Tesis sobre el tema "X-ray spectroscopy"
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Juett, Adrienne Marie 1976. "X-ray spectroscopy of low-mass X-ray binaries". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28371.
Texto completoIncludes bibliographical references (p. 125-144).
I present high-resolution X-ray grating spectroscopy of neutron stars in low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) using instruments onboard the Chandra X-ray Observatory and the X-ray Multi-Mirror Mission (XMM-Newton). The first part of this thesis concentrates on results from the subset of LMXBs with orbital periods less than an hour, known as ultracompact binaries. Previous low-resolution X-ray spectra of four systems (4U 0614+091, 2S 0918-549, 4U 1543-624, and 4U 1850-087) all contain a broad residual near 0.7 keV which had been attributed to unresolved line emission. I show that this residual is due to an incorrect model of the intervening photoelectric absorption and can be accounted for by allowing a non-standard Ne/O abundance ratio in the intervening material. I propose that there is neon-rich material local to each binary and that the mass donor is a low-mass, neon-rich degenerate dwarf in an ultracompact binary. Follow-up spectroscopy of 2S 0918-549 and 4U 1543-624 with the High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer (HETGS) onboard Chandra and the Reflection Grating Spectrometer onboard XMM confirms the excess neutral neon absorption. Interestingly, the Ne/O ratio of 4U 1543-624 varies by a factor of three between the Chandra and XMMobservations, supporting the suggestion that some of the absorption originates local to the binaries. I also present X-ray spectroscopy of another ultracompact binary, the accretion-powered millisecond pulsar XTE J0929-314. No emission or absorption features are found in the high-resolution spectrum of this source, and the neutral absorption edge depths are consistent with the estimated interstellar absorption. The second part of this thesis uses LMXBs as probes of the interstellar medium (ISM).
(cont.) High-resolution X-ray studies of ISM absorption features can provide measurements of the relative abundances and ionization fractions of all the elements from carbon through iron. X- ray studies also probe the ISM on larger scales than is possible in the optical and ultraviolet wavebands. I present high-resolution spectroscopy of the oxygen K-shell ISM absorption edge in seven X-ray binaries using Chandra. The best-fit model consists of two absorption edges and five Gaussian absorption lines and can be explained by the recent theoretical calculations of K-shell absorption by neutral and ionized atomic oxygen. Significant oxygen features from dust or molecular components, suggested in previous studies, are not required by the Chandra spectra. These measurements also probe large-scale properties of the ISM, placing a limit on the velocity dispersion of the neutral lines of less than 200 km s-1 and constraining the interstellar ratio of O II/O I to approximately 0.1 and the ratio of O III/O I to less than 0.1.
by Adrienne Marie Juett.
Ph.D.
Venturini, Federica. "Soft X-ray photoemission spectroscopy". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005GRE10175.
Texto completoThe main motivation behind this thesis has been to determine both the advantages and the disadvantages ofthe soft X-ray application of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. The investigation of a weil known system, Ag(001), enables us to discuss several questions such as the role of the photon momentum, the applicability ofthe fiee-electron-like final state approximation and the role ofphonons. The polarisation of the incoming light has also been exploited. The choice of such a system also cornes from our des ire to compare the results with calculations of angle-resolved photoemission spectra in this energy range. The anomalous low temperature properties of Ce-based compounds are generally related to the Kondo effect. Original results have been obtained by investigating the valence band of three iso-structural single crystalline Ce compounds, CeCu2Ge2, CeNi2Ge2 and CeC02Ge2. The location of the Ce M5 absorption edge within the soft X-ray energy range is exploited in order to isolate the 4f contribution to the spectra. Added to this, the use of relatively high incoming photon energies allows minimising the surface contribution. Temperature dependent, resonant, angle-resolved and angle-integrated photoemission measurements have been performed. The former are in qualitative agreement with the single impurity Anderson model, whereas the latter suggest the importance of taking the lattice into account
Krauss, Miriam Ilana. "X-ray spectroscopy of neutron star low-mass X-ray binaries". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45408.
Texto completoIncludes bibliographical references (p. 133-150).
In this thesis, I present work spanning a variety of topics relating to neutron star lowmass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) and utilize spectral information from X-ray observations to further our understanding of these sources. First, I give an overview of important X- ray astrophysics relevant to the work I present in subsequent chapters, as well as information about the X-ray observatories from which I obtained my data. In the next three chapters, I consider spectra-both high- and low-resolution--of accretion-powered millisecond X-ray pulsars, a unique and relatively new class of objects. In addition to analysis of the pulsar XTE J1814-338, I compare a broader sample of pulsars with a sample of atoll sources in order to better understand why the latter class do not contain persistently pulsating neutron stars. In particular, I test the hypothesis that pulsations in the atoll sources are suppressed by a high-optical- depth scattering region. Using X-ray color-color diagrams to define a selection criterion based on spectral state, I analyze Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) spectra from all the sources, and use a Comptonization model to obtain measurements of their optical depths. I then discuss efforts to spatially resolve X-ray jets from the accretion-powered millisecond pulsar SAX J1808.4-3658 and the Z source XTE J1701-462. Each was observed by the Chandra X-ray Observatory to produce a high-spatial-resolution image. This work was motivated in part by my analysis of XTE J1814-338, which found an apparent excess of infrared flux which could be attributed to jet emission. Next, I discuss the measured temperatures of thermonuclear X-ray bursts. The detection of line features in these bursts, and hence from the surfaces of neutron stars, has been an important goal for high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy. A measurement of the wavelengths of identified line features would yield a measurement of the neutron star's gravitational redshift, which would help constrain current models for the neutron star equation of state.
(cont.) Although such a measurement has been made for one source, other searches have not been able to repeat this measurement. I consider the effects of burst temperature on the formation of discrete spectral features, using a large sample of bursts observed by the RXTE PCA. Finally, I present analysis of high-resolution Chandra HETG spectra of a sample of Galactic LMXBs. High-resolution spectra are able to resolve line features, such as the prominent Ne and O emission lines in the ultracompact X-ray binary 4U 1626-67. They also allow for more precise measurements of photoelectric absorption edges, which can otherwise hinder the determination of continuum spectral components, particularly in the lower-energy spectral regions.
by Miriam Ilana Krauss.
Ph.D.
Såthe, Conny. "Applications of Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Mjukröntgenfysik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-159369.
Texto completoCosta, Felicissimo Viviane. "Infrared - X-ray pump probe spectroscopy". Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Theoretical Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-324.
Texto completoHowell, Mark John. "Signal processing for X ray spectroscopy". Thesis, Bangor University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361173.
Texto completoDemir, Arif. "Spectroscopy of X-ray laser media". Thesis, University of Essex, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361175.
Texto completoMOSTACCI, DOMIZIANO VALERIO. "X-RAY EMISSION FROM LASER-HEATED SPHERICAL PLASMAS". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/188093.
Texto completoRutherford, John (John Morton). "Imaging X-ray spectroscopy with micro-X and Chandra". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84183.
Texto completoThis electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 245-258).
High spectral resolution observations of X-ray phenomena have the potential to uncover new physics. Currently, only point sources can be probed with high resolution spectra, using gratings. Extended objects like supernova remnants cannot be dispersed, leaving the dense forest of emission lines blended by the moderate resolution of modern instruments. In the first half of this thesis, I undertake two investigations of the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A using the flagship X-ray observatory, Chandra. The first study combines the spatial resolution of the ACIS instrument with the spectral resolution of the dispersive HETG to investigate the evolution of ejecta knots. The second improves on statistical limits of radioactive ejecta, and simulates what higher resolution instruments may observe. Micro-X, a new high resolution X-ray telescope, is the focus of the second half. I detail the commissioning of this novel sounding rocket payload, which uses a focal plane of micro-calorimeters to achieve high spectral resolution in each pixel. The flight hardware is in a final state of testing and integration before the launch, which is anticipated in 2014.
by John Rutherford.
Ph.D.
McCluskey, Philip James. "X-ray emission and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of alloy and catalyst surfaces". Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264926.
Texto completoChan, Paul Ka-Hang. "Analytical applications of X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26186.
Texto completoScience, Faculty of
Chemistry, Department of
Graduate
Pappa, Anastasia. "X-ray spectroscopy of active galactic nuclei". Thesis, University of Leicester, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30643.
Texto completoShiwai, B. A. "X-ray absorption spectroscopy of dense plasmas". Thesis, University of Essex, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235244.
Texto completoTasker, G. William. "X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of silicate glasses". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/49574.
Texto completoMICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND SCIENCE.
Vita.
Includes bibliographies.
by G. William Tasker.
Ph.D.
Plant, Daniel. "X-ray spectroscopy of accreting black holes". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/371747/.
Texto completoPan, Lei. "Development of perovskite for X-ray detection and gamma-ray spectroscopy". The Ohio State University, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu161886103349645.
Texto completoCosta, Felicissimo Viviane. "Principles of Infrared - X-ray Pump-probe Spectroscopy". Doctoral thesis, KTH, School of Biotechnology (BIO), 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4245.
Texto completoThe present thesis concerns theoretical studies of molecular interactions investigated by infrared and X-ray spectroscopic techniques, with emphasis on using these two techniques combined in pump-probe experiments. Four main types of studies are addressed: the use of near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectra (NEXAFS) to manifest through-bond and through-space interactions; the role of hydrogen bonding in the formation of X-ray photoelectron spectra as evidenced by simulations of the water dimer; the development of theory, with sample applications, for infrared X-ray pump-probe spectroscopy; and molecular dynamics simulations of light-induced fragmentation of water clusters.
Ab initio calculations indicate that NEXAFS spectra give direct information about the through-bond and through-space interactions between vacant non-conjugated π* orbitals. It is found out that the X-ray photoelectron spectrum of the water dimer differs dramatically from the monomer spectrum in that two bands are observed, separated by the chemically shifted ionization potentials of the donor and the acceptor. The hydrogen bond is responsible for the anomalously strong broadening of these two bands. The studies show that X-ray core electron ionization of the water dimer driven by an infrared field is a proper technique to prove the proton transfered state contrary to conventional X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
The physical aspects of the proposed new X-ray spectroscopic method - phase sensitive Infrared - X-Ray Pump-Probe Spectroscopy - are examined in detail using the wave packet technique in three applications; the NO molecule and the dynamics of proton transfer in core ionized water dimer and glyoxalmonoxime. It is found out that the phase of the infrared pump field strongly influences the trajectory of the nuclear wave packet on the ground state potential, which results in a phase dependence of the X-ray pump-probe spectra. A proper choice of the delay time of the X-ray pulse allows the direct observation of the X-ray transition in the proton transfered well of the core excited potential. It is found out that the glyoxalmonoxime molecule possesses an important feature; proton transfer accompanied by core hole hopping. Special attention is paid to the quantum control of the populations of vibrational level which is of crucial importance to shape the wave packet of desirable size.
The wave packet technique becomes computationally very expensive when the number of nuclear degrees of freedom is large. Molecular dynamics is used instead in studies of light-induced nuclear kinetics in the water hexamer cluster. We predict a novel mechanism of the mechanical action of light on atoms and molecules. This mechanism is based on the rectification of the Lorentz force, which gives a unique opportunity of direct site selective mechanical action of light on atoms and molecules inside large systems like clusters or biomolecules.
Reeves, James. "X-ray spectroscopy of quasars observed with ASCA". Thesis, University of Leicester, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30625.
Texto completoSoman, Matthew. "High-resolution detectors for soft X-ray spectroscopy". Thesis, Open University, 2014. http://oro.open.ac.uk/42020/.
Texto completoBörjeson, Charlie y Julia Cohen. "X-ray Spectroscopy of Distant Active Galactic Nuclei". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-210847.
Texto completoCosta, Felicíssimo Viviane. "Principles of infrared - x-ray pump-probe spectroscopy /". Stockholm : Royal Insitute of Technology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4245.
Texto completoKashtanov, Stepan. "Theoretical modeling of X-ray spectroscopy of liquids /". Stockholm, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-187.
Texto completoMcEntaffer, Randall L. "Soft X-ray spectroscopy of the Cygnus Loop". Connect to online resource, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3284491.
Texto completoRainnie, J. A. "X-ray spectroscopy of tokamak and solar plasmas". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396222.
Texto completoCarter, James Andrew. "Lunar surface composition from X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy". Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/bda827d4-7dc7-46d5-b92a-ff18dc37d7a0.
Texto completoSmila-Castro, Ornella. "X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies of electrochemical processes". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3766/.
Texto completoLee, Jonathan Richard Ian. "X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies of electrode surfaces". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.615888.
Texto completoChadwick, Alan V. y Shelley L. P. Savin. "X-Ray absorption spectroscopy measurements on nanocrystalline materials". Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-186608.
Texto completoDunn, James. "High resolution X-ray spectroscopy of laboratory sources". Thesis, University of Leicester, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/35870.
Texto completoHobbs, Sarah. "Development of resonant inelastic X-ray scattering spectroscopy". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2012. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/349475/.
Texto completoChadwick, Alan V. y Shelley L. P. Savin. "X-Ray absorption spectroscopy measurements on nanocrystalline materials". Diffusion fundamentals 12 (2010) 17, 2010. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A12819.
Texto completoEhrman, James D. "X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Studies of Orthopedic Materials". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1248115447.
Texto completoMüller, Oliver [Verfasser]. "Hard X-ray Synchrotron Beamline Instrumentation for Millisecond Quick Extended X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy / Oliver Müller". Wuppertal : Universitätsbibliothek Wuppertal, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1120339022/34.
Texto completoVarney, Andrew John. "Development of x-ray spectrometers and x-ray spectroscopy for the Oxford electron beam ion trap". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282196.
Texto completoUnuigbe, David Moweme. "Characterisation of silicon nanoparticles produced by mechanical attrition using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12105.
Texto completoIncludes bibliographical references.
The establishment of printing technologies, using nanoparticle based inks, promises inexpensive manufacture of electronic devices. However, to produce working devices, nanoparticles have to meet requirements on size, shape, and composition. In the application of silicon nanoparticles in electronics, it is important that a network of interconnecting particles is formed through which charge transport can take place. Of further importance is that there is an absence of surface oxide in order to maintain a direct silicon-silicon connection within the network. In this work, cheap and scalable production of silicon nanoparticles is achieved efficiently with a top-down process of mechanical attrition by high energy milling.
Fuchs, Oliver. "Soft x-ray spectroscopy of organic molecules and liquids". Doctoral thesis, kostenfrei, 2009. http://www.opus-bayern.de/uni-wuerzburg/volltexte/2009/3705/.
Texto completoCarr, James. "Error analysis of X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy measurements". Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=117183.
Texto completoL'utilisation d'une théorie pour extraire des paramètres depuis des données expérimentales nécessite une compréhension des variations statistiques. De plus, l'amélioration d'une technique expérimentale repose sur la compréhension des sources d'erreurs and d'un modèle précis de l'effet des paramètres expérimentaux sur le signal et le bruit. La fonction de corrélation intensité-intensité de deuxième ordre est une quantité de mesure standardisée pour les expériences de diffusion de lumière dynamique et de spectroscopie de corrélation de photons en rayons X (X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy, XPCS). Dans cette thèse, nous comparons les variances mesurées de la fonction de corrélation à un modèle basé sur les statistiques de diffusion de lumière dynamique. Nous démontrons l'accord entre le modèle de diffusion de lumière dynamique et les données XPCS. Les expériences XPCS sont en général effectuées avec un faible flux de photons et sont utilisées pourétudier les constantes à long terme. Pour atteindre des statistiques susantes, de détecteurs à résolution spatiale sont utilisés. Nous montrons l'existence de corrélations entre pixels voisins. Ces corrélations révèlent d'importantes caractéristiques qui doivent tre inclues afin de tirer des conclusions précises des expériences XPCS.
Freeman, Adam Alexander. "Magnetic X-ray spectroscopy studies of dilute magnetic semiconductors". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2009. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10839/.
Texto completoFairbrother, P. J. "Thermal diffuse scattering in energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy". Thesis, University of Exeter, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.232967.
Texto completoNave, Gillian. "Soft X-ray spectroscopy of gas-puff z-pinch". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/38116.
Texto completoAvara, Mark J. "Precision X-ray spectroscopy of 3C 273 jet knots". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44464.
Texto completoIncludes bibliographical references (p. 55-56).
We present results from precision X-ray spectroscopy using high-resolution ([delta lambda] = 0.01A) spectra of 3C 273 jet knots extracted from eight observations made using Chandra in conjunction with the HETGS. Using these spectra we searched for narrow emission line candidates and, based on significance values calculated for the observed photon counts in each bin of the spectrum of the entire jet, we selected three possible emission candidates and attempted to match these with known highly emissive X-ray emission lines. From this calculation we found the temperature of the X-ray emitting plasma to be 106.8 K, the bulk velocity of the knots to be 0.78 times the speed of light, and the electron density in the jet to be 0.043+/-.007 .009cm-3.
by Mark J. Avara.
S.B.
Chowanietz, Eric Gunther. "Advances in CCDs for X-ray imaging and spectroscopy". Thesis, University of Leicester, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/35856.
Texto completoHicks, Leon James. "X-ray spectroscopy and electron microscopy of planetary materials". Thesis, University of Leicester, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31986.
Texto completoRogers, Thomas D. "Suborbital Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy with Gaseous Electron Multipliers". Thesis, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10151140.
Texto completoThis thesis consists of the design, fabrication, and launch of a sounding rocket payload to observe the spectrum of the soft X-ray emission (0.1-1 keV) from the Cygnus Loop supernova remnant. This instrument, designated the Off-plane Grating Rocket for Extended Source Spectroscopy (OGRESS), was launched from White Sands Missile Range on May 2nd, 2015. The X-ray spectrograph incorporated a wire-grid focuser feeding an array of gratings in the extreme off-plane mount which dispersed the spectrum onto Gaseous Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors. The gain characteristics of OGRESS's GEM detectors were fully characterized with respect to applied voltage and internal gas pressure, allowing operational settings to be optimized. The GEMs were optimized to operate below laboratory atmospheric pressure, allowing lower applied voltages, thus reducing the risk of both electrical arcing and tearing of the thin detector windows. The instrument recorded 388 seconds of data and found highly uniform count distributions over both detector faces, in sharp contrast to the expected thermal line spectrum. This signal is attributed to X-ray fluorescence lines generated inside the spectrograph. The radiation is produced when thermal ionospheric particles are accelerated into the interior walls of the spectrograph by the high voltages of the detector windows. A fluorescence model was found to fit the flight data better than modeled supernova spectra. Post-flight testing and analysis revealed that electrons produce distinct signal on the detectors which can also be successfully modeled as fluorescence emission.
Rosen, Gregory Todd. "X-ray Absorption Fine Spectroscopy of Amorphous Selenium Nanowires". Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1294448896.
Texto completoFeng, Yejun. "Exciton spectroscopy using non-resonant x-ray Raman scattering /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9642.
Texto completoChaudhry, M. A. "Electron and X-ray spectroscopy of electron-atom collisions". Thesis, University of Stirling, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379507.
Texto completoBallhausen, Ralf [Verfasser], Jörn [Akademischer Betreuer] Wilms, Jörn [Gutachter] Wilms y Randall [Gutachter] Smith. "X-ray spectroscopy of X-ray binaries / Ralf Ballhausen ; Gutachter: Jörn Wilms, Randall Smith ; Betreuer: Jörn Wilms". Erlangen : Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 2021. http://d-nb.info/1229695214/34.
Texto completoLi, Kwan-lok y 李君樂. "Study of x-ray supernovae and supersoft/quasisoft x-ray sources with an automated source search program". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46084125.
Texto completoPestehe, Sayyed Jalal. "Spectroscopic studies of X-ray laser media". Thesis, University of York, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369284.
Texto completo