Literatura académica sobre el tema "Winter reddening"

Work on studying and creation of new grades of onions cultures was carried out in the Moscow region, the Odintsovo district, FGBNU «Federal scientific center of vegetable growing». As a result of long-term researches, and in particular, for the last five years in laboratory of selection and seed farming of onions cultures more than ten grades were created. From them one grade of garlic winter Lyudmila, one grade of the onion reddening the Charodey, one grade of shallot onion the Dachnaya sonata. Of onions the reddening Charodey was entered in the State register of selection achievements of the Russian Federation in 2018, garlic winter Lyudmila in 2019. In selection work with garlic winter and and shallot onion used a method of clonal selection. In collection nursery of garlic winter 200 exemplars of various eko-geographical origin were used. In 2016 the perspective exemplar of garlic winter at No. 78 which was registered further as a grade Lyudmila was allocated, its bulbs can be used for receiving powder and paste. The collection nursery of an shallot onion for years of researches was presented by 45 high-quality exemplars of various eko-geographical origin. Also in 2018 the perspective exemplar of an shallot onion at No. 39 was allocated and transferred to the State commission on grades the same year under the name the Dachnaya sonata. Now a shallot onion grade the Dachnaya sonata passes test in State commission on grades. It should be noted that in collection nursery of laboratory of selection and seed farming of onions cultures exemplars were allocated: garlic winter, onions many-tier, garlic onions (rockamball), Welsh onion on the main economic and valuable signs: high winter hardiness, high food qualities, resistance to diseases and wreckers, good ability of bulbs to be stored up to ten months (garlic winter, garlic onions). Now further selection work on creation of new grades and maintaining of the grades created earlier is conducted.

Ornamental kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) is a popular decorative plant in late autumn and winter. However, only during low-temperature color-changed periods below rough 15 °C can the plant accumulate anthocyanins and exhibit a diverse array of foliar color patterns. In this study, we probed into the potential mechanism of inner leaf reddening in a red-leaf pure line of ornamental kale by physiological, metabolic, and transcriptomic analyses. Determination of anthocyanin contents in the uncolored new white leaves (S0), the light red leaves (S1) in the reddening period and the red leaves (S2) completing color change, and analysis of anthocyanin metabolites at stage S2, revealed that the coloring of red leaves was mainly attributed to the accumulation of cyanidins. We further used transcriptomic sequencing between the pairwise S0, S1, and S2 stages to identify 21 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, among which the expression level of 14 DEGs was positively correlated with anthocyanin accumulation, and 6 DEGs were negatively correlated with anthocyanin accumulation. A total of 89 co-expressed genes were screened out, from which three DEGs (BoCHI, Bo4CL3, and BoF3H) were identified as hub genes in co-expression DEGs network. BoDFR and BoCHI were the DEGs with the highest expressions at S2. Moreover, two co-expressed DEGs related to stress response (BoBBX17 and BoCOR47) also exhibited upregulated expressions and positive correlations with anthocyanin accumulation. A deep dive into the underlying regulatory network of anthocyanin accumulation comprising these six upregulated DEGs from S0 to S2 was performed via trend, correlation, and differentially co-expression analysis. This study uncovered the DEGs expression profiles associated with anthocyanin accumulation during ornamental kale inner leaf reddening, which provided a basis for further dissecting the molecular mechanisms of leaf color characteristic change in ornamental kale at low temperatures.

Red belt damage (reddening and death of foliage) occurs frequently in lodgepole pine Pinuscontorta var. latifolia Engelm. stands between certain elevations and may affect tree growth and even cause mortality. We examined growth impact in four pine stands (10, 55, 90, and 115 years old) where nearly all trees showed symptoms of damage. On young trees, visible damage ranged from 0 to 80% of foliage, and averaged about 35%. A highly significant reduction in height growth and terminal bud length (p < 0.01) of young trees was proportional to the amount of damage. As much as two-thirds growth loss occurred in trees with 60% or more necrotized foliage. On intermediate and mature lodgepole pine, reduction of annual volume increment in the growing season following damage was variable and reached as high as 50%, with no further significant reduction occurring in subsequent years. Potential yield losses at rotation age and forest management prescriptions for susceptible stands are presented.

The Holocene and late Pleistocene environmental history of the teri ('sandy waste' in local parlance) red sands in the southeast coastal Tamil Nadu was examined using remote sensing, stratigraphy, and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating. Geomorphological surveys enabled the classification of the teri red sands as, 1) inland fluvial teri, 2) coastal teri and 3) near-coastal teri dunes. The inland teri sediments have higher clay and silty-sand component than the coastal and near-coastal teri, suggesting that these sediments were deposited by the fluvial process during a stronger winter monsoon around ≫ 15 ka. The coastal teri dunes were deposited prior to 11.4 ± 0.9 ka, and the near-coastal dunes aggraded at around 5.6 ± 0.4 ka. We; interpret that the coastal dunes were formed during a period of lower relative sea level and the near-coastal dunes formed during a period of higher sea level. Dune reddening is post deposition occurred after 11.4 ± 0.9 ka for the coastal teri dunes and after 5.6 ± 0.4 ka for the near-coastal teri dunes. Presence of microlithic sites associated with the coastal dunes suggest that the cultures existed in the region during 11.4 ± 0.9 ka and 5.6 ± 0.4 ka.

Le Douglas, première essence de reboisement en région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes et seconde au niveau nationale, est d'intérêt économique majeur en France avec 13 millions de plants produits par an. Un phénomène de rougissement - observé 1/3 hivers en France - affecte les jeunes Douglas (< 15 ans), pouvant atteindre jusqu'à 80% de la plantation. Un arbre rougissant n'a pas d'avenir sylvicole et meurt généralement dans l'année suivant le rougissement. Les objectifs de ma thèse ont été de donner une meilleure compréhension du rougissement hivernal à travers l'identification des paramètres climatiques déclenchant le rougissement mais surtout des mécanismes physiologiques induisant le rougissement de l'aiguille.Afin d'identifier l'aléa climatique critique, une synthèse approfondie basée sur la littérature, ainsi qu'une analyse bioclimatique ont été menées. La synthèse de littérature a permis d'identifier certaines conditions climatiques caractéristiques des années dites « à rougissement » à savoir des périodes anticycloniques en sortie d'hiver et/ou la succession de périodes froides et chaudes. La synthèse comme l'analyse bioclimatique en commun, ont identifié un cumul de variables climatiques à savoir des températures chaudes en journée, une forte amplitude thermique journalière, des vitesses de vent au moins modérées et une humidité de l'air relative. Les cycles gel-dégel avec des températures nocturnes froides ne ressortaient pas de l'analyse climatique alors qu'ils étaient mentionnés dans la littérature.Afin de comprendre comment un Douglas rougit, nous avons d'abord, souligné les lacunes de connaissances sur le rougissement hivernal et proposé des mécanismes potentiels pouvant, seuls ou en interaction, induire ce désordre physiologique à savoir ; 1) une sécheresse hivernale induisant des défaillances hydrauliques, 2) un stress photo-oxydatif et 3) une désacclimatation précoce. En conditions contrôlées, nous avons exposé des jeunes Douglas à une sécheresse hivernale à travers un différentiel thermique entre les racines et le houppier de l'arbre (TSOIL < 5°C ; TMOY_AIR ~ 14°C). Une partie d'entre eux a été exposée à des intensités lumineuses susceptibles d'induire un stress photo-oxydatif (> 1800 PPFD). Les températures froides du sol ont induit un stress hydrique modéré en limitant l'absorption d'eau racinaire alors que les températures chaudes de l'air ont favorisé les pertes hydriques au niveau des aiguilles. Cependant, le Douglas a pu s'acclimater à ce nouvel environnement en reprenant même leur croissance. L'exposition à une intensité lumineuse élevée n'a pas généré de dommages irréversibles sur le PSII, ni de stress photo oxydatif. Aucun rougissement du Douglas n'a pas été observé - invalidant l'hypothèse 2 mais partiellement la 1, le houppier n'ayant été exposé à aucune contrainte gélive. In natura, nous avons mesuré en continu de décembre 2020 à juin 2023 les variations de diamètre de jeunes douglas couplées avec les températures/hygrométrie de quatre parcelles dans le Massif Central. Les gels printaniers d'avril 2021 sur des Douglas désacclimatés n'ont pas été suivi de rougissement de l'aiguille ni de dommages cambiaux, ce qui n'a pas permis de valider l'hypothèse 3. Néanmoins, la comparaison d'un hiver sans rougissement (2021) avec un hiver à rougissement (2022) a permis de souligner une forte contrainte hydrique générée depuis l'apex, en lien avec une période anticyclonique en janvier 2022. La défaillance hydraulique serait favorisée par une transpiration quotidienne à laquelle s'ajoutent des cycles gel-dégel qui amplifient la contrainte hydrique et créent des défaillances hydrauliques dans le houppier, pouvant expliquer le dessèchement et le rougissement de l'aiguille. Ainsi, nous retiendrons l'hypothèse 1, qu'il faudrait tester en conditions contrôlées
The Douglas fir is the first reforestation species in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region and the second in France as a whole, and is of considerable economic importance in France, where 13 million trees are produced each year. Winter reddening affects young Douglas-fir (< 15 years old), affecting up to 80% of the plantation. A reddening tree has no silvicultural future and typically dies within a year after reddening. The objectives of my PhD thesis were to have a better understanding of winter reddening by identifying the climatic parameters that trigger reddening and, more importantly, the physiological mechanism(s) that cause needle reddening.A thorough literature review and bioclimatic analysis were undertaken to identify critical climatic factors. The literature synthesis identified certain climatic conditions characteristic of 'reddening' years, including anticyclonic periods after winter and/or alternating cold and warm periods. Both the literature synthesis and the bioclimatic analysis identified a combination of climatic variables: warm daily temperatures, high daily temperature amplitude, at least moderate wind speeds and relative humidity. However, the freeze-thaw cycles with cold night temperatures did not emerge from the climate analysis, although they are mentioned in the literature.In order to understand how Douglas fir reddens, we first identified gaps in our knowledge of winter reddening and proposed potential mechanisms, either single or interacting, that cause this physiological disorder: 1) winter drought leading to hydraulic failure, 2) photo-oxidative stress, and 3) premature deacclimation. Under controlled conditions, young Douglas fir trees were exposed to winter drought through a temperature differential between roots and canopy (TSOIL < 5°C; TMOY_AIR ~ 14°C). Some of these trees were exposed to light intensities that could induce photooxydative stress (> 1800 PPFD). Cold soil temperatures induced moderate water stress by limiting root water uptake, while warm air temperatures caused water loss at the needle level. However, Douglas fir was able to acclimate to this new environment and even resumed growth. Exposure to high light intensity did not cause irreversible damage to PSII or photooxydative stress. No reddening of the Douglas fir was observed, thus refuting hypothesis 2, but partially supporting hypothesis 1, as the canopy was not exposed to freezing stress. In the field, continuous measurements of young Douglas fir diameter variation were coupled with temperature/humidity measurements from four plots in the Massif Central from December 2020 to June 2023. Spring frosts in April 2021 on deacclimated Douglas fir did not result in needle reddening or cambial damages, thus failing to validate hypothesis 3. Nevertheless, comparison of a asymptomatic winter (2021) with a asymptomatic winter i.e. with winter reddening (2022) revealed significant hydraulic stress generated from the apex, associated with an anticyclone period in January 2022. Hydraulic failure could be exacerbated by daily transpiration, combined with freeze-thaw cycles that increase hydraulic stress, leading to canopy hydraulic failure that could explain needle desiccation and reddening. We therefore favour hypothesis 1, which should be tested under controlled conditions