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1
Bhatta, Madhav, Alexey Morgounov, Vikas Belamkar, Stephen N. Wegulo, Abdelfattah A. Dababat, Gül Erginbas-Orakci, Mustapha El Bouhssini, et al. "Genome-Wide Association Study for Multiple Biotic Stress Resistance in Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 15 (July 26, 2019): 3667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153667.
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Genetic resistance against biotic stress is a major goal in many wheat breeding programs. However, modern wheat cultivars have a limited genetic variation for disease and pest resistance and there is always a possibility of the evolution of new diseases and pests to overcome previously identified resistance genes. A total of 125 synthetic hexaploid wheats (SHWs; 2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD, Triticum aestivum L.) were characterized for resistance to fungal pathogens that cause wheat rusts (leaf; Puccinia triticina, stem; P. graminis f.sp. tritici, and stripe; P. striiformis f.sp. tritici) and crown rot (Fusarium spp.); cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera spp.); and Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor). A wide range of genetic variation was observed among SHWs for multiple (two to five) biotic stresses and 17 SHWs that were resistant to more than two stresses. The genomic regions and potential candidate genes conferring resistance to these biotic stresses were identified from a genome-wide association study (GWAS). This GWAS study identified 124 significant marker-trait associations (MTAs) for multiple biotic stresses and 33 of these were found within genes. Furthermore, 16 of the 33 MTAs present within genes had annotations suggesting their potential role in disease resistance. These results will be valuable for pyramiding novel genes/genomic regions conferring resistance to multiple biotic stresses from SHWs into elite bread wheat cultivars and providing further insights on a wide range of stress resistance in wheat.
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Karsou, B., and R. Samara. "Plant Extracts Inducing Enzyme Activity in Grains Against Loose Smut Disease." Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica 52, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sab-2021-0006.
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Abstract This study investigated the role of endogenous Palestinian plant extracts in inducing wheat and barley resistance systems against loose smut disease with the aim to alternate the chemical pest control with natural fungicides. Twenty indigenous herbal plant extracts and essential oils were assessed for their biological and antifungal properties against Ustilago tritici and Ustilago nuda. Their potential role in inducing resistance pathways was studied on four different cultivars of wheat and barley. Two common enzyme indicators – guaiacol peroxidase (POX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) – are expressed in plants only after physical or chemical induction. The antifungal activity of the plant extracts was investigated in vitro. Totally 70 % of the plant extracts showed antifungal activity against Ustilago tritici and Ustilago nuda. Coridothyme extracts ranked first (61 %) in the fungal growth inhibition, followed by varthemia, salvia, ambrosia, artemisia, and lemon thyme. Some plant extracts significantly increased the POX and PPO effect compared to control for all the wheat and barley cultivars tested. The study revealed that oregano, clove or lavender and pomegranate, common yarrow or chamomile oil effectively induced the resistance indicator enzymes in wheat and barley.
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Fedak, G. "Molecular aids for integration of alien chromatin through wide crosses." Genome 42, no. 4 (August 1, 1999): 584–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g99-046.
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Wide crosses in wheat have now been performed for over 100 years. In that time, approximately 100 genes have been transferred for numerous traits, including biotic and abiotic stresses and value-added traits. Resistance genes from alien sources do become defeated with time, so the search for additional variability must continue. Recent screening of alien species has identified accessions with multiple pest resistance plus combinations of pest resistance and value-added traits. The majority of existing induced recombinants are of a noncompensating type with considerable linkage drag, so sequential useage of Ph mutants is recommended to produce smaller interstitial recombinants. Molecular methods, including GISH, RAPD, RFLP, AFLP, and microsatellites, are being widely used to identify integrated alien chromosomes, chromosome segments, and genes.Key words: Triticum aestivium, molecular markers, disease resistance, gene introgression, interspecific hybrids.
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Krut’, M. V. "An overview of innovative developments from the scientific provision of plant selection to resistance to diseases and pests." Scientific Journal Grain Crops 5, no. 1 (2021): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0154.
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The Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS developed methods of plant selection for resistance to major pathogens and assessment methodology the resistance of winter wheat, potatoes, clover and alfalfa to pests to create complex resistant varieties. Donors of potato resistance to cancer, Alternaria, Phomosis and cyst-forming nematodes were identified. Methods for determining the resistance of cereals to high and low temperatures were developed. A collection of the Aegilops biuncialis L. wild wheat samples as sources of new resistance genes to plant diseases and pests was compiled. The soft winter wheat resistance genes to diseases by DNA markers were identified at the Institute of Plant Production named after V. Ya. Yuriev. The V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat formed a set of winter wheat cultivars with group and complex resistance to diseases and pests. The Institute of Oilseed Crops of NAAS established physiological and biochemical mechanisms of resistance of sunflower, soybean, crown flax to pathogens. Collections of sunflower lines based on complex resistance to sunflower broomrape, dry rot, downy mildew and soybean lines based on complex resistance to white rot and Anthracnose were also created. In the National Scientific Center "Institute of Agriculture of NAAS", the fodder lupine resistance to the most important pathogens was investi-gated. The Institute of Agriculture in the Carpathian Region of NAAS revealed the spring barley, oat, rape, fiber flax varieties and selection numbers resistant to basic diseases; and the Institute of Rice of NAAS – rice cultivars resistant to diseases and pest pathogens. The resistance to main phytophagous insects of the modern genotypes of hemp, fiber flax and crown flax was assessed by the Institute of Agriculture of the North-East of NAAS. The assessment method of breeding value for the initial material of the main vegetables on the basis of disease resistance was developed by the Institute of Vegetables and Melons Growing of NAAS. Scientists of the Institute of Agroecology and Environmental Management of NAAS and V. M. RemesloMyronivka Institute of Wheat of NAAS revealed the cucumber and barley resistance to viral diseases. Key words: crops, pests, pathogens, resistance, resistance gene, resistance source.
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Altaf, Adil, Amir Zaman Shah, Sadia Gull, Shahid Hussain, Muhammad Faheem, Ad Al Amin Miah, and Xinkai Zhu. "Progress in modern crop science research in wheat biology." Journal of Global Innovations in Agricultural Sciences 10, no. 1 (March 28, 2022): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22194/jgias/10.953.
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Every crop breeding effort seeks to enhance production. Despite several advances, most worldwide breeding efforts have long sought to improve grain production potential, insect/pest/disease resistance, grain quality, and stress tolerance. Almost all wheat breeding programs aim to increase grain yield potential. Wheat breeders have achieved substantial improvements in crop yield. Genetic transformation, cloning, and genetic engineering increase production potential in wheat. The primary breeding strategy for wheat is the pedigree. However, hybrids and population improvement are also utilized. Breeders utilized biotechnology to increase breeding success. Biotechnology and genome editing are examples of current technology that can improve global agriculture production by assisting crop development. Traditional wheat breeding methods have been supplemented with biotechnology to speed up wheat improvement efforts. These methods will speed up wheat biology research and help to develop wheat breeding plans. However, many programs in developing countries (especially) are still trying to include them.
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Jauhar, Prem P., and Ravindra N. Chibbar. "Chromosome-mediated and direct gene transfers in wheat." Genome 42, no. 4 (August 1, 1999): 570–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g99-045.
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Wild grasses, including relatives of wheat, have several desirable characters that can be introduced into both bread wheat and durum wheat. Since current wheat cultivars lack certain traits, for example, resistance to fusarium head blight (scab), related wild grasses may be the only option for useful variability. Wide hybridization of wheat with grasses, coupled with cytogenetic manipulation of the hybrid material, has been instrumental in the genetic improvement of wheat. Chromosome engineering methodologies, based on the manipulation of pairing control mechanisms and induced translocations, have been employed to transfer into wheat specific disease and pest resistance genes from annual (e.g., rye) or perennial (e.g., Thinopyrum spp., Lophopyrum spp., and Agropyron spp.) members of the wheat tribe, Triticeae. The advent of in situ hybridization techniques, for example, fluorescent GISH combined with Giemsa C-banding, has proved immensely useful in characterizing alien chromatin specifying resistance to various pathogens and pests. The use of DNA markers (RAPDs and RFLPs) helps to identify desirable genotypes more precisely and, thereby, facilitates gene transfer into wheat. Such markers may be particularly helpful in monitoring the introgression of alien genes in the wheat genome. In fact, several cultivars, particularly of bread wheat, contain superior traits of alien origin. The development of novel gene-transfer techniques in the past decade that allow direct delivery of DNA into regenerable embryogenic callus of wheat has opened up new avenues of alien-gene transfer into wheat cultivars. Thus, transgenic bread and durum wheats have been produced and methods of gene delivery standardized. The application of transgenic technology has not only yielded herbicide-resistant wheats, but has also helped to improve grain quality by modifying the protein and starch profiles of the grain. These in vitro approaches to gene transfer are developing rapidly, and promise to become an integral part of plant breeding efforts. However, the new biotechnological tools will complement, not replace, conventional plant breeding.Key words: alien-gene transfer, fluorescent GISH, Giemsa banding, homoeologous chromosome pairing, molecular markers, transgenic bread wheat, transgenic durum wheat.
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Gaurav, Kumar, Sanu Arora, Paula Silva, Javier Sánchez-Martín, Richard Horsnell, Liangliang Gao, Gurcharn S. Brar, et al. "Population genomic analysis of Aegilops tauschii identifies targets for bread wheat improvement." Nature Biotechnology 40, no. 3 (November 1, 2021): 422–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41587-021-01058-4.
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AbstractAegilops tauschii, the diploid wild progenitor of the D subgenome of bread wheat, is a reservoir of genetic diversity for improving bread wheat performance and environmental resilience. Here we sequenced 242 Ae. tauschii accessions and compared them to the wheat D subgenome to characterize genomic diversity. We found that a rare lineage of Ae. tauschii geographically restricted to present-day Georgia contributed to the wheat D subgenome in the independent hybridizations that gave rise to modern bread wheat. Through k-mer-based association mapping, we identified discrete genomic regions with candidate genes for disease and pest resistance and demonstrated their functional transfer into wheat by transgenesis and wide crossing, including the generation of a library of hexaploids incorporating diverse Ae. tauschii genomes. Exploiting the genomic diversity of the Ae. tauschii ancestral diploid genome permits rapid trait discovery and functional genetic validation in a hexaploid background amenable to breeding.
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Kozub, N. A., I. A. Sozinov, A. Ya Bidnyk, N. A. Demianova, Ya B. Blume, and A. A. Sozinov. "Development of common wheat lines with the recombinant arm 1RS as a source of new combinations of disease and pest resistance genes." Interdepartmental Thematic Scientific Collection of Plant Protection and Quarantine, no. 62 (September 3, 2016): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/1606-9773.2016.62.143-150.
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A combination of recombinant-inbred lines of the F6 generation from the cross B-16 ќ AR 7086 between lines with two wheat-rye translocations, 1BL/1RS from the Petkus and 1AL/1RS from the rye Insave, was developed. Using gliadin and secalin loci as genetic markers we identified recombinant arm 1RS in positions 1A and 1B in about 10% of lines. The rest of lines with the rye material may also carry recombinant 1RS, which can be identified with DNA markers. Lines with recombinant arm 1RS may serve as a source of new combination of rye genes for disease and pest resistance.
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Junker, Yvonne, Sebastian Zeissig, Seong-Jun Kim, Donatella Barisani, Herbert Wieser, Daniel A. Leffler, Victor Zevallos, et al. "Wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors drive intestinal inflammation via activation of toll-like receptor 4." Journal of Experimental Medicine 209, no. 13 (December 3, 2012): 2395–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20102660.
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Ingestion of wheat, barley, or rye triggers small intestinal inflammation in patients with celiac disease. Specifically, the storage proteins of these cereals (gluten) elicit an adaptive Th1-mediated immune response in individuals carrying HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 as major genetic predisposition. This well-defined role of adaptive immunity contrasts with an ill-defined component of innate immunity in celiac disease. We identify the α-amylase/trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) CM3 and 0.19, pest resistance molecules in wheat, as strong activators of innate immune responses in monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. ATIs engage the TLR4–MD2–CD14 complex and lead to up-regulation of maturation markers and elicit release of proinflammatory cytokines in cells from celiac and nonceliac patients and in celiac patients’ biopsies. Mice deficient in TLR4 or TLR4 signaling are protected from intestinal and systemic immune responses upon oral challenge with ATIs. These findings define cereal ATIs as novel contributors to celiac disease. Moreover, ATIs may fuel inflammation and immune reactions in other intestinal and nonintestinal immune disorders.
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Morgounov, Alexey, Aygul Abugalieva, Kadir Akan, Beyhan Akın, Stephen Baenziger, Madhav Bhatta, Abdelfattah A. Dababat, et al. "High-yielding winter synthetic hexaploid wheats resistant to multiple diseases and pests." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 16, no. 3 (May 12, 2017): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147926211700017x.
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AbstractDevelopment of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) synthetics started at CIMMYT-Mexico in 2004, when winter durum wheat (Triticum turgidum) germplasm from Ukraine and Romania was crossed with Aegilops tauschii accessions from the Caspian Sea region. Chromosomes were doubled after pollination and embryo rescue, but chromosome number and cytological validation was not performed. F2 populations were grown in Mexico and were shipped to Turkey in 2008. During 2009–2015, these populations were subjected to rigorous pedigree selection under dry, cold, disease-affected environments of the Central Anatolian Plateau. The wide segregation and partial sterility observed in 2009 gradually decreased and, by 2016, most of the F8 single spike progenies demonstrated good fertility and agronomic performance. Since 2013, lines have been selected from synthetic populations and evaluated at multiple sites. Superior lines were characterized for resistance to leaf, stripe and stem rust, plant height, and reaction to common bunt and soil-borne pathogens. Thousand kernel weight of many lines exceeded 50 g, compared with the check varieties that barely reached 40 g. Threshability of synthetic lines varied from 0 to 95%, demonstrating genetic variation for this important domestication trait. Screening against Hessian fly, sunny pest and Russian wheat aphid identified several resistant genotypes. Both durum and Aegilops parents affected synthetic wheat traits. Several studies are underway to reveal the genetic diversity of synthetic lines and the basis of resistance to diseases and insects. This synthetic germplasm represents a new winter bread wheat parental pool. It is available upon request to interested breeding/research programmes.
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Piro, Maria Chiara, Hilde Muylle, and Geert Haesaert. "Exploiting Rye in Wheat Quality Breeding: The Case of Arabinoxylan Content." Plants 12, no. 4 (February 7, 2023): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12040737.
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Rye (Secale cereale subsp. cereale L.) has long been exploited as a valuable alternative genetic resource in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding. Indeed, the introgression of rye genetic material led to significant breakthroughs in the improvement of disease and pest resistance of wheat, as well as a few agronomic traits. While such traits remain a high priority in cereal breeding, nutritional aspects of grain crops are coming under the spotlight as consumers become more conscious about their dietary choices and the food industry strives to offer food options that meet their demands. To address this new challenge, wheat breeding can once again turn to rye to look for additional genetic variation. A nutritional aspect that can potentially greatly benefit from the introgression of rye genetic material is the dietary fibre content of flour. In fact, rye is richer in dietary fibre than wheat, especially in terms of arabinoxylan content. Arabinoxylan is a major dietary fibre component in wheat and rye endosperm flours, and it is associated with a variety of health benefits, including normalisation of glycaemic levels and promotion of the gut microbiota. Thus, it is a valuable addition to the human diet, and it can represent a novel target for wheat–rye introgression breeding.
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McCallum, Brent D., and Ronald M. DePauw. "A review of wheat cultivars grown in the Canadian prairies." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 88, no. 4 (July 1, 2008): 649–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps07159.
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Wheat is Canada's largest crop with most of the production in the western Canadian prairie provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. Since wheat production started in western Canada, over 100 yr ago, market classes of hexaploid spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were the dominant type of wheat, although production of durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn.)] has grown significantly over this period, and hexaploid winter wheat was grown on a relatively small portion of the wheat area. Within hexaploid wheat there has been diversification into a number of market classes based on different end-use quality criteria. The predominant spring bread wheat class has been the Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) class. A few cultivars were grown extensively over a long period of time, such as the CWRS wheat Thatcher, which was the dominant cultivar from 1939 to 1968, and Kyle, which was the leading Canada Western Amber Durum (CWAD) cultivar from 1988 to 2004. Other cultivars dominated particular wheat classes for many years such as Glenlea, Canada Western Extra Strong (CWES) spring wheat and Norstar, Canada Western Red Winter (CWRW) wheat. The reasons for newer cultivars replacing older cultivars include improvements in grain yield, resistance to stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn.), leaf rust (Puccinia triticina Eriks.), and other diseases, resistance to wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus Nort.), enhanced end-use quality, and other agronomic characteristics such as lodging resistance. Cultivars with improved pest resistance were often rapidly adopted, such as Thatcher and Selkirk, in response to the stem rust epidemics in the 1930s and 1950s, and Rescue and Lillian in response to wheat stem sawfly epidemics in the 1940s and 2000s. Improved grain yield led to the rapid increase of many cultivars including Marquis in the 1910s and 1920s, Neepawa, Wascana and Wakooma in the 1970s, AC Barrie in the 1990s, and Superb in the 2000s. Increased breeding efforts recently have led to many more highly adapted cultivars and subsequently more diverse wheat production. Wheat classes and cultivars in the prairies continue to improve and diversify to meet the challenges of the marketplace and the production concerns of wheat growers. Key words: Rust, fusarium head blight, cereal quality, protein
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Samofalova, N. E., O. A. Dubinina, A. P. Samofalov, and N. P. Ilichkina. "THE METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS’ PART IN WINTER DURUM WHEAT PRODUCTIVITY FORMATION." Grain Economy of Russia, no. 5 (November 11, 2019): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31367/2079-8725-2019-65-5-18-23.
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In the regions of insufficient and unstable moisture, hydrothermal conditions are the main natural factors that determine the level of crop productivity. The purpose of our study was to identify the role of the main meteorological factors in the formation of winter durum wheat productivity at different periods of its growth and development. The study was carried out in the southern part of the Rostov region in the FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” in 2003–2014. The objects of the study were winter durum wheat varieties and breeding lines of competitive variety testing, sown in black fallow, in four replications, with a plot area of 25 m². The current paper presents the analysis results of the average daily temperature, precipitation, hydrothermal index (HTI) by the periods of winter durum wheat growth and development through the years of study, average varietal productivity for each year. It has been established that the characteristic features of the studied years are a temperature rise, especially in the pre-sowing and sowing periods, during the wintering period and the resumption of spring vegetation, and irregular precipitation, their shift in the fall from November to October, in the winter from February to January, in the spring from April to March, and its decrease or absence during the active growing season. The conducted correlation analysis between main meteorological factors and productivity showed a decisive role of the temperature regime in winter durum wheat productivity formation. It turned out to be less significant in relation to precipitation. This indicates that winter durum wheat productivity does not depend on the total amount of precipitation, but on its distribution, moisture presence in soil, and temperature. According to the analysis of the main meteorological factors, their connection with productivity, there have been identified positive and negative points in the ontogenesis of winter durum wheat associated with climate change, which must be taken into account in breeding and growing technology. There have been determined the main objectives for winter durum wheat breeding, aimed at improving such adaptive properties as drought resistance, heat resistance, especially at the initial stages of growth and development, winter tolerance, disease and pest resistance occurred due to climate change (septorisis, pyrenophorosis, bacteriosis and fusarium of heads and kernels).
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Chupryna, Yu, O. Bliznjuk, N. Masalitina, and A. Belinska. "CHARACTERISTICS OF TRITICUM AESTIUM RESISTANCE GENES TO DISEASE CAUSES AND ANALYSIS OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS." Integrated Technologies and Energy Saving, no. 4 (December 12, 2022): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2078-5364.2022.4.06.
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The dominance of resistance of host plants and the recessive virulence of parasites are the result of their co-evolution with the host, which is the main partner. However, mutant resistance genes are usually recessive. Distant hybridization is needed to replenish the resistance gene pool. The larger the area planted with a resistant variety, the more sensitive it becomes. Resistance genes are reduced during reproduction. The genes currently used for resistance to leaf rust, stem rust, yellow rust and powdery mildew are all from wheatgrass, rye, heliops etc. The search for ecologically safe and effective means of preserving crops of valuable productive crops led to the formation of alternative protective methods. Among them is the use of biological preparations, the basis of which is the principle of antagonism between different types of microorganisms or the manifestation of their antibiotic activity, in particular, the release of substances toxic to competing organisms into the external environment. The biological method of plant protection is based on a systemic approach, the integrated implementation of two main directions: the preservation and promotion of the activity of natural populations of useful species (entomophages, microorganisms), the self-protection of cultivated plants in agrobiocenoses and the renewal of agrobiocenoses with useful species that are lacking in them or those that are absent.
 The fundamental difference between the biological method of plant protection and any other is the use of the first direction, which is carried out using biological preparations, methods of seasonal colonization, introduction and acclimatization of zoophages and microorganisms. The reproduction and efficiency of the activity of beneficial species are facilitated by agrobiotechnical measures and some methods of soil cultivation with the help of which it is possible to create favourable conditions for the life of zoophages. An important agrotechnical measure is the cultivation of varieties of cultural plants resistant to harmful organisms, which contributes to the formation of weakly viable populations of pests.
 The collection samples of spring wheat of different ecological and geographical origin were analyzed by pest resistance genes and ecologically stable populations were identified according to their complex and individual resistance to changing environmental climatic conditions. Biological preparations for combating pathogens are characterized.
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Wang, He, Jingjing Li, Qian Yang, Lan Wang, Jing Wang, Yaxin Zhang, Yanjing Guo, et al. "Natural 2-Amino-3-Methylhexanoic Acid as Plant Elicitor Inducing Resistance against Temperature Stress and Pathogen Attack." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 10 (May 20, 2022): 5715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105715.
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2-Amino-3-methylhexanoic acid (AMHA) was synthetized as a non-natural amino acid more than 70 years ago; however, its possible function as an inducer of plant resistance has not been reported. Plant resistance inducers, also known as plant elicitors, are becoming a novel and important development direction in crop protection and pest management. We found that free AMHA accumulated in the mycelia but not in fermentation broths of four fungal species, Magnaporthe oryzae and three Alternaria spp. We unequivocally confirmed that AMHA is a naturally occurring endogenous (2S, 3S)-α-amino acid, based on isolation, purification and structural analyses. Further experiments demonstrated that AMHA has potent activity-enhancing resistance against extreme temperature stresses in several plant species. It is also highly active against fungal, bacterial and viral diseases by inducing plant resistance. AMHA pretreatment strongly protected wheat against powdery mildew, Arabidopsis against Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 and tobacco against Tomato spotted wilt virus. AMHA exhibits a great potential to become a unique natural elicitor protecting plants against biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Murashko, L. A., T. I. Mukha, O. V. Humenyuk, Yu M. Suddenko, N. V. Novytska, and O. M. Martynov. "Creation of the initial breeding material of soft winter wheat with a complex of economically valuable traits." Plant varieties studying and protection 18, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21498/2518-1017.18.2.2022.265178.
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Purpose. Creation of new breeding material of soft winter wheat, highly resistant to diseases of the ear and pest colonization for use in the breeding process. Methods. The studies were carried out in 2017–2020 under conditions of artificial inoculation of wheat plants with pathogens of common bunt and fusariosis of the ear in field infectious nurseries of the Department of Plant Protection of the V. M. Remeslo Institute of Wheat of NAAS. An artificial infectious background of common bunt was created according to the method of A. I. Borggard-Anpilogov, which consists in contamination of seed material with spores several days before sowing. An artificial infectious background of fusarium ear blight was created by spraying soft winter wheat plants in the flowering phase with a suspension of spores isolated from the local pathogen population. Results. According to the results of the conducted research, highly resistant (up to 5% ear damage) combinations of hybrids of the fourth generation of soft wheat were selected against the causative agent of fusarium: ‘Berehynia Myronivska’ / ‘Nobeoka bozu’ had a thrips population of 5.2 ind./ear, and cereal leaf beetle – 35,0 ind./m2 and ‘Horlytsia myronivska’ / ‘C-Lokia’, the thrips population of which was 5.0 ind./ear, cereal leaf beetle – 2.0 ind./m2. On an artificial infectious background of fourth-generation hybrids, in terms of resistance to common bunt, the crossing combinations ‘Berehynia Myronivska’ / ‘Horianka’, ‘Lehenda Myronivska’ / ‘Nana’ were selected, which were affected by common bunt from 15 to 20%, and thrips population was 2.8–8.6 ind./ear, cereal leaf beetle – 5.0–6.0 ind./m2. The highest indicators of the length of the ear, the number of grains in the ear and the mass of grain from the ear were obtained in the combinations of ‘Oberih Myronivskyi’ / ‘Maris Templer’ and ‘Berehynia Myronivska’ / ‘Horianka’, which were created in accordance with the breeding programs of soft winter wheat for resistance against fusarium head blight and common bunt. Conclusions. The constant lines of soft winter wheat, isolated by complex resistance against diseases and pests, are used in the breeding process of the V. M. Remeslo Institute of Wheat of NAAS and the National Center of Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine (The Plant Production Institute named after V. Ya. Yuriev, Kharkiv).
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D.P, Singh, Sharma A.K, Babu K.S, Sharma Indu, and Nagarajan S. "Multiple Diseases, Insect Pests Resistant Genotypes and Their Utilization in Breeding for Resistance in Wheat and Triticale." Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4, no. 4 (May 13, 2014): 150–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15580/gjas.2014.4.042914214.
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Cook, R. James. "Interrelationships of plant health and the sustainability of agriculture, with special reference to plant diseases." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 1, no. 1 (1986): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300000746.
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AbstractU.S. crops have the potential routinely to produce 15–25% more, and in some cases 100% more, with no more water or fertilizer, but are prevented from doing so by diseases, nematodes, arthropod pests, and weeds. It is not compatible with the goals of a sustainable agriculture to fertilize, cultivate, and water for maximum production, but then allow diseases and pests to limit actual yields to some fraction of what was paid for with the capital investments and agronomic inputs. In eastern Washington and adjacent northern Idaho (The Palouse), wheat generally yields 4,800–6,200 kg/ha in years of normal precipitation (45–55 cm), but yields 6,900–9,000 kg/ha with the same water and fertilizer if the soil is fumigated to eliminate root disease organisms and weeds, and the plants are protected from rusts, pseudocercosporella foot rot, and aphids. Some practical alternatives to soil fumigation (depending on the value of the crop) include crop rotation, tillage, flooding the soil, heating the soil (using clear plastic tarp or by burning residue on the soil surface), and organic amendments that intensify the biological stresses on pathogen propagules in soil. Other disease controls include using pathogen-free planting material, maintaining a diversity of genetic resistance, and adjusting planting date and method of seeding to escape pathogens. Some of the emerging technologies include improved serological and molecular methods for diagnosing pathogens, microorganisms that kill pathogen propagules in soil or protect the plant, simulation models of epidemics to forecast disease outbreaks, and integrated pest management systems. Better experimental a pproaches are needed to identify and determine the priorities of the combinations of biotic and abiotic factors that limit yields, and more attention should be given to holistic plant health care.
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Charles Ugwu Ugwueze. "Review on Genetic Variability and Divergence in Bread Wheat Triticum aestivum L." Pacific International Journal 3, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.55014/pij.v3i3.105.
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 Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the second major food crop of the world in its importance next to rice. In Ethiopia the crop ranks third in terms of total production next to teff and maize. It is largely grown in the highlands of the country and constitutes roughly 20-30 % of the annual cereal production and plays an appreciable role of supplying the production with carbohydrates, proteins and minerals. Genetic diversity and variability are essential to meet the diversified goals of plant breeding such as breeding for increasing yield, wider adaptation, desirable quality, and pest and disease resistance. Genetic divergence analysis estimates the extent of diversity existed among selected genotypes. In common parlance, genetic variability and genetic diversity are considered synonym to each other which is erroneous. Genetic variability is the variation in alleles of genes or variation in DNA/RNA sequences in the gene pool of a species or population which expresses itself in terms of alternate forms in phenotype. Genetic diversity, on the other hand, is a broad term encompassing all the variability occurring among different genotypes with respect to total genetic make-up of genotypes related to single species or between species. Genetic similarity or dissimilarity can be compared by genetic distance between different individuals. Genetic distance can be used to measure the genetic divergence between different sub-species or different varieties of a species. Different characters of bread wheat show different contribution towards genetic variability and divergence. Estimate of heritability is very important to know the attribute to genetic variance not only in bread wheat but also in any crop plants.
 
 
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Richards, R. A., J. R. Hunt, J. A. Kirkegaard, and J. B. Passioura. "Yield improvement and adaptation of wheat to water-limited environments in Australia—a case study." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 7 (2014): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13426.
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The improvement in grain yield of wheat throughout Australia through both breeding and management has been impressive. Averaged across all farms, there has been an approximate doubling of yield per unit area since ~1940. This has occurred across a broad range of environments with different rainfall patterns. Interestingly, the gain in the driest years (9 kg ha–1 year–1 or 0.81% year–1) has been proportionally greater than in the most favourable years (13.2 kg ha–1 year–1 or 0.61% per year) when expressed as yield relative to 2012. These data from all farms suggest that further yield progress is likely, and evidence is presented that improved management practices alone could double this rate of progress. The yield increases achieved have been without any known compromise in grain quality or disease resistance. As expected, improvements have come from both changed management and from better genetics, as well as from the synergy between them. Yield improvements due to changed management have been dramatic and are easiest to quantify, whereas those from breeding have been important but more subtle. The management practices responsible have largely been driven by advances in mechanisation that enable direct seeding, more timely and flexible sowing and nutrient management, and improved weed and pest control, many of which have been facilitated by improved crop sequences with grain legumes and oilseeds that improve water- and nutrient-use efficiency. Most of the yield improvements from breeding in Australia have come from conventional breeding approaches where selection is almost solely for grain yield (together with grain quality and disease resistance). Improvements have primarily been through increased harvest index (HI), although aboveground biomass has also been important. We discuss future opportunities to further increase Australian rainfed wheat yields. An important one is earlier planting, which increases resource capture. This will require knowledge of the genes regulating phenological development so that flowering still occurs at the optimum time; appropriate modifications to sowing arrangements and nutrient management will also be required. To improve yield potential, we propose a focus on physiological traits that increase biomass and HI and suggest that there may be more scope to improve biomass than HI. In addition, there are likely to be important opportunities to combine novel management practices with new breeding traits to capture the synergy possible from variety × management interactions. Finally, we comment on research aimed at adapting agriculture to climate change.
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Pharand, Benoît, Odile Carisse, and Nicole Benhamou. "Cytological Aspects of Compost-Mediated Induced Resistance Against Fusarium Crown and Root Rot in Tomato." Phytopathology® 92, no. 4 (April 2002): 424–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2002.92.4.424.
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The potential of a pulp and paper mill residues compost for the control of crown and root rot of greenhouse-grown tomato caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici was ultrastructurally investigated. Peat moss amended with compost substantially reduced disease-associated symptoms. Addition of Pythium oligandrum to either peat moss alone or peat moss amended with compost resulted in a considerable reduction in disease incidence compared with controls grown in peat moss alone. Histological and cytological observations of root samples from Fusarium-inoculated plants revealed that the beneficial effect of compost in reducing disease symptoms is associated with increased plant resistance to fungal colonization. One of the most prominent facets of compost-mediated induced resistance concerned the formation of physical barriers at sites of attempted fungal penetration. These structures, likely laid down to prevent pathogen ingress toward the vascular elements, included callose-enriched wall appositions and osmiophilic deposits around the sites of potential pathogen ingress. Invading hyphae, coated by the osmiophilic material, showed marked cellular disorganization. The use of the wheat germ agglutinin-ovomucoid-gold complex provided evidence that the wall-bound chitin was altered in severely damaged hyphae. A substantial increase in the extent and magnitude of the cellular changes induced by compost was observed when P. oligandrum was supplied to the potting substrate. This finding corroborates the current concept that amendment of composts with specific antagonists may be a valuable option for amplifying their beneficial properties in terms of plant disease suppression.
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Pokhrel, Chandra P., Vimla Bhandari, Pramesh Lakhe, and Ram Kailash P. Yadav. "AGRO-BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION THROUGH SEED BANKING: A CASE STUDY FROM MID-WESTERN AND FAR-WESTERN NEPAL." Ecoprint: An International Journal of Ecology 19 (February 13, 2014): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/eco.v19i0.9852.
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The present paper deals with the perception and practices of farmers on production, processing and storage of seeds as well as role of Community Seed Banks (CSBs) in seed supply and conservation of agro-biodiversity. The study was conducted in three VDCs namely Belwa, Masuriya and Beldandi of Bardia, Kailai and Kanchanpur districts, respectively. Of the sampled respondents, 44.4% used only local varieties and the rest of them used all local, improved and hybrid varieties. Farmers in the study area have their own criteria of seed selection such as yield potential, growth period, resistance to disease and pest, taste, shape and color. Traditionally, farmers store their seeds in a special clay pot called “Dehari” and “Kuthali: CSB is the alternative way of their seed storage. Total 75 varieties of paddy, 13 varieties of wheat and 10 varieties of maize were stored in CSBs. Eight varieties of millet, 5 varities of mustard and 12 varieties of pulse, 4 varieties of gram and two varieties of soybean were also stored. CSBs were found to be useful to the farmers in many ways such as easy availability of seeds, on-farm conservation of local varieties, conservation of local and traditional knowledge and change in their livelihoods. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/eco.v19i0.9852 EcoprintAn International Journal of EcologyVol. 19, 2012Page: 1-5Uploaded date: 2/14/2014
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Ficke, Andrea, David M. Gadoury, and Robert C. Seem. "Ontogenic Resistance and Plant Disease Management: A Case Study of Grape Powdery Mildew." Phytopathology® 92, no. 6 (June 2002): 671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2002.92.6.671.
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A fundamental principle of integrated pest management is that actions taken to manage disease should be commensurate with the risk of infection and loss. One of the less-studied factors that determines this risk is ontogenic, or age-related resistance of the host. Ontogenic resistance may operate at the whole plant level or in specific organs or tissues. Until recently, grape berries were thought to remain susceptible to powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) until late in their development. However, the development of ontogenic resistance is actually quite rapid in berries, and fruit become nearly immune to infection within 4 weeks after fruit set. Our objective was to determine how and at what stage the pathogen was halted in the infection process on ontogenically resistant berries. Adhesion of conidia, germination, and appressorium formation were not impeded on older berries. However, once berries were approximately 3 weeks old and older, few germlings were able to form secondary hyphae. Ontogenically resistant berries responded rapidly to infection by synthesis of a germin-like protein that had been previously shown to play a role in host defense against barley powdery mildew. On susceptible berries, cell discoloration around penetration sites indicated the oxidation of phenolic compounds; a process that was followed by localized cell death. However, the pathogen was still able to infect such cells prior to their death, continue secondary growth, and thereby colonize young berries. Formation of papillae was not involved in the differential resistance mechanism of older berries. In susceptible berries, papillae formed frequently at infection sites but did not always contain the pathogen, whereas in resistant berries, the pathogen was always halted prior to the formation of papillae. The host defense, which conditions ontogenic resistance, operates in the earliest stages of the infection process, in the absence of gross anatomical barriers, prior to the formation of a functional haustorium and prior to the development of a conspicuous penetration pore. We also found that diffuse powdery mildew colonies that were not visible in the field predisposed berries to bunch rot by Botrytis cinerea, increased the levels of infestation by spoilage microorganisms, and substantially degraded wine quality. Our improved understanding of the nature, causes, and stability of ontogenic resistance in the grapevine/ powdery mildew system has supported substantial changes in how fungicides are used to control the disease. Present applications are more focused on the period of maximum fruit susceptibility instead of following a calendar-based schedule. This has improved control, reduced losses, and in many cases reduced the number of fungicide applications required to suppress the disease. Particularly where fungicides are deployed in a programmatic fashion and ontogenic resistance is dynamic, there may be equivalent improvements to be made in other hostpathogen systems through studies of how host susceptibility changes through time.
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Marzano, Mariella, Paul Woodcock, and Christopher P. Quine. "Dealing with dieback: forest manager attitudes towards developing resistant ash trees in the United Kingdom." Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research 92, no. 5 (May 15, 2019): 554–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpz022.
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Abstract European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) is a highly valued native species in the UK and elsewhere. The rapid spread and predicted impact of ash dieback (caused by Hymenoscyphus fraxineus), has led researchers to explore a range of responses from introducing non-native ash to use of Genetic Modification (GM) technologies to develop disease resistance. To support decisions over which approaches should receive further investment to encourage adoption, it is necessary to understand what is acceptable to forest practitioners. Interviews with 22 forest advisors and managers revealed ash is highly valued for the multiple benefits it provides but past experiences with pest and diseases have encouraged a more cautious (‘wait and see’) attitude to approaches for dealing with ash dieback. These practitioners showed a strong interest in the concept of resistant ash but emphasized that any ‘new’ varieties should have similar characteristics, retain genetic diversity and be able to withstand future pests. There was limited support for planting non-native ash and use of GM methods and greater support for traditional breeding, though views varied dependent upon objectives and could evolve with experience countering the disease. There were concerns about the time required to produce resistant varieties and more information was needed about the costs, benefits and impacts of the different approaches. These findings point to the need for continued communication and engagement with stakeholders in the refinement of responses to dieback and any development of resistant ash.
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Li, Mengmeng, Zige Yang, and Cheng Chang. "Susceptibility Is New Resistance: Wheat Susceptibility Genes and Exploitation in Resistance Breeding." Agriculture 12, no. 9 (September 8, 2022): 1419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12091419.
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Adapted pathogens and pests seriously threaten global wheat production. During pathogen and pest infections, wheat susceptibility (S) genes are exploited to support the compatibility of wheat with pathogens and pests. A plethora of wheat S genes were recently identified and revealed to regulate multiple processes, including pathogen (pre)penetration, plant immunity, pathogen sustenance, and pest feeding. The inactivation of some S genes via newly developed genome editing and TILLING techniques could reduce compatibility and confer broad-spectrum and durable resistance, which provide a new avenue for wheat resistance improvement. In this review, we summarized recent advances in the characterization of wheat S genes and highlighted their multifaceted roles in facilitating compatible interactions of wheat with adapted pathogens and pests. Current strategies, limitations, and future directions in exploiting S genes in wheat resistance breeding are discussed.
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Khush, Gurdev S. "Green revolution: preparing for the 21st century." Genome 42, no. 4 (August 1, 1999): 646–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g99-044.
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In the 1960s there were large-scale concerns about the world's ability to feed itself. However, widespread adoption of "green revolution" technology led to major increases in food-grain production. Between 1966 and 1990, the population of the densely populated low-income countries grew by 80%, but food production more than doubled. The technological advance that led to the dramatic achievements in world food production over the last 30 years was the development of high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice. These varieties are responsive to fertilizer inputs, are lodging resistant, and their yield potential is 2-3 times that of varieties available prior to the green revolution. In addition, these varieties have multiple resistance to diseases and insects and thus have yield stability. The development of irrigation facilities, the availability of inorganic fertilizers, and benign government policies have all facilitated the adoption of green-revolution technology. In the 1990s, the rate of growth in food-grain production has been lower than the rate of growth in population. If this trend is not reversed, serious food shortages will occur in the next century. To meet the challenge of feeding 8 billion people by 2020, we have to prepare now and develop the technology for raising farm productivity. We have to develop cereal cultivars with higher yield potential and greater yield stability. We must also develop strategies for integrated nutrient management, integrated pest management, and efficient utilization of water and soil resources.Key words: food security, environmental sustainability, high-yielding varieties, yield potential, yield stability.
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Emebiri, Livinus, Mustapha El Bousshini, Mui-Keng Tan, and Francis C. Ogbonnaya. "Field-based screening identifies resistance to Sunn pest (Eurygaster integriceps) feeding at vegetative stage in elite wheat genotypes." Crop and Pasture Science 68, no. 2 (2017): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp16355.
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Sunn pest (Eurygaster integriceps Puton) is currently widely distributed in West and Central Asia and Eastern Europe, but has not been found in Australia, Western Europe or North America. Climate warming is known to promote the expansion of its range of distribution, and it is expected that the insect could spread into new territories. Varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum) carrying resistance remain an important component of managing the biosecurity risk of any potential incursion. Previous studies have identified sources of Sunn pest resistance in wheat, but there is little information on the genes that confer the resistance. This research used field-based, artificial infestation cages to evaluate 204 elite wheat varieties for Sunn pest resistance, at Terbol, Lebanon. A significant (P < 0.001) difference in resistance was observed among the wheat germplasm, with 19 varieties rated as resistant to moderately resistant and 17 as highly susceptible. Three of the elite varieties showed very little damage, a status similar to that of the resistant check, ICBW-209273. In parallel, the research carried out a genome-wide scan with single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers to identify chromosome regions and putative genes associated with resistance. Association mapping identified SNP markers with significant associations on chromosomes 2D, 4B and 5B. When these markers were projected onto the wheat population sequencing-based (POPSEQ) reference map, they tended to map close to the location of wheat height-reducing genes. The phenotypic variation explained by the identified markers ranged from 7% to 11%, and collectively, they explained 23.9% of the variation or 45% of the generalised heritability. Marker-trait association was confirmed in two independent, doubled-haploid wheat populations, derived from crosses involving wheat landraces from Afghanistan, where Sunn pest is recognised as an endemic problem. In the two wheat populations, the analyses validated the strong association between wsnp_BF483640B_Ta_2_2 and resistance to Sunn pest damage at the vegetative stage. This study demonstrates existence of genetic resistance to Sunn pest feeding at the vegetative stage in elite wheat germplasm. The study also identified and validated SNP markers that could be useful tools for transfer of resistance into new wheat cultivars.
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Anderson, W. K., R. F. Brennan, K. W. Jayasena, S. Micic, J. H. Moore, and T. Nordblom. "Tactical crop management for improved productivity in winter-dominant rainfall regions: a review." Crop and Pasture Science 71, no. 7 (2020): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp19315.
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This study reviews published information on the tactical management decisions needed to maximise economic grain yield in winter-dominant rainfall regions of the Mediterranean type. Tactical decisions are defined as those relating to the period from immediately before sowing to harvest. Tactical management is the principal means by which farmers respond to changing environmental and short-term economic conditions as the season progresses. The review considers published evidence that underpins these decisions and relates to cereal crops (wheat, barley and oats), pulse crops (field pea, faba bean, chickpea and narrow-leaved lupin) and canola. The criteria used to guide management decisions during the season involve soil and tissue tests for nutrients, knowledge of weed numbers and resistance status in the current and previous seasons, weather conditions that favour disease development, and knowledge of thresholds and biology of insect pests that may warrant control measures. All of these decisions can be related to the timing of the opening rains and the length of the growing season; the crop, pasture or weeds present in the previous two seasons; the presence of pest- and disease-bearing crop residues; and the type of tillage in use. Most of these indicators require further refinement through research across environments, soil types, crop types and production systems. The likely interactions between tactical or short-term management decisions, longer term or strategic decisions, and genetic factors are discussed. The prevalent use of chemicals in the management of biotic factors that can impact the crops is noted, as is progress towards various systems of ‘integrated’ management of these threats to crop production. Most tactical decisions in rainfed cropping systems appear to be supported by adequate evidence, although some decisions are still based on practical experience and observations. Application of tactical management practices together with strategic management and use of improved genotypes provides the possibility of achieving rainfall-limited potential grain yield at a regional scale. The papers reviewed have been selected partly on the basis that the experimental treatments achieved the estimated potential grain yield. Where the potential grain yields are not being achieved in commercial crops, it remains unclear whether this is due to inadequate adoption of existing information or inadequate research to identify and address the underlying causes. We highlight the need to devise a simple decision aid to assist farmers and their advisers to respond to the variable seasonal conditions evident since the turn of the Century.
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NKONGOLO, K. K., J. S. QUICK, A. E. LIMIN, D. B. FOWLER, F. B. PEAIRS, and W. L. MEYER. "RUSSIAN WHEAT APHID (Diuraphis noxia) RESISTANCE IN WHEAT AND RELATED SPECIES." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70, no. 3 (July 1, 1990): 691–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps90-085.
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The Russian wheat aphid (RWA) has become a crop pest of significant economic importance in wheat-producing areas of North America. Resistant cultivars offer the opportunity for both economic and effective control of this pest. The present study was initiated to identify genes for RWA resistance in wheat and wheat relatives and to assess the expression of the genes in a wide range of genetic backgrounds. Fifty-two lines, including wheat-related species from various geographic regions, synthetic hexaploid wheats, amphiploids derived from Triticum tauschii × T. timopheevii, T. ventricosum × T. turgidum, and hexaploid and octaploid triticales, were evaluated in the greenhouse for resistance to the RWA. There was a close association between leaf chlorosis and leaf rolling, two components of the RWA damage rating system, but the association varied with species. Close relationships were also observed among levels of damage recorded at six rating times for these two indices of RWA resistance. Eighteen entries were resistant to some degree. A high degree of gene expression for RWA resistance was observed in interspecific hybrids indicating that genes conferring resistance in wheat relatives are accessible for use in wheat improvement by established cytogenetic and plant breeding techniques.Key words: Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia, Triticeae, Agropyron, interspecific hybrids, gene expression
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James, D. J., A. J. Passey, M. A. Easterbrook, M. G. Solomon, and D. J. Barbara. "Transgenes for Pest and Disease Resistance." Phytoparasitica 20, S1 (March 1992): S83—S87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02980414.
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YOSHIHARA, Teruhiko. "Disease and pest resistance of plants." Journal of the agricultural chemical society of Japan 62, no. 6 (1988): 995–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.62.995.
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DEMPSEY, D., H. SILVA, and D. KLESSIG. "Engineering disease and pest resistance in plants." Trends in Microbiology 6, no. 2 (February 1998): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-842x(97)01186-4.
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Tolmay, Vicki L., Scott L. Sydenham, Thandeka N. Sikhakhane, Bongiwe N. Nhlapho, and Toi J. Tsilo. "Elusive Diagnostic Markers for Russian Wheat Aphid Resistance in Bread Wheat: Deliberating and Reviewing the Status Quo." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21 (November 4, 2020): 8271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218271.
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Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov), is a severe pest of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., throughout the world. Resistant cultivars are viewed as the most economical and environmentally viable control available. Studies to identify molecular markers to facilitate resistance breeding started in the 1990s, and still continue. This paper reviews and discusses the literature pertaining to the D. noxia R-genes on chromosome 7D, and markers reported to be associated with them. Individual plants with known phenotypes from a panel of South African wheat accessions are used as examples. Despite significant inputs from various research groups over many years, diagnostic markers for resistance to D. noxia remain elusive. Factors that may have impeded critical investigation, thus blurring the accumulation of a coherent body of information applicable to Dn resistance, are discussed. This review calls for a more fastidious approach to the interpretation of results, especially considering the growing evidence pointing to the complex regulation of aphid resistance response pathways in plants. Appropriate reflection on prior studies, together with emerging knowledge regarding the complexity and specificity of the D. noxia–wheat resistance interaction, should enable scientists to address the challenges of protecting wheat against this pest in future.
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Lamb, R. J., M. A. H. Smith, I. L. Wise, and R. I. H. McKenzie. "Resistance to wheat midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in winter wheat and the origins of resistance in spring wheat (Poaceae)." Canadian Entomologist 148, no. 2 (July 27, 2015): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2015.48.
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AbstractNine winter wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum Linnaeus) (Poaceae) were the source of the Sm1 gene for resistance to wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), in spring wheat. All nine showed antibiosis characteristic of Sm1, as expected. They also showed oviposition deterrence and reduced hatch, which contributed to overall resistance. The overall level of resistance of the nine winter wheat cultivars was usually lower than that of resistant spring wheat lines in laboratory trials, but equally high in a field trial. Five of seven other North American winter wheat cultivars also showed resistance. Three of these were grown in the 1920s and earlier, before wheat varieties were officially registered. One of these, “Mediterranean”, came from Europe in the 1880s and may be the origin of Sm1 in North America. Two of 11 Chinese winter wheat lines showed resistance to wheat midge but at a lower level than that characteristic of Sm1. Widespread resistance in North American winter wheat cultivars was unexpected because wheat midge has not been a pest of winter wheat for many decades. North American winter wheat cultivars can provide sources of resistance to wheat midge, particularly high levels of oviposition deterrence as exhibited by “Goens” and “Rawhide”.
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Berton Ferreira, Thiago, Willingthon Pavan, José Maurício Cunha Fernandes, Senthold Asseng, Fabio Augusto Antunes de Oliveira, Carlos Amaral Hölbig, Diego Noleto Luz Pequeno, Genei Antônio Dalmago, Alexandre Lazaretti Zanatta, and Gerrit Hoogenboom. "Coupling a Pest and Disease Damage Module with CSM-NWheat: A Wheat Crop Simulation Model." Transactions of the ASABE 64, no. 6 (2021): 2061–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14586.
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HighlightsCSM-NWheat, a DSSAT wheat crop model, was coupled with a pest module named PEST.The coupled model can simulate the impact of pest and disease damage on wheat crops.Pest damage is expressed in daily steps by communication links called coupling points.Coupling points are linked with state variables at which pest damage can be applied.Field pest-scouting reports and linear interpolation are used to compute damage rates.Abstract. Wheat is one of the most important global staple crops and is affected by numerous pests and diseases. Depending on their intensity, pests and diseases can cause significant economic losses and even crop failures. Pest models can assist decision-making, thus helping reduce crop losses. Most wheat simulation models account for abiotic stresses such as drought and nutrients, but they do not account for biotic stresses caused by pests and diseases. Therefore, the objective of this study was to couple a dynamic pest and disease damage module to the DSSAT model CSM-NWheat. Coupling points were integrated into the CSM-NWheat model for applying daily damage to all plant components, including leaves, stems, roots, and grains, the entire plant, and to the assimilate supply. The coupled model was tested by simulating a wheat crop with virtual damage levels applied at each coupling point. Measured foliar damage caused by tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) was also simulated. The modified model accurately estimated the reduction in leaf area growth and the yield loss when compared with observed data. With the incorporation of the pest module, CSM-NWheat can now predict the potential impact of pests and diseases on wheat growth and development, and ultimately economic yield. Keywords: Biotic stress, Decision support, DSSAT, Model coupling, Yield loss.
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KHARRAT, IMEN, DHIA BOUKTILA, MAHA MEZGHANI-KHEMAKHEM, HANEM MAKNI, and MOHAMED MAKNI. "Biotype characterization and genetic diversity of the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in north Tunisia." Revista Colombiana de Entomología 38, no. 1 (June 30, 2012): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/socolen.v38i1.8926.
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The greenbug Schizaphis graminum, is a major pest of wheat worldwide. Biotype screening of this pest is essential to develop pest management programs. In this research, eight greenbug clones, collected on wheat in the cereal-growing region of Béja (north Tunisia), were used to determine their damage on six reference wheat cultivars. All tested clones shared a unique biotypic profile, similar to biotype C. Moreover, DNA from the tested clones and that from seven reference clones of biotypes C, E, F, G, H, I and K, was analyzed, using 5 RAPD-PCR primers. The UPGMA method clustered samples into two distinct clades: a first one (I) included clones from north Tunisia, which were clearly associated to agricultural biotypes C, E, I and K, while a second clade (II) included non agricultural biotypes F, G and H. Results reported in this paper suggest that resistance genes Gb2, Gb3, Gb4, Gb5 and Gb6 in wheat would be the most efficient if used in wheat improvement programs for resistance against greenbug in Tunisia.
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CHEN, Zhen-Hong, Jun LI, Hui-Ting WEI, Ya-Xi LIU, Chao-Su LI, Mei DENG, Jing-Qiong LI, et al. "Resistance QTL Mapping Analysis for Storage Pest Sitophilus zeamais in Wheat." ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA 38, no. 2 (January 7, 2013): 369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1006.2012.00369.
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Alemu, Gadisa. "Wheat Breeding for Disease Resistance: Review." Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 4, no. 2 (2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000142.
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Breeding for disease resistance is a central focus of plant breeding programs, as any successful variety must have the complete package of high yield, disease resistance, agronomic performance, and end - use quality. Wheat breeding is focused on high yield, pathogen resistance and abiotic stress tolerance. Among diseases of wheat yellow rust, stem rust, and leaf rust are the most damaging diseases of wheat and other small grain cereals . Disease resistance in wheat breeding with one exception, the diseases of wheat that is important because of their effect on yield. Resistance to all diseases together can is important to avoid an unexpected loss in effectiveness of the resistance of a cu ltivar to a major disease. The genetic resistance to stem rust, leaf rust and yellow rust can be characterized as qualitative and quantitative resistances. Vertical resistance is specific to pathogen isolates based on single or very few genes. Race - specifi c is used to describe resistance that interacts differentially with pathogen races. Quantitative resistance is defined as resistance that varies in continuous way between the various phenotypes of the host population, from almost imperceptible to quite str ong. With the need to accelerate the development of improved varieties, genomics - assisted breeding is becoming an important tool in breeding programs. With marker - assisted selection, there has been success in breeding for disease resistance. Generally, bre eding programs have successfully implemented molecular markers to assist in the development of cultivars with stem, leaf and stripe rust resistance genes. When new rust resistance genes are to be deployed in wheat breeding programs, it unfortunately takes several years before the new sources of resistance will become available in commercial wheat cultivars. This is due to the long process involved in the establishment of pure breeding wheat lines. Biotechnology based techniques are available to accelerate t he breeding process via doubled haploid production.
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Bouhssini, Mustapha El, Ken Street, Abdallah Joubi, Zakaria Ibrahim, and Fawzi Rihawi. "Sources of wheat resistance to Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Puton, in Syria." Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 56, no. 8 (April 28, 2009): 1065–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-009-9427-1.
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DHALIWAL, Harcharan S., and Hirofumi UCHIMIYA. "Genetic Engineering for Disease and Pest Resistance in Plants." Plant Biotechnology 16, no. 4 (1999): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.16.255.
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Raman, K. V., and David W. Altman. "Biotechnology initiative to achieve plant pest and disease resistance." Crop Protection 13, no. 8 (December 1994): 591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(94)90004-3.
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Gomes, Flávia Batista, Jair Campos de Moraes, Custódio Donizete dos Santos, and Márcio Marcos Goussain. "Resistance induction in wheat plants by silicon and aphids." Scientia Agricola 62, no. 6 (December 2005): 547–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162005000600006.
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The pest greenbug Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) stands out among the factors limiting Brazilian wheat production. Chemical control is predominant in aphid management making the production dependent on insecticides. The effect of silicon and previous infestation with aphids on the induction of resistance to the greenbug was evaluated in wheat plants. Treatments consisted of control; fertilization with calcium silicate; plant infestation with aphids; fertilization with calcium silicate + plant infestation with aphids. A free-choice preference test was performed 35 days after seedling emergence; the aphid's intrinsic rate of population increase (r m) was also determined, and the activities of three enzymes (peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) involved in plant defense were quantified. Silicon fertilization and the previous infestation with aphids induced wheat plant resistance to the greenbug.
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Fatehi, F., M. R. Behamta, and A. A. Zali. "Gene Action for Resistance to Sunn Pest (Eurygester integriceps Put.) in Bread Wheat." Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 8, no. 1 (December 15, 2008): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2009.82.85.
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Krupnov, V. A. "Wheat breeding for resistance to the Sunn pest (Eurygaster spp.): Does risk occur?" Russian Journal of Genetics: Applied Research 2, no. 1 (February 2012): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s207905971201011x.
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Mooney, Daniel F., Scott M. Swinton, Cristian Subía, and Eduardo Peralta. "Returns to Disease Resistance Research When Pest Management Is an Option." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (March 1, 2022): 2859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14052859.
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Resistant cultivars offer a pathway to sustainable intensification by maintaining yields and reducing inputs in the face of disease pressure. Past studies of economic returns to crop breeding research for disease resistance measured farm-level benefits, by comparing yields for improved resistant varieties (RVs) to susceptible traditional varieties. This approach will poorly approximate actual research benefits if non-RV pest management options exist, because it does not account for farmer pest control behavior. We propose a unit cost model that controls for farm-level yields and pesticide inputs. The model estimates the difference in unit variable costs (UVC), with and without disease pressure for RV adopters and non-adopters, while holding pest control inputs, farm characteristics, and other factors fixed. We apply the model to data from 136 bean farmer households in northern Ecuador, where RV research is ongoing and fungicide use is widespread. We find no difference in UVC, with and without disease pressure for non-adopters. For adopters, UVC is 24% lower with disease pressure than without. This translates to an ex-post net present value (NPV) of USD 698,828 and an internal rate of return (IRR) of 17%, compared to an NPV of USD 887,391 and IRR of 29%, when accounting for yield differences only. The results oblige impact assessments to account for changes in yields and input costs when pest management is an option.
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Liu, Zeci, Huiping Wang, Jianming Xie, Jian Lv, Guobin Zhang, Linli Hu, Shilei Luo, Lushan Li, and Jihua Yu. "The Roles of Cruciferae Glucosinolates in Disease and Pest Resistance." Plants 10, no. 6 (May 30, 2021): 1097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10061097.
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With the expansion of the area under Cruciferae vegetable cultivation, and an increase in the incidence of natural threats such as pests and diseases globally, Cruciferae vegetable losses caused by pathogens, insects, and pests are on the rise. As one of the key metabolites produced by Cruciferae vegetables, glucosinolate (GLS) is not only an indicator of their quality but also controls infestation by numerous fungi, bacteria, aphids, and worms. Today, the safe and pollution-free production of vegetables is advocated globally, and environmentally friendly pest and disease control strategies, such as biological control, to minimize the adverse impacts of pathogen and insect pest stress on Cruciferae vegetables, have attracted the attention of researchers. This review explores the mechanisms via which GLS acts as a defensive substance, participates in responses to biotic stress, and enhances plant tolerance to the various stress factors. According to the current research status, future research directions are also proposed.
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Simpson, J. A., and P. K. Ades. "ScreeningPinus radiatafamilies and clones for disease and pest insect resistance." Australian Forestry 53, no. 3 (January 1990): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1990.10676077.
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Kumar, Sandeep, Monika Nehra, Neeraj Dilbaghi, Giovanna Marrazza, Satish K. Tuteja, and Ki-Hyun Kim. "Nanovehicles for Plant Modifications towards Pest- and Disease-Resistance Traits." Trends in Plant Science 25, no. 2 (February 2020): 198–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2019.10.007.
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Chandrashekar, A., and K. V. Satyanarayana. "Disease and pest resistance in grains of sorghum and millets." Journal of Cereal Science 44, no. 3 (November 2006): 287–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2006.08.010.
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Wu, Harry X., Cheng C. Ying, and John A. Muir. "Effect of geographic variation and jack pine introgression on disease and insect resistance in lodgepole pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): 711–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-081.
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Incidence of western gall rust (Endocronartiumharknessii (J.P. Moore) Y. Hiratsuka), stalactiform blister rust (Cronartiumcoleosporioides Arth.), needle cast (Lophodermellaconcolor (Dearn.) Darker), and sequoia pitch moth (Synanthedonsequoiae (Hy. Edwards) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)) attacks were investigated in a lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. ex Loud, van latifolia Engelm.) provenance–family test plantation located at Red Rock Tree Improvement Station, Prince George, British Columbia. This plantation contains 778 wind-pollinated families from 53 provenances in British Columbia, Alberta, and the Yukon Territory. Pest incidence was assessed in 1993 when the plantation was 21 years old. Provenance had a significant effect on resistance to the four disease and insect attacks. Regression models using latitude, longitude, and elevation as predictors accounted for 38% to 80% of the provenance variation in pest incidence. Geographic patterns of genetic variation in pest resistance essentially followed longitudinal and elevational clines. The most interesting finding is the strong relationship between pest incidence and provenance distance to the western limit of the natural range of jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb,): the closer a lodgepole pine provenance is to the edge of jack pine distribution, the higher is its resistance to the pests. We hypothesize that jack pine introgression may have played a significant role in the evolution of pest defense in lodgepole pine. Effective selection and breeding for pest resistance in lodgepole pine may have to look beyond the intraspecific gene pool.