy Atkins' genome assembly was a consensus sequence that included 20 pseudomolecules representing the 20 chromosomes of mango. The availability of a genome enables the genetic dissection of important traits. We demonstrated the utility of the genome assembly and the 'Tommy Atkins' x 'Kensington Pride' map by analyzing fruit weight phenotypic data and identifying two QTLs for this trait.
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Knight, R. D. y H. A. J. Russell. Quantifying the invisible: pXRF analyses of three boreholes, British Columbia and Ontario. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331176.
Texto completoResumen
Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) technology collects geochemical data at a fraction of the cost of traditional laboratory methods. Although the pXRF spectrometer provides concentrations for 41 elements, only a subset of these elements meet the criteria for definitive, quantitative, and qualitative data. However, high-quality pXRF data obtained by correct application of analytical protocols, can provide robust insight to stratigraphy and sediment characteristics that are often not observed by, for example, visual core logging, grain size analysis, and geophysical logging. We present examples of geochemical results obtained from pXRF analysis of drill core samples from three boreholes located in Canada, that demonstrate: 1) Definitive stratigraphic boundaries observed in geochemical changes obtained from 380 analyses collected over 150 m of core, which intersects three Ordovician sedimentary formations and Precambrian granite. These boundaries could not be reconciled by traditional visual core logging methods. 2) Significant elemental concentration changes observed in 120 samples collected in each of two ~120 m deep boreholes located in a confined paleo-glacial foreland basin. The collected geochemical data provide insight to sediment provenance and stratigraphic relationships that were previously unknown. 3) Abrupt changes in the geochemical signature in a subset of 135 samples collected from a 151 m deep borehole intersecting Quaternary glacial derived till, sands, and ahomogeneous silt and clay succession. These data provide a platform for discussion on ice sheet dynamics, changes in depositional setting, and changes in provenance. Results from each of these studies highlights previously unknown (invisible) geological information revealed through geochemical analyses. A significant benefit of using pXRF technology is refining sampling strategies in near real time and the ability to increase sample density at geochemical boundaries with little increase in analysis time or budget. The data also provide an opportunity to establish a chemostratigraphic framework that complements other stratigraphic correlation techniques, including geophysical methods. Overall, data collected with pXRF technology provide new insights into topics such as spatial correlations, facies changes, provenance changes, and depositional environment changes.
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Abbo, Shahal, Hongbin Zhang, Clarice Coyne, Amir Sherman, Dan Shtienberg y George J. Vandemark. Winter chickpea; towards a new winter pulse for the semiarid Pacific Northwest and wider adaptation in the Mediterranean basin. United States Department of Agriculture, enero de 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7597909.bard.
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Original objectives: [a] Screen an array of chickpea and wild annual Cicer germplasm for winter survival. [b] Genetic analysis of winter hardiness in domesticated x wild chickpea crosses. [c] Genetic analysis of vernalization response in domesticated x wild chickpea crosses. [d] Digital expression analysis of a core selection of breeding and germplasm lines of chickpea that differ in winter hardiness and vernalization. [e] Identification of the genes involved in the chickpea winter hardiness and vernalization and construction of gene network controlling these traits. [f] Assessing the phenotypic and genetic correlations between winter hardiness, vernalization response and Ascochyta blight response in chickpea. The complexity of the vernalization response and the inefficiency of our selection experiments (below) required quitting the work on ascochyta response in the framework of this project. Background to the subject: Since its introduction to the Palouse region of WA and Idaho, and the northern Great Plains, chickpea has been a spring rotation legume due to lack of winter hardiness. The short growing season of spring chickpea limits its grain yield and leaves relatively little stubble residue for combating soil erosion. In Israel, chilling temperatures limit pod setting in early springs and narrow the effective reproductive time window of the crop. Winter hardiness and vernalization response of chickpea alleles were lost due to a series of evolutionary bottlenecks; however, such alleles are prevalent in its wild progenitor’s genepool. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: It appears that both vernalization response and winter hardiness are polygenic traits in the wild-domesticated chickpea genepool. The main conclusion from the fieldwork in Israel is that selection of domesticated winter hardy and vernalization responsive types should be conducted in late flowering and late maturity backgrounds to minimize interference by daylength and temperature response alleles (see our Plant Breeding paper on the subject). The main conclusion from the US winter-hardiness studies is that excellent lines have been identified for germplasm release and continued genetic study. Several of the lines have good seed size and growth habit that will be useful for introgressing winter-hardiness into current chickpea cultivars to develop releases for autumn sowing. We sequenced the transcriptomes and profiled the expression of genes in 87 samples. Differential expression analysis identified a total of 2,452 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between vernalized plants and control plants, of which 287 were shared between two or more Cicer species studied. We cloned 498 genes controlling vernalization, named CVRN genes. Each of the CVRN genes contributes to flowering date advance (FDA) by 3.85% - 10.71%, but 413 (83%) other genes had negative effects on FDA, while only 83 (17%) had positive effects on FDA, when the plant is exposed to cold temperature. The cloned CVRN genes provide new toolkits and knowledge to develop chickpea cultivars that are suitable for autumn-sowing. Scientific & agricultural implications: Unlike the winter cereals (barley, wheat) or pea, in which a single allelic change may induce a switch from winter to spring habit, we were unable to find any evidence for such major gene action in chickpea. In agricultural terms this means that an alternative strategy must be employed in order to isolate late flowering – ascochyta resistant (winter types) domesticated forms to enable autumn sowing of chickpea in the US Great Plains. An environment was identified in U.S. (eastern Washington) where autumn-sown chickpea production is possible using the levels of winter-hardiness discovered once backcrossed into advanced cultivated material with acceptable agronomic traits. The cloned CVRN genes and identified gene networks significantly advance our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying plant vernalization in general, and chickpea in particular, and provide a new toolkit for switching chickpea from a spring-sowing to autumn-sowing crop.
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Steffenson, B. J., I. Mayrose, Gary J. Muehlbauer y A. Sharon. ing and comparative sequence analysis of powdery mildew and leaf rust resistance gene complements in wild barley. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2021.8134173.bard.
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Our overall, long-term goal is to exploit the genetic diversity present in cereal wild relatives for the development of cultivars with durable disease resistance. Our specific objectives for this proposal were to: 1) Utilize Association Genetics Resistance Gene Enrichment Sequencing (AgRenSeq) to identify and clone powdery mildew and leaf rust resistance gene complements in wild barley and 2) Conduct comparative sequence analyses of the cloned resistance genes to elucidate the basis of their specificity and evolution. The deployment of resistant cultivars is the most effective, economically efficient, and environmentally sound means of controlling plant diseases, especially in small grain cereals. The systems selected for study in this proposal are barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare, Hvv), its wild progenitor (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum, Hvs) and the powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, Bgs) and leaf rust (Puccinia hordei, Ph) pathogens. We compiled a diverse panel of Hvs accessions (the Wild Barley Diversity Collection or WBDC; N = 314) from across its native range and evaluated it to 40 isolates of Bgs and 12 isolates of Ph. We obtained genomic DNA sequences enriched for Nucleotide Binding Site-Leucine Rich Repeat (NLR) type resistance genes for 203 WBDC accessions, plus cultivar Morex for which the first reference genome sequence of barley was based. We assembled the 250 bp Illumina sequencing reads into contigs using CLC assembly cell. From this effort, we successfully assembled the sequences of 201 WBDC accessions plus Morex and used NLR Parser to identify contigs containing NLR genes. AgRenSeq was then used to identify k-mers (short oligonucleotide sequences of length k) that were associated with resistance to each isolate of the two pathogens. This analysis was performed individually for all WBDC accessions and each individual pathogen race (9,898 host accession x pathogen race combinations). We visualized the results from these analyses in Manhattan plots and identified 311 and 144 peaks for powdery mildew and leaf rust resistance, respectively. The next step in the analysis was to identify the contigs associated with the peaks in the Manhattan plots. BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) searches were employed to identify closely related contigs in other WBDC accessions or in Morex. We identified two candidate R genes that were only present in resistant WBDC accessions. One of these was present in seven WBDC lines and was associated with resistance to four leaf rust isolates. BLAST analysis of this gene revealed that it was Rph15, one of the most widely effective leaf rust resistance genes reported in Hordeum. This gene was cloned and functionally validated in association with our Australian colleagues (Cheng et al., 2021). We are currently in the process of cloning six of other resistance genes: four for powdery mildew and two for leaf rust. As the contigs do not contain much of the promoter sequences, we have employed a genome walking approach to identify 2,500 bp of promoter sequence. To speed up and simplify the cloning of resistance genes from the WBDC, the PI established the International Wild Barley Sequencing Consortium (IWBSC; https://iwbsc.umn.edu/) comprised of over 60 researchers from 14 different countries and raised over $150,000 through crowdfunding to pay for 10X depth sequence coverage. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) of whole genome sequencing (WGS) data identified extremely strong and clear signals of association for several resistance genes which will facilitate gene cloning in concert with a wild barley pan-genome currently under construction. The cloning of multiple resistance gene can facilitate the development of durably resistant cultivars by inserting, through transgenesis, cassettes of multiple resistance genes.