Tesis sobre el tema "West Bank – Social conditions"
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1
Al-A'Raj, Hussein Abdulla Hussein. "Labour turnover in the West Bank : an analysis of causes of turnover in the industrial sector". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1989. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2850/.
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The main objective of this study is to develop an understanding of the causes of turnover in manufacturing companies in the West Bank. Within this context, the study attempts to investigate the characteristics of ex-workers in relation to the causes of turnover which influence their decisions, the characteristics of short-term, medium-term and long-term quitters. In addition the way in which the reasons for turnover perceived by ex-workers, personnel managers and union leaders are examined. This study emphasises the differences between causes, conditions and correlates of turnover. Finally, the study relates the correlates to the causes of turnover rather than to the turnover rates as done by many previous studies. In order to achieve the main objective of the study, 306 ex-workers, 30 personnel managers and 10 union leaders were included in this study (questioned or interviewed). The result of the study showed that the major reasons for turnover which influenced the ex-workers were (i) inadequate salary (ii) poor supervision (iii) lack of autonomy at work. In addition availability of jobs in the neighbouring labour markets was a condition which also encouraged the workers to leave their work. Moreover, it was found that personal reasons were the least frequently cited reasons. But, personal characteristics were found to be the most important group of variables which discriminate between the responses of leavers.
2
Jamal, Manal. "After the 'peace processes' : foreign donor assistance and the political economy of marginalization in Palestine and El Salvador". Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100629.
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Under what circumstances does foreign donor assistance during war-to-peace transitions contribute to the strengthening of civil society and the deepening of democracy? I answer this question through a comparative study of civil society development in the Palestinian territories and El Salvador, where I conducted 130 interviews with directors of donor agencies, grassroots activists, and directors of NGOs. Divergent civil society developments in the Palestinian territories and El Salvador after the signing of peace accords in the early 1990s present a real puzzle given the pre-accord similarities in civil society organization between the two cases. Both the Palestinian territories and El Salvador had a legacy of rich, vibrant grassroots organization and civil society activity during their protracted conflicts. In both settings, grassroots organizations have played central roles in non-violent resistance, consciousness-raising, and the provision of community services. Moreover, after the initiation of the peace processes in both the Palestinian territories and El Salvador, foreign donors provided substantial assistance to civil society groups. However, their civil society developmental paths diverged sharply during the war-to-peace transition. In the Palestinian territories, existing civil society organizations have engaged less actively with their previous grassroots constituencies since the start of the war-to-peace transition, and the number of grassroots-based civil society organizations has decreased. Moreover, many of these organizations have been limited in their access to institutions that engage the state. In El Salvador, the re-constitution of civil society has led to its broad access to institutions that engage the state and to higher levels of grassroots inclusion in the political transformation process.I argue that these divergent outcomes in the Palestinian territories and El Salvador reflect the differential effects that foreign assistance has on civil society after more or less inclusive political settlements. I find that in cases like the Palestinian territories, where the political settlement excludes important socio-political groups, foreign donor assistance is less likely to contribute to the strengthening of civil society or the deepening of democracy. Rather, foreign donor assistance to civil society is more likely to exacerbate political polarization and weaken civil society by further privileging those select groups already favored by the terms of the non-inclusive settlement. Conversely, after more inclusive political settlements like in El Salvador, foreign donor assistance can play a more constructive role in developing civil society and contributing to the deepening of democracy by encouraging grassroots organization, and expanding access to political institutions that engage the state.
3
Hindiyeh, S. "Social change and agriculture in the West Bank 1950-1967 : Aspects of sharecropping and commercialisation". Thesis, University of Kent, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355687.
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Arp, Henning A. "New social movements in France and West Germany: their activists and conditions for their development". Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101368.
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In this paper, new social movements in France and West Germany are compared in terms of their supporters, and in terms of certain elements of the political and administrative conditions which they are confronting. On the basis of survey data from 1982, specific attributes of supporters of new social movements (socio-demographic characteristics, value orientations, and attitudes) are highlighted which distinguish them from the average of the population. While broad similarities exist between supporters in both countries, the new social movements in France appear to be less distinct from mainstream society than their West German counterparts. The examination of the political and administrative conditions focuses on the centralization/decentralization of the State, and the party and electoral system in France and the Federal Republic. A decentralized system is argued to offer, on the whole, more favorable conditions for the protest movements. Also the West German party system, and the West German electoral mechanisms have helped the new social movements east of the Rhine.M.A.
5
Banks-Conney, Diana Elisabeth. "Political culture and the labour movement : a comparison between Poplar and West Ham, 1889-1914". Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2005. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/5797/.
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This thesis compares two areas of East London, Poplar and West Ham,that ultimately became strongholds of the Labour Party. The thesis attemptsto answer the crucial question of why, prior to 1914, it seemed as if Labour had succeeded in South West Ham but had failed to achieve similar representation in Poplar. This thesis considers that although contemporaries had identified similar social and economic problems in both Poplar and West Ham in the early twentieth century, more detailed analysis reveals differences as well as similarities in the underlying economic and social structure, which had implications for political outcomes. The difference in attitude of local trade unionists and councillors was crucial as was the behaviour of the political leadership. The reason for this, it will be shown, lay in the characters of the individuals who led their respective activists, as well as in the social and economic structure of the two boroughs. Using the theoretical model of social movements and political parties it is hoped that an understanding may be reached as to why socialist politics in these two boroughs, apparently so similar, achieved different outcomes in the years prior to 1914. The initial chapters outline the social and economic conditions in the boroughs and the national attitudes to their problems. Chapters Three and Four consider the left wing activists and their leaders, exploring their differing attitudes to the social and economic problems and their different styles ofpolitical activity. Chapter Five discusses the difficulties experienced by activists in achieving local and national representation so as to effect social and political change. Chapters Six, Seven and Eight, by considering the issue of unemployment, the campaign for women' s suffrage and the history of the Great Unrest, exemplify the main argument of this thesis. Thus by assessing economic factors, employment patterns and trade unionism, problems with the franchise and elector registration, the quality of local party organisation and the different attitudes and aspirations of the local activists, this thesis will test the hypothesis that the reason for the difference in political fortunes in these two boroughs was that left wing activity in Poplar was more characteristic of a social movement and that of West Ham was more representative of a political party.
6
Yuksek, Emre. "The Israeli Settlements In The West Bank Territory Before And After The Peace Process". Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12611547/index.pdf.
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This thesis analyzes the development of the settlement policies of Israel in the
West Bank territory by focusing on the incentives of them with factors of change and
continuity before and after the peace process.
The Six-Day War of 1967 which initiated a new phase in the region with the
Israeli occupation of territories in Jordan, Syria and Egypt became an important
milestone in Middle East history. Although some of these territories were returned
through bilateral talks, the main territory of the Palestinian people remained under
occupation, being subjected to Jewish settlement activities.
The settlement activities on the West Bank were expanded by all Israeli
governments with different incentives until the peace process. The peace process
which began in 1993 aimed to form an independent Palestinian state. Among the
vital issues related to the final status talks the moratorium on future building of
settlements and the Israeli withdrawal from the settlements were delayed. The Camp
David Summit in 2000 was overshadowed by the ongoing activities of settlement. In
addition to settlement activities, increasing security arrangements following the
emergence of Al-Aqsa Intifada brought about the fragmentation of West Bank
territories.
This study aims to analyze the results of the settlement activities in the West
Bank before and after the peace process in terms of an eroding factor for the mutual
confidence between the Israelis and Palestinians. The settlement activities will be
examined from the pre-state period of Israel within the framework of its unilateral
policies until the end of 2005.
7
Philip, Lorna Jennifer. "Deprivation in south-west Scotland : how is it experienced in small towns and in rural areas?" Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2000. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2195/.
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This thesis reports the findings of an empirical research project investigating deprivation in a predominantly rural area of southern Scotland. Many of the social and economic problems afflicting rural communities have been investigated in recent research, and this thesis makes a contribution to this body of work by addressing the relative paucity of primary information about rural deprivation in Scotland. An extensive review of the literature on deprivation reveals that it is usually discussed with specific reference to either city or predominantly urban areas. In this study the focus was on the varied manifestations of deprivation experienced by those living in the rural areas and in small towns in an attempt to shed light on how deprivation is perceived in those two types of geographical area. Analysis of the survey data involved the use of both qualitative and quantitative methods. Considerable differences were found between the experiences and perceptions of what constitutes deprivation in small towns and in the neighbouring countryside. The findings suggested that experiences of deprivation are to a considerable extent place specific; there was not a simple 'urban' - 'rural' split. It was also apparent that small towns may have more in common with larger urban areas when it comes to socio-economic problems such as deprivation than they do with their rural hinterland. In attempting to relate experiences of deprivation to the range of anti-deprivation initiatives operating in south-west Scotland, it was found that its economic components are almost always addressed. However, other issues commonly identified by people living in disadvantaged area's have yet to be similarly addressed. The main conclusion to be drawn from this study is that while a rural-urban split exists in residents' experiences of deprivation, individual geographical areas of the same type (i.e. rural or urban areas) display unique characteristics. From this it follows that policies to counteract deprivation and associated socio-economic problems must take account of the specific needs of individual areas rather than rely on more generalised formulations.
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Stanton, Susan Marion. "Voice of the fugitive, Henry Bibb and "racial uplift" in Canada West, 1851-1852". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ62562.pdf.
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Mbaye, Jenny F. "Reconsidering cultural entrepreneurship : hip hop music economy and social change in Senegal, francophone West Africa". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/201/.
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The increasing interest in the cultural economy is part of an attempt to invent new industrial development strategies that comprises a capacity to transform locations. In policy-making, the cultural economy is commonly framed from an economic perspective that salutes the role of the cultural economy and the dynamics of entrepreneurship in processes of urban and regional developments. Moreover, explorations of cultural economy and entrepreneurship are mainly represented by studies of Europe and North America. This thesis departs from such a normative perspective, and critically examines the links between a situated music economy, its cultural entrepreneurs and social change in West Africa. The empirical investigation of West African hip hop musical practitioners is framed by the notion of “community of practice”. The situated practices of these cultural workers and their music production ecology are investigated – methodologically – from a grounded perspective in order to grasp the originality of their materiality and aesthetics. The empirical focus of this thesis research is Dakar, one Francophone West African urban locale, which is contrasted with the ‘test case’ site of Ouagadougou. The case study locations are ‘experientially situated’, and over seventy semi-structured interviews were conducted with a range of participants both directly and indirectly involved in the hip hop music economy. Underpinning this research is the starting point that using “community of practice” as a conceptual framework offers a theoretically informed empirical basis for situating cultural entrepreneurship in the context of the West African music economy. In response, this thesis introduces the transcultural dimension of Hip Hop to frame its radical culturalisation of the West African music economy. This is done by singling out the political, social and theoretical significance of how hip hop entrepreneurship has become a force to be reckoned within social change in Francophone West Africa: this is a significant contribution of the thesis.
10
Howman, Brian. "An analysis of slave abolitionists in the north-west of England". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2006. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2447/.
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This thesis is an examination of slave abolitionists in Liverpool and Manchester and their shared hinterland of South Lancashire. Cheshire and North Wales from 1787 to 1834. The changing economic and social structures of the region provide a backdrop to consider activities during the campaign against the slave trade up to its abolition in 1807, and the campaign for emancipation, which achieved success in 1834. The thesis uses existing theories of economic decline and economic sacrifice to explain Britain’s abandoning of the slave system as a starting point. However, the thesis explores the complex interplay of commercial, religious and political interests in the region in an attempt to gain a clearer picture of the forces at work, which motivated protagonists’ activities. The thesis contextualises the campaigns against the slave trade and the institution of slavery within the rapidly industrialising landscape of the region. This industrialisation ushered in a new local social and economic elite: the industrial middle class, who would assume political influence to match their economic power, with the reform of Parliament in 1833. This study shows that it was appeals to the interests of the new élite that carried most weight, helping bring about the sea change in British public opinion. An examination of important abolitionalists’ activities in the region illustrates how the anti-slavery movement framed their arguments. These arguments tied together religious and economic concerns within a broader political framework, which reflected the growing importance of laissez faire economic philosophy and the declining influence of traditional power brokers. In this light, it is interesting to consider the arguments forwarded by abolitionists who fell outside of this industrial, Dissenting, disenfranchised group to illustrate how their concerns differed. The study recognises that opposing political paradigms could be used to underpin arguments against slavery.
11
McGuire, Dorothy Ellen. "Go West for a wife : family farming in West Central Scotland 1850-1930". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3302/.
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The historical geography of farming in the West Central Region of Scotland has been under-researched. Generalisations based on research relating to other parts of the country are misleading because the development and forms of agriculture in the West Central Region were distinctive. Traditionally this is an area of dairy farming which, during the research period (c.1850-1930) was characterised by small family labour farms. The concentration of small farms, on which the faming family and a few hired workers formed the core labour-force, and where the distinctions between employer and employed were less than on the large arable farms of the East, had consequences for rural social structure, mitigating the effects of capitalism. Through a small set of family labour farms, and the families associated with them, the thesis takes a grassroots approach to exploring the pattern of life on the farms of the Region, with particular regard to gender relations. The survival of such farms, contrary to Marxist expectations is investigated, along with the resilience of the farms during the period of ‘The Great Agricultural Depression.’ Glasgow, the economic capital of the Region, underwent phenomenal growth during the nineteenth century, and had a massive impact upon local agriculture. Glasgow and its satellite towns were a market for agricultural produce, and a source of imported livestock feed, and fertilisers. The fashions, in the town, for consumer goods and non-traditional foodstuffs spread out to the surrounding Region, and interaction between town and country was facilitated by the development of the railways. The significance of farm location in relation to Glasgow is assessed.
12
Haston, Catriona M. "A tale of two states : a comparative study of higher education reform and its effects on economic growth in East and West Germany 1945 - 1989". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2010. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1780/.
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The hypothesis at the heart of this thesis is that long-term economic growth depends on the discovery and development of new ideas and technologies which enable innovation resulting in increased productivity. As technological innovation generally results from research processes instigated and performed by those with higher levels of education, it becomes important to analyse higher education as an economic actor as well as a symbolic institution of cultural and elite reproduction. The thesis compares the development of higher levels of human capital in East and West Germany over the period 1945 – 1990: states with two very different and competing myths of democratic legitimacy and radically opposed social, political and economic systems but both convinced that human capital development held the key to reconstruction and economic growth. In highlighting the imperatives for reform and outlining the main changes which took place in higher education within the strictures imposed by competing ideologies, the thesis assesses the effectiveness of human capital investment in terms of the success of the economic objectives identified by both countries. The thesis finds that the initial hypothesis is proven, albeit that its effectiveness was mitigated by a number of external economic shocks and internal social and political factors which, in the end, led to the demise of the East German regime.
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Egan, Clare Louise. "Community conflict in early-modern South-West England : provincial libels and their performance contexts". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/377822/.
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With a particular emphasis on Devon, this thesis examines cases of early-modern libel as performances devised and enacted in the provincial communities of South-West England. In particular, it focuses on the Star Chamber records of libel from the counties of Devon, Cornwall, Dorset and Somerset during the reign of James I between 1603 and 1625. Whilst the performance-nature of libel has previously been acknowledged, there has not been any full scale analysis of early-modern provincial libels in terms of performance. This thesis argues that it was the performance of libel which made it a growing concern to those in authority and that provincial libel should be viewed in terms of a spectrum of performance. It also critically considers the view of this kind of libel that is currently implied by the selected publication of libel cases in the Records of Early English Drama volumes. The thesis includes an exploration of the uses of space and place by performance-based libel through the mapping of a sample of cases from Devon onto their contemporary landscape. The roles of women as spectators and engineers of libel performances are also examined, and this, in turn, necessitates careful consideration of the nature and limitations of the records through which accounts of provincial libel are received. Finally, the thesis applies literary analysis to the contents of those performance-based libels which used texts, in verse or prose, to defame their targets. From this analysis emerge features which can begin to define a genre of performance-based textual libel characterised by a distinctive authorial voice and a complex system of generic association. The study of the offence of libel at a local level in the South-West counties of England reveals sophisticated uses of performance in early-modern communal conflicts from all levels of society during a period of wider cultural, social and political change.
14
Moran, Jade. "Informal justice in West Belfast : the local governance of anti-social behaviour in Republican communities". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609000.
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Mullen, Cate. "Not in education, employment or training : the educational life history of a young person in West Sussex". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2015. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/378655/.
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Kaharevic, Ahmed. "Save the Nation : The construction of martyrs and martyrdom. A discourse analysis of interviews with Palestinian students from the West Bank". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för samhälls- och välfärdsstudier, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-138975.
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This bachelor’s thesis studies the construction of martyrs and martyrdom in Palestine. The study uses a discourse analysis to analyse data gathered from focus group interviews with Palestinian university students in the West Bank. Observations in the West Bank are also used to an enhanced understanding of the production. The theoretical framework of the thesis is based upon thoughts about nations and nationalism. The theoretical framework is connected to the Palestinian nation and nationalism to comprehend how martyrs and martyrdom are constructed in Palestine. The analysis is divided into five chapters: The first chapter discusses the importance of martyrs and martyrdom in Palestine. In the second chapter, tributes to martyrs are discussed. The meaning of martyrs and martyrdom are analysed in an abstract way in the third chapter, which focuses on martyrs’ ideology and ethical considerations. The fourth chapter analyses the construction of martyrs and martyrdom trough concrete Palestinian examples. The last chapter discusses martyrs and martyrdom in a non-Palestinian Arabic/Islamic context, the chapter analyses nonterritorial communities. Conclusions that are drawn, are that martyrs and martyrdom have no meaning, instead the phenomena are constructed in different ways depending on what discourse it is that produces martyrs and martyrdom. Three main discourses are found. The first and strongest is the Palestinian nationalism. The other are Islam and Arab, that influence and are influenced by the Palestinian nationalism. Furthermore, martyrs and martyrdom are constructed as morally/ethically good and innocent, the phenomena also produced good and innocence to the Palestinian nation.
17
Nilsson, Hanna. "Skapar mikrokrediter en bättre tillvaro? : en fallstudie av Grameen Bank i Bangladesh /". Växjö : Växjö University. School of Social Sciences, 2008. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:206191/FULLTEXT01.
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Cameron, Anne Marie. "From ritual to regulation? : the development of midwifery in Glasgow and the West of Scotland, c.1740-1840". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2003. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3958/.
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This thesis explores the development of midwifery in Glasgow and the West of Scotland between c.1740 and 1840. It draws upon a wide range of published and archival sources, including personal diaries and correspondence, local newspapers and trade directories, lecture notes and casebooks, and the minutes of numerous institutions. The first three chapters are concerned with the practices, characteristic and regulation of midwives, who, prior to this period, were neither certified nor examined, and acquired their skills through experience. An integral part of their role in the birthing chamber was to ensure that certain rituals, believed to mitigate the risks and agony of labour and to protect mother and child against supernatural agencies, were observed, and chapter one is devoted to an exploration of these rituals. In 1740 the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow (FPSG) imposed a system of compulsory examination and licensing for midwives throughout Lanarkshire, Renfrewshire, Ayrshire and Dunbartonshire, and chapters two and three analyse the impact of this scheme and the personal and professional characteristics of the women thus licensed. The remaining three chapters consider the development and significance of formal lectures in midwifery for both female and male practitioners, which were advertised in the Glasgow press from the 1750s. Midwifery lectures were introduced at Glasgow University in the late 1760s, and by 1817 every medical and surgical graduate of the University, and every male licentiate of the FPSG, was obligated to have studied midwifery. Despite these developments, midwifery in the West of Scotland was not completely transformed by 1840. The licensing scheme for midwives was difficult to enforce and easily eschewed by those who assisted at childbirth only occasionally, therefore only a minority of midwives were licensed. As formal instruction became more sophisticated and comprehensive, professed midwives gradually rejected the FPSG’s scheme in favour of accreditation through lecture courses, and the licensing regulations were abandoned altogether in the 1830s.
19
Nguyen, Vinh-Kim 1963. "Epidemics, interzones and biosocial change : retroviruses and biologies of globalisation in West Africa". Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37908.
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Despite impressive advances in biomedical science, the resurgence of infectious diseases poses an emerging threat to global public health. These developments underscore the importance of considering the relationship between biological and social change. This dissertation uses the epicentre of the HIV epidemic in West Africa---Abidjan, Cote-d'Ivoire---as a case study to show how epidemics are "crystallizations" of local biological and social factors. The Abidjan epidemic is accounted for in terms of the city's sexual modernity, rather than the common view that migration and prostitution explain the proportions the epidemic took there early on. This view supports recent epidemiological work demonstrating the importance of networks rather than behaviour in determining the scope of HIV epidemics. This sexual modernity has a complex genealogy that stretches back through the modernisation drive of the postcolonial state to colonial practices of government, including colonial strategies for containing tropical diseases, which shaped how Africans engaged with the modern world. As a result, sexuality became an important strategy for self-fashioning. With the advent of the economic crisis of the 1980s, sexuality became increasingly permeable to economic relations. Likewise, with the crisis, the city's therapeutic economy, heavily weighted towards the consumption of biomedicines, shifted resort for illness from the public health sector to the informal economy. This may have led to inappropriate treatment of sexually transmitted infections and increased re-use of needles, fuelling the epidemic further. Contemporary efforts to address the epidemic demonstrate how "bio-social" crystallizations can further effect social and biological change. The interface between local groups and international organisations is a site where transnational discourses of "empowerment" of people with AIDS, predicated on a western model of "self-help," encounter the local reality of poverty and illn
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Péricard, Alain. "Communication et interculturalité en Afrique de l'Ouest francophone". Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29108.
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The study of interculturality ("intercultural competence"), its foundations and its effects in francophone Western Africa reveals the need for a reconceptualization of intercultural communication. A theory of interculturality should be interdisciplinary, non-positivist, critical and reflexive. Because conventional approaches and their applications create a spatial and temporal distance, and undervalue endogenous knowledges, they limit understanding and hamper reciprocal intercultural exchanges.The observation of communication processes around a sub regional West African organization (the "Communaute economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest") reveals that interculturality is not a characteristic of better educated Africans or of those most exposed to foreign cultures, and even less of Whites or of other members of dominant groups. Rather, it is more pronounced among women, members of marginalized ethnic groups and, above all, among urban marginals. Interculturality manifests itself through interactions. It is the result of singular positions (standpoints) rooted in endogenous knowledges, in training (in its broadest sense) and in the experience of subordination in pluriethnic contexts.
The texts that inform the dominant definitions of situations create a communicational and intercultural handicap, also linked to a superior status in the informal hierarchy. On the opposite, the mobility of an insider-outsider position confers an advantage, an aptitude for conversation, or for an egalitarian exchange in various local and imported spaces of culture and power. Such a position is a condition for intercultural studies and practices. Individually, it can be developed through a formal or informal initiation, empathy and an awareness of one's own limits.
In development programs, the interculturality acquired by certain members of marginal groups is at the origin of processes of diversion--a reorientation of resources towards locally negotiated ends--which reveal the endogenous conceptions of participation and social change. The study of interculturality in Africa thus supports the idea that a communicational approach to intercultural problems could be fruitfully applied in other contexts.
21
Li, Ruimin. "Bank capital regulation : a comparison of risk measurements based on the GVAR model". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2019. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/119684/.
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Risk measures are the core indicator of risk management and a proper risk assessment model is essential for successful financial institutions. Value at Risk and Expected Shortfall are the two most popular and acceptable risk measurement methods presently employed to assess risks in the financial market. In the past few years, researchers have attempted to demonstrate that Expected Shortfall performs better against the traditional Value at Risk method. However, the lack of elicitability and difficult backtesting of this method suggest that the popularisation of ES might be gradual. This thesis will present a comparison of these two methods not only from a traditional perspective, such as the measurement of tail risk, but also form the perspective of risk capital requirement. Through Historical Simulation and Filtered Historical Simulation, it concludes that switching from Value at Risk to Expected Shortfall method would reduce risk capital requirement and enhance financial leverage of organisations. Additionally, this research also combines macroeconomic elements, the financial market and central banks, and analyses the influence of a positive leverage shock on the macro-economy through a Global Vector Autoregression model.
22
Hodgskiss, Jodi Lyndall. "Cumulative effects of living conditions and working conditions on the health, well-being, and work ability of nurses in Grahamstown East and West". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005186.
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Despite the many changes that have occurred in South Africa since the end of apartheid, there are still residual effects of it, as is evidenced in the disparity of living conditions between different racial groups. It is also evident that there are differences in the work tasks and working conditions of nurses working in different work environments. This project looks at how living conditions as well as working conditions interactively affect the health, subjective well-being, and work ability of nurses. Questionnaires were completed by, and interviews were conducted with nurses from Settlers Hospital and seven municipal clinics within Grahamstown (n=152). The participation rate was approximately 71%. The questionnaires included self-report, forced-choice questions regarding basic demographics of the nurses, work conditions, living conditions, subjective satisfaction levels, as well as a simplified version of the Nordic Questionnaire of Musculoskeletal Strain (Kuorinka et al., 1987), and the Work Ability Index (WAI) (Tuomi et al., 2006). The questionnaires were translated into Afrikaans and IsiXhosa. One-on-one interviews were conducted with the participants, in order to obtain a 24-hour dietary recall, an indication of physical activity levels, as well as measurements of stature, mass, waist girth and hip girth. Factor analysis was performed to identify common variance from amongst the variables, while canonical correlations examined the interaction between the sets of factors. It was found that variables relating to demographic factors, living conditions, and working conditions were closely linked to each other. Factors from each of these groups were associated with life, health, and job satisfaction, anthropometric measures, musculoskeletal strain, and WAI scores. Satisfaction levels appeared to be largely determined by socioeconomic status, while anthropometrics, WAI scores, and levels of musculoskeletal strain were associated with levels of smoking and drinking, race, age, stature, position and tenure.
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Starkey, Linda Jacobs. "Nutrition and sociodemographic characteristics of Montreal food bank provision recipients". Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=35899.
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Parallel to the widening gap between high and low income status in Canada has been the increasing number of individuals and families accessing community food banks. In the 1990's, food security reached the national agenda for action, yet no study had described the nutrition and sociodemographic characteristics of a random sample of food bank provision recipients, specifically their nutrient intake throughout the month or at the end of the month when food and money are thought to be most limited. Preliminary studies, at two sites identified the contents of food bank provisions and the clientele to be surveyed. Thereafter, 490 food bank users were randomly selected from a stratified random sample of 57 Montreal area food banks. A dietitian-administered sociodemographic questionnaire and 24-hour dietary recall were completed upon client enrolment at the food banks; following this, three further in-person 24-h recall interviews were conducted, week-by-week over the month. Sixty-two people did not complete all interviews. The 428 people completing four interviews were primarily healthy, well-educated adults (overall mean age 41.5 +/- 12.6 years; men 41.4 +/- 12.2 and women 41.4 +/- 13.0 years) who perceived the food banks as a necessary community service. The frail elderly and single parents with large families did not use food banks. Mean energy intake was similar to the general Quebec population (10.2 and 7.9 MJ for men and women, respectively) and macronutrient intake was stable throughout the month. With the exception of calcium, mean nutrient intakes met recommended levels and were not influenced by income-week nor by energy intake variability. Intakes of several nutrients were related to frequency of food bank use, household size, smoking, education and country of birth. When intakes expressed as food group servings were compared to the number of servings recommended in Canada's Food Guide to Healthy Eating, no age or sex group met the Milk Products group minimu
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Mackenzie, Angus. "West of Scotland industrial and commercial elites and their social, political and economic influence in the inter-war years". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2013. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5033/.
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Scotland struggled to come to terms with the collapse in the heavy industries in the early 1920s and the prolonged period of economic dislocation which followed. The pervasive sense that this was a nation in decline sapped self-confidence. This thesis examines the response of the leading West of Scotland industrialists to the extended inter-war trade depression. Focusing on their championing of a series of self-help initiatives firmly rooted in Scotland itself, the thesis reimagines Graeme Morton’s work on Unionist Nationalism for the more challenging conditions of 1930s Scotland, introducing a much stronger economic dimension to Morton’s original argument. Echoing Morton, the rationalisation of the staple industries and the creation of new institutions to aid recovery owed much to the associational culture of West of Scotland business. The Scottish National Development Council and the Scottish Economic Committee - two significant stepping-stones in the rise of corporatist planning - represented a confident assertion of a distinctly Scottish voice and provided a link between business and the increasingly autonomous Scottish Office. The explicit articulation of a Scottish national interest within the parameters of the existing union and imperial relationships sat easily with the progressive, pro-statist views of many inter-war Unionists, helping to consolidate the consensus within ‘middle opinion’. The thesis focuses on the actions of a trio of West of Scotland industrialists: Lord Weir of Eastwood, Sir James Lithgow and Sir Steven Bilsland. It will be suggested that their advocacy of Scottish solutions for Scottish problems represents a more muscular and far-reaching economic Unionist Nationalism which transcends the narrow vision of Morton’s nineteenth century urban Scotland, but also questions Colin Kidd’s dismissal of early twentieth century unionism as ‘banal’.
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Prasad, Deepali. "Women in Salman Rushdie's Shame, East, West and the Moor's last sigh". Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23472601.
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Anthonie, Alexa N. "Profiling bilingualism in an historically Afrikaans community on the Beaufort West Hooyvlakte". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2678.
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Thesis (MA (General Linguistics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.ENGLISH SUMMARY: This sociolinguistic study examines selected aspects of the linguistic behavior of a rural language community in South Africa. The general aims are to establish first, whether this "coloured" community in the historically Afrikaans town of Beaufort West is still predominantly Afrikaans, second, whether there is evidence of language shift in the community, specifically following more use of English in other formerly Afrikaans communities after the change of government in 1994, and third, what the nature of such language shift may be. An overview of pertinent aspects of the social and political history of South Africa generally and of Beaufort West specifically, is presented in order to contextualise the language dispensation – past and present – addressed in this study. History reveals that the town in question was first named Hooyvlakte and only later acquired the name of Beaufort West. Hooyvlakte is currently the name of one of the suburbs in which a section of Beaufort West's "coloured" community resides. For the purpose of this study the larger Beaufort West community which is in focus here, is also referred to as the Hooyvlakte community The study is mainly of a qualitative nature. The respondents were 184 members of the Hooyvlakte community, they included individuals of both genders and were aged between 16 and 87 years. The only requirement for participation in this study was that the respondent should have been a Beaufort West resident for at least 15 years. Each respondent completed a questionnaire from which his/her language proficiency, language use and language preference could be assessed. The questionnaire also allowed respondents an opportunity to express their opinion on the value and practice of multilingualism in their community. The results of this study indicate that the Hooyvlakte community remains predominantly Afrikaans. There is, however, an increase in the knowledge and use of English, and despite possible limits in actual English proficiency, the residents in the Hooyvlakte mostly view themselves as balanced Afrikaans-English bilinguals. This view is related to the gradual change in linguistic identity, from an almost exclusively (often stigmatized) Afrikaans identity to a (mostly proud) Afrikaans-English bilingual one. The stigmatized "coloured" and Afrikaans identities appear to be products of South Africa's sociopolitical history of ethnic and cultural categorisation and segregation. Stigma, on the one hand, and exclusion, on the other, have led to a desire in the Hooyvlakte community to associate with a language other than Afrikaans as well. This shift to an Afrikaans-English bilingual identity contrasts with the shift from predominantly Afrikaans monolingualism to virtual monolingualism in English found in other Coloured communities studied in the Western Cape's and Eastern Cape's metropoles (see Anthonissen and George 2003; Farmer 2009; Fortuin 2009).
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie sosiolinguistiese studie ondersoek geselekteerde aspekte van die talige gedrag van 'n landelike taalgemeenskap in Suid Afrika. Die algemene doelstellings van die studie is eerstens, om vas te stel of die "bruin" gemeenskap in die histories Afrikaanse dorp Beaufort- Wes steeds hoofsaaklik Afrikaans is, tweedens, of daar aanduidings is van taalverskuiwing, spesifiek een wat neig na 'n toenemende gebruik van Engels, soos gevind is in ander histories Afrikaanse gemeenskappe na die regeringsverandering in1994, en derdens, wat die aard van so 'n taalverskuiwing sou wees. 'n Oorsig word gegee oor beduidende aspekte van die sosiale en politieke geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika in die algemeen, en meer spesifiek van Beaufort-Wes, om die huidige en voormalige taalsituasie soos dit in hierdie studie aan die orde kom, te kontekstualiseer. Geskiedkundige verslae wys daarop dat die dorp eers die naam Hooyvlakte gehad het voor dit verander is na Beaufort-Wes. Hooyvlakte is tans die naam van een van die dorp se woonbuurte waar 'n gedeelte van Beaufort-Wes se "bruin" gemeenskap woonagtig is. In hierdie studie benoem "Hooyvlakte" die "bruin" gemeenskap van die hele dorp. Dit is in húlle wat hierdie tesis geïnteresseerd is. Die studie is hoofsaaklik kwalitatief van aard. Die respondente was 184 lede van die Hooyvlakte gemeenskap, en deelnemers het individue van beide geslagte tussen die ouderdomme van 16 en 87 jaar ingesluit. Die enigste vereiste vir deelname aan die studie was dat informante reeds 15 jaar in Beaufort-Wes woonagtig moes wees. Elke informant het 'n vraelys voltooi op grond waarvan sy/haar taalvaardigheid, taalgebruik en taalvoorkeur vasgestel kon word. Die vraelys het ook die informante geleentheid gegee om hul mening te lug oor die waarde en gebruik van veeltaligheid in hul gemeenskap. Die bevindinge van die studie toon aan dat die Hooyvlakte gemeenskap steeds hoofsaaklik Afrikaans is. Daar is egter 'n toename in hul kennis en gebruik van Engels, en ten spyte van moontlike beperkinge in hul Engelse taalvaardigheid wat formele toetse sou kon uitwys, beskou deelnemers hulself steeds as gebalanseerde tweetalige sprekers van Afrikaans en Engels. Hierdie siening hou verband met 'n verskuiwing in talige identiteit, van 'n oorwegend eksklusiewe (meestal gestigmatiseerde) Afrikaanse identiteit na 'n (grootliks trotse) Afrikaans en Engels tweetalige identiteit. Die gestigmatiseerde Bruin en Afrikaanse identiteite blyk neweprodukte te wees van die (etniese en kulturele) klassifiseringsgebruike uit die vorige Suid-Afrikaanse sosio-politiese bestel. Stigma, enersyds, en uitsluiting, andersyds, het 'n begeerte in die Hooyvlakte gemeenskap laat ontstaan, om te assosieer met 'n ander taal benewens Afrikaans. Hierdie verskuiwing na 'n tweetalige Afrikaans-Engelse identiteit kontrasteer met die verskuiwing van hoofsaaklik Afrikaanse taalidentiteit na feitlik uitsluitlik eentalig Engelse identiteit, wat onlangs in "bruin" gemeenskappe elders waargeneem en opgeteken is (vgl. Anthonissen en George 2003; Farmer 2009; Fortuin 2009).
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Ledger, Megan Lucia. "Sociocultural barriers to family planning and contraceptive use : evidence and interventions with a focus on West Africa". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2015. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/375530/.
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Sowter, Anna. "Water, place and learning : a case study from the Occupied Palestinian Territories". Thesis, University of Bath, 2016. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.699006.
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This research explores the role of co-learning in addressing water issues, being both context sensitive and responsive to the needs, lived experiences and symbolic representations of people at the local level in the case of the West Bank. Water is essential to the wellbeing of all societies, not only due to the necessity of water for life, but because it connects us to stories about place, beliefs and norms, identity and others, through the meanings that it invariably comes to embody. This research critically examines the significance for learning of freshwater: as a physical necessity; as a metaphor; and, as a source of meaning in the context of community-based water interventions. The dominance of particular narratives around water in the Occupied Palestinian Territories are discussed, as these have resulted in the acceptance of specific understandings about the problems and solutions to the water shortages that are experienced across the West Bank in differentiated ways. The effects of these narratives on water intervention processes and outcomes are observed, being most adverse in relation to local ownership, agency and identity as well as sustainability. A meaning-based framework is proposed based on an understanding of sense of place and a socio-political perspective of water shortages, as a way to reconnect the discourse with Palestinians' own accounts of water and place, and to provide opportunities to explore NGO engagement with divergent knowledges, perspectives, and priorities during interventions. It is argued that water interventions can be understood as a social learning process, which NGOs may be ideally situated to mediate. A model of learning and sustainable development is revisited and revised in order to consider the relationship between participation, agency and sustainability in relation to community-based water interventions.
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Solonec, Jacinta. "Cast(e) in between: A mixed-descent family's coexistence in the West Kimberley 1944-1969". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2004. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/804.
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This thesis investigates the social and racial dynamics of life in the West Kimberley between 1944 and 1969. It identifies three groups defined by their racial characteristics which co-existed on the land: full-descent, mixed-descent and Gudia. It argues that despite many people in these different groups being related to each other, their lives followed different trajectories as a result of government policies and laws which defined people by their degree of Aboriginality. These racial categories were reflected in the social and economic relations of full-descent, mixed descent and Gudia people. Coexistence of these groups is analysed by focusing on one extended mixed-descent 'Nygkina' family. During the 1940s, 50s. and 60s, the children of Fulgentius and Phillipena Fraser left their mission haven and entered the world of employment under Gudia management. In 1944, a young 21 year old Spaniard, Francisco Casanova-Rodriguez, ventured to the Kimberley to work as a station hand. Rodriguez crossed paths with the Frasers in 1946 and he married their eldest daughter, Katie, in December of that year. He was accepted into the mixed-descent family, where kindred relationships deepened by virtue of mutual religious belief systems, amidst a life of discrimination and financial hardships. Rodriguez and Katie were devout Catholics and that became the strength of their relationship. An insight into this family's coexistence with Gudia during the twentieth century is extracted from Rodriguez's diaries, oral histories collected from the Fraser family and associates, and from government archival files. With their mission training the Fraser children became subservient employees to Gudia pastoralists and town business people. Rodriguez taught himself his trade as a builder,-and he, too, worked for pastoralists in an industry that was expected to flourish. But the certainty of a profitable sheep industry never eventuated, and by the early 1970s there were no sheep stations operating in the region. Neither were there many Aboriginal people living and working on the stations. Most had relocated to the towns. Full-descent people lived on reserves, while both mixed-descent and Gudia people lived either in their own homes, or in Housing Commission houses.
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Murray, Roy James. ""The man that says slaves be quite happy in slavery ... is either ignorant or a lying person ... " an account of slavery in the marginal colonies of the British West Indies /". Thesis, Connect to e-thesis, 2001. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/653/.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 2001.Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Department of Economic and Social History, University of Glasgow, 2001. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.
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Drolet, Julie L. "Women and micro credit : towards an understanding of women's experiences in Cairo, Egypt". Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100353.
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Women's access to micro credit has increased substantially worldwide. International organizations, non-governmental organizations, commercially-oriented institutions and governments support the proliferation of micro credit programs through diverse funding arrangements, and specifically target women to participate in such initiatives. This dissertation explores women's experiences in a micro credit program in Cairo, Egypt, funded by Save the Children (USA) in order to contribute to the growing debate on women's poverty reduction and empowerment potential. Because women's voices are critical the issues are raised through questions regarding women's situation in micro credit and what factors assist women in meeting their choices and concerns, and empowerment outcomes.A qualitative research study of women's micro credit groups based in Cairo's Abdeen and Imbeba neighbourhoods was used in order to address women's experiences. In the literature reviewed on micro credit and micro finance, international development paradigms for women, and the socio-economic context in Cairo served to identify important influences. Women's sources of power based in the household were used to develop a conceptual framework. Women's triple roles in production, reproduction and community managing, women's practical and strategic gender needs, and theories of women's empowerment formed the principal elements.
Findings were based on interviews and observation with 69 project participants, including 54 women borrowers, of which 11 interviewed women agreed to a second interview, and 4 key staff members of the Group Guaranteed Lending and Savings program. Numerous assumptions regarding the role of micro credit in the lives of low-income women are reported and analyzed. An exploration of women's experiences reveals that, social issues in micro credit are as important, perhaps even more so, than the economic concerns of the projects. Only through building a more complete picture of women's lives can micro credit programs achieve their objective: to contribute to greater gender equity in society.
Keywords. micro credit; women; informal economy; poverty; empowerment; international social work; Middle East
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Sanagan, Mark. "The social construction of militancy in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict : masculinity, femininity and the nation". Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99597.
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This thesis examines nationalism and colonialism in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and asks the questions: What is the relationship between these ideologies and "national narratives" constructed of collective historical memory? How do these ideologies produce recognizable, sexualized, national bodies? What are the defining characteristics of these national bodies and how do they perform roles from the national narratives? These questions are addressed through a discussion of the role of masculinity in modern Zionism and the state of Israel, in particular how it relates to the land of Palestine and the Palestinian "other". This thesis also addresses anti-colonial resistance movements in Palestine and argues that performative nationalism produces a fetishized commodity that can me labeled "militancy". This militancy is found institutionalized in the popular culture of everything from poetry to political posters. Finally, Palestinian female suicide bombers, like women nationalists before them, do little to challenge how specific nationalist acts of resistance are defined by patriarchal nationalists and sexualized within a "gendered space of militancy".
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Anderson, Christopher Johannes. "The nature of postmaterialism: a comparative study of West Germany and the United States". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45964.
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The social and economic structures in western societies are changing and with them are the political values of their citizens. This study investigates the nature of post-materialist value orientations in the United States and West Germany. The research aimed at determining whether the indicators that Ronald Inglehart developed almost twenty years ago for explaining valueâ shifts are reliable tools to predict the nature of post-materialist values. These factors are: rising levels of education, a distinct cohort experience, and increased levels of economic security.With the help of mass-survey data from 1974 and 1980 that were collected in the United States and west Germany it was shown that there are other factors that are more powerful for predicting post-material values than the ones specified in Inglehartâ s theory. Moreover, the predictors are of a different explanatory power in the two countries under consideration. A preliminary attempt was made to find the reasons for the phenomenon of national differences.
Master of Arts
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Norquist, Jordan Faith. "RevolutionärInnen am Fließband: a Comparative Gendered Analysis of the 1973 Pierburg and Ford Migrant Labor Strikes". PDXScholar, 2019. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4824.
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In the years following the end of the Second World War, the Federal Republic of Germany experienced a "golden age" of economic upturn. Due to the labor shortage in the aftermath of war and the division of Germany, West Germany initially looked to its eastern counterpart, the German Democratic Republic, to meet its labor needs in the immediate postwar years. Once East Germany tightened its border control, the Federal Republic of Germany extended bilateral agreements to Southern Mediterranean countries to meet the nation's labor needs. Italy was the first official nation to have a bilateral work agreement with West Germany in 1955, yet by the end of the labor program, the greatest population of "guest workers" in West Germany were Turkish nationals. The West German public initially heralded the arrival of guest workers as a boon, but by the program's end in November of 1973, the West German press reviled the Turkish migrant worker as they gradually moved out of isolated company employee barracks into single apartments, often with families or spouses joining them from Turkey. In spite of a lack of rights on West German soil, the year of 1973 was witness to a swell in migrant political activity, in the form of unsanctioned labor strikes.
Utilizing two of these strikes, this thesis will compare the strategies, support, opposition, and success of the Ford Cologne (Ford Köln-Niehl) Factory strike and the Pierburg factory strike in Neuss. In both instances, the degree of support by ethnic German coworkers and factory management influenced the success of the strike. Additionally, this analysis will demonstrate that gender, in concert with nationality, negatively affected the results of the Ford Cologne Strike by way of public reception, while the negotiation of the Pierburg strike through a gendered lens aided woman migrant workers in the cooperation of factory management, the worker's council, union, and the West German public. Regardless of the strikes' outcomes, the significance of the labor strikes of 1973 is emblematic of both the lack of human rights afforded migrant workers in West Germany at the time and the persistent determination of blue-collar migrant workers to claim space for themselves and their families.
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Holmes, David. "Crowned in shamrocks erin't Broad Acres : the emergence of the Irish Catholic community in Yorkshire, and the evolution of the West Riding's forgotten Irish rugby clubs, 1860-c 1920". Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2010. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/9080/.
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This thesis examines the emergence of the Irish Catholic diaspora in the industrial diocese of the West Riding of Yorkshire, and the evolution of the West Riding's forgotten Irish rugby clubs, 1860-c 1920. In addition to considering the contributions of Irish immigrants in the history of rugby football this thesis explores their religious, nationalist, social and cultural experiences, set within the wider history of Irish immigration in England. The history and establishment of parochial and non-parochial Irish Catholic rugby clubs in the West Riding can be traced back to the 1870s. Diasporic Irish Catholics settled in the county have always been part of rugby football since it's inception, albeit, at a much slower and punctuated rate than that observed among English Protestant communities. The foremost aim of this thesis is to scrutinise the rugby antecedents of Irish Catholics domiciled in the manufacturing centres of the West Riding during the Victorian and early Edwardian periods. In the late nineteenth century, towns and cities across the West Riding had become the great citadels of rugby football. Rugby attracted much participation, giving rise to the Catholic Church establishing its own internalised parochial rugby clubs, which were intended to improve the spiritual and physical well-being of its poor Irish adherents. This thesis, moreover, examines the establishment of non-parochial Irish rugby clubs which acted as sporting auxiliaries to Irish nationalist clubs. Finally, this thesis investigates those opportunities which allowed some working-class Irish Catholics to participate in games of rugby league outside of their own ethno-religious clubs for some of the county's senior professional rugby clubs. Since the main objective of Irish nationalist organisations was to offer financial support and political muscle to the Irish Parliamentary Party, this thesis will argue that the establishment of non-parochial nationalist Irish rugby clubs initially centred on the sport's by products, "gate-money".
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Kapasia, Nanigopal. "Socio-Economic condition of women in tea gardens: case study of terai of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri Districts of West Bengal". Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2019. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/4043.
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Shields, Francine. "Palm oil & power : women in an era of economic and social transition in 19th century Yorubaland (south-western Nigeria)". Thesis, University of Stirling, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/1926.
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This study looks at the economic, political and social history of women in the Yoruba area of south-western Nigeria in the 19th century using contemporary sources which have remained previously largely untapped for historical studies of women. The century encompassed many key historical developments which affected women; in particular, the decline of the Atlantic slave trade and the growth of an export trade in locally produced palm oil and kernels. Whereas the slave trade had been dominated by men, the processing, transport and trade of palm produce was dominated by women. The extent, nature and effects of women's role in this and other industries such as pottery manufacture, dyeing and food vending, which also expanded and developed during this period, are examined. As demand for palm produce and other goods increased, the labour of both free-born and slave women became more valuable since it was vital for industry at all stages. The study looks at changing labour demands and sources and alterations in the established pattern of the sexual and generational division of labour. Important changes in gender relations are evident and the study illuminates how tensions between men and women and between women themselves were manifest and how both men and women expressed and dealt with these problems. Economic changes were accompanied by largely internal political developments which favoured a few wealthy women. overall, many men perceived and/or experienced that increasing female autonomy posed a threat to the established patriarchal order. The evidence represented in the thesis clearly shows how men attempted to subordinate women in general, tap into their income and limit their political involvement, mainly through the development of exploitative and restrictive aspects of male-dominated politico-religious cults, which were directed specifically at women.
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Graziani, Garcia Meldin R. "Eliminating the glass ceiling how micro-financing empowers women and alleviates the effects of poverty in developing countries". Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4904.
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It is widely accepted as fact that the creation of a stable financial system is the catalyst which facilitates economic development and prosperity. However, developing countries which embark on a path of change often forget the cardinal rule: addressing the needs of those who suffer from poverty, inequality, and political strife. In other words, change starts from the ground up; not the other way around. First among the challenges facing these countries, is the need to change the lending rules followed by traditional financial institutions--banks and other private lenders--who are unwilling to provide their services to individuals with little income and few if any assets that can be used as collateral. Second, global organizations like the United Nations, World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund have failed to provide aid in a way that forces the creation of positive and sustainable change for fragile and destabilized societies. For this reason, many developing countries which receive financial aid are no better off than they were before the interventions occurred, and in some cases worse. Finally, other aid programs and even well-intentioned government efforts to reduce poverty fail simply because they are misguided. Too much attention and financial resources are devoted to grand schemes of long-term duration and not enough is given to impacting human lives in the present. In 1973, visionary economist Muhammud Yunus witnessed his beloved country of Bangladesh sinking into the deepest realms of poverty; much of its population in despair and left without hope of extricating itself from a bleak existence. The problem was compounded by the fact that its government was preoccupied with matters of State rather than those of its people; its financial institutions were oblivious to the pain and hunger which surrounded them, and international donors were simply giving away money without any form of control or direct involvement.; Out of this scenario, Yunus started with an idea that would alter not only his life, but the lives of people in Bangladesh and the world over: micro-finance. To this day, nearly every text written on the subject calls micro-finance a weapon in the fight against global poverty, but only a mere few recognize just how much of the gains made in this "fight" are attributable to the direct involvement of women in micro-financing. This thesis posits that while Muhammud Yunus created an idea for the benefit of "the global poor", it actually became a medium for the empowerment of women around the world. In fact, much of the praise awarded to micro-finance as success omit recognition of what should be obvious: the driving force behind the success of micro-lending is (poor) women. This statement does not seek to diminish the merits of an idea which has put a significant mark on the global economy, or to ignore the accomplishments of millions of men who through hard work have overcome poverty. However, what began as a genderless effort to help the poor of Bangladesh soon changed to one that overwhelmingly favored women. To this day, lending primarily to women has become the modus operandi of the microfinance industry for one reason above all: because women have proven they are a good business risk. The first part of this thesis will analyze the birth and development of the micro-financing system with special emphasis on its creator, Muhammed Yunus and the financial institution he founded for the purpose of implementing his idea, Grameen Bank. The second part will review the growth of micro-financing across the world with focus on Kiva, a web-based organization which represents the melding of micro-finance with 21st century technology. Finally, the thesis will look at Pro Mujer, a micro-financing organization which has successfully operated in Latin America for the last 20 years and developed a niche that expands the horizons of empowerment.ID: 029808766; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-113).
M.A.
Masters
Political Science
Sciences
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Dhaher, Safa. "Al- 'Eizariyah and the Wall: from the quasi-capital of Palestine to an Arab Ghetto. The Impact of the Separation Wall on the Social Capital of the Palestinians in East Jerusalem and the West Bank". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/368395.
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This doctoral thesis is about the study of the social capital, its effects on the local development and on the socio-economic resilience of the Palestinians trapped in the East Jerusalem's al-'Eizariyah area. The transformation of al-'Eizariyah since 2002 through the Israeli encroachment on Palestinian land by instrumental use of the Separation Wall policies was analysed and re-state through the lenses of the sociological theory and concepts. Based on the accounts of life stories and interviews with various members of the al-'Eizariyah's former and present community and through the visual data of the changes in al-'Eizariyah and the areas adjacent to the Separation Wall a study of the Palestinian coping and survival strategies was undertaken. The thesis demonstrates how the reality of al-'Eizariyah was changed dramatically in the last two decades despite and in the opposite direction of the Oslo Accords of 1993. To be sure, al-‘Eizariyah, which is located two miles east of Jerusalem, had expanded to adjust to the economic boom of the early post-Oslo years coupled with the political expectations of it being part of the future Palestinian capital. This was disrupted by the failure of the Oslo Accords, and the construction of the Israeli Separation Wall in 2002, which served as an instrument of intimidation and harassment to make Palestinians leave Jerusalem, as this thesis demonstrates. The Wall did not only cut off al-'Eizariyah from the main road that used to connect East Jerusalem to Jericho. The Wall's more sinister and long-term damage has been in the physical and psychological isolation of al-‘Eizariyah and in preventing its residents from being fully integrated in the economic, social, cultural, and political life of the East Jerusalem and of the West Bank. This two-sided effect of the Separation Wall started when most of the people who used to work in East Jerusalem and Israel lost their Jobs, students could no longer study in Jerusalem and had to change schools; the sick no longer could use the healthcare facilities, etc. Former residents of al-'Eizariyah could no longer do any of these basic necessities neither their shopping and entertainment in Jerusalem freely without being humiliated with denial of access to Jerusalem based on the persons' ability to present a Blue ID at the checkpoint, the only ID that is recognized by the Israeli regime. While some social capital forms helped in coping with the difficulties caused by this new reality it was the difference in the pre- and post-Wall situations that were examined in order to understand the impact of the adversity represented by the Wall on the social capital of the Palestinians. The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate the implications of the construction of the Wall on the socio-economic life of al-‘Eizariyah residents and to study the Israel-Palestine conflict from sociological lens using a case study setting and qualitative analysis approach. This thesis demonstrates positive impact of the Wall on social capital types by where the bonding social capital became stronger yet the trend got reversed. At the community level, the challenges were too large to be handled only by bonding social capital. Therefore, there is a combined effort between the Palestinian Authority (PA) and the local civil society associations and the private sector to overcome problems related to education, health care services, trade and labour in addition to social security caused by the Wall. It was found that bridging social capital and linking social capital were strongly present after the Wall was completed. Although civil society associations are strongly present in al-‘Eizariyah but because the Palestinian society is structured along patrimonial, familial, clannish, tribal and contradictory geographical cleavages, most of these associations work in a way that transformed the intended outcome of bridging social capital to some kind of bonding social capital as the beneficiaries and the participants are mostly from their family, clan members, or those who belong to the same political party, and not the community as a whole. However, observations and the empirical evidence show that bonding is stronger than bridging social capital. The social fragmentation caused by several social forces such as the local-stranger relationship, between the locals of al-‘Eizariyah and the displaced residents, prevented efficient cooperation in solving community problems. Lack of the sense of belonging is not only because the locals always express superiority over the displaced, but also because the displaced themselves do not want to lose their rooted original identity, especially the refugees who settled in the town after the 1948 war. This had a great overall impact on the unity of the Palestinian society especially that ‘the refugees’ communities constitute approximately 42 percent of the total population of the West Bank.
The future challenge of the Palestinians in areas such as al-‘Eizariyah is to find ways of detecting de-fragmentation and manipulation policies and develop strategies that would prevent de-fragmentation of the Palestinians being orchestrated by the Israeli Wall policies and that only become apparent with a time lapse when it can be too late.
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Dhaher, Safa. "Al- 'Eizariyah and the Wall: from the quasi-capital of Palestine to an Arab Ghetto. The Impact of the Separation Wall on the Social Capital of the Palestinians in East Jerusalem and the West Bank". Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2016. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/1707/1/Safa_Dhaher_Doctoral_Thesis.pdf.
Texto completoResumen
This doctoral thesis is about the study of the social capital, its effects on the local development and on the socio-economic resilience of the Palestinians trapped in the East Jerusalem's al-'Eizariyah area. The transformation of al-'Eizariyah since 2002 through the Israeli encroachment on Palestinian land by instrumental use of the Separation Wall policies was analysed and re-state through the lenses of the sociological theory and concepts. Based on the accounts of life stories and interviews with various members of the al-'Eizariyah's former and present community and through the visual data of the changes in al-'Eizariyah and the areas adjacent to the Separation Wall a study of the Palestinian coping and survival strategies was undertaken. The thesis demonstrates how the reality of al-'Eizariyah was changed dramatically in the last two decades despite and in the opposite direction of the Oslo Accords of 1993. To be sure, al-‘Eizariyah, which is located two miles east of Jerusalem, had expanded to adjust to the economic boom of the early post-Oslo years coupled with the political expectations of it being part of the future Palestinian capital. This was disrupted by the failure of the Oslo Accords, and the construction of the Israeli Separation Wall in 2002, which served as an instrument of intimidation and harassment to make Palestinians leave Jerusalem, as this thesis demonstrates. The Wall did not only cut off al-'Eizariyah from the main road that used to connect East Jerusalem to Jericho. The Wall's more sinister and long-term damage has been in the physical and psychological isolation of al-‘Eizariyah and in preventing its residents from being fully integrated in the economic, social, cultural, and political life of the East Jerusalem and of the West Bank. This two-sided effect of the Separation Wall started when most of the people who used to work in East Jerusalem and Israel lost their Jobs, students could no longer study in Jerusalem and had to change schools; the sick no longer could use the healthcare facilities, etc. Former residents of al-'Eizariyah could no longer do any of these basic necessities neither their shopping and entertainment in Jerusalem freely without being humiliated with denial of access to Jerusalem based on the persons' ability to present a Blue ID at the checkpoint, the only ID that is recognized by the Israeli regime. While some social capital forms helped in coping with the difficulties caused by this new reality it was the difference in the pre- and post-Wall situations that were examined in order to understand the impact of the adversity represented by the Wall on the social capital of the Palestinians. The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate the implications of the construction of the Wall on the socio-economic life of al-‘Eizariyah residents and to study the Israel-Palestine conflict from sociological lens using a case study setting and qualitative analysis approach. This thesis demonstrates positive impact of the Wall on social capital types by where the bonding social capital became stronger yet the trend got reversed. At the community level, the challenges were too large to be handled only by bonding social capital. Therefore, there is a combined effort between the Palestinian Authority (PA) and the local civil society associations and the private sector to overcome problems related to education, health care services, trade and labour in addition to social security caused by the Wall. It was found that bridging social capital and linking social capital were strongly present after the Wall was completed. Although civil society associations are strongly present in al-‘Eizariyah but because the Palestinian society is structured along patrimonial, familial, clannish, tribal and contradictory geographical cleavages, most of these associations work in a way that transformed the intended outcome of bridging social capital to some kind of bonding social capital as the beneficiaries and the participants are mostly from their family, clan members, or those who belong to the same political party, and not the community as a whole. However, observations and the empirical evidence show that bonding is stronger than bridging social capital. The social fragmentation caused by several social forces such as the local-stranger relationship, between the locals of al-‘Eizariyah and the displaced residents, prevented efficient cooperation in solving community problems. Lack of the sense of belonging is not only because the locals always express superiority over the displaced, but also because the displaced themselves do not want to lose their rooted original identity, especially the refugees who settled in the town after the 1948 war. This had a great overall impact on the unity of the Palestinian society especially that ‘the refugees’ communities constitute approximately 42 percent of the total population of the West Bank.
The future challenge of the Palestinians in areas such as al-‘Eizariyah is to find ways of detecting de-fragmentation and manipulation policies and develop strategies that would prevent de-fragmentation of the Palestinians being orchestrated by the Israeli Wall policies and that only become apparent with a time lapse when it can be too late.
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Stanley, Richard. "Micro-macro paradoxes : the effects of war and aid on child survival". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669843.
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Gao, Xiongya. "Images of Chinese women in Pearl S. Buck's novels : a study of characterization in East wind, west wind, Pavilion of woman, Peony, The good earth, and The mother". Virtual Press, 1993. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/862280.
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This study is an analysis of images of Chinese women in five of Pearl S. Buck's novels: East Wind: West Wind, The Good Earth, The Mother, Pavilion of Women, and Peony. Buck's female characters, with their different degrees of individuality and typicality, form a realistic picture of Chinese women.In terms of thematic content, the study shows that all Buck's female characters use their limited power within the constraints of their society to achieve what they deserve, often employing different, covert ways, some manipulation, and even a little deception.The significance of this is that it reveals, in an artistic way, the social conditions under which Chinese women at Buck's times lived. Chinese women had been very much oppressed. In order to survive, they had to act in ways acceptable by their society. However, they had, just as their male counterparts, the desire to love, to be happy, to maintain dignity, and to be free. What is more important, they were intelligent, courageous, and capable of fighting to achieve their goals for themselves.Buck portrays her female characters both as typical of Chinese women in general and as strong individual figures, each facing different conflicts, in a variety of social, familial situations, with unique characteristics. In order for the Western readers to understand the cultural content in which the individuals function, Buck gives her Chinese characters enough typicality as a solid foundation for the Westerners to interpret their behaviors.It is not difficult for the reader to see how the Confucian doctrines and the social conditions concerning Chinese women are truthfully reflected in the novels herein analyzed. Therefore, different degrees of individualization of these characters result from differing themes of the novels in which they appear.Department of English
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Davis, Jane. "Longing or belonging? : responses to a 'new' land in southern Western Australia 1829-1907". University of Western Australia. History Discipline Group, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0137.
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While it is now well established that many Europeans were delighted with the landscapes they encountered in colonial Australia, the pioneer narrative that portrays colonists as threatened and alienated by a harsh environment and constantly engaged in battles with the land is still powerful in both scholarly and popular writing. This thesis challenges this dominant narrative and demonstrates that in a remarkably short period of time some colonists developed strong connections with, and even affection for, their 'new' place in Western Australia. Using archival materials for twenty-one colonists who settled in five regions across southern Western Australia from the 1830s to the early 1900s, here this complex process of belonging is unravelled and several key questions are posed: what lenses did the colonists utilise to view the land? How did they use and manage the land? How were issues of class, domesticity and gender roles negotiated in their 'new' environment? What connections did they make with the land? And ultimately, to what extent did they feel a sense of belonging in the Colony? I argue that although utilitarian approaches to the land are evident, this was not the only way colonists viewed the land; for example, they often used the picturesque to express delight and charm. Gender roles and ideas of class were modified as men, as well as women, worked in the home and planted flower gardens, and both men and women carried out tasks that in their households in England and Ireland, would have been done by servants. Thus, the demarcation of activities that were traditionally for men, women and servants became less distinct and amplified their connection to place. Boundaries between the colonists' domestic space and the wider environments also became more permeable as women ventured beyond their houses and gardens to explore and journey through the landscapes. The selected colonists had romantic ideas of nature and wilderness, that in the British middle and upper-middle class were associated with being removed from the land, but in colonial Western Australia many of them were intimately engaged with it. Through their interactions with the land and connections they made with their social networks, most of these colonists developed an attachment for their 'new' place and called it home; they belonged there.
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Barnes, Karen 1977. "Through a gendered lens? : institutional approaches to gender mainstreaming in post-conflict reconstruction". Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33870.
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Although civil war affects all civilians, it impacts men and women in different ways, and it influences their gender roles and responsibilities. Comparatively little attention has been given to assessing the gender sensitivity of international organizations who implement post-conflict reconstruction programs. The different social, economic and political dimensions of war to peace transitions, and how they impact on gender relations, can shed some light on the complicated intersections of needs and interests in wartorn societies. An examination of the policies of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the World Bank reveals that there is relatively little gender mainstreaming within their post-conflict operations. This research finds that the lack of resources and coordination, the failure to build on local capacities, and a lack of commitment to gender mainstreaming are the main obstacles these organizations face. To improve the situation it is recommended that organizations develop and use a 'gender checklist' at all stages of project planning, implementation and monitoring to ensure increased gender sensitivity in post-conflict programming.
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Qurt, Husni S. "The Exercise of Power : Counter Planning in Palestine". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2014. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1885.
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In the beginning of the 2000s, Israeli policies in the West Bank shifted from policies of control to policies of separation, which in turn led to the Transformation of West Bank communities into isolated urban islands. Current plans prepared for Palestinian localities by Palestinian planning institutions most often address these isolated islands without taking into account the Israeli-controlled areas surrounding these localities. Palestinians envision the entire West Bank as a contiguous area that will eventually form part of the Palestinian national state. However, most Palestinian plans take the boundaries imposed by Israel as a given and plan only for areas within the Israeli-controlled areas.
This dissertation is about the Palestinian planning processes in the West Bank in an attempt to assess whether these processes are or could counteract Israeli plans of separation. Upon extensive research, it was found that Palestinian planning institutions have a very limited impact in countering Israeli plans. The only counter-planning activity that can be observed is the Palestinian National Authority’s latest orientation to plan in Palestinian areas classified as Area C (found in areas under complete Israeli Control). The aforementioned lack of counter-planning activities can be attributed to the inefficiency of a legal framework, lack of vision, lack of coordination, and deficiencies within Palestinian planning institutions.
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Allambademel, Vincent de paul. "Institutions de microfinance et lutte contre la pauvreté dans les pays du sud : le cas du Tchad, approche socio-économique". Thesis, Besançon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BESA1024.
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La microfinance, dont l’un des objectifs est de combattre la pauvreté, consiste en la fourniture de produits financiers à tous ceux qui sont exclus du système bancaire classique. Elle est née dans les années 1970, s’est diffusée dans les pays du Sud et s’est révélée être, en quelques décennies, un vecteur de développement. Cette thèse met en évidence ses limites et ses dérives, sans nier certains de ses succès. Au Tchad, dans certains cas, elle a produit des effets pervers et a conduit à l’endettement. L’étude menée répond à un travail de terrain pluridisciplinaire, conjuguant des approches financières et socio-culturelles. Les données recueillies proviennent de nos méthodes et techniques mises en place au cours de diverses enquêtes menées à N’Djaména et à Moundou entre janvier 2009 et mars 2012. Notre recherche a montré, entre autres, comment et à quel niveau se situe l’intervention de la microfinance auprès des populations défavorisées. Dans cette optique, nous avons analysé les obstacles rencontrés et précisé les conditions requises pour que ce type d’outil puisse être efficace, le secteur informel ainsi que l’économie sociale et solidaire étant susceptibles – en tant qu’outils de lutte contre l’exclusion – de rétablir le lien socialMicrofinance, which one of the objectives is combating poverty, is the provision of financial products to all people who are excluded from the traditional. It emerged in the 1970s, spread in the countries of the South and proved to be, in a few decades, an instrument of development. This dissertation highlights his limits and his drawbacks, without denying some of its success. In Chad, in some cases, it has produced perverse effects and led to debt. This study is a pluridisciplinary field work, which aligns financial and socio-cultural approaches. Our research has shown, among others, how and at what level is situated the intervention of microfinance to the poor. In that process, we analyzed the obstacles and specified the conditions required so that this type of tool could be effective, the informal sector and social solidarity and economy etc. restore the social ties as they are effective for combating exclusion
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Minard, Hannah. "Gazakriget i media : Nyhetsrapporteringens skillnader under sommaren 2014". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-65785.
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A news story is built up by certain indicators that tell the reader where and at what time the story takes place, who participates in it, and of course, what has happened. Most of them also contain a complicated action, that changes the normal condition into a new one, as well as an outlook on the possible consequences the incident might have led to. The way a story is told, what is said and what is being left out, could have an effect on our thoughts, attitudes and opinions. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is a subject that is extensively covered by the media with varying content of information. It developed into yet another war in the summer of 2014, and two of Sweden’s biggest newspapers, Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet, published hundreds of articles from the ongoing events in the Middle East. A total of 40 of these articles have been analyzed in this study. By using a method of narrative analysis which reveal the indicators first mentioned in this abstract, the author has been able to see the differences and similarities between the newspapers’ articles from the war. The differences in the way the events are told could have an effect people’s opinon and attitudes towards the opposite sides of the conflict.
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Ardda, Nisreen Mohammad. "Developing assessment tool for new and retrofit residential building in West Bank, Palestine". Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/56913.
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Dissertação de mestrado em Civil Engineering International Master Programme in Sustainable Built EnvironmentDeveloping countries have to introduce sustainability in the construction industry, especially in the residential buildings to solve their issues according to the Agenda 21 for Sustainable Construction in Developing Countries (2002). West Bank, Palestine, is a part of a developing country and a special case, suffering from occupation since 1967, and is in need for an urgent sustainable construction application. Therefore, the goal of this master thesis is to contribute to a better understanding about the concept of social sustainability in the residential building because it is the most important component of the sustainable housing. In order to pursue this goal, a framework to assess the societal performance of West Bank’s residential building is proposed. Assessing the sustainability in buildings is constantly evolving and differ from place to place. Because of that, the framework presented in this master thesis is above all, based on the sustainability indicators of international sustainability assessment methods (Code for Homes, LEED for Homes and SB Tool) and their applicability in the Palestinian context. As a next step this preliminary list of indicators was validated through interviews with professionals in the field. The next step was to rank each societal sustainability indicator according to their importance in the Palestinian context, by considering the opinion of a panel composed by experts and building occupants. For this purpose, two surveys to assess the opinion of the building construction experts and residents regarding the importance of the social sustainability indicators were conducted. Then, the importance of each indicator was defined using the AHP method. As a result, this research proposes a framework to assess the societal sustainability of West Bank, Palestine, buildings that is composed by twenty-one indicators distributed among six sustainability categories.
Países em desenvolvimento introduzem a sustentabilidade na indústria da construção, especialmente em obras residenciais em prol de resolver as suas questões de acordo com a Agenda 21 de 2002 para a construção sustentável nos países em desenvolvimento. West Bank, na Palestina, é parte de um país em desenvolvimento e um caso especial; tem sido ocupado desde 1967 e necessita com urgência de uma aplicação de construção sustentável. Assim, o objetivo dessa dissertação é contribuir para um melhor entendimento sobre o conceito de sustentabilidade social em edificios residenciais, pois este é o componente mais importante de uma habitação sustentável. Para alcançar esse objetivo, uma estrutura de avaliação do performance social das obras residenciais de West Bank é proposta. A avaliação da sustentabilidade em edificios está em constante evolução e difere de localidade para localidade. Por causa disto, a estrutura apresentada nessa dissertação baseia se sobretudo, nos indicadores de sustentabilidade dos métodos internacionais de avaliação da sustentabilidade (Code for Homes, LEED for Homes e SBTool) e suas aplicabilidades no contexto palestiniono. Em seguida, essa lista preliminar de indicadores foi validada através de entrevistas com profissionais da área. O passo seguinte foi classificar cada indicador de sustentabilidade social de acordo com sua importância no contexto palestiniono, considerando um painel composto por especialistas e usuários de edificios residenciais. Para tanto, foram realizados dois levantamentos para avaliar a opinião dos especialistas em construção civil e moradores quanto à importância dos indicadores de sustentabilidade social. Então, a importância de cada indicador foi definida usando o método AHP. Desse modo, essa pesquisa propôs uma estrutura de avaliação do fator social de sustentabilidade de prédios em Cisjordânia, na Palestina, que é composta por vinte e um indicadores distribuídos em seis categorias de sustentabilidade.
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Moshabele, Magape Edwin. "An analysis of determinants of bank loan default of small farmers in the regions of North-West province / Magape Edwin Moshabele". Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/11284.
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The main objective of the study was to investigate the causes underlining small-farmers
default on bank loan repayments in the North West Province. One hundred and sixty
farmers were randomly selected to be part of the sample. Questionnaires were issued to
both farmers and bank officials. Descriptive statistics, correlation and regression models
were used to analyse the data. The overall results indicate that most of the small farmers
are in the old age category (58 years on average) with very low educational level. This
scenario poses a challenge to the stakeholders in agriculture specifically the succession
plan to these elderly people when they leave agriculture due to retirement.
It was revealed by the study that the farmers do not keep either financial or production
records. The analysis shows that the small farmers lack skills in financial management
therefore, they are unable to execute the prerequisite to modern farming which are
literacy and numeracy as indicated by Woohall et. al.,( 1985).
Most of the respondents have outstanding debt from Agribank yet they received loans
from Landbank. Because of their low production and other many responsibilities, they
are unable to repay loan instalments thus leading to loan default to their current
financial supplier, which is Landbank. Lack of monitoring of loan funds was identified as
one of the causes of the farmers Joan default.
The analysis also indicates that the small farmers have access to finance but the major
problem is lack of financial management skills, more involvement in household
responsibilities, and lack of technical assistance from relevant stakeholders like
extension officers and project managers from the bank or from the Department of
Agriculture. Since the Land bank have no field officers to assist the farmers, it is
recommended that the bank should have field officers to assist farmers in their business,
especially with production, marketing, financial management and farm management
Skills. The inability of the farmers to access good value markets for their products was
identified as one of the problems, which led to loan default because the farmers are
unable to market their products at the right time for good value in excess of their cost. It
is recommended that financial institutions should assist their clients to access better
markets for their products for better price which will in turn give them better income in
order to repay their loans.M.Sc. (Agric. Economics) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2005
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Raida, Loai Mohmoud Abd Alrahman Abu. "The current challenges faced by the Palestinian industrial sector in the West Bank". Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/46650.
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Tese de Doutoramento (Área de Especialização Geografia Humana / Geografia)Over the past centuries, industrialization has been playing a relevant role in the development of nations, especially through its worldwide contribution to the economic growth and thus increasing people’s well-being standards. However, industrial development and how it can be influenced by governmental decisions has only been slightly analyzed in the context of disputed or occupied territories with a sovereignty recognition problem. This research aims to contribute to overcome this gap, evaluating what could be the role of the Palestinian National Authority in the promotion of the industrial development in the West Bank. The main objective of this research is to debate the key challenges and obstacles faced by the West Bank industrial sector, in the perspective of the firms’ owners and managers. This research intends to give voice to those actors by analyzing the data reached thorough in-depth interviews, complemented by a survey to a statistically representative sample of the West Bank industry, in order to assure the validity of the presented results. The obstacles for the West Bank industry growth and development are various and encompass different magnitude, causes and nature. Many of them are caused by the influence of external forces, as a consequence of the limitations imposed by the Israeli occupation since 1967. A set of six major obstacles that should receive more attention and huge efforts from the Palestinian National Authority in order to overcome its negative influences to the local industries competitiveness were identified and discussed. Obstacles related with the lack of sovereignty and the non-control of the Palestinian Authority over its external and imposed internal borders. Obstacles related with unfair competition faced by local firms, motivated by the increase of the local production costs related with extra expenses that came from the occupation, and the fact that the West Bank economy is blockade and prevented from participate in the globalized economy. Obstacles caused by difficulties in fund raising and high taxation that limit the firms’ capability to face their difficulties and to grow by embracing new projects and investments. Obstacles that arose from the insecurity and political instability that caused the unattractiveness of the local economy for new investments (domestic and foreign). Obstacles related with several adversities and privations in the use of local infrastructures by the West Bank industries. And finally, obstacles that come from outdated production processes, associated with difficulties related with the technological modernization of local firms, as well as limitations and problems that derived from local management options.
Nos últimos séculos a industrialização tem assumido um papel relevante no desenvolvimento dos países, especialmente por contribuir para o crescimento económico e para a melhoria da qualidade de vida dos cidadãos. No entanto, o progressivo desenvolvimento industrial e o modo como este tem sido influenciado pela acção governamental tem merecido pouca reflexão no contexto dos territórios disputados ou ocupados, com problemas de reconhecimento da sua soberania. Esta investigação procura contribuir para colmatar esta lacuna, avaliando qual poderá ser o papel da Autoridade Nacional da Palestina no desenvolvimento industrial de West Bank. O principal objectivo desta pesquisa consiste em debater os principais obstáculos enfrentados pela indústria de West Bank, na perspectiva dos seus empresários. A investigação procura dar voz a estes agentes locais, analisando informação recolhida em entrevistas de profundidade, assim como com um inquérito aplicado a uma amostra estatisticamente representativa das empresas industriais, de modo a assegurara a validade dos seus resultados. Os obstáculos que se colocam ao progresso da indústria de West Bank são vários, de diferente magnitude e com causas e naturezas distintas. Muitos deles resultam de forças externas, consequência de limitações impostas pela ocupação promovida por Israel desde 1967. Um conjunto de seis grandes obstáculos devem merecer a atenção da Autoridade Nacional da Palestina, de modo a mitigar os seu impactos. Obstáculos relacionados com a falta de soberania e de controlo das fronteiras externas de West Bank, bem como das fronteiras internas impostas pela ocupação. Obstáculos relacionados com a competição injusta a que as empresas locais estão sujeitas, em resultado de um acréscimo dos seus custos de produção derivado da ocupação, e do facto da economia de West Bank se encontrar fechada e impedida de participar das dinâmicas da globalização económica. Obstáculos relacionados com uma elevada taxação e dificuldades na obtenção de financiamento, o que limita a capacidade de investimento das empresas para crescerem e fazerem face a novos projectos. Obstáculos relacionados com a insegurança e a instabilidade política, que prejudica severamente a atractividade da economia de West Bank em relação a novos investimentos (locais e internacionais). Obstáculos relacionados com adversidades e privações no uso de infra-estruturas por parte das indústrias e que afectam a sua competitividade. E, finalmente, obstáculos relacionados com opções e procedimentos de gestão empresarial desadequados e com dificuldades de modernização tecnológica.