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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "World Trade Organisation"

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Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 10 de marzo de 2023

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1

Aboagye, Emmanuel Mensah, Nana Osei Owusu, Monica Yamoah, Richmond Ashiagbor y Kwaku Obeng Effah. "World Trade Organisation System". Journal on Innovation and Sustainability RISUS 13, n.º 1 (7 de abril de 2022): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/2179-3565.2022v13i1p32-43.

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In today’s world, sustainable development has become the consensus of the international community. With the development and progress of the world economy and the launch of the wave of environmental protection in the world, market trade and environmental protection issues have gradually gained the full attention of government departments and people in many countries around the world, and gradually developed into one of the core issues in the global political, economic and multi-industry fields. The laws and regulations on environmental protection adopted by international organizations and countries and the basic rules of market trade constitute the basis for applying environmental control supervision. The researchers adopted a systematic online search to identify journal articles, reports, and other relevant documents related to the market trade and environmental protection. The online search was done mainly on Google, Google Scholar and Bing to retrieve related documents on market trade and environmental protection. The study unraveled a complex relationship between market trade and environmental protection, and the international community has paid too much attention. Foreign trade policy aims to avoid the development of a new market trade restriction and implementation program, protect market trade, eliminate the existing barriers to the market trade, restrict market trade laws and regulations, and finally achieve the way to increase the effectiveness of market trade. Therefore, environmental protection and market trade are two systems, and it is a core contradiction to abide by which fundamental principles are observed. To solve and deal with the relationship between market trade and the environment, it must redefine the relevant influencing factors in these two systems. The researchers suggested that through the coordination of management, there should be a careful study from the experience of relevant organizations, such as the European Union, NAFTA, OECD and then put forward specific ideas for coordinated management.

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2

Siddiqui, Kalim. "World Trade Organisation, International Trade and Prosperity". International Journal of Social and Economic Research 6, n.º 2 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-6270.2016.00014.3.

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3

Schoenbaum, Thomas J. "The World Trade Organisation and agricultural trade reform". International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology 4, n.º 3/4 (2005): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijarge.2005.007455.

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4

Eglin, Richard. "Trade and Environment in the World Trade Organisation". World Economy 18, n.º 6 (noviembre de 1995): 769–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.1995.tb00331.x.

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5

Walton, Paul. "Information Evolution and Organisations". Information 10, n.º 12 (12 de diciembre de 2019): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info10120393.

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In a changing digital world, organisations need to be effective information processing entities, in which people, processes, and technology together gather, process, and deliver the information that the organisation needs. However, like other information processing entities, organisations are subject to the limitations of information evolution. These limitations are caused by the combinatorial challenges associated with information processing, and by the trade-offs and shortcuts driven by selection pressures. This paper applies the principles of information evolution to organisations and uses them to derive principles about organisation design and organisation change. This analysis shows that information evolution can illuminate some of the seemingly intractable difficulties of organisations, including the effects of organisational silos and the difficulty of organisational change. The derived principles align with and connect different strands of current organisational thinking. In addition, they provide a framework for creating analytical tools to create more detailed organisational insights.

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6

Pant, Arati. "India and World Trade Organisation (WTO)". Quest-The Journal of UGC-ASC Nainital 6, n.º 2 (2012): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.0974-5041.6.2.015.

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7

Singh, Darshan. "World Trade Organisation – An Indian Perspective". India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 56, n.º 3-4 (julio de 2000): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492840005600310.

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8

Singh, Rakesh. "Agriculture, India and World Trade Organisation". Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective 6, n.º 1 (enero de 2002): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097226290200600106.

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9

Chishti, Sumitra. "The World Trade Organisation and India". South Asian Survey 4, n.º 2 (septiembre de 1997): 193–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097152319700400202.

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10

Sampson, Gary P. "The World Trade Organisation After Seattle". World Economy 23, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2000): 1097–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9701.00321.

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11

Pollock, A. M. "New deal from the World Trade Organisation". BMJ 327, n.º 7415 (13 de septiembre de 2003): 571–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7415.571.

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12

Deckers, Wolfgang. "China, globalisation and the World Trade Organisation". Journal of Contemporary Asia 34, n.º 1 (enero de 2004): 102–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00472330480000321.

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13

Tandon, Yash. "The World Trade Organisation and Africa's Marginalisation". Australian Journal of International Affairs 53, n.º 1 (abril de 1999): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049919994051.

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14

LABONTE, R. "Liberalisation, health and the World Trade Organisation". Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 55, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 2001): 620–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.55.9.620.

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15

Gani, Azmat. "Oman’s Entry to the World Trade Organisation, Trade Liberalisation and Trade Achievements". Atlantic Economic Journal 43, n.º 1 (18 de enero de 2015): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11293-014-9440-4.

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16

Denkers, Jeroen y Nicola Jägers. "The world trade organisation and Human Rights: The role of principles of Good Governance". Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 11, n.º 2 (26 de junio de 2017): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2008/v11i2a2778.

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The present article attempts to determine the role of principles of good governance in the discussion regarding the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and its human rights accountability. It shows that the WTO as an organisation cannot be compared to other international organisations that are more autonomous such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) or the World Bank. This does not mean, however, that the WTO has no autonomous powers at all. This contribution attempts to make clear what these activities are and how they may affect the protection of human rights. The implementation of good governance principles in international organisations can be considered a sine qua non for the realisation of human rights. Therefore, it will be examined what role the principles of good governance plays within the WTO. More specifically, the focus will be on how the good governance principles of transparency and participation can contribute to sensitising the organisation for human rights considerations.

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17

Abuseridze, Giga. "Sources of Law in the World Trade Organisation". SOCRATES. Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Juridiskās fakultātes elektroniskais juridisko zinātnisko rakstu žurnāls / SOCRATES. Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law 2, n.º 2 (2015): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/socr.02.2015.2.16-25.

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World Trade Organisation (WTO) law is, by international law standards, a wide-ranging and complex body of law. This Paper deals with the issue of sources of law in the WTO. The principal source of WTO law is the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the WTO, concluded on April 15, 1995 and in force since January 1, 1995. The author presents various sources of WTO law, such as: 1. The Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organisation; 2. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994; 3. General Agreement on Trade in Services; 4. Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Right; 5. Other Multilateral Agreements on Trade in Goods. Pasaules Tirdzniecības organizācijas (PTO) tiesību akti atbilst starptautisko tiesību standartiem; tie ir plašs un sarežģīts tiesību aktu kopums. Rakstā apskatīti PTO tiesību avoti. Galvenais PTO tiesību avots ir Marakešas līgums par Pasaules Tirdzniecības organizācijas izveidošanu. Tas noslēgts 1995. gada 15. aprīlī. Publikācijas autors iepazīstina ar vairākiem PTO tiesību avotiem, piemēram, – Marakešas līgumu par Pasaules Tirdzniecības organizācijas izveidošanu; ar Vispārējo vienošanos par tarifiem un tirdzniecību; Vispārējo vienošanos par pakalpojumu tirdzniecību; Līgumu par ar tirdzniecību saistītām intelektuālā īpašuma tiesībām un citiem daudzpusējiem nolīgumiem par preču tirdzniecību.

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18

Kumar, Mrityunjay, Ayesha Fatma y Nalin Bharti. "Access to Medicines and Medical Equipment during COVID-19: Searching Compatibility between the WTO and the WHO". India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 78, n.º 1 (5 de enero de 2022): 68–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09749284211068461.

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Affordable access to medicines is a key determinant of a country’s resilience to health crises. The modern hyper-connected international trade and production networks have a vital role to play in ensuring this accessibility, especially in the context of a pandemic. This article focuses on medicines and medical equipment and analyses the synergistic role of the two international organisations—The World Trade Organisation (WTO) and The World Health Organisation (WHO), in assuring affordable access to these goods globally. WHO is responsible for global healthcare regulations; however, the medical supply chain originates in a few developed countries, manufactured in bulk (in case of medicine) at low cost in developing countries, and finally traded worldwide. Here, the role of WTO comes in where it facilitates global trade cooperation and intellectual property rights monitoring, both key elements in medical goods production and trading. Despite the need for cooperation in mitigating COVID-19, much of the global response to COVID-19 has been fragmented and inward-looking. This lack of coordination has serious repercussions especially for developing countries. We use qualitative content analysis methodology, connecting concepts of cooperation theory and global governance to identify the joint role of the two organisations in fostering global cooperation in medical goods accessibility.

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19

Sekar, Hemavathi. "Impact of World Trade Organisation on India's Agriculture". India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 51, n.º 1 (enero de 1995): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492849505100109.

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20

Macmillan, Fiona. "Power and Resistance in the World Trade Organisation". King's Law Journal 15, n.º 2 (enero de 2004): 447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09615768.2004.11427585.

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21

Kapp, Clare. "World Trade Organisation reaches agreement on generic medicines". Lancet 362, n.º 9386 (septiembre de 2003): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14298-5.

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22

Lim, Song Soo. "Korea's approach to non-trade concerns in the World Trade Organisation". International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology 4, n.º 3/4 (2005): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijarge.2005.007458.

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23

Carter, Colin A. y Xianghong Li. "Implications of World Trade Organisation accession for China’s agricultural trade patterns". Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 46, n.º 2 (junio de 2002): 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.00174.

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24

Winham, Gilbert R. "The World Trade Organisation: Institution‐Building in the Multilateral Trade System". World Economy 21, n.º 3 (mayo de 1998): 349–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9701.00134.

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25

van Calster, Geert. "The World Trade Organisation Committee on Trade and Environment: Exploring the Challenges of the Greening of Free Trade". European Energy and Environmental Law Review 5, Issue 2 (1 de febrero de 1996): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr1996009.

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The World Trade Organisation General Council established the WTO Committee on Trade and Environment on 31 January 1995. The predecessors of this Committee are the GATT group on Environmental Measures and International Trade and the Sub-Committee on Trade and Environment of the Preparatory Committee of the World Trade Organisation. The WTO Committee has already discussed a wide range of issues involved in the "greening" of free trade. Its work reflects the definition of environmental protection as constituting an element of global free trade. Work on this article was completed on 1 August 1995.

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26

Karunanidhi, Reddy. "Developing Africa: Trade barriers, liberalization and inequality in the World Trade Organisation". African Journal of Business Management 5, n.º 22 (30 de septiembre de 2011): 8686–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajbm10.1314.

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27

Parenti, Antonio. "Accession to the World Trade Organisation: A Legal Analysis". Legal Issues of Economic Integration 27, Issue 2 (1 de septiembre de 2000): 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/275048.

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28

Kohona, Palitha T. B. "Dispute Resolution under the World Trade OrganisationAn Overview". Journal of World Trade 28, Issue 2 (1 de abril de 1994): 23–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad1994008.

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29

Cardwell, Ryan y William A. Kerr. "Can Export Restrictions be Disciplined Through the World Trade Organisation?" World Economy 37, n.º 8 (25 de abril de 2014): 1186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/twec.12173.

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30

Williams, Marc y Lucy Ford. "The world trade organisation, social movements and global environmental management". Environmental Politics 8, n.º 1 (marzo de 1999): 268–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09644019908414447.

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31

WHALLEY, JOHN y BEN ZISSIMOS. "Trade and environment linkage and a possible World Environmental Organisation". Environment and Development Economics 5, n.º 4 (octubre de 2000): 483–529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x00270289.

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32

Wróbel, Anna. "MULTILATERALISM OR BILATERALISM: THE EU TRADE POLICY IN AN AGE OF THE WTO CRISIS". Ekonomika 92, n.º 3 (1 de enero de 2013): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2013.0.1626.

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Abstract. The aim of the study is to analyze the EU trade policy in the age of the World Trade Organization (WTO) crisis. In addition to the WTO membership and a number of international agreements within this organisation, the EU is a party to many bilateral trade agreements and negotiating further. It is the side effect of the protracted negotiations in the WTO under the Doha Development Round. The paper discusses the process of proliferation of bilateral trade agreements in the world economy and its importance for the EU. The article is divided into three parts. Part One identifies the determinants of the WTO crisis. Part Two discusses the process of proliferation of bilateral trade agreements in the world economy. Part Three analyzes the EU trade policy and the system of the EU preferential trade agreements. It also examines trade relations of the EU with the Republic of Korea, India, and the United States of America as an illustration of the new EU trade strategy.Key words: bilateralism, European Union, common commercial policy, World Trade Organisation

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33

Hibner, Jacek. "The Development of an Information Society and Electronic Commerce in the European Union in the Context of Selected Documents of the EU and International Organisations". Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 15, n.º 1 (4 de julio de 2012): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10103-012-0006-x.

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Due to the rapidly growing use of the Internet, the development of electronic commerce (defined by the World Trade Organization as “the production, distribution, marketing, sale or delivery of goods and services by electronic means”1) has become one of the key aspects of today’s sustained growth. It influences productivity, facilitates the international movement of goods and services, and stimulates export and import trade. The European Union, as well as many multinational organisations, is working towards the harmonisation of their rules, and to facilitate and streamline this kind of international exchange. In this article, the author presents selected documents on electronic commerce published by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, the International Chamber of Commerce and the European Union since 1994.

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34

Popovic-Petrovic, Ivana. "World Trade Organization: Establishment, functions, objectives". Medjunarodni problemi 56, n.º 1 (2004): 93–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0401093p.

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The establishment of the International Trade Organisation was aimed at completing the process of institutionalisation of the international economic relations. The process began at Bretton Woods in 1944 with the establishment of The International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. This integration entity was planned to become a foundation of the post-war order, and was going to have a broader influence and importance than the economic one. A third pillar of the International Trade Organization has never been established, but that is why the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) came into life. It is one of those agreements, whose nearly fifty-year duration had surpassed even the duration of some states. By carrying out trade negotiations, GATT adopted to new needs. However, the moment its integrity got questioned and such a special idea began to die out, the way was found to preserve the GATT achievements and to have the innovative approach join them. This was done with the establishment of the World Trade Organisation, as an international organisation that manages multilateral agreements in the area of trade (GATT), the trade of services (GATS) and the trade aspects of the intellectual property rights. The institution is of multinational and supranational character. It has its own structure that includes the Ministerial Conferences, the General Council and the Secretariat. The WTO continues a long tradition in GATT of seeking to make decisions not by voting but by consensus, although there are also "circles of decision making" that are gradually narrowing down with the degree of the achieved economic power. The WTO is today a primary concept whose main task is to work on bringing into practice the long-standing idea of free trade. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to abide by the basic principles which the WTO has four of. They are: non-discrimination, reciprocity, market approach and fair competition. If one draws a parallel between a product?s life cycle and GATT?s life, one can understand why GATT itself had reached its peak, but was also gradually surpassed. This is why the establishment of the World Trade Organization was a new opportunity to attain all that that GATT had not managed to attain, and to set new goals for the new century. With the establishment of the WTO, GATT was transformed into an organization, and its scopes were considerably broadened. According to the author, there are several challenges before the WTO. Primarily, the process of solving problems on a multilateral level should be continued. Also facing the still powerful forces fighting for the preservation of protectionism, more pronounced in industrial countries although present in developing ones, should be continued. Even if liberalized non-discriminatory trade and investment policy are achieved, the WTO will maintain its importance as a forum for talks on new areas and issues. Perhaps the biggest challenge in the WTO?s future is to work on further integration of developing countries into the world economic trends. The process of decision making itself is perhaps the best opportunity to show to the developing countries that something has changed, the author concludes.

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35

Alex, Ann Thania. "Global Food Trade in a Rule Based System". Christ University Law Journal 10, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2021): 33–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12728/culj.18.2.

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A rule-based regime of international trade is built upon norms of equality and non-discrimination. It helps maintain equity in international trade by the observance of principles such as that of Most Favoured Nation and National Treatment. A closer inspection of the sector wise international trade practices of nations suggests that there are deviations from the rule-based mechanism of World Trade Organisation. This detrimentally impacts the balance of trade. This research article analyses the application of the rule-based regime of the World Trade Organisation with special reference to instances of inequalities in regulations imposed on trade in food products in the context of India and other developing countries. The paper concludes with an analysis of the plausible reasons for the rejection of exports from developing countries and suggests the need for the rectification of such inequalities.

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36

Khan, Akhtar Hasan. "The Impact of the Uruguay Round on World Economy". Pakistan Development Review 33, n.º 4II (1 de diciembre de 1994): 1191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v33i4iipp.1191-1203.

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International trade as an engine for economic growth is an accepted proposition in modern economic literature. Statistical and econometric analysis of crosssection and time-series data of the growth in exports and growth in GOP shows a very high correlation between the two. Normally growth in exports is twice or more than the growth in GOP for most fast-growing economies particularly the East Asian Tigers. There is hardly any country which over a decade has had a growth in GOP higher than the average rate of growth of exports in that decade. Export led growth has been vindicated by one economy after another specially in East Asia. It is therefore of great importance that the international trading system allows the free flow of goods in order to promote the growth of the world economy as a whole. After the Second World War, plans were drawn up for an International Trade Organisation (ITO) at Havana but when the US Congress declined to approve it, it was dropped. The demise of the ITO, however did not do away with the need for an international organisation to deal with negotiations for reducing tariff and non-tariff barriers to international trade. Twenty-three nations agreed to continue extensive tariff negotiations for trade concessions at Geneva which were incorporated in a General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). GATT has provided a permanent platform for reducing trade barriers. The fundamental objective of GATT is to achieve free trade through reduction in tariff and non-tariff barriers on the basis of non-discrimination, reciprocity and national treatment.................

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37

Mikhnevich, E. S. "Accession to the World trade organisation: a boon or a challenge?" Obshchestvo i ekonomika, n.º 9 (2021): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s020736760016812-2.

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The article is based on statistical data and examines the changes in the main macroeconomic indicators in eleven countries that joined the World Trade Organization in the period from 1996 to 2008. The group of countries for this study includes Bulgaria, Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Estonia, Georgia, Lithuania, Moldova, Armenia, Vietnam, Ukraine (ranked in the order of their accession to the WTO). The main goal of the study was to see an objective picture of how the fact of accession to the multilateral trading system has affected the country's economic development. The group of surveyed macroeconomic indicators comprises: gross domestic product per capita; export of goods and services; inflow of foreign direct investment; inflation rate; unemployment rate; the volume of foreign exchange reserves. Studies have shown that accession to the GATT/WTO multilateral trading system did not entail pronounced negative consequences for development processes for any of the studied countries. Macroeconomic indicators such as gross domestic product per capita, the volume of attracting foreign direct investment, the volume of exports of goods and services, the volume of foreign exchange reserves tended to grow in all states studied in the article. The unemployment and inflation rates were less stable, but the main reasons for their volatility were mainly, negative phenomena in the world economy, as well as internal political events that took place in some of the countries.

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38

Labonte, R. "Glossary on the World Trade Organisation and public health: part 2". Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 60, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 2006): 738–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2005.038950.

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39

Labonte, R. "Glossary of the World Trade Organisation and public health: part 1". Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 60, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2006): 655–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2005.037895.

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40

Hoad, Darren. "The world trade organisation: The events and impact of seattle 1999". Environmental Politics 9, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2000): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09644010008414554.

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41

Douglas, M. "World Trade Organisation agreements should be subject to health impact assessment". BMJ 320, n.º 7237 (18 de marzo de 2000): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7237.802.

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42

Ohlhoff, Stefan. "Competition Law and the World Trade Organisation: The Limits of Multilateralism". Zeitschrift für Wettbewerbsrecht 2, n.º 3 (1 de agosto de 2004): 455–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15375/zwer-2004-0307.

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43

SATTLER, THOMAS y THOMAS BERNAUER. "Gravitation or discrimination? Determinants of litigation in the World Trade Organisation". European Journal of Political Research 50, n.º 2 (10 de enero de 2011): 143–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2010.01924.x.

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44

Ryder, Richard D. "The new World Trade Organisation ? a major threat to social values". Biodiversity and Conservation 4, n.º 2 (marzo de 1995): 206–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00137785.

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45

O'Connor, Bernard y Anthony Van Ven. "Trade and Environment: an Update on the GATT Agenda". European Energy and Environmental Law Review 4, Issue 1 (1 de enero de 1995): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr1995005.

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Environmental issues on the agenda of the new World Trade Organisation; constitution of the GATT Croup on Environmental Measures and International Trade; the Committee on Trade and Environment; the purposes of these bodies; the relationship between GATT and national policies.

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46

Mason, Michael. "Representing Transnational Environmental Interests: New Opportunities for Non-Governmental Organisation Access within the World Trade Organisation?" Environmental Politics 13, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2004): 566–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0964401042000229043.

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47

Puślecki, Zdzisław W. "Foreign Trade Policy in Realisation of Economic and Political Interests". Applied Finance and Accounting 2, n.º 1 (28 de agosto de 2015): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/afa.v2i1.1058.

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In this research work, author focuses on the analysis of the theory of foreign trade policy and important political and economic interests. Realistic point is important trends in the trade regime. The decisions taken by the representatives of the governments participating in the World Trade Organisation (WTO) are, to a significant degree, influenced by various lobbies, such as organisations and unions of food producers or other non-governmental organisations, including trade unions. The main objective of the research task is to give a comprehensive analysis of the international trade policy. The particularly main concern the political economy models of foreign trade policy, protectionistic pressures in different political system, the level of protectionistic pressures, food producer pressures, international trade liberalization and environmental protection, bilateral tendencies in the foreign trade policy. It must be emphasis that on a theoretical level, understanding the choice of trade policies between liberalizm and protectionisme is very important. Despite the undeniable benefits of the multilateral WTO forum for trade liberalisation, the rapid increase of North-South bilateral and multilateral Free Trade Areas (FTAs) begs a systematic explanation for why some forums are prioritized relative to others.

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Heinisch, Elinor Lynn. "West Africa versus the United States on cotton subsidies: how, why and what next?" Journal of Modern African Studies 44, n.º 2 (junio de 2006): 251–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x06001625.

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Developing countries face considerable disadvantages in trade disputes with their more powerful and wealthier counterparts. Nonetheless, Benin, Burkina Faso and Mali successfully challenged US cotton subsidies, a watershed event in international trade relations. This article explores how the West African governments and cotton farmers confronted US policy, why they succeeded, and the campaign's likely implications. Drawing on interviews with representatives in West Africa and Geneva, public statements, documents filed with the World Trade Organisation (WTO), media coverage, and materials from non-governmental organisations, I analyse the behaviour of four key actors behind this initiative: cotton farmers, producers' unions, governments and the international financial institutions. Tactics included using the WTO's trade-dispute mechanisms, deploying many spokespeople with common messages, enlisting powerful allies, and using the media. The West African campaign is an example of politically weak countries effectively exploiting the liberal economic principles of multilateral institutions to challenge protectionist policies in the industrialised world.

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49

Schultz, Jenny y Rachel Ball. "Trade as a Weapon? The WTO and Human Rights-Based Trade Measures". Deakin Law Review 12, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2007): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dlr2007vol12no1art167.

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<p>Can the World Trade Organisation become a body for addressing human rights issues? As an international body the the WTO is growing in stature. However moves to encompass human rights concerns are unlikely to go unchallenged by developing nations, and the WTO’s internal rules add another layer of complexity. Trade sanctions can be a blunt weapon in human rights campaigns.</p>

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50

Lamy, Pascal. "Access to Medicines, Health and Trade". Journal of Generic Medicines: The Business Journal for the Generic Medicines Sector 6, n.º 3 (mayo de 2009): 184–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jgm.2009.11.

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This paper is the written version of the key opening address to the eleventh International Generic Pharmaceutical Alliance Annual Conference that took place in Geneva, Switzerland on 9-10 December 2008 as submitted by the office of Mr Pascal Lamy, Director-General of the World Trade Organisation.

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