Tesis sobre el tema "Working pairs"

This thesis was aimed to analyse the feasibility and the performance of ionic liquids as an absorbent for ammonia refrigerant in absorption refrigeration systems. Ionic liquids, novel and tailor-made absorbents, can be used with ammonia as working pairs for absorption refrigeration cycles and give some advantages such as elimination of the rectification process in ammonia/water systems. The performances of several ammonia/ionic liquid mixtures working pair available in the literature were then theoretically studied and analysed for absorption refrigeration applications using selected NRTL model. In addition, new selected ammonia/ionic liquid mixtures working pair for absorption refrigeration applications were also theoretically studied and analysed. The results show that the coefficient of performance (COP) of the absorption systems working with ammonia/ionic liquid working fluids were about similar when compared with ammonia/LiNO3 at same cooling capacity and operation conditions. Among all of selected ammonia/ionic liquid working fluids studied in this thesis, only [N1113][NTf2] presented higher COP that that of ammonia/LiNO3 at certain operation conditions. The COP of the systems with other ionic liquids as absorbents follows an order of [EtOHmim][BF4] > [N111(2OH)][NTf2] > [EtOHmim][NTf2] at all operation conditions. Finally it can be concluded that the ionic liquid has a great potential to be an alternative absorbent for ammonia refrigerant. The ammonia/ionic liquid working fluid can provide competitive performance in comparison with conventional absorbent for ammonia refrigerant. However, some drawbacks were still remains to be solved such as relatively low solubility of ammonia into ionic liquids which affects to the solution circulation mass flow ratio and relatively high viscosity of ionic liquid in comparison with other conventional absorbent which may affects to the performance of absorber and solution pump.

According to former brain surgeon, Nils Simonson, Swedish schools are wasting their students’ time by using teaching methods that lead to poor memorization, namely reading and listening as separate activities. He instead suggests that the students use methods that lead to better memorization. The study described in this rendering focuses on two of Simonson’s suggestions – discussion and peer teaching. This work accounts for a study, in which Swedish 8 thgrade English students were working in asymmetrical pairs, i.e. pairs composed by students on different levels of achievement. The study was aimed at finding an answer to the thesis question of whether working in asymmetrical pairs led to a larger or smaller improvement, on a final grammar test, than the improvement of the rest of the students in the class, who were working individually, and thus formed a control group for the study. The result was that the students in three out of four asymmetrical pairs improved their results more than the control group. Since one of the students in the fourth asymmetrical pair had been absent, they had only been working together during half the period of the study. This probably explains why their improvement was only on the same level as the improvement of the students in the control group. The answer to the thesis question is therefore that working in asymmetrical pairs led to better results on the final grammar test, than working individually. If the results of the participating students are divided into different groups, we also find that the students with the lowest results on the initial grammar test were those who improved their results the most, which could possibly be explained by a better room for improvement. Due to the short time range of the study, it was limited to one class, and the generalizability of the study is hence very low. However, it could potentially serve as a pilot study for larger research projects. My main idea of future research is thus to expand the study to a larger number of students. It would also be interesting to incorporate students on all levels of achievement into a similar research project. This work incorporates predominant teaching science theory, such as socio-cultural theories, and influential second language acquisition theory, such as the input hypothesis, the output hypothesis and focus on form instruction.

In New Zealand, approximately 10% of births are considered premature, that is less than 37 weeks gestation. With advances in medical technology, young infants are surviving gestation periods as few as 23 weeks. It is expected that many of these severely premature infants will demonstrate some problem in their academic, or cognitive function including language functioning. It is agreed that children who are born severely premature often present with language problems, the nature of the difficulties are not clear. Research examining language abilities that involve cognitive functions such as inference generation have demonstrated that children born prematurely exhibit difficulties with phonologic short-term memory and executive function. Language tasks such as inference understanding require children to integrate real-world knowledge with the linguistic information to generate and produce language that is more complex. The aim of this study was to discover if the language of children born severely premature differs from that of language-age matched peers. This study examined high-level language abilities of school-age children born severely prematurely, specifically, language tasks that involved executive functions including working memory, story inferencing, and recognising absurdities. Six children who were born less than 28 weeks gestation participated in this study. Their results on the above measures were compared to a language-aged matched comparison group, determined by performance on a standardised test. It was hypothesised that the children born severely premature would not differ from their language-age matched peers on measures of general language ability but differences would exist on measures of language processing and inferencing. The findings overall showed little difference between the preterm group and their language-age matched peers on measures except for the measure of chronological age. Although no group difference was found for the measure of working memory, a larger variance on this measure was observed in the preterm group.

This work presents the design of a double effect thermochemical heat pump based on the calcium chloride-ammonia and magnesium chloride-ammonia working pairs. The work began with a comprehensive theoretical and literature review of the similar systems which exist in the literature. Once the literature review was done, a large temperature jump experimental rig was built in order to be able to determine the behaviour of the relevant working pairs. Even though the focus of the work is thermochemical reactions, the activated carbon-ammonia pair was first used to validate the large temperature jump rig. The reason for this is that the activated carbon-ammonia pair is better understood compare to the thermochemical reactions. The experiments on the activated carbon- ammonia pair yielded some useful results. The results obtained show that two heat transfer properties (thermal conductivity, k and heat transfer coefficient, h) with physical meaning can be extracted from large temperature jump data. Furthermore, the change in thermal conductivity with the packing density of the adsorbent was investigated. The general trend was one of increasing thermal conductivity as the packing density was increased, the thermal conductivity increased from 0.2Wm‾¹K‾¹ to 0.4Wm‾¹K‾¹ as the packing density was increased from 530kgm‾³ to 705kgm‾³. When the calcium chloride-ammonia and magnesium chloride-ammonia working pairs were investigated in the large temperature jump setup, the kinetic parameters for each respective reaction were obtained. This enabled the development of a dynamic model of a representative thermochemical heat pump based on the aforementioned working pairs. The dynamic model helped to investigate the performance of the heat pump under various operating conditions. The coefficient of performance (COP) and the specific heating power ranged from 1.21 to 1.40 and 40W/litre to 400W/litre respectively depending on the operating conditions.

This study examined the idea that each mathematical operation (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) is mainly linked to one of the components of working memory as proposed by Baddeley. The phonological loop, visual-spatial sketchpad and central executive have been studied using a dual-task methodology with 7 different secondary tasks. 35 undergraduate and graduate students were timed in their response time for mental calculation and error rates were calculated. Results show clear differences of operations and of number pairs. Interaction between conditions and operations was just approaching significance. Results did not give support to the idea that operations can be linked to a certain working memory component. Several factors, such as language, problem size, lack for detail in the working memory model, difficulty of the secondary tasks, and internal validity problems are discussed with regard to the results and mental arithmetic.

Notre thèse vise à étudier expérimentalement les effets de différents types de situations conversationnelles de co-résolution de problèmes sur les activités cognitives d'élèves de S.E.G.P.A. en grande difficulté scolaire (Section Enseignement Général Professionnel Adapté). Elle s'inscrit dans une approche socio-constructiviste du fonctionnement et du développement du système cognitif et prend appui sur la thèse vygotskienne postulant l'origine sociale des processus mentaux supérieurs et sur les travaux s'en réclamant, attestant que les interactions et les significations de la tâche et/ou du contexte favorisent le fonctionnement et le développement des activités mentales supérieures. Trois expérimentations ont été réalisées, mettant les participants dans des situations de résolution de problèmes selon plusieurs types de contextes interactifs : face à face, au téléphone, en vidéoconférence, via une messagerie instantanée (MSN), et en individuel. Les résultats mettent en évidence l'intérêt du travail en dyade et font apparaître des différences quant aux performances, au temps de résolution, au nombre et la nature des actes de communication lors de la co-résolution. L'analyse des échanges au moyen de l'analyse interlocutoire valide la thèse selon laquelle les deux fonctions (communicative et significative) des médiations sémiotiques s'accomplissent en même temps lors des transactions conversationnelles pour construire l'intersubjectivité, et sont appropriées par les partenaires pour (ré)organiser les systèmes cognitifs individuels
Our thesis aims at study experimentally the effects of various types of conversational situations of co-resolution of problems on cognitive activities upon teenagers attending the “college” and in great school difficulty. It falls under a socio-constructivist approach of functioning and development of the cognitive system, and takes support on the vygotskian thesis postulating a social origin of higher mental processes and on researches supporting it, stating that the interactions and the significance of the task and/or the context can promote the functioning and development of higher mental activities. Three experiments were organized. Participants had to solve problems according to several types of interactive contexts: face to face, on the telephone, in videoconferencing, via instant messaging (MSN), and individually. The results highlight the interest of working in dyad and reveal differences as for the performance, the time of resolution of the task, the number and the nature of communication acts carried out during the co-resolution. The interlocutory analysis of the exchanges validates the thesis that the two functions (communicative and significant) of the semiotic mediations are achieved simultaneously within transactions to build the intersubjectivity, and are appropriate by partners to (re)organize their own cognitive system. The differences observed can also allow to give some guidelines of work on the development of devices of teaching and learning with “college” students with learning difficulties or not

This thesis examines the role of women in the Parisian economy in the late thirteenth century. The Livre des metiers of Etienne Boileau offers normative provisions regarding societal structures that permitted but restricted the participation of women, while the tax rolls commonly known as the roles de la taille de Philippe le Bel furnish numbers which show their actual participation. While these sources are well known, they have not heretofore been rigorously examined. Conclusions about women based on them have been amorphous. Married women are nearly invisible in these records, but unmarried women and widows headed 13.6% of Parisian workshops. Women monopolized the Parisian silk industry. About one-third of Parisian women in the late thirteenth century worked in jobs traditionally considered "women's work," including the preparation of food and clothing, peddling food on the street, and providing personal services. The other two-thirds did nearly every kind of work that men did. A "putting out" system was well in place in Paris at this time. Women classified as chambrieres or ouvrieres worked at home, spinning and weaving raw materials provided by an entrepreneur and selling back to the entrepreneur the finished product. Working at home allowed a woman to combine household duties with production for the marketplace. Girls usually learned a trade by working alongside their parents. Formal apprenticeships were less common for girls than for boys. While women could and did participate in nearly every trade, their numbers were concentrated in the lowest-paid metiers. The few women who practiced trades dominated by men were much more successful financially.

Este estudio investiga la conductividad térmica de fluidos de trabajo para ciclos de refrigeración por absorción activados por energía solar o calor residual. Una mezcla prometedora es el NH3+LiNO3. Sin embargo, el conocimiento de las propiedades termofísicastales como la conductividad térmica,son necesarias para un diseño adecuado de estos sistemas. Por lo tanto, en este trabajo se ha medido la conductividad térmica de esta mezcla con una fracción másica de amoníaco ente el 0.3-0.6 y temperaturas de entre 303.15 y 353.15 K. Los resultados obtenidos muestran valores bajos de conductividad térmica, y se sabe que la baja conductividad es una de las limitaciones principales en el desarrollo de los fluidos de transferencia de calor. Para superar esta limitación, se propuso la adición de agua o nanotubos de carbono a la mezcla binaria (NH3+LiNO3). Se ha visto que la adición de un tercer componente indica una mejora en la conductividad térmica en ambos casos. Las medidas de conductividad térmica se llevaron a cabo mediante el método transitorio de hilo caliente y dos equipos experimentales diferentes fueron diseñados y construidos en este trabajo. La incertidumbre en las mediciones se estima en menos del0.025 W•m-1•K-1. Por último, los datos experimentales se correlacionaron con un modelo matemático basado en el “local composition concept” y teniendo en cuenta el efecto de los electrolitos.
This study investigates the thermal conductivity of working fluids for absorption refrigeration cycles activated by solar energy or waste heat. A promising mixture is NH3+LiNO3. However, accurate thermophysical properties such as thermal conductivity are needed for adequate design, analysis and evaluation of such systems. Therefore, this property has been measured with ammonia mass fraction range from 0.3 to 0.6 and temperatures between 303.15 and 353.15 K. Results show low values in thermal conductivity, and it is known that low thermal conductivity is a primary limitation in the development of energy-efficient heat transfer fluids that are required in these systems. To overcome this limitation, the addition of water or carbon nanotubes to the binary mixture (NH3+LiNO3)was proposed. It has been seen that the addition of a third component indicates an enhancement in the effective thermal conductivity in both cases. Thermal conductivity measurements were carried on with the transient hot wire technique and two different devices were designed and built in this work. Uncertainty in the measurements was estimated to be less than 0.025 W•m-1•K-1. Finally, the experimental data was fitted with a comprehensive model based on the local composition concept and the effect of electrolytes.

Les émissions de CO2 provenant des activités industrielles ont été un facteur majeur de la hausse rapide des températures mondiales au cours du siècle dernier. La menace du réchauffement climatique a poussé la plupart des pays industrialisés à s'engager à réduire les concentrations de CO2. Cette thèse est consacrée à deux thèmes liés à la réduction des émissions de CO2. La première partie consiste à utiliser des systèmes de pompes à chaleur à absorption pour convertir l'énergie de basse qualité en énergie de haute qualité, augmentant ainsi l'efficacité énergétique des systèmes industriels, réduisant la consommation d'énergie et les émissions de CO2. Les données VLE des solutions IL-eau ont été corrélées en utilisant les modèles NRTL et e-NRTL. Des calculs supplémentaires ont été effectués pour évaluer les performances des fluides de travail dans les ARS sous différentes conditions de fonctionnement. Les résultats indiquent que la paire de travail sélectionnée présente de bonnes performances et un potentiel de remplacement des paires traditionnelles.La deuxième partie de la thèse se concentre sur la modélisation des mélanges contenant du CO2 , and particulier les mélanges avec les alcanes et les fluides frigorigènes. La version multipolaire de l’équations d'état SAFT-VR Mie a été choisie pour étudier le comportement de phase et les propriétés de transport de ces mélanges. Un modèle prédictif pour ces mélanges a ainsi été développé, afin de déterminer leurs équilibres entre phase. Un très bon accord avec les données expérimentales de corps pur et des mélanges est obtenu, démontrant le rôle important du terme multipolaire dans l’équation d’état
CO2 emissions from industrial activities have been a major factor in the rapid rise in global temperatures over the last century. The threat of global warming has prompted most industrialized countries to commit to reducing CO2 concentrations. This thesis focuses on two themes related to CO2 emission reduction. The first part is to use absorption heat pump systems to convert low-grade energy into high-grade energy, thereby increasing the energy efficiency of industrial systems, reducing energy consumption and CO2 emissions. The ELV data of IL-water solutions were correlated using NRTL and e-NRTL models. Additional calculations were performed to evaluate the performance of working fluids in ARS under different operating conditions. The results indicate that the selected working pair has good performance and potential to replace traditional pairs.The second part of the thesis focuses on the modeling of mixtures containing CO2, and in particular mixtures with alkanes and refrigerants. The multipolar version of the SAFT-VR Mie equation of state was chosen to study the phase behaviour and transport properties of these mixtures. A predictive model for these mixtures was thus developed, in order to determine their phase equilibria. A very good agreement with the pure component and mixture experimental data is obtained, demonstrating the important role of the multipolar term in the equation of state

This dissertation examines the formation of an agro-industrial working class within the citrus industry of Valencia, Spain. In a region that was historically defined by intensive agricultural production for market, the citrus industry in Valencia became the dominant economic sector in the decades prior to the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936. Its workers, straddling the agricultural and the industrial, the rural and the urban, entered into a socio-economic relationship with the rural bourgeoisie in charge of the industry. This relationship was administered through the formation of jurados mixtos (mixed commissions), associations, and citrus cooperatives that directed the harvest, worked out export contracts, began irrigation projects, and organized labor. World War I produced a crisis within the industry due to the collapse of export markets and the lack of available shipping. Workers and small farmers suffered the brunt of the effects, and as a result, their relationships with the bourgeoisie began to break down. By the declaration of the Second Republic in 1931, workers and farmers had become far more politicized and dissatisfied. As landowners and commercial agents fled Valencia after the outbreak of war in 1936, workers and smallholders banded together in collectives, based on the established tradition of cooperation, to preserve the harvest and direct orange exports, the profits of which were increasingly important in the face of prolonged conflict.I rely heavily on documentary evidence from local journals and newspapers, political organizations, contemporary photographs, and local associations. Utilizing gender and labor theory and theories from cultural studies, I show the process of proletarianization through an examination of the labor culture within Valencia in order to complicate our categories of agricultural and industrial work and how the people of Valencia created a regional identity based on orange production.

This thesis argues for the cultural space of late nineteenth-century Parisian shopgirls as a position of power. The shopgirls' role in society is an ambiguous position connecting fashion consumer culture, class divides, gender and identity perceptions, and the workspace. Using James Tissot's Femme à Paris series, specifically the image Demoiselles de Magasin, and Emile Zola's novel Au Bonheur des Dames as primary sources, I examine the role of the shopgirl as a liminal position within the definition of the iconic 'La Parisienne' woman. By looking at women's work and the role of shopgirls in the boutique and department store world of fashion and consumerism, we can see how shopgirls' unique position gives historical significance to this kind of work. By looking at painting and literature as primary media, we can see how pervasive the shopgirl and La Parisienne imagery really at this time. Using a feminist approach, this thesis shows how the shopgirl occupies a particular social space for women in nineteenth-century France, perhaps even a somewhat influential position in Parisian culture, as she is a primary facilitator in the fashion world for transmitting 'taste'— a marketable branding tool of French fashion that permeates the iconic ideals of French fashion.

France's transition from an agrarian-aristocratic to an industrial-consumer society accelerated in the late nineteenth century due to important innovations in the retail industry. The department store introduced fixed prices and rapid turnover of goods, making consumption easier and faster. These innovations were then spread to the working class of Paris at the Grands Magasins Dufayel. The store became more than merely a retail destination, however, as it supplied a form of leisure space and consumer entertainment in the working-class area of northern Paris. It also diffused advertising promoting a vision of a future consumer society in which the working class would enjoy greater material wealth and social opportunities, rendering traditional paternalism obsolete. In spite of its prominence in late nineteenth-century Paris, however, the Dufayel department store has been largely dismissed by current historiography which sees the advent of consumer culture as a fundamentally bourgeois phenomenon. But by considering the Dufayel experiment on its own terms rather than as an imitation of bourgeois consumer culture we gain new insights on several aspects of late nineteenth-century consumer culture. We learn that in many ways the bourgeoisie was ambivalent with respect to the emergence of consumer culture, seeking whenever possible products or advertisements that hid their mass-produced origin. In this light the department store itself, far from being a tool for the dissemination of bourgeois values, was often a threat to those values, and its elaborate advertising was needed to distract the bourgeois shopper from this fact. Bourgeois ambivalence about consumer culture was expressed in the outbreak of food-adulteration anxiety in the late nineteenth-century press, when consumer culture was associated with the decline in quality and, more importantly, the loss of authenticity in French food. Finally we are able to see how one example of consumer technology--the phonograph--triumphed in turn-of-the-century Paris because promoters were able to exploit class divisions in order to shape the public into a common consumer market.
La transformation de la France d'une nation agraire et aristocratique à une société de consommation industrielle s'est accélérée en fin du XIXe siècle en raison d'importantes innovations dans le secteur commercial. Le grand magasin a introduit les prix fixes et les taux de rotation rapide des marchandises, ce qui a rendu la consommation plus facile et plus rapide. Ces innovations ont ensuite été étendues à la classe ouvrière de Paris aux Grands Magasins Dufayel. Le magasin est devenu plus qu'une simple destination de détail en fournissant de l'espace de loisir et de divertissement dans les quartiers populaires du nord de Paris. Il a également diffusé la publicité proposant une vision de la société de consommation future dans laquelle la classe ouvrière bénéficierait d'une nouvelle richesse matérielle ainsi que des opportunités sociales, rendant obsolète le paternalisme traditionnel. En dépit de son importance à la fin du XIXe siècle, Dufayel a été largement ignoré par l'historiographie actuelle qui voit la culture de la consommation comme un phénomène fondamentalement bourgeois. Mais en considérant l'expérience Dufayel selon ses propres termes, plutôt que comme une imitation de la culture bourgeoise, nous pouvons acquérir de nouvelles connaissances sur plusieurs aspects de la culture de consommation à la fin du XIXe siècle. Nous apprenons que de nombreuses façons la bourgeoisie était ambivalente à l'égard de la culture de consommation, recherchant les produits ou les publicités qui déguisait leur origine industrielle. Dans cette perspective le grand magasin lui-même, loin d'être un outil pour la diffusion des valeurs bourgeoises, a souvent menacé ces valeurs; sa publicité était un moyen de détourner l'acheteur bourgeois de ce fait. Cette ambivalence a été exprimée dans la presse du XIXe siècle sous la forme de l'anxiété à propos du frelatage alimentaire quand la culture de consommation a été associée à une baisse de qualité et à la perte de l'authenticité de la cuisine française. Enfin nous pouvons voir comment une technologie de consommation - le phonographe - a triomphé à Paris quand les promoteurs ont réussi à exploiter les préjugés de classe afin de créer un marché de consommation commun.

The aim of this research is to examine with a qualitative, ethnographic approach and in particular through participant observation and in-depth interviews, the conditions in which the situation of a specific disadvantaged population, in particular young people coming from working class households, could be endangered in terms of social exclusion, poverty and social disadvantage in two different national - France and Italy - and local contexts – Quarto Oggiaro in Milan and the Haut Montreuil in the Paris urban area. In fact, there are specific conditions, which may vary from one environment to another and can increase or decrease these risks. We will focus in particular on social trajectories (especially in education and the labour market), inter-generational and family trajectories and the living conditions, experiences and practices of young people residing in relatively poor and deprived, lower-class neighbourhoods. One of our main objectives is to understand if, and if so how, neighbourhood poverty can affect the opportunities and social outcomes of the people living there; in particular young people. What we mean to observe are the spatial mechanisms which, next to other important elements, such as the family and social background, influence an individual’s life, structuring opportunities and deprivations regarding, in particular, education, the labour market, family relations and, more in general, social relations and social capital. Therefore, it is important to note that the objective of this research is not the one of giving a portrait and description of these two specific neighbourhoods but we are more interested on the general processes and mechanisms.

The aim of this study is to gain a comprehensive illustration of the experience of non-serious, non-chronic, general aches and pains, and their associated risk factors in the workplace. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was carried out in 23 different workplaces in Scotland, inviting individuals to comment on their pain prevalence, pain responses, and pain experience in relation to the Glasgow Pain Questionnaire (GPQ; Thomas et al., 1996). The GPQ provides an index of total pain experience, Pain Frequency, Pain Intensity, Ability to Cope with Pain, Pain Emotion and Pain impact. Although response rates were low (24%), 1888 workers participated in the final study, representing a variety of ten different industry groups. Results showed that the prevalence of general aches and pains was high (70%), for which workers were most likely to either present to a primary care professional (doctor or dentist), or to take a medication that they had close at hand. One third of those suffering for general aches and pains did not act on them at all. Prevalence of non-troublesome general aches and pains varied marginally in relation to risk factors, although an adjusted association was found between the likelihood of pain and some demographic groups (female sex, having a chronic condition). An association was also found between pain prevalence and higher work stress. Adjusted responses to pain differed in relation to pain site and pain cause, although demographic and work variables show little association, after adjustment, with the decision to act on or consult for pain. The more negative the pain experience, the more likely workers were to act or consult, although ‘Ability to Cope with Pain’ showed no association with either acting or consulting. After adjustment for age and gender, the experience of pain was relatively similar across pain sites, although it was more negative in long-term conditions, or where medical intervention was required.

Cette thèse analyse les recompositions du salariat populaire à travers l’étude du monde professionnel des ouvriers des entrepôts logistiques. L’enquête combine analyses qualitatives et quantitatives : une ethnographie du travail en entrepôt à Melun-Sénart, en grande couronne parisienne, et des analyses statistiques sur les caractéristiques socioéconomiques, les conditions de travail et les trajectoires professionnelles des ouvriers à l’échelle nationale. Ces emplois en expansion participent du déplacement des ouvriers vers le secteur tertiaire et les grandes métropoles depuis le début des années 1980. Les ouvriers de la logistique constituent une main d’oeuvre mobile en raison de la place centrale des contrats précaires (intérim, CDD) et de la pénibilité des conditions de travail. L’étude de leurs carrières très diverses et souvent complexes interroge les conditions, les coûts et les ressorts subjectifs de la stabilisation professionnelle dans l’emploi ouvrier
This thesis analyses the remaking of the working class through the study of the professional world of logistics warehouse workers. The survey combines qualitative and quantitative analyses: an ethnography of warehouse work in Melun-Sénart, in the greater Paris region, and statistical analyses on the socio-economic characteristics, working conditions and professional trajectories of blue-collar workers at the national level. These expanding jobs have been part of the shift of workers to the tertiary sector and large metropolitan areas since the early 1980s. Logistics workers are a mobile workforce due to the development of precarious contracts (temporary, fixed-term contracts) and the difficult working conditions. The study of their very diverse and often complex careers raises questions about the conditions, costs and subjective drivers of vocational stabilization in workers' employment

Tese de Doutoramento apresentada ao ISPA - Instituto Universitário
O objectivo deste estudo foi verificar se a segurança das representações mentais da relação de vinculação das crianças se correlaciona com um maior conhecimento das emoções, na idade do pré-escolar. Participaram 176 crianças do distrito de Lisboa, com idades entre os 3 e 5 anos. Utilizou-se a escala contínua de segurança do Attachment Story Completion Task e o Teste do Conhecimento das Emoções. Os resultados sugerem que as crianças com modelos internos seguros apresentam um maior conhecimento das emoções, não havendo influência da capacidade verbal. Este estudo sugere que crianças com modelos internos seguros experienciam relações mais calorosas com os seus cuidadores, nas quais é possível partilharem e discutirem experiências emocionais de forma aberta e suportada permitindo que estas apresentem um maior conhecimento emocional.
ABSTRACT: The present study aims to clarify the relation between attachment representations and emotional knowledge in preschool children. 176 children from Lisbon participated in the study, they were between 3 and 5 years of age. Quality of attachment representations was assessed with the security scale of Attachment Story Completion Task and emotional knowledge was assessed with the portuguese adaptation of Affect Knowledge Test. Our results suggest that children with secure internal working models show more emotional knowledge. No differences were found regarding verbal ability. These findings suggest that children with secure internal working models experience warmer relationships with their caregivers, sharing and discussing emotional experiences in an open and supported way, allowing for a greater emotional knowledge.
Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT)
Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT)

Cette thèse en études urbaines s’intéresse à la socialisation urbaine des jeunesses populaires des quartiers de centre ancien à Paris et Barcelone. Elle s’appuie sur une enquête ethnographique menée entre février 2018 et janvier 2020 dans les quartiers de la Chapelle et du Raval, et mobilise un matériau pluriel. Se posant en contrepoint de l’idée d’une socialisation juvénile populaire uniquement basée sur l’entre-soi du groupe de pairs et les sociabilités de quartier, la thèse apporte un éclairage sur la réception de la gentrification et de la mixité sociale par les milieux populaires en centre ancien. Elle s’inscrit dans la lignée des travaux qui complexifient la gentrification vue comme un processus univoque et linéaire de déplacement-substitution, et interroge les stratégies développées par les individus pour y faire face. L’étude des trajectoires urbaines et résidentielles individuelles des jeunesses populaires révèle des inscriptions urbaines plurisituées qui s’appuient sur des relations de proximité et un ancrage au quartier. Celles-ci peuvent être subies, mais résultent également de stratégies individuelles et familiales pour maintenir une présence en ville, influencées par les politiques urbaines locales. L’analyse des rapports au quartier construite autour de quatre idéaux-types permet ensuite de comprendre le rôle différencié que prend la centralité urbaine pour les« installés », les « arrivés », les « de passage » et les « de retour ». Enfin, les situations de cohabitation en centre ancien donnent lieu à des négociations entre différents groupes sociaux. L’analyse de ces négociations dans un espace public urbain parisien permet d’interroger les modes de gestion de la cohabitation en articulant les politiques institutionnelles et les pratiques infrapolitiques que développent les jeunesses populaires. En définitive, cette thèse met en lumière une citadinité populaire juvénile qui se négocie en permanence et transforme la ville alors même que cette dernière se transforme
This dissertation in Urban Studies is concerned with working-class young people living in two central neighborhoods of Paris (France) and Barcelona (Spain), focusing on the way they socialize. Relying on ethnographic fieldwork undertaken between 2018 and 2020, this study gathers a large range of tools and data. Interrogating prejudices on youth socialization, usually understood as peer-(group) sociability embedded in the neighborhood, this study sheds light on the way in which Inner Cities working-class respond to gentrification and social mix. Focusing on young people’s strategies developed to answer gentrification, this research is in line with existing literature defining gentrification as a complex dynamic, rather than linear, one-way processes of displacement and substitution. The analysis of individual urban trajectories, and residential trajectories within the workingclass youth population, reveals a multi-sited urban belongings, that rely on local relationships and take root in the neighborhoods. While they may be imposed, these relations also arise from individual and family strategies to ensure a continuing presence in the city, influenced by local urban policies. This analysis of relationships to the neighborhood, based on four typical patterns, allows to understand how urban centrality plays a differentiated role for those who are "settled in", "arriving", "passing through" and "returning". Finally, situations of cohabitation in old city centers involve negotiations between different social groups. Examining these negotiations in Parisian urban public space allows us to question ways of managing cohabitation by articulating institutional policies and the infrapolitical practices developed by working-class youth. In sum, this study highlights how young working-classcity-dwellers are constantly negotiating and transforming the city, while at the same time the city itself is being transformed

Cette étude, qui porte sur la spécificité de la déviance féminine juvénile dans l’immédiat après- imguerre, s’inscrit dans une histoire de la justice, de la jeunesse et du genre. Á partir d’archives judiciaires, les dossiers individuels du Tribunal pour enfants de la Seine et du Centre d’observation de Chevilly-Larue, elle retrace, à travers les mots des « experts » et les paroles des jeunes filles, l’essentiel de la sociabilité juvénile féminine, tout en cernant le contexte social et familial des classes populaires dans le Paris de la Libération. Ces éléments permettent de mettre en lumière l’importance des normes de genre dans la société des années 1950 : une « mauvaise fille » n’équivaut pas à un « mauvais garçon ». Cette thématique est abordée en termes de parcours et de portraits. Ainsi se dégagent les trois figures centrales de ce travail : des délinquantes, peu dangereuses pour le corps social ; des fugueuses, nombreuses et inquiétantes car susceptibles de tomber dans la troisième catégorie, la plus menaçante : celle des débauchées. La dimension morale est donc au centre des attentes concernant les conduites féminines juvéniles. L’intervention de la justice, par conséquent, se présente essentiellement comme le régulateur des supposés débordements sexuels des adolescentes : le traitement judiciaire des mineures délinquantes, fugueuses et débauchées, se résume à leur enfermement dans des institutions religieuses. Tout en soulignant le poids de l’ordre moral et l’importance du contrôle social dans la décennie qui suit la Seconde Guerre mondiale, cette étude pointe néanmoins également la force de résistance et l’élan vital de certaines de ces « mauvaises filles », incorrigibles, qui se jouent des conventions et décident malgré tout de vivre libres
This study focuses on the specific features of feminine juvenile delinquency in the immediate post war period. It is situated at the crossroads of the history of Justice, Youth and Gender. Based on judiciary archives -- the individual files from the Seine Juvenile Court and from the« Observation center » of Chevilly-Larue (both located near or in Paris) – it analyses the experts' words and the girls' own voices, while endeavouring to locate them in the social and family contexts of the working classes in the decade following the Liberation of Paris. These elements pinpoint the central position of gender norms in the 50s: a “bad girl” is not the female version of a “bad boy”. Portraits of girls and their trajectories illustrate this statement. From this detailed study, three central character emerge: the offenders – who are not so dangerous for society; the runaways, numerous and ominous because they are likely to fall into the third category, that of the depraved, who are the most threatening. Morality is therefore at the core of society’s expectations regarding feminine juvenile conduct. Consequently, the intervention of Justice consists mainly in regulating the female teenagers and their supposed sexual misconduct. The judiciary response to minor offenders, runaways and depraved girls resides inevitably in confining the delinquent in a catholic institution run by nuns. While this work shows how heavy handed were the moral order and social control in the 1950s, it also illustrates the agency, strength and vitality of some of these “bad girls”, irredeemable, playing with social conventions and deciding to live freely -- whatever the cost

La thèse se positionne au croisement de la problématique de la publicisation des problèmes sociaux et de celle de la transformation des engagements militants. La recherche entend expliquer, par une double approche locale et internationale, l’essor de la participation associative depuis les années 1970 dans les quartiers populaires urbains situés en périphérie de Paris et de Buenos Aires. La première partie est consacrée à l’analyse des théories politiques du fait associatif et à leur insertion au sein d’une sociologie empirique de la participation associative. La généalogie de la notion de société civile est mise en relation avec l’avènement de la démocratie moderne afin d’inscrire l’essor associatif des dernières décennies dans une perspective historique de longue portée. Notre approche de la participation associative est ensuite explicitée en référence à trois grandes thématiques du fait associatif : le tiers secteur, le capital social et l’engagement militant.La deuxième partie articule la participation associative avec les transformations socio-économiques des classes populaires et le développement des politiques sociales territorialisées. L’analyse d’une association dans le territoire français illustre d’abord les possibilités offertes par la désagrégation du système politique communiste des « banlieues rouges » et l’intervention croissante de l’État dans les quartiers populaires au travers de la politique de la ville. L’étude de l’activité et du fonctionnement de cette association, des années 1980 aux années 2000, met en lumière à la fois la capacité des acteurs à s’auto-organiser en référence à un problème public local et les tensions générées par la relation partenariale avec les pouvoirs publics. En Argentine, les conséquences de la fragilisation de la société salariale sur les formes de sociabilités populaires dans la périphérie urbaine de Buenos Aires sont analysées au travers d’une association qui s’inscrit dans le prolongement du mouvement social des travailleurs au chômage (piqueteros). Le rôle d’intermédiaire des politiques sociales joué par cette association permet de questionner les liens qui unissent ces organisations populaires aux pouvoirs publics et le possible redéploiement des réseaux politiques clientélaires du péronisme.La troisième partie s’attache à analyser la participation associative en relation avec les évolutions des principaux partis politiques des classes populaires et les changements intervenus dans les configurations politiques locales. Dans le cas français, les phénomènes de désengagement communiste et de désarticulation des « organisations satellites » du parti sont intégrés à l’analyse d’une association regroupant d’anciens militants communistes. Les trajectoires de ces militants et le fonctionnement de cette association permettent de cerner les raisons d’un changement dans les formes d’engagement et de s’interroger sur le processus d’autonomisation des associations locales à l’égard des systèmes politiques. Dans le cas argentin, la recomposition des liens entre le parti justicialiste et les classes populaires est questionnée au travers de l’analyse d’une association fondée par des militants péronistes dans le contexte d’un discrédit des institutions politiques. L’adaptation de ces militants politiques à la forme associative illustre les changements dans les modalités d’engagement et permet une réflexion sur la proximité entre les associations locales et les partis politiques
This thesis is situated at the intersection of two historical phenomena: the publicization of social problems and the transformation of activist commitment. The research undertaken has sought to explain, through an approach that is both local and international in scope, the rise of grassroots volunteering since the 1970s in working-class urban neighborhoods on the periphery of Paris and Buenos Aires. The first part presents an analysis of the various political theories which relate to the voluntary movement, and discusses their place within an empirical sociological study of grassroots volunteering. The intellectual genealogy of the notion of civil society is considered in relation to the appearance of modern democracy, in order to situate the rise of volunteerism in recent decades within a larger historical perspective. Attention is given to the emergence of three characteristic themes: the third sector, social capital, and activism. The second part relates volunteerism to socio-economic transformations within the working class and to the development of social policy at the local community level. The study of grassroots organization in France reveals the importance of possibilities created by the breakdown of the communist political system in certain Paris suburbs (banlieues rouges) along with increased state intervention in working-class neighborhoods through urban policy initiatives. An analysis of the activities and the workings of the grassroots organizations which appeared in these neighborhoods between the 1980s and the 2000s, reveals that these organizations had the capacity to self-organize for the purpose of addressing public problems at a local level, and that tensions resulted from partnership arrangements with local public authorities. In Argentina, consequences of the labor society’s weakening in terms of working-class social solidarity in neighborhoods on the outskirts of Buenos Aires are analyzed through the prism of grassroots organizations operating in the wake of social movements among unemployed workers (piqueteros). The grassroots organization’s role as an intermediary for social policy raises questions concerning the link between these popular movements and public authorities, and the possible redeployment of Peronist corporatism. The third part relates volunteer participation to historical transformations within the principal working-class political parties and to the changes observed in the local political landscape. In France, popular withdrawal from communism and the disassociation of the Party’s former “satellite organizations” are considered through an analysis of a grassroots organization composed primarily of former communist partisans. Their personal trajectories as activists, as well as the workings of their organization, reveal the causes of a change in the operative forms of political commitment and give rise to questions concerning the processes by which these local organizations are made autonomous of political systems. In Argentina, new links emerging between the Justicialist party and the working class are considered through the study of an organization founded by Peronist partisans in a context where political institutions are represented as lacking legitimacy. The adaptation of these political activists to grassroots volunteerism is likewise indicative of changes in the operative forms of political commitment and gives rise to questions concerning the proximity between grassroots organizations and political parties

Les années d’entre-deux-guerres voient l’émergence des services sociaux et du travail social professionnalisés. Les acteurs des services sociaux estiment que la réponse à la « question sociale » doit passer par un accompagnement individuel visant à responsabiliser les familles populaires en difficulté. Ce travail entend expliquer quelles ont été les conditions de mise en œuvre d’une telle ambition, en interrogeant les formes de la relation d’assistance liant travailleuses sociales et personnes assistées. Pour ce faire, il se centre sur l’étude du Service Social de l’Enfance (SSE), un service privé d’assistantes sociales rattaché au tribunal pour enfants de la Seine, à partir d’un corpus de dossiers individuels d’enquêtes et de suivi. L’analyse de la formation professionnelle des assistantes, du fonctionnement des services sociaux à l’échelle parisienne et de l’intervention de l’État dans le processus de structuration du service social complètent ce tableau sur l’émergence d’un nouveau champ d’action. La thèse montre ainsi que même face à un organisme aussi coercitif que le SSE, le service social dans l’entre-deux-guerres ne peut se résumer à la mise en œuvre d’un contrôle social. Si la visée de moralisation des classes populaires est au cœur du projet des services sociaux, la pratique se caractérise avant tout par un hiatus entre les attentes des travailleuses sociales et les stratégies propres des assistés. La relation de care souhaitée par les assistantes est imbriquée à des rapports de pouvoir, dessinant une prise en charge balançant entre bienveillance et surveillance. Mais la relation d’assistance se déploie surtout par des négociations constantes entre des assistantes privées de moyens juridiques et financiers pour faire appliquer leurs décisions et la capacité d’agir de leurs « protégés ». A travers l’analyse du service social en action, ce travail expose ainsi les ambitions et les limites de l’État social en devenir.Les années d’entre-deux-guerres voient l’émergence des services sociaux et du travail social professionnalisés. Les acteurs des services sociaux estiment que la réponse à la « question sociale » doit passer par un accompagnement individuel visant à responsabiliser les familles populaires en difficulté. Ce travail entend expliquer quelles ont été les conditions de mise en œuvre d’une telle ambition, en interrogeant les formes de la relation d’assistance liant travailleuses sociales et personnes assistées. Pour ce faire, il se centre sur l’étude du Service Social de l’Enfance (SSE), un service privé d’assistantes sociales rattaché au tribunal pour enfants de la Seine, à partir d’un corpus de dossiers individuels d’enquêtes et de suivi. L’analyse de la formation professionnelle des assistantes, du fonctionnement des services sociaux à l’échelle parisienne et de l’intervention de l’État dans le processus de structuration du service social complètent ce tableau sur l’émergence d’un nouveau champ d’action. La thèse montre ainsi que même face à un organisme aussi coercitif que le SSE, le service social dans l’entre-deux-guerres ne peut se résumer à la mise en œuvre d’un contrôle social. Si la visée de moralisation des classes populaires est au cœur du projet des services sociaux, la pratique se caractérise avant tout par un hiatus entre les attentes des travailleuses sociales et les stratégies propres des assistés. La relation de care souhaitée par les assistantes est imbriquée à des rapports de pouvoir, dessinant une prise en charge balançant entre bienveillance et surveillance. Mais la relation d’assistance se déploie surtout par des négociations constantes entre des assistantes privées de moyens juridiques et financiers pour faire appliquer leurs décisions et la capacité d’agir de leurs « protégés ». A travers l’analyse du service social en action, ce travail expose ainsi les ambitions et les limites de l’État social en devenir
Professionalized social work appears during the 1920s and 1930s. Social workers present themselves as alternatives to both charity work and public welfare. According to them, the answer to the “social question” relies in helping working-class families improve their autonomy and responsibility. This thesis questions how such an ambition was materialized, by analyzing the relationship set between social workers and their “clients”. It focuses on the monographic study of the Childhood’s Social Service (CSS), a private organization working with the juvenile court of the Seine department, relying on their case files. The professional training of social workers, the framework of Parisian social services, the intervention of the State in the domain of social work complete this study to embrace the larger picture of the emergence of a new field in social action. This thesis thus shows that even with an organism symbolizing coercion at its highest state, social work cannot be presented only as a tool for social control. Although the attempt to moralize the working-class is at the core of its project, social work in practice is mostly characterized by the gap between expectations of social workers and strategies of assisted families. While social workers present themselves as “friends”, their relationship to their clients is inscribed within relations of power which combine caring with surveillance. Negotiations are constantly needed between social workers lacking judiciary and financial means to enforce their decisions and assisted families exercising their agency. Through the analysis of social work in the making, this thesis stresses the ambitions and limits of welfare policies.Professionalized social work appears during the 1920s and 1930s. Social workers present themselves as alternatives to both charity work and public welfare. According to them, the answer to the “social question” relies in helping working-class families improve their autonomy and responsibility. This thesis questions how such an ambition was materialized, by analyzing the relationship set between social workers and their “clients”. It focuses on the monographic study of the Childhood’s Social Service (CSS), a private organization working with the juvenile court of the Seine department, relying on their case files. The professional training of social workers, the framework of Parisian social services, the intervention of the State in the domain of social work complete this study to embrace the larger picture of the emergence of a new field in social action. This thesis thus shows that even with an organism symbolizing coercion at its highest state, social work cannot be presented only as a tool for social control. Although the attempt to moralize the working-class is at the core of its project, social work in practice is mostly characterized by the gap between expectations of social workers and strategies of assisted families. While social workers present themselves as “friends”, their relationship to their clients is inscribed within relations of power which combine caring with surveillance. Negotiations are constantly needed between social workers lacking judiciary and financial means to enforce their decisions and assisted families exercising their agency. Through the analysis of social work in the making, this thesis stresses the ambitions and limits of welfare policies

Ce travail contribue aux efforts de l'Union Européenne pour réduire les émissions de CO2. Son objectif est d'aider les industries produisant de la chaleur fatale à récupérer cette énergie perdue, d'augmenter sa température et de la réutiliser in situ. Les transformateurs de chaleur (Absorption Heat Transformers ou AHT), machines à absorption consommant très peu d'électricité, sont alors ici étudiés. Les AHTs existants rencontrent des problèmes comme la corrosion, la cristallisation, la toxicité et les niveaux de pression éloignés de la pression atmosphérique. Ceux-ci sont causés par les fluides conventionnels (Eau/LiBr et Ammoniaque/Eau) et s'aggravent à des températures supérieures à 120°C. Des modèles de conception ainsi que des solutions techniques, applicables avec tous mélanges de fluides organiques, sont alors proposés dans cette thèse. Ces modèles sont validés avec des données de la littérature et implémentés dans des outils d'aide à la décision.Tout d'abord, un modèle de sélection de paires de fluides organiques (parmi une liste de fluides) est développé. Les contraintes prises en compte sont, entre autres, les types et les profils de températures des sources et puits de chaleur, et les propriétés du fluide. Pour chaque type de fluide, la méthode la plus adaptée au calcul des propriétés physiques des fluides est choisie.En second lieu, pour effectuer la séparation des 2 constituants du mélange de fluides organiques, le générateur (composant recevant la chaleur fatale) et le condenseur de l'AHT sont fusionnés pour former une colonne de distillation. Un modèle d'une colonne de distillation nommée « hybride » est alors développé en adaptant la méthode de Ponchon-Savarit et en la combinant avec la méthode ETD (Equal Thermodynamic Distance). Cette colonne associe les avantages des 2 types de colonnes adiabatiques et diabatiques. Elle allie réduction de production d'entropie et meilleure exploitation des sources de chaleur à températures glissantes. La conception mécanique de la colonne hybride est aussi incluse.Troisièmement, pour atteindre la température théorique maximale du mélange de fluide déjà choisi, l'absorbeur de l'AHT (où la chaleur à haute température est libérée) est divisé en sections adiabatiques suivies par des sections diabatiques. De plus, les modèles détaillés des colonnes à bulles (fonctionnant en co-courant ou en contre-courant) ainsi que de la colonne à garnissage sont présentés et comparés entre eux.Les principaux résultats de ces travaux consistent en une nouvelle méthodologie de choix de fluides organiques pouvant remplacer les mélanges classiques surtout à températures élevées (supérieures à 130 °C). En ce qui concerne la colonne de distillation, il est montré que la colonne adiabatique constitue un meilleur choix lorsqu'une source de chaleur latente est disponible tandis qu'avec une source de chaleur sensible, la colonne hybride engendre moins de pertes exergétiques. En passant à l'absorbeur, le nouveau mode d'opération de celui-ci permet à l'utilisateur d'atteindre des températures plus élevées que celles réalisées avec les technologies actuellement disponibles. Enfin, les modèles développés permettent de choisir les technologies de distillation (adiabatique, diabatique ou hybride) et d'absorption (colonne à bulles ou à garnissage) les plus appropriées en s'adaptant à différentes problématiques industrielles
This work is part of the European union efforts to reduce its CO2 emissions. It aims to assist any waste heat producing industry in recuperating this lost thermal energy, pumping it to higher temperature levels and reusing it on site. Absorption Heat Transformers (AHT), that consume little electricity, are used for this task. Current AHT problems such as corrosion, crystallization, toxicity and inconvenient pressure levels are caused by conventionally used H2O/LiBr and NH3/ H2O working fluids and get worse at temperatures exceeding 120°C. Potential solutions are thus suggested. According to them, models are developed; they are all able to operate with any organic mixture and are customized to accompany the industrialist from start to finish. These solutions were validated by comparing them with literature data and are implemented into several tools.Firstly, a model selects the optimal organic binary mixture -among a list of fluids- in terms of the real case application's constraints: Heat transfer fluids used, Heat source's and heat sink's types and temperature profiles, mixtures transport properties among other parameters. Suitable thermodynamic model is selected for different fluid group types.Secondly, in order to separate the 2 components of the chosen mixture of organic compounds, the AHT generator (component which receives waste heat) is merged with the AHT condenser thus forming a distillation column. A “hybrid column” is designed by modifying the Ponchon-Savarit method and combining it with the Equal Thermodynamic Distance (ETD) method. This new column associates the best features of the two columns. It reduces entropy production rates and best exploits temperature gliding heat sources. Mechanical design for the hybrid column is also included.Thirdly, to ensure that the maximum theoretical temperature of the working fluid is reached, the AHT absorber (where high temperature heat is released) is divided into consecutive adiabatic parts followed by diabatic ones. Detailed Models for co-current and counter-current bubble columns as well as packing columns are presented and compared.Main results consist in a selection methodology of organic compounds mixtures, capable of replacing conventional ones specially at temperatures higher than 130 °C. It's also shown that adiabatic columns are better options when latent type heat sources are available while hybrid columns lose less exergy when used with sensible heat sources. As for the absorber, the new operating mode provides the user with higher temperatures than currently reached by available technologies. Finally, using the developed models, tailored and most suitable distillation (adiabatic, diabatic or hybrid columns) and absorber (bubble or packing columns) technologies can be proposed depending on the industrial specific cases and requirements

Au croisement d’une histoire sociale du pouvoir local, d’une ethnographie des mobilisations électorales et d’une sociologie des porte-parole, cette thèse se consacre à l’étude des conditions de représentation électorale des habitants des cités dans une ancienne municipalité communiste de la banlieue parisienne. Elle s’intéresse aux processus de production de porte-parole et à leur accès au pouvoir municipal. L’enquête s’appuie sur des entretiens approfondis et croisés avec les différents protagonistes, sur des observations directes, sur l’analyse d’archives ainsi que sur des statistiques descriptives. La thèse montre que la faible représentation des porte-parole de cités parmi les élus n’est pas tant liée à une crise des vocations qu’à une crise des débouchés dans un marché électoral fermé et dans un contexte de dévaluation du militantisme partisan. La première partie rend compte du déclin du modèle ouvriériste de représentation des classes populaires et du creusement de la distance sociale entre les élus de la gauche municipale et les fractions minoritaires des classes populaires. La seconde partie explique comment les métiers « d’éducateurs » deviennent une filière propice au porte-parolat et offrent un modèle alternatif de militantisme, faisant de l’encadrement de la jeunesse populaire, un nouvel enjeu de luttes dans l’espace du pouvoir local. Enfin, la dernière partie envisage les logiques d’importation de ces conflits associatifs et professionnels dans le champ électoral. La mobilisation des éducateurs de cités aux élections se déroule en plusieurs étapes, passant de la recherche d’alliances avec la gauche municipale à des logiques de concurrence partisane, puis d’opposition
At the intersection of social history of local power, ethnography of electoral canvassing, and sociology of spokespersons, this thesis focuses on the study of the conditions of the electoral representation of the inhabitants of deprived estates in a former communist local council in the suburbs of Paris. It deals with the process of developing spokespeople and their access to the local power. The survey is based on thorough research, which included interviews with people from a wide variety of political backgrounds, direct observations, and the analysis of archives for study of relative statistics. Thisthesis shows that the poor representation of spokespeople from deprived estates among the elected members of the local councils isn’t so much linked to a lack of vocation as to a lack of prospects in a closed electoral market and in a context of devaluation of partisan commitment. The first part of this thesis accounts for the decline in the working class pattern of representation among the popular classes and the widening of the social gap between the elected members of the municipal left and the minority groups from the popular classes. The second part explains how the roles of community workers are becoming a route for spokespeople and providing an alternative pattern for activists, to guide theworking class youth into the new political arena which focuses on the struggles in the area of local power. Finally, the third part considers the process of bringing a range of conflicts into the electoral landscape. The recruitment in the elections of the youth workers from deprived estates goes through several stages, ranging from attempts to form an alliance with the municipal left to a process of partisan competition, then opposition

Dans le discours public sur les quartiers populaires, les familles sont régulièrement accusées d’être responsables des problèmes des enfants, tels que la délinquance et l’échec scolaire. Les familles issues de l’immigration maghrébine et africaine sont plus particulièrement la cible de ces accusations, en références à leurs structures familiales et cultures spécifiques supposées. L’objectif de cette thèse est de réfléchir à la question éducative dans les quartiers populaires à travers l’analyse des discours des parents, des jeunes et des acteurs scolaires et locaux. En s’appuyant sur des enquêtes dans deux quartiers de banlieue parisienne, cette thèse examine tout d’abord le processus de construction locale des « problèmes de familles » autour de l’éducation. Les habitants des quartiers reproduisent les stigmates donnés en les retournant envers les autres. Les acteurs locaux et scolaires mobilisent le contexte culturel des familles immigrées pour rendre compte des enjeux éducatifs auxquels ils font face. Ensuite, le regard se porte sur l’éducation au sein des familles et les expériences des jeunes. Les parents font preuve de passivité envers l’éducation scolaire et l’environnement social du quartier, mais ils essaient de prendre un rôle actif dans la transmission culturelle et religieuse. Les jeunes intériorisent ce contexte culturel et ont plusieurs identités, dont la centrale est d’être musulman. Les institutions solides et les groupes sociaux s’affaiblissent, et les identités et les repères de racine se bousculent avec les expériences des immigrations et des discriminations. La culture d’origine et la religion donnent aux parents et jeunes la dignité et l’identité
In the debate concerning working-class neighborhoods, families are accused of a lack of responsibility with regard to their children’s educational problems, such as delinquency and school failure. In particular, Maghrebi and African immigrant parents are always at the heart of the discussion, given their family structures and cultural context. This study investigates educational questions in working-class neighborhoods by examining the discourses and experiences of parents, youth, and school and local actors. Based on empirical research conducted in two working-class neighborhoods in the Parisian suburbs, this study firstly shows the process of constructing “family problems” in education at the local level. Stigmas established by society are reproduced among inhabitants to differentiate themselves from others. Local and school actors understand educational issues through the cultural context of immigrant families. Secondly, we investigate the education conducted within families and through young people’s experiences. Parents show passive attitudes vis-à-vis school education and the social environment of their neighborhoods, but they try to play an active role in transmitting culture and religion. Youth internalize this cultural context and have several identities, the most central of which being their identity as a Muslim. Fundamental institutions and social groups are weakened, and identity and cultural roots have become unstable due to immigration and the discrimination. Cultural origin and religion provide parents and youth with dignity and identity

碩士
國立中興大學
機械工程學系所
95
Two work deals with the computer analysis of the COP and specific cooling capacity (QE) of a muti-bed adsorption heat pump, which was a composite adsorbent in adsorbing water. A second-law analysis was also conducted to analyze the exergy loss in the heat pump. The computer analysis adopted a solid-side mass-diffusion resistance model. A composite adsorbent (KSK silica gel impregnated with CaCl2) and water were selected as the adsorption pair. The temperature of cooling/heating fluid is a function of location and time and the adsorption heat is a function of adsorbent temperature (Tb), and refrigerant content (W). In the analysis, the effect of cycle time (4τ) and regeneration temperature (TG) on the COP and QE were investigated. The result reveals that, at the maximum QE, using the composite adsorbent can effectively upgrade the COP up to 51% and the QE up to 38.4%. The moving heating source is expressed as exergy input to the adsorber. At the TG of 100℃ and τ of 360 seconds, the result shows that the second-law efficiency of the heat pump is 20.4%. The exergy loss is mainly induced in the preheating process and precooling process. The former results in a 28.96% of the total loss and the latter is 41.55%.

The global warming and energy crisis have become two most important environmental problems of this twenty-first century. To overcome these problems, scientists have worked on inventing different devices to lessen this impact. Vapour absorption refrigeration cycles are the products of this ideology. Absorption refrigeration cycle generally works on the solar energy, but it can also very well work on waste heat sources i.e. heat generated from data centres, different industries and from large hotels. If this waste heat is being used then not only energy crisis will decrease but also environment pollution will reduce to a greater extent. Though industrial point of view, absorption refrigeration cycle is an old concept, but from academic point, there is still needed a lot of works to be carried out to visualise different aspects like its performance, heat and mass coefficients and fluxes. This project work is based on the simulation, optimum designing as well as finding out the economic feasibility. LiBr + water is taken as the working pair to do the simulation, analysis and design of an absorption refrigeration cycle. At the end of this project work, economic feasibility has also been found out. When compared with a vapour compression refrigeration cycle, it can be visualized that the vapour absorption refrigeration system has an annual profit of around Rs. 7500/- which shows the economical viability of this refrigeration system.

Absorption refrigeration systems are the cooling systems that use heat as input for operation instead of electricity. This type of refrigeration system reduces the fossil fuel consumption, indirectly restricts the CO2 emission to the atmosphere, and restricting at the same time the usage of toxic refrigerants. They generally use refrigerant/absorbent pair for operation. NH3+ H2O and LiBr+H2O are the most common working pair available in the market. In ammonia-water system, the absorbent is water, generally weak solution of ammonia-water and the refrigerant is ammonia. Ammonia + water as the working pair is taken and the cycle was operated for various temperature ranges of the evaporator, generator and absorber, we also worked on different no. of stages to check the COP of the system. The evaporator temperature has a very insignificant effect on the COP of the system and thus does not change the COP even if we increase the temperature. The generator has a very vivid impact on the COP. As we increase the generator temperature the COP value decreases. Thus further concreting our base for using low grade heat as the source of power for operating the generator. Further no. of stages of the separator also effects the COP of the system. Increasing the no. of stages increases the COP up to a certain level but on further increasing the stages the COP becomes constant. Thus the optimum conditions comes as- TG = 70 C, TE = 5 C, TC = 33 C, TA = 30 C and the optimum no. of stages for the separator comes to 8.The feasibility study also suggests that the use same capacity (1.5TR) ARS instead of VCR is profitable by an amount of INR 8.5 K annually. From the feasibility analysis we observe that for a refrigeration of 1 TR, we require 23 MWh low grade heat at a temperature of 70ºC. Further, if we change the refrigeration load the requirement of low grade heat also changes.

Expatriatism has become a fact of life for many Australian artists in the twenty-first century. For our painters and sculptors in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, however, the experience of living and working abroad was a quite new phenomenon. In the 1880s, with John Russell’s historic journey to Belle-Île, a remote French island off the coast of Brittany, it became an emerging trend. Russell forged a pioneering path that many Australian artists followed until 1914, when the outbreak of the First World War provisionally brought expatriatism to an end. This thesis focuses on Australian artistic expatriatism during the period 1880 to 1930, a highpoint for our early artists’ engagement with the art worlds of Europe. Paris and London, then the two leading international cities to which most foreign artists flocked, are the principal cultural contexts for the six case studies in this thesis. The work of Rupert Bunny, Ethel Carrick, George Coates, Agnes Goodsir, Bertram Mackennal and John Russell is explored in order to investigate the extent to which expatriatism shaped their creative practice in their adopted cultures. Past histories of Australian art have marginalised expatriatism because it happened ‘over there’ rather than ‘here’ and thus did not fit easily into the nationalistic and generally patriarchal narratives the writers constructed. More recent histories, especially those written over the past decade, have been more inclusive, and the subject of artists working abroad has grown to be a critical issue. The ‘UnAustralian art’ project considering the history of artistic interaction between Australia and the wider world by cultural theorists Rex Butler and A. D. S. Donaldson has broken new ground, and their account has been a vital touchstone for this thesis. In addition to reassessing the value of expatriatism for Australian art, this thesis also addresses two other lacunae, namely the lack of consideration of expatriate women artists in most of the earlier histories and the examination of the subject from the expatriate viewpoint as opposed to the conventional approach through an Australian lens. Until the 1970s male writers penned the discourse on Australian art, which had the deleterious effect of presenting expatriatism as an exclusively masculine experience. This runs counter to my research showing that of all Australian artists travelling abroad prior to 1914 just over a third were women. Furthermore, most Australian literature has presented expatriatism from the homeland perspective, with little consideration of how the artists themselves experienced it. Adopting a method previously untested, a psychocultural approach, giving a central role to the interaction of psychological and cultural factors in the artists’ encounter with expatriatism, I explore in this thesis how the major challenges of cultural assimilation and cultural hybridity impacted on the artists’ experience, and their importance for their art. The research of key contemporary theorists such as Homi Bhabha, Gérard Bouchard, Montserrat Guibernau and Hajar Yazdiha underpins the investigation. This thesis aims to discover and explain the extent to which the six selected artists adapted to the host cultures, and how this shaped their artistic practice. I demonstrate that each artist assimilated differently, with the degree of merging of his or her Australianness with foreignness (or in the case of Ethel Carrick her British– Australianness with French culture) the key to his or her success. Just as cultural hybridity delineated the experience of expatriatism for these artists, so too expatriatism has shaped the history of Australian art. This investigation reveals that it was vital in connecting our expatriates with remarkably progressive cultures, and through their experience and influence considerably broadening the local perspective by contributing a more cosmopolitan, cross-cultural approach to art in Australia.

Tese de Doutoramento em Psicologia na área de especialidade Psicologia do Desenvolvimento apresentada ao ISPA - Instituto Universitário
O presente estudo, baseado na teoria da vinculação de Bowlby/Ainsworth, tem como objetivo geral analisar a continuidade da qualidade da vinculação nos anos préescolares e a sua relação com a qualidade de vinculação educador-criança. Primeiramente, analisámos as associações entre os comportamentos de base segura da criança com a mãe e da criança com o pai e as representações de vinculação nos anos pré-escolares, numa amostra de 71 díades mãe-criança e pai-criança, utilizámos como instrumentos o Attachment Behaviour Q-Set (AQS – versão 3.0 de Waters, 1995), ao Attachment Story Completion Task (ASCT, Bretherton & Ridgeway, 1990) e à Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence - Revised (WPPSI-R, 1989; versão portuguesa de Seabra-Santos et al., 2003). Os resultados revelam que as crianças utilizam quer a mãe quer o pai como base segura e que a segurança de vinculação experienciada pela criança na infância é representada posteriormente em modelos internos dinâmicos seguros. Em segundo lugar, tentámos perceber quais os processos envolvidos na transição das representações sensoriomotoras para as simbólicas, analisando dois potenciais inputs para a construção, por parte da criança, das representações mentais de vinculação: as representações sensoriomotoras da criança dos primeiros anos de vida baseadas na organização dos seus comportamentos de base segura com o pai e com a mãe e os scripts de vinculação parentais, numa amostra de 64 díades mãe-criança e pai-criança, utilizando como instrumentos o AQS (versão 3.0 de Waters, 1995), o ASCT (Bretherton & Ridgeway, 1990), a WPPSI-R (versão portuguesa de Seabra-Santos et al., 2003) e o Attachment Script Assessment (ASA – Waters & Rodrigues-Doolabh, 2004, manual não publicado). Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a organização dos comportamentos de base segura, na relação com ambos os pais, pode ser prevista a partir do conhecimento tipo script de base segura das figuras parentais e que apenas as representações sensoriomotoras da criança dos primeiros anos de vida baseadas na organização dos seus comportamentos de base segura estão a funcionar como potenciais inputs das representações mentais de vinculação da criança, ao contrário do esperado. Finalmente, analisámos a relação entre a qualidade das representações internas de vinculação das crianças (ou seja, a segurança) e a qualidade das relações educador-criança, numa amostra de 52 crianças e 4 educadores. Utilizámos como instrumentos o ASCT (Bretherton & Ridgeway, 1990), a WPPSI-R (versão portuguesa de Seabra-Santos et al., 2003) e ainda, a Escala de Perceção dos Comportamentos de Vinculação para Professores (PCV-P, Dias, Soares e Freire, 2004). Os dados obtidos mostram que a coconstrução de uma relação de vinculação relevante com um educador na primeira infância é, em parte, função da qualidade da relação de vinculação da criança com as figuras parentais mas também do desenvolvimento verbal da criança. De uma forma geral, os nossos resultados procuram contribuir para a discussão em aberto sobre a construção, por parte da criança, de um modelo integrado do self, participando em duas ou mais relações qualitativamente distintas.
ABSTRACT: The present study, based on Bowlby/Ainsworth’s attachment theory, aims to study the continuity of quality of attachment in the preschool years, and its relation to kindergarten teacher-child attachment quality. Firstly, we examined the associations between infant-mother and infant-father secure base behaviours and attachment representation in preschooler years in a sample of 71 child-mother and child-father dyads, we used as instruments the Attachment Behaviour Q-Set (AQS – version 3.0, Waters, 1995), the Attachment Story Completion Task (ASCT, Bretherton & Ridgeway, 1990) and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence - Revised (WPPSI-R, 1989; portuguese version of Seabra-Santos et al., 2003). Our results revealed that children were able to use both parents as secure base and those children with a secure attachment relation developed an internal working model of secure attachment. Secondly, we tried to understand the processes involved in the transition from sensorimotor to symbolic representations, analyzing two potential inputs for the construction of the child mental representations of secure base information: children’s own sensorimotor representations from earlier years based on their secure base behaviours with father and mother and their parents’ attachment scripts in a sample of 64 child-mother and child-father dyads. We used as instuments the AQS (version 3.0, Waters, 1995), the ASCT (Bretherton & Ridgeway, 1990), the WPPSI-R (1989; portuguese version of Seabra-Santos et al., 2003) and the Attachment Script Assessment (ASA – Waters & Rodrigues-Doolabh, 2004, unpublished manual). The results suggest that children’s secure base behaviours can be predicted from parents’s attachment scripts and that only children’s sensoriomotor representations based on their secure base behaviours were predicting child mental representations, contrary to our expectations. Finally, we analyzed the relation between children’s attachment representations and the quality of kindergarten teacher-child relationships, in a sample of 52 children and 4 kindergarten teachers. We used as instruments the ASCT (Bretherton & Ridgeway, 1990), the WPPSI-R (portuguese version of Seabra-Santos et al., 2003) and the Teachers’ ratings of child secure base behavior and emotion regulation (PCV-P, Dias, Soares e Freire, 2004). Our data suggest that co-construction of a close attachment-relevant relationship with a kindergarten teacher in early childhood is, in part, a function of the quality of parent-child attachment relationships, but also of child verbal development. In general, our results contribute to the ongoing discussion about the child’s construction of an integrated model of attachment relations, participating in two or more qualitatively distinct relationships.